schemacop 2.4.6 → 3.0.0.rc3

data/README_V3.md

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+# Schemacop schema V3
+
+## Table of Contents
+
+1. [Validation](#validation)
+2. [Exceptions](#exceptions)
+3. [Generic Keywords](#generic-keywords)
+4. [Nodes](#nodes)
+    1. [String](#string)
+    2. [Integer](#integer)
+    3. [Number](#number)
+    4. [Symbol](#symbol)
+    5. [Boolean](#boolean)
+    6. [Array](#array)
+    7. [Hash](#hash)
+    8. [Object](#object)
+    9. [AllOf](#allOf)
+    10. [AnyOf](#anyOf)
+    11. [OneOf](#oneOf)
+    12. [IsNot](#isNot)
+    13. [Reference](#reference)
+5. [Context](#context)
+6. [External schemas](#external-schemas)
+
+## Validation
+
+Using Schemacop, you can either choose to validate your data either using the
+graceful `validate` method, or the bang variant, `validate!`.
+
+The `validate` method on a schema with some supplied data will return a
+`Schemacop::Result` object, which has some useful methods to work with the
+data you validated.
+
+```ruby
+schema = Schemacop::Schema3.new :string, format: :date
+result = schema.validate('2020-01-01')
+result.class # => Schemacop::Result
+```
+
+With the `data` method, you can access the casted version of your data:
+
+```ruby
+schema = Schemacop::Schema3.new :string, format: :date
+result = schema.validate('2020-01-01')
+result.data # => Wed, 01 Jan 2020
+```
+
+And with the `valid?` method, you can check if the supplied data validates
+against the schema:
+
+```ruby
+schema = Schemacop::Schema3.new :string, format: :date
+result = schema.validate('2020-01-01')
+result.valid? # => true
+```
+
+On the other hand, the `validate!` method either returns the casted data if the
+validation was successful, or if the validation failed, raises a
+`Schemacop::Exceptions::ValidationError` exception:
+
+```ruby
+schema = Schemacop::Schema3.new :string, format: :date
+schema.validate!('2020-01-01')  # => Wed, 01 Jan 2020
+schema.validate!('Foo')         # => Schemacop::Exceptions::ValidationError: /: String does not match format "date".
+```
+
+## Exceptions
+
+Schemacop can raise the following exceptions:
+
+* `Schemacop::Exceptions::ValidationError`: This exception is raised when the
+  `validate!` method is used, and the data that was passed in is invalid. The
+  exception message contains additional information why the validation failed.
+
+  Example:
+
+  ```ruby
+  schema = Schemacop::Schema3.new do
+    int! :foo
+  end
+
+  schema.validate!(foo: 'bar')
+  # => Schemacop::Exceptions::ValidationError: /foo: Invalid type, expected "integer".
+  ```
+
+* `Schemacop::Exceptions::InvalidSchemaError`: This exception is raised when the
+  schema itself is not valid. The exception message contains additional
+  information why the validation failed.
+
+  Example:
+
+  ```ruby
+  Schemacop::Schema3.new do
+    int!
+  end
+
+  # => Schemacop::Exceptions::InvalidSchemaError: Child nodes must have a name.
+  ```
+
+## Generic Keywords
+
+The nodes in Schemacop v3 also support generic keywords, similar to JSON schema:
+
+* `title`: Short string, should be self-explanatory
+* `description`: Description of the schema
+* `examples`: Here, you can provide examples which will be valid for the schema
+* `enum`: Here, you may enumerate values which will be valid, if the provided
+  value is not in the array, the validation will fail
+* `default`: You may provide a default value for items that will be set if the
+  value is not given
+
+The three keywords `title`, `description` and `examples` aren't used for validation,
+but can be used to document the schema. They will be included in the JSON output
+when you use the `as_json` method:
+
+```ruby
+schema = Schemacop::Schema3.new :hash do
+  str! :name, title: 'Name', description: 'Holds the name of the user', examples: ['Joe', 'Anna']
+end
+
+schema.as_json
+
+# => {"properties"=>{"name"=>{"type"=>"string", "title"=>"Name", "examples"=>["Joe", "Anna"], "description"=>"Holds the name of the user"}}, "additionalProperties"=>false, "required"=>["name"], "type"=>"object"}
+```
+
+The `enum` keyword can be used to only allow a subset of values:
+
+```ruby
+schema = Schemacop::Schema3.new :string, enum: ['foo', 'bar']
+
+schema.validate!('foo') # => "foo"
+schema.validate!('bar') # => "bar"
+schema.validate!('baz') # => Schemacop::Exceptions::ValidationError: /: Value not included in enum ["foo", "bar"].
+```
+
+Please note that you can also specify values in the enum that are not valid for
+the schema. This means that the validation will still fail:
+
+```ruby
+schema = Schemacop::Schema3.new :string, enum: ['foo', 'bar', 42]
+
+schema.validate!('foo') # => "foo"
+schema.validate!('bar') # => "bar"
+schema.validate!(42)    # => Schemacop::Exceptions::ValidationError: /: Invalid type, expected "string".
