sassc4 2.4.0

data/ext/libsass/src/parser.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,3059 @@
+// sass.hpp must go before all system headers to get the
+// __EXTENSIONS__ fix on Solaris.
+#include "sass.hpp"
+
+#include "parser.hpp"
+#include "color_maps.hpp"
+#include "util_string.hpp"
+
+// Notes about delayed: some ast nodes can have delayed evaluation so
+// they can preserve their original semantics if needed. This is most
+// prominently exhibited by the division operation, since it is not
+// only a valid operation, but also a valid css statement (i.e. for
+// fonts, as in `16px/24px`). When parsing lists and expression we
+// unwrap single items from lists and other operations. A nested list
+// must not be delayed, only the items of the first level sometimes
+// are delayed (as with argument lists). To achieve this we need to
+// pass status to the list parser, so this can be set correctly.
+// Another case with delayed values are colors. In compressed mode
+// only processed values get compressed (other are left as written).
+
+
+namespace Sass {
+  using namespace Constants;
+  using namespace Prelexer;
+
+
+  Parser::Parser(SourceData* source, Context& ctx, Backtraces traces, bool allow_parent) :
+    SourceSpan(source),
+    ctx(ctx),
+    source(source),
+    begin(source->begin()),
+    position(source->begin()),
+    end(source->end()),
+    before_token(0, 0),
+    after_token(0, 0),
+    pstate(source->getSourceSpan()),
+    traces(traces),
+    indentation(0),
+    nestings(0),
+    allow_parent(allow_parent)
+  {
+    Block_Obj root = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Block, pstate);
+    stack.push_back(Scope::Root);
+    block_stack.push_back(root);
+    root->is_root(true);
+  }
+
+  void Parser::advanceToNextToken() {
+      lex < css_comments >(false);
+      // advance to position
+      pstate.position += pstate.offset;
+      pstate.offset.column = 0;
+      pstate.offset.line = 0;
+    }
+
+  SelectorListObj Parser::parse_selector(SourceData* source, Context& ctx, Backtraces traces, bool allow_parent)
+  {
+    Parser p(source, ctx, traces, allow_parent);
+    // ToDo: remap the source-map entries somehow
+    return p.parseSelectorList(false);
+  }
+
+  bool Parser::peek_newline(const char* start)
+  {
+    return peek_linefeed(start ? start : position)
+           && ! peek_css<exactly<'{'>>(start);
+  }
+
+  /* main entry point to parse root block */
+  Block_Obj Parser::parse()
+  {
+
+    // consume unicode BOM
+    read_bom();
+
+    // scan the input to find invalid utf8 sequences
+    const char* it = utf8::find_invalid(position, end);
+
+    // report invalid utf8
+    if (it != end) {
+      pstate.position += Offset::init(position, it);
+      traces.push_back(Backtrace(pstate));
+      throw Exception::InvalidSass(pstate, traces, "Invalid UTF-8 sequence");
+    }
+
+    // create a block AST node to hold children
+    Block_Obj root = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Block, pstate, 0, true);
+
+    // check seems a bit esoteric but works
+    if (ctx.resources.size() == 1) {
+      // apply headers only on very first include
+      ctx.apply_custom_headers(root, getPath(), pstate);
+    }
+
+    // parse children nodes
+    block_stack.push_back(root);
+    parse_block_nodes(true);
+    block_stack.pop_back();
+
+    // update final position
+    root->update_pstate(pstate);
+
+    if (position != end) {
+      css_error("Invalid CSS", " after ", ": expected selector or at-rule, was ");
+    }
+
+    return root;
+  }
+
+
+  // convenience function for block parsing
+  // will create a new block ad-hoc for you
+  // this is the base block parsing function
+  Block_Obj Parser::parse_css_block(bool is_root)
+  {
+
+    // parse comments before block
+    // lex < optional_css_comments >();
+
+    // lex mandatory opener or error out
+    if (!lex_css < exactly<'{'> >()) {
+      css_error("Invalid CSS", " after ", ": expected \"{\", was ");
+    }
+    // create new block and push to the selector stack
+    Block_Obj block = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Block, pstate, 0, is_root);
+    block_stack.push_back(block);
+
+    if (!parse_block_nodes(is_root)) css_error("Invalid CSS", " after ", ": expected \"}\", was ");
+
+    if (!lex_css < exactly<'}'> >()) {
+      css_error("Invalid CSS", " after ", ": expected \"}\", was ");
+    }
+
+    // update for end position
+    // this seems to be done somewhere else
+    // but that fixed selector schema issue
+    // block->update_pstate(pstate);
+
+    // parse comments after block
+    // lex < optional_css_comments >();
+
+    block_stack.pop_back();
+
+    return block;
+  }
+
+  // convenience function for block parsing
+  // will create a new block ad-hoc for you
+  // also updates the `in_at_root` flag
+  Block_Obj Parser::parse_block(bool is_root)
+  {
+    return parse_css_block(is_root);
+  }
+
+  // the main block parsing function
+  // parses stuff between `{` and `}`
+  bool Parser::parse_block_nodes(bool is_root)
+  {
+
+    // loop until end of string
+    while (position < end) {
+
+      // we should be able to refactor this
+      parse_block_comments();
+      lex < css_whitespace >();
+
+      if (lex < exactly<';'> >()) continue;
+      if (peek < end_of_file >()) return true;
+      if (peek < exactly<'}'> >()) return true;
+
+      if (parse_block_node(is_root)) continue;
+
+      parse_block_comments();
+
+      if (lex_css < exactly<';'> >()) continue;
+      if (peek_css < end_of_file >()) return true;
+      if (peek_css < exactly<'}'> >()) return true;
+