+```
+
+The enum will also be provided in the json output:
+
+```ruby
+schema = Schemacop::Schema3.new :string, enum: ['foo', 'bar']
+
+schema.as_json
+# => {"type"=>"string", "enum"=>["foo", "bar", 42]}
+```
+
+And finally, the `default` keyword lets you set a default value to use when no
+value is provided:
+
+```ruby
+schema = Schemacop::Schema3.new :string, default: 'Schemacop'
+
+schema.validate!('foo') # => "foo"
+schema.validate!(nil)   # => "Schemacop"
+```
+
+The default value will also be provided in the json output:
+
+```ruby
+schema = Schemacop::Schema3.new :string, default: 'Schemacop'
+
+schema.as_json
+# => {"type"=>"string", "default"=>"Schemacop"}
+```
+
+Note that the default value you use is also validated against the schema:
+
+```ruby
+schema = Schemacop::Schema3.new :string, default: 42
+
+schema.validate!('foo') # => "foo"
+schema.validate!(nil)   # => Schemacop::Exceptions::ValidationError: /: Invalid type, expected "string".
+```
+
+## Nodes
+
+### String
+
+Type: `:string`\
+DSL: `str`
+
+The string type is used for strings of text and must be a ruby `String` object
+or a subclass. Using the option `format`, strings can be validated against and
+transformed into various types.
+
+#### Options
+
+* `min_length`
+  Defines the (inclusive) minimum required string length
+* `max_length`
+  Defines the (inclusive) maximum required string length
+* `pattern`
+  Defines a (ruby) regex pattern the value will be matched against. Must be a
+  string and should generally start with `^` and end with `$` so as to evaluate
+  the entire string. It should not be enclosed in `/` characters.
+* `format`
+  The `format` option allows for basic semantic validation on certain kinds of
+  string values that are commonly used. See section *formats* for more
+  information on the available formats. Note that strings with a format are also
+  **casted** into that format.
+
+#### Formats
+
+* `date`
+  A date according to [ RFC 3339, section
+  5.6.](https://json-schema.org/latest/json-schema-validation.html#RFC3339) date
+  format, i.e. `2018-11-13`. Strings with this format will be
+  casted to a ruby `Date` object.
+
+* `date_time`
+  A date time according to [RFC 3339, section
+  5.6.](https://json-schema.org/latest/json-schema-validation.html#RFC3339) date
+  format, i.e. `2018-11-13T20:20:39+00:00`. Strings with this format will be
+  casted to a ruby `DateTime` object. The time zones will be inferred by the
+  string.
+
+* `email`
+  Validates for a valid email address. There is no casting involved since email
+  addresses do not have their own ruby type.
+
+* `boolean`
+  The string must be either `true` or `false`. This value will be casted to
+  Ruby's `TrueClass` or `FalseClass`.
+
+* `binary`
+  The string is expected to contain binary contents. No casting or additional
+  validation is performed.
+
+* `integer`
+  The string must be an integer and will be casted to a ruby `Integer` object.
+
+* `number`
+  The string must be a number and will be casted to a ruby `Float` object.
+
+#### Examples
+
+```ruby
+# By using a format, string values are casted to that respective format
+schema = Schemacop::Schema3.new(:string, format: :date)
+result = schema.validate('1980-01-13')
+result.data # => Date<"Sun, 13 Jan 1980">
+```
+
+### Integer
+
+Type: `:integer`\
+DSL: `int`
+
+The integer type is used for whole numbers and must be a ruby `Integer` or a
+subclass. With the various available options, validations on the value of the
+integer can be done.
+
+#### Options
+
+* `minimum`
+  Defines an (inclusive) minimum, i.e. the number has to be equal or larger than the
+  given number
+* `exclusive_minimum`
+  Defines an exclusive minimum, i.e. the number has to larger than the given number
+* `maximum`
+  Defines an (inclusive) maximum, i.e. the number has to be equal or smaller than the
+  given number
+* `exclusive_maximum`
+  Defines an exclusive maximum, i.e. the number has to smaller than the given number
+* `multiple_of`
+  The received number has to be a multiple of the given number for the validation to
+  pass.
+
+#### Examples
+
+```ruby
+# Validates that the input is an even number between 0 and 100 (inclusive)
+schema = Schemacop::Schema3.new(:integer, minimum: 0, maximum: 100, multiple_of: 2)
+schema.validate!(42)            # => 42
+schema.validate!(43)            # => Schemacop::Exceptions::ValidationError: /: Value must be a multiple of 2.
+schema.validate!(-2)            # => Schemacop::Exceptions::ValidationError: /: Value must have a minimum of 0.
+schema.validate!(102)           # => Schemacop::Exceptions::ValidationError: /: Value must have a maximum of 100.
+schema.validate!(42.1)          # => Schemacop::Exceptions::ValidationError: /: Invalid type, expected "integer".
+schema.validate!(4r)            # => Schemacop::Exceptions::ValidationError: /: Invalid type, expected "integer".
+schema.validate!((4 + 0i))      # => Schemacop::Exceptions::ValidationError: /: Invalid type, expected "integer".
+schema.validate!(BigDecimal(5)) # => Schemacop::Exceptions::ValidationError: /: Invalid type, expected "integer".
+```
+
+### Number
+
+Type: `:number`\
+DSL: `num`
+
+The number type is used to validate various number classes. The following ruby classes
+and subclasses are valid:
+
+* `Integer`
+* `Float`
+* `Rational`
+* `BigDecimal`
+
+As some subclasses of `Numeric`, such as `Complex` don't support all required oeprations,
+only the above list is supported. If you need support for additional number classes, please
+contact the Gem maintainers.
+
+With the various available options, validations on the value of the number can be done.
+
+#### Options
+
+* `minimum`
+  Defines an (inclusive) minimum, i.e. the number has to be equal or larger than the
+  given number
+* `exclusive_minimum`
+  Defines an exclusive minimum, i.e. the number has to larger than the given number
+* `maximum`
+  Defines an (inclusive) maximum, i.e. the number has to be equal or smaller than the
+  given number
+* `exclusive_maximum`
+  Defines an exclusive maximum, i.e. the number has to smaller than the given number
+* `multiple_of`
+  The received number has to be a multiple of the given number for the validation to
+  pass.
+
+#### Examples
+
+```ruby
+# Validates that the input is a number between 0 and 50 (inclusive) and a multiple of 0.5
+schema = Schemacop::Schema3.new(:number, minimum: 0.0, maximum: (50r), multiple_of: BigDecimal('0.5'))
+schema.validate!(42)            # => 42
+schema.validate!(42.2)          # => Schemacop::Exceptions::ValidationError: /: Value must be a multiple of 0.5.
+schema.validate!(-2)            # => Schemacop::Exceptions::ValidationError: /: Value must have a minimum of 0.0.
+schema.validate!(51)            # => Schemacop::Exceptions::ValidationError: /: Value must have a maximum of 50/1.
+schema.validate!(42.5)          # => 42.5
+schema.validate!(1.5r)          # => (3/2)
+schema.validate!(BigDecimal(5)) # => 0.5e1
+schema.validate!((4 + 0i))      # => Schemacop::Exceptions::ValidationError: /: Invalid type, expected "big_decimal" or "float" or "integer" or "rational".
+```
+
+### Symbol
+
+Type: `:symbol`\
+DSL: `sym`
+
+The symbol type is used to validate elements for the Ruby `Symbol` class.
+
+#### Examples
+
+```ruby
+# Validates that the input is a symbol
+schema = Schemacop::Schema3.new(:symbol)
+schema.validate!(:foo)  # => :foo
+schema.validate!('foo') # => Schemacop::Exceptions::ValidationError: /: Invalid type, expected "Symbol".
+schema.validate!(123)   # => Schemacop::Exceptions::ValidationError: /: Invalid type, expected "Symbol".
+schema.validate!(false) # => Schemacop::Exceptions::ValidationError: /: Invalid type, expected "Symbol".
+```
+
+### Boolean
+
+Type: `:boolean`\
+DSL: `boo`
+
+The boolean type is used to validate Ruby booleans, i.e. the `TrueClass` and `FalseClass`
+
+#### Examples
+
+```ruby
+# Validates that the input is a boolean
+schema = Schemacop::Schema3.new(:boolean)
+schema.validate!(true)    # => true
+schema.validate!(false)   # => false
+schema.validate!(:false)  # => Schemacop::Exceptions::ValidationError: /: Invalid type, expected "boolean".
+schema.validate!('false') # => Schemacop::Exceptions::ValidationError: /: Invalid type, expected "boolean".
+schema.validate!(1234)    # => Schemacop::Exceptions::ValidationError: /: Invalid type, expected "boolean".
+```
+
+### Array
+
+Type: `:array`\
+DSL: `arr`
+
+The array type represents a ruby `Array`.
+It consists of one or multiple values, which can be validated using arbitrary nodes.
+
+#### Options
+
+* `min_items`
+  This option specifies the (inclusive) minimum number of elements the array
+  must contain to pass the validation.
+
+* `max_items`
+  This option specifies the (inclusive) maximum number of elements the array
+  must contain to pass the validation.
+
+* `unique_items`
+  This option specifies wether the items in the array must all be distinct from
+  each other, or if there may be duplicate values. By default, this is false,
+  i.e. duplicate values are allowed
+
+#### Contains
+
+The `array` node features the *contains* node, which you can use with the DSL
+method `cont`. With that DSL method, you can specify a schema which at least one
+item in the array needs to validate against.
+
+One use case for example could be that you want an array of integers, from which
+at least one must be 5 or larger:
+
+```ruby
+schema = Schemacop::Schema3.new :array do
+  list :integer
+  cont :integer, minimum: 5
+end
+
+schema.validate!([])      # => Schemacop::Exceptions::ValidationError: /: At least one entry must match schema {"type"=>"integer", "minimum"=>5}.
+schema.validate!([1, 5])  # => [1, 5]
+schema.validate!(['foo']) # => Schemacop::Exceptions::ValidationError: /[0]: Invalid type, expected "integer". /: At least one entry must match schema {"type"=>"integer", "minimum"=>5}
+```
+
+You can also use it with the tuple validation (see below), e.g. if you want
+an array of 3 integers, from which at least one needs to be 5 or larger:
+
+```ruby
+schema = Schemacop::Schema3.new :array do
+  int
+  int
+  int
+  cont :integer, minimum: 5
+end
+
+schema.validate!([])        # => /: Array has 0 items but must have exactly 3. /: At least one entry must match schema {"type"=>"integer", "minimum"=>5}.
+schema.validate!([1, 2, 3]) # => Schemacop::Exceptions::ValidationError: /: At least one entry must match schema {"type"=>"integer", "minimum"=>5}.
+schema.validate!([1, 3, 5]) # => [1, 3, 5]
+```
+
+#### Specifying properties
+
+Array nodes support a block in which you can specify the required array contents.
+The array nodes support either list validation, or tuple validation, depending on
+how you specify your array contents.
+
+##### List validation
+
+List validation validates a sequence of arbitrary length where each item matches
+the same schema. Unless you specify a `min_items` count on the array node, an
+empty array will also suffice. To specify a list validation, use the `list` DSL
+method, and specify the type you want to validate against. Here, you need to
+specify the type of the element using the long `type` name (e.g. `integer` and
+not `int`).
+
+For example, you can specify that you want an array with only integers between 1 and 5:
+
+```ruby
+schema = Schemacop::Schema3.new :array do
+  list :integer, minimum: 1, maximum: 5
+end
+
+schema.validate!([])     # => []
+schema.validate!([1, 3]) # => [1, 3]
+schema.validate!([0, 6]) # => Schemacop::Exceptions::ValidationError: /[0]: Value must have a minimum of 1. /[1]: Value must have a maximum of 5.
+schema.validate! ['foo'] # => Schemacop::Exceptions::ValidationError: /[0]: Invalid type, expected "integer".
+```
+
+You can also build more complex structures, e.g. an array containing an arbitrary
+number of integer arrays:
+
+```ruby
+schema = Schemacop::Schema3.new :array do
+  list :array do
+    list :integer
+  end
+end
+
+schema.validate!([])                # => []
+schema.validate!([[1], [2, 3]])     # => [[1], [2, 3]]
+schema.validate!([['foo'], [2, 3]]) # => Schemacop::Exceptions::ValidationError: /[0]/[0]: Invalid type, expected "integer".
+```
+
+Please note that you can only specify *one* `list` item:
+
+```ruby
+schema = Schemacop::Schema3.new :array do
+  list :integer
+  list :string
+end
+
+# => Schemacop::Exceptions::InvalidSchemaError: You can only use "list" once.
+```
+
+##### Tuple validation
+
+On the other hand, tuple validation validates a sequence of fixed length, where
+each item has its own schema that it has to match. Here, the order of the items
+is relevant for the validation.
+
+For example, we want a tuple with an int, followed by a string:
+
+```ruby
+schema = Schemacop::Schema3.new :array do
+  int
+  str
+end
+
+schema.validate!([])                # => Schemacop::Exceptions::ValidationError: /: Array has 0 items but must have exactly 2.
+schema.validate!([1, 'foo'])        # => [1, "foo"]
+schema.validate!([1, 'foo', 'bar']) # => Schemacop::Exceptions::ValidationError: /: Array has 3 items but must have exactly 2.
+```
+
+When using tuple validation, you can also allow additional items in the array
+*after* the specified items, either with the option `additional_items` or the
+DSL method `add`. With the option `additional_items` set to `true`, you can
+allow any additional items:
+
+```ruby
+schema = Schemacop::Schema3.new :array, additional_items: true do
+  int
+  str
+end
+
+schema.validate!([])                # => Schemacop::Exceptions::ValidationError: /: Array has 0 items but must have exactly 2.
+schema.validate!([1, 'foo'])        # => [1, "foo"]
+schema.validate!([1, 'foo', 'bar']) # => [1, "foo", "bar"]
+```
+
+You can also use the dsl method `add` to specify more exactly what type the
+of the additional items may be. As with any other dsl method, you may specify
+and valid schema which the additional items will be validated against:
+
+```ruby
+schema = Schemacop::Schema3.new :array do
+  int
+  str
+  add :integer
+end
+
+schema.validate!([])                # => Schemacop::Exceptions::ValidationError: /: Array has 0 items but must have exactly 2.
+schema.validate!([1, 'foo'])        # => [1, "foo"]
+schema.validate!([1, 'foo', 'bar']) # => Schemacop::Exceptions::ValidationError: /[2]: Invalid type, expected "integer".
+schema.validate!([1, 'foo', 2, 3])  # => [1, "foo", 2, 3]
+```
+
+Please note that you cannot use multiple `add` in the same array schema, this
+will result in an exception:
+
+```ruby
+schema = Schemacop::Schema3.new :array do
+  int
+  add :integer
+  add :string
+end
+
+# => Schemacop::Exceptions::InvalidSchemaError: You can only use "add" once to specify additional items.
+```
+
+If you want to specify that your schema accept multiple additional types, use
+the `one_of` type (see below for more infos). The correct way to specify that
+you want to allow additional items, which may be an integer or a string is as
+follows:
+
+```ruby
+schema = Schemacop::Schema3.new :array do
+  int
+  add :one_of do
+    int
+    str
+  end
+end
+
+schema.validate!([])          # => Schemacop::Exceptions::ValidationError: /: Array has 0 items but must have exactly 1.
+schema.validate!([1, 2])      # => [1, 2]
+schema.validate!([1, 'foo'])  # => [1, "foo"]
+schema.validate!([1, :bar])   # => Schemacop::Exceptions::ValidationError: /[1]: Matches 0 definitions but should match exactly 1.
+```
+
+### Hash
+
+Type: `:hash`\
+DSL: `hsh`
+
+The hash type represents a ruby `Hash` or an `object` in JSON schema language.
+It consists of key-value-pairs that can be validated using arbitrary nodes.
+
+#### Options
+
+* `additional_properties`
+  This option specifies whether additional, unspecified properties are allowed
+  (`true`) or not (`false`). By default, this is `true` if no properties are
+  specified and `false` if you have specified at least one property.
+
+* `property_names`
+  This option allows to specify a regexp pattern (as string) which validates the
+  keys of any properties that are not specified in the hash. This option only
+  makes sense if `additional_properties` is enabled. See below for more information.
+
+* `min_properties`
+  Specifies the (inclusive) minimum number of properties a hash must contain.
+
+* `max_properties`
+  Specifies the (inclusive) maximum number of properties a hash must contain.
+
+#### Specifying properties
+
+Hash nodes support a block in which you can specify the required hash contents.
+
+##### Standard properties
+
+It supports all type nodes, but requires the suffix `?` or `!` for each
+property, which specifies whether a property is required (`!`) or optional
+(`?`).
+
+```ruby
+schema = Schemacop::Schema3.new :hash do
+  str! :foo # Is a required property
+  int? :bar # Is an optional property
+end
+
+schema.validate!({})                    # => Schemacop::Exceptions::ValidationError: /foo: Value must be given.
+schema.validate!({foo: 'str'})          # => {"foo"=>"str"}
+schema.validate!({foo: 'str', bar: 42}) # => {"foo"=>"str", "bar"=>42}
+schema.validate!({bar: 42})             # => Schemacop::Exceptions::ValidationError: /foo: Value must be given.
+```
+
+The name of the properties may either be a string or a symbol, and you can pass
+in the property either identified by a symbol or a string:
+
+The following two schemas are equal:
+
+```ruby
+schema = Schemacop::Schema3.new :hash do
+  int! :foo
+end
+
+schema.validate!(foo: 42)     # => {"foo"=>42}
+schema.validate!('foo' => 42) # => {"foo"=>42}
+
+schema = Schemacop::Schema3.new :hash do
+  int! 'foo'
+end
+
+schema.validate!(foo: 42)     # => {"foo"=>42}
+schema.validate!('foo' => 42) # => {"foo"=>42}
+```
+
+The result in both cases will be a
+[HashWithIndifferentAccess](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveSupport/HashWithIndifferentAccess.html),
+which means that you can access the data in the hash with the symbol as well as
+the string representation:
+
+```ruby
+schema = Schemacop::Schema3.new :hash do
+  int! :foo
+end
+
+result = schema.validate!(foo: 42)
+
+result.class  # => ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess
+result[:foo]  # => 42
+result['foo'] # 42
+```
+
+Please note that if you specify the value twice in the data you want to
+validate, once with the key being a symbol and once being a string, Schemacop
+will raise an error:
+
+```ruby
+schema = Schemacop::Schema3.new :hash do
+  int! :foo
+end
+
+schema.validate!(foo: 42, 'foo' => 43) # => Schemacop::Exceptions::ValidationError: /: Has 1 ambiguous properties: [:foo].
+```
+
+##### Pattern properties
+
+In addition to symbols, property keys can also be a regular expression. Here,
+you may only use the optional `?` suffix for the property. This allows any
+property, which matches the type and the name of the property matches the
+regular expression.
+
+```ruby
+schema = Schemacop::Schema3.new :hash do
+  # The following statement allows any number of integer properties of which the
+  # name starts with `id_`.
+  int? /^id_.*$/
+end
+
+schema.validate!({})                      # => {}
+schema.validate!({id_foo: 1})             # => {"id_foo"=>1}
+schema.validate!({id_foo: 1, id_bar: 2})  # => {"id_foo"=>1, "id_bar"=>2}
+schema.validate!({foo: 3})                # => Schemacop::Exceptions::ValidationError: /: Obsolete property "foo".
+```
+
+##### Additional properties & property names
+
+In addition to standard properties, you can allow the hash to contain
+additional, unspecified properties. By default, this is turned off if you have
+defined at least one standard property.
+
+When it comes to additional properties, you have the choice to either just
+enable all of them by enabling the option `additional_properties`:
+
+```ruby
+# This schema will accept any additional properties
+schema = Schemacop::Schema3.new :hash, additional_properties: true
+
+schema.validate!({}) # => {}
+schema.validate!({foo: :bar, baz: 42}) # => {"foo"=>:bar, "baz"=>42}
+```
+
+Using the DSL method `add` in the hash-node's body however, you can specify
+an additional schema to which additional properties must adhere:
+
+
+```ruby
+Schemacop::Schema3.new :hash do
+  int! :id
+
+  # Allow any additional properties besides `id`, but their value must be a
+  # string.
+  add :string
+end
+
+schema.validate!({id: 1})             # => {"id"=>1}
+schema.validate!({id: 1, foo: 'bar'}) # => {"id"=>1, "foo"=>"bar"}
+schema.validate!({id: 1, foo: 42})    # => Schemacop::Exceptions::ValidationError: /foo: Invalid type, expected "string".
+```
+
+Using the option `property_names`, you can additionaly specify a pattern that
+any additional property **keys** must adhere to:
+
+```ruby
+# The following schema allows any number of properties, but all keys must
+# consist of downcase letters from a-z.
+schema = Schemacop::Schema3.new :hash, additional_properties: true, property_names: '^[a-z]+$'
+
+
+schema.validate!({})            # => {}
+schema.validate!({foo: 123})    # => {"foo"=>123}
+schema.validate!({Foo: 'bar'})  # => Schemacop::Exceptions::ValidationError: /: Property name "Foo" does not match "^[a-z]+$".
+
+# The following schema allows any number of properties, but all keys must
+# consist of downcase letters from a-z AND the properties must be arrays.
+schema = Schemacop::Schema3.new :hash, additional_properties: true, property_names: '^[a-z]+$' do
+  add :array
+end
+
+schema.validate!({})                # => {}
+schema.validate!({foo: [1, 2, 3]})  # => {"foo"=>[1, 2, 3]}
+schema.validate!({foo: :bar})       # => Schemacop::Exceptions::ValidationError: /foo: Invalid type, expected "array".
+schema.validate!({Foo: :bar})       # => Schemacop::Exceptions::ValidationError: /: Property name :Foo does not match "^[a-z]+$". /Foo: Invalid type, expected "array".
+```
+
+##### Dependencies
+
+Using the DSL method `dep`, you can specifiy (non-nested) property dependencies:
+
+```ruby
+# In this example, `billing_address` and `phone_number` are required if
+# `credit_card` is given, and `credit_card` is required if `billing_address` is
+# given.
+schema = Schemacop::Schema3.new :hash do
+  str! :name
+  str? :credit_card
+  str? :billing_address
+  str? :phone_number
+
+  dep :credit_card, :billing_address, :phone_number
+  dep :billing_address, :credit_card
+end
+
+schema.validate!({}) # => Schemacop::Exceptions::ValidationError: /name: Value must be given.
+schema.validate!({name: 'Joe Doe'}) # => {"name"=>"Joe Doe"}
+schema.validate!({
+  name: 'Joe Doe',
+  billing_address: 'Street 42'
+})
+# => Schemacop::Exceptions::ValidationError: /: Missing property "credit_card" because "billing_address" is given.
+
+schema.validate!({
+  name: 'Joe Doe',
+  credit_card: 'XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX X'
+})
+# => Schemacop::Exceptions::ValidationError: /: Missing property "billing_address" because "credit_card" is given. /: Missing property "phone_number" because "credit_card" is given.
+
+schema.validate!({
+  name: 'Joe Doe',
+  billing_address: 'Street 42',
+  phone_number: '000-000-00-00',
+  credit_card: 'XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX X'
+})
+# => {"name"=>"Joe Doe", "credit_card"=>"XXXX XXXX XXXX XXXX X", "billing_address"=>"Street 42", "phone_number"=>"000-000-00-00"}
+```
+
+### Object
+
+Type: `:object`\
+DSL: `obj`
+
+The object type represents a Ruby `Object`. Please note that the `as_json`
+method on nodes of this type will just return `{}` (an empty JSON object), as
+there isn't a useful way to represent a Ruby object without conflicting with the
+`Hash` type. If you want to represent a JSON object, you should use the `Hash`
+node.
+
+In the most basic form, this node will accept anything:
+
+```ruby
+schema = Schemacop::Schema3.new :object
+
+schema.validate!(nil)         # => nil
+schema.validate!(true)        # => true
+schema.validate!(false)       # => false
+schema.validate!(Object.new)  # => #<Object:0x0000556ab4f58dd0>
+schema.validate!('foo')       # => "foo"
+```
+
+If you want to limit the allowed classes, you can so so by specifying an array
+of allowed classes:
+
+```ruby
+schema = Schemacop::Schema3.new :object, classes: [String]
+
+schema.validate!(nil)             # => nil
+schema.validate!(true)            # => Schemacop::Exceptions::ValidationError: /: Invalid type, expected "String".
+schema.validate!(Object.new)      # => Schemacop::Exceptions::ValidationError: /: Invalid type, expected "String".
+schema.validate!('foo')           # => "foo"
+schema.validate!('foo'.html_safe) # => Schemacop::Exceptions::ValidationError: /: Invalid type, expected "String".
+```
+
+Here, the node checks if the given value is an instance of any of the given
+classes with `instance_of?`, i.e. the exact class and not a subclass.
+
+If you want to allow subclasses, you can specify this by using the `strict` option:
+
+```ruby
+schema = Schemacop::Schema3.new :object, classes: [String], strict: false
+
+schema.validate!(nil)             # => nil
+schema.validate!(true)            # => Schemacop::Exceptions::ValidationError: /: Invalid type, expected "String".
+schema.validate!(Object.new)      # => Schemacop::Exceptions::ValidationError: /: Invalid type, expected "String".
+schema.validate!('foo')           # => "foo"
+schema.validate!('foo'.html_safe) # => "foo"
+```
+
+If you set the `strict` option to `false`, the check is done using `is_a?` instead of
+`instance_of?`, which also allows subclasses
+
+### AllOf
+
+Type: `:all_of`\
+DSL: `all_of`
+
+With the AllOf node you can specify multiple schemas, for which the given value
+needs to validate against every one:
+
+```ruby
+schema = Schemacop::Schema3.new :all_of do
+  str min_length: 2
+  str max_length: 4
+end
+
+schema.validate!('foo')   # => "foo"
+schema.validate!('foooo') # => Schemacop::Exceptions::ValidationError: /: Does not match all allOf conditions.
+```
+
+Please note that it's possible to create nonsensical schemas with this node, as
+you can combine multiple schemas which contradict each other:
+
+```ruby
+schema = Schemacop::Schema3.new :all_of do
+  str min_length: 4
+  str max_length: 1
+end
+
+schema.validate!('foo')   # => Schemacop::Exceptions::ValidationError: /: Does not match all allOf conditions.
+schema.validate!('foooo') # => Schemacop::Exceptions::ValidationError: /: Does not match all allOf conditions.
+```
+
+### AnyOf
+
+Type: `:any_of`\
+DSL: `any_of`
+
+Similar to the `all_of` node, you can specify multiple schemas, for which the
+given value needs to validate against at least one of the schemas.
+
+For example, your value needs to be either a string which is at least 2
+characters long, or an integer:
+
+```ruby
+schema = Schemacop::Schema3.new :any_of do
+  str min_length: 2
+  int
+end
+
+schema.validate!('f')   # => Schemacop::Exceptions::ValidationError: /: Does not match any anyOf condition.
+schema.validate!('foo') # => "foo"
+schema.validate!(42)    # => 42
+```
+
+Please note that you need to specify at least one item in the `any_of` node:
+
+```ruby
+Schemacop::Schema3.new :any_of # => Schemacop::Exceptions::InvalidSchemaError: Node "any_of" makes only sense with at least 1 item.
+```
+
+### OneOf
+
+Type: `:one_of`\
+DSL: `one_of`
+
+Similar to the `all_of` node, you can specify multiple schemas, for which the
+given value needs to validate against exaclty one of the schemas. If the given
+value validates against multiple schemas, the value is invalid.
+
+For example, if you want an integer which is either a multiple of 2 or 3,
+but not both (i.e. no multiple of 6), you could do it as follows:
+
+```ruby
+schema = Schemacop::Schema3.new :one_of do
+  int multiple_of: 2
+  int multiple_of: 3
+end
+
+schema.validate!(2) # => 2
+schema.validate!(3) # => 3
+schema.validate!(4) # => 4
+schema.validate!(5) # => Schemacop::Exceptions::ValidationError: /: Matches 0 definitions but should match exactly 1.
+schema.validate!(6) # => Schemacop::Exceptions::ValidationError: /: Matches 2 definitions but should match exactly 1.
+```
+
+Again, as previously with the AllOf node, you're allowed to create schemas
+which will not work for any input, e.g. by specifying the same schema twice:
+
+```ruby
+schema = Schemacop::Schema3.new :one_of do
+  int multiple_of: 2
+  int multiple_of: 2
+end
+
+schema.validate!(2) # => Schemacop::Exceptions::ValidationError: /: Matches 2 definitions but should match exactly 1.
+schema.validate!(3) # => Schemacop::Exceptions::ValidationError: /: Matches 0 definitions but should match exactly 1.
+schema.validate!(4) # => Schemacop::Exceptions::ValidationError: /: Matches 2 definitions but should match exactly 1.
+schema.validate!(5) # => Schemacop::Exceptions::ValidationError: /: Matches 0 definitions but should match exactly 1.
+schema.validate!(6) # => Schemacop::Exceptions::ValidationError: /: Matches 2 definitions but should match exactly 1.
+```
+
+### IsNot
+
+Type: `:is_not`\
+DSL: `is_not`
+
+With the `is_not` node, you can specify a schema which the given value must not
+validate against, i.e. every value which matches the schema will make this node
+invalid.
+
+For example, you want anything but the numbers between 3 and 5:
+
+```ruby
+schema = Schemacop::Schema3.new :is_not do
+  int minimum: 3, maximum: 5
+end
+
+schema.validate!(nil)   # => nil
+schema.validate!(1)     # => 1
+schema.validate!(2)     # => 2
+schema.validate!(3)     # => Schemacop::Exceptions::ValidationError: /: Must not match schema: {"type"=>"integer", "minimum"=>3, "maximum"=>5}.
+schema.validate!('foo') # => "foo"
+```
+
+Note that a `is_not` node needs exactly one item:
+
+```ruby
+schema = Schemacop::Schema3.new :is_not # => Schemacop::Exceptions::InvalidSchemaError: Node "is_not" only allows exactly one item.
+```
+
+### Reference
+
+**Referencing**
+DSL: `ref`\
+Type: `reference`
+
+**Definition**
+DSL: `scm`
+
+Finally, with the *Reference* node, you can define schemas and then later reference
+them for usage, e.g. when you have a rather long schema which you need at multiple
+places.
+
+#### Examples
+
+For example, let's define an object with an schema called `Address`, which we'll
+reference multiple times:
+
+```ruby
+schema = Schemacop::Schema3.new :hash do
+  scm :Address do
+    str! :street
+    str! :zip_code
+    str! :location
+    str! :country
+  end
+
+  ref! :shipping_address, :Address
+  ref! :billing_address, :Address
+end
+
+schema.validate!({}) # => Schemacop::Exceptions::ValidationError: /shipping_address: Value must be given. /billing_address: Value must be given.
+schema.validate!({
+  shipping_address: 'foo',
+  billing_address: 42
+})
+# => Schemacop::Exceptions::ValidationError: /shipping_address: Invalid type, expected "object". /billing_address: Invalid type, expected "object".
+
+schema.validate!({
+  shipping_address: {
+    street:   'Example Street 42',
+    zip_code: '12345',
+    location: 'London',
+    country:  'United Kingdom'
+  },
+  billing_address: {
+    street:   'Main St.',
+    zip_code: '54321',
+    location: 'Washington DC',
+    country:  'USA'
+  }
+})
+
+# => {"shipping_address"=>{"street"=>"Example Street 42", "zip_code"=>"12345", "location"=>"London", "country"=>"United Kingdom"}, "billing_address"=>{"street"=>"Main St.", "zip_code"=>"54321", "location"=>"Washington DC", "country"=>"USA"}}
+```
+
+Note that if you use the reference node with the long type name `reference`,
+e.g. in an array, you need to specify the "name" of the schema in the
+`path` option:
+
+```ruby
+schema = Schemacop::Schema3.new :array do
+  scm :User do
+    str! :first_name
+    str! :last_name
+  end
+
+  list :reference, path: :User
+end
+
+schema.validate!([])                                      # => []
+schema.validate!([{first_name: 'Joe', last_name: 'Doe'}]) # => [{"first_name"=>"Joe", "last_name"=>"Doe"}]
+schema.validate!([id: 42, first_name: 'Joe'])             # => Schemacop::Exceptions::ValidationError: /[0]/last_name: Value must be given. /[0]: Obsolete property "id".
+```
+
+## Context
+
+Schemacop also features the concept of a `Context`. You can define schemas in a
+context, and then reference them in other schemas in that context. This is e.g.
+useful if you need a part of the schema to be different depending on the
+business action.
+
+Examples:
+
+```ruby
+# Define a new context
+context = Schemacop::V3::Context.new
+
+# Define the :Person schema in that context
+context.schema :Person do
+  str! :first_name
+  str! :last_name
+  ref? :info, :PersonInfo
+end
+
+# And also define the :PersonInfo schema in that context
+context.schema :PersonInfo do
+  str! :born_at, format: :date
+end
+
+# Now we can define our general schema, where we reference the :Person schema.
+# Note that at this point, we don't know what's in the :Person schema.
+schema = Schemacop::Schema3.new :reference, path: :Person
+
+# Validate the data in the context we defined before, where we need the first_name
+# and last_name of a person, as well as an optional info hash with the born_at date
+# of the person.
+Schemacop.with_context context do
+  schema.validate!({first_name: 'Joe', last_name: 'Doe', info: { born_at: '1980-01-01'} })
+  # => {"first_name"=>"Joe", "last_name"=>"Doe", "info"=>{"born_at"=>Tue, 01 Jan 1980}}
+end
+
+# Now we might want another context, where the person is more anonymous, and as
+# such, we need another schema
+other_context = Schemacop::V3::Context.new
+
+# Here, we only want the nickname of the person
+other_context.schema :Person do
+  str! :nickname
+end
+
+# Finally, validate the data in the new context. We do not want the real name or
+# birth date of the person, instead only the nickname is allowed.
+Schemacop.with_context other_context do
+  schema.validate!({first_name: 'Joe', last_name: 'Doe', info: { born_at: '1980-01-01'} })
+  # => Schemacop::Exceptions::ValidationError: /nickname: Value must be given.
+  #    /: Obsolete property "first_name".
+  #    /: Obsolete property "last_name".
+  #    /: Obsolete property "info".
+
+  schema.validate!({nickname: 'J.'}) # => {"nickname"=>"J."}
+end
+```
+
+As one can see, we validated the data against the same schema, but because we
+defined the referenced schemas differently in the two contexts, we were able
+to use other data in the second context than in the first.
+
+## External schemas
+
+Finally, Schemacop features the possibility to specify schemas in seperate
+files.  This is especially useful is you have schemas in your application which
+are used multiple times throughout the application.
+
+For each schema, you define the schema in a separate file, and after loading the
+schemas, you can reference them in other schemas.
+
+The default load path is `'app/schemas'`, but this can be configured by setting
+the value of the `load_paths` attribute of the `Schemacop` module.
+
+Please note that the following predescence order is used for the schemas:
+
+```
+local schemas > context schemas > global schemas
+```
+
+Where:
+
+* local schemas: Defined by using the DSL method? `scm`
+* context schemas: Defined in the current context using `context.schema`
+* global schemas: Defined in a ruby file in the load path
+
+### Rails applications
+
+In Rails applications, your schemas are automatically eager-laoded from the load
+path `'app/schemas'` when your application is started.
+
+After starting your application, you can reference them like normally defined
+reference schemas, with the name being relative to the load path.
+
+Example:
+
+You defined the following two schemas in the `'app/schemas'` directory:
+
+```ruby
+# app/schemas/user.rb
+schema :hash do
+  str! :first_name
+  str! :last_name
+  ary? :groups do
+    list :reference, path: 'nested/group'
+  end
+end
+```
+
+```ruby
+# app/schemas/nested/user.rb
+schema :hash do
+  str! :name
+end
+```
+
+To use the schema, you then can simply reference the schema as with normal
+reference schemas:
+
+```ruby
+schema = Schemacop::Schema3.new :hash do
+  ref! :usr, :user
+end
+
+schema.validate!({usr: {first_name: 'Joe', last_name: 'Doe'}})
+  # => {"usr"=>{"first_name"=>"Joe", "last_name"=>"Doe"}}
+
+schema.validate!({usr: {first_name: 'Joe', last_name: 'Doe', groups: []}})
+  # => {"usr"=>{"first_name"=>"Joe", "last_name"=>"Doe", "groups"=>[]}}
+
+schema.validate!({usr: {first_name: 'Joe', last_name: 'Doe', groups: [{name: 'foo'}, {name: 'bar'}]}})
+  # => {"usr"=>{"first_name"=>"Joe", "last_name"=>"Doe", "groups"=>[{"name"=>"foo"}, {"name"=>"bar"}]}}
+```
+
+### Non-Rails applications
+
+Usage in non-Rails applications is the same as with usage in Rails applications,
+however you need to eager load the schemas yourself:
+
+```ruby
+Schemacop::V3::GlobalContext.eager_load!
+```