+      // illegal sass
+      return false;
+    }
+    // return success
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  // parser for a single node in a block
+  // semicolons must be lexed beforehand
+  bool Parser::parse_block_node(bool is_root) {
+
+    Block_Obj block = block_stack.back();
+
+    parse_block_comments();
+
+    // throw away white-space
+    // includes line comments
+    lex < css_whitespace >();
+
+    Lookahead lookahead_result;
+
+    // also parse block comments
+
+    // first parse everything that is allowed in functions
+    if (lex < variable >(true)) { block->append(parse_assignment()); }
+    else if (lex < kwd_err >(true)) { block->append(parse_error()); }
+    else if (lex < kwd_dbg >(true)) { block->append(parse_debug()); }
+    else if (lex < kwd_warn >(true)) { block->append(parse_warning()); }
+    else if (lex < kwd_if_directive >(true)) { block->append(parse_if_directive()); }
+    else if (lex < kwd_for_directive >(true)) { block->append(parse_for_directive()); }
+    else if (lex < kwd_each_directive >(true)) { block->append(parse_each_directive()); }
+    else if (lex < kwd_while_directive >(true)) { block->append(parse_while_directive()); }
+    else if (lex < kwd_return_directive >(true)) { block->append(parse_return_directive()); }
+
+    // parse imports to process later
+    else if (lex < kwd_import >(true)) {
+      Scope parent = stack.empty() ? Scope::Rules : stack.back();
+      if (parent != Scope::Function && parent != Scope::Root && parent != Scope::Rules && parent != Scope::Media) {
+        if (! peek_css< uri_prefix >(position)) { // this seems to go in ruby sass 3.4.20
+          error("Import directives may not be used within control directives or mixins.");
+        }
+      }
+      // this puts the parsed doc into sheets
+      // import stub will fetch this in expand
+      Import_Obj imp = parse_import();
+      // if it is a url, we only add the statement
+      if (!imp->urls().empty()) block->append(imp);
+      // process all resources now (add Import_Stub nodes)
+      for (size_t i = 0, S = imp->incs().size(); i < S; ++i) {
+        block->append(SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Import_Stub, pstate, imp->incs()[i]));
+      }
+    }
+
+    else if (lex < kwd_extend >(true)) {
+      Lookahead lookahead = lookahead_for_include(position);
+      if (!lookahead.found) css_error("Invalid CSS", " after ", ": expected selector, was ");
+      SelectorListObj target;
+      if (!lookahead.has_interpolants) {
+        LOCAL_FLAG(allow_parent, false);
+        auto selector = parseSelectorList(true);
+        auto extender = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(ExtendRule, pstate, selector);
+        extender->isOptional(selector && selector->is_optional());
+        block->append(extender);
+      }
+      else {
+        LOCAL_FLAG(allow_parent, false);
+        auto selector = parse_selector_schema(lookahead.found, true);
+        auto extender = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(ExtendRule, pstate, selector);
+        // A schema is not optional yet, check once it is evaluated
+        // extender->isOptional(selector && selector->is_optional());
+        block->append(extender);
+      }
+
+    }
+
+    // selector may contain interpolations which need delayed evaluation
+    else if (
+      !(lookahead_result = lookahead_for_selector(position)).error &&
+      !lookahead_result.is_custom_property
+    )
+    {
+      block->append(parse_ruleset(lookahead_result));
+    }
+
+    // parse multiple specific keyword directives
+    else if (lex < kwd_media >(true)) { block->append(parseMediaRule()); }
+    else if (lex < kwd_at_root >(true)) { block->append(parse_at_root_block()); }
+    else if (lex < kwd_include_directive >(true)) { block->append(parse_include_directive()); }
+    else if (lex < kwd_content_directive >(true)) { block->append(parse_content_directive()); }
+    else if (lex < kwd_supports_directive >(true)) { block->append(parse_supports_directive()); }
+    else if (lex < kwd_mixin >(true)) { block->append(parse_definition(Definition::MIXIN)); }
+    else if (lex < kwd_function >(true)) { block->append(parse_definition(Definition::FUNCTION)); }
+
+    // ignore the @charset directive for now
+    else if (lex< kwd_charset_directive >(true)) { parse_charset_directive(); }
+
+    else if (lex < exactly < else_kwd >>(true)) { error("Invalid CSS: @else must come after @if"); }
+
+    // generic at keyword (keep last)
+    else if (lex< at_keyword >(true)) { block->append(parse_directive()); }
+
+    else if (is_root && stack.back() != Scope::AtRoot /* && block->is_root() */) {
+      lex< css_whitespace >();
+      if (position >= end) return true;
+      css_error("Invalid CSS", " after ", ": expected 1 selector or at-rule, was ");
+    }
+    // parse a declaration
+    else
+    {
+      // ToDo: how does it handle parse errors?
+      // maybe we are expected to parse something?
+      Declaration_Obj decl = parse_declaration();
+      decl->tabs(indentation);
+      block->append(decl);
+      // maybe we have a "sub-block"
+      if (peek< exactly<'{'> >()) {
+        if (decl->is_indented()) ++ indentation;
+        // parse a propset that rides on the declaration's property
+        stack.push_back(Scope::Properties);
+        decl->block(parse_block());
+        stack.pop_back();
+        if (decl->is_indented()) -- indentation;
+      }
+    }
+    // something matched
+    return true;
+  }
+  // EO parse_block_nodes
+
+  // parse imports inside the
+  Import_Obj Parser::parse_import()
+  {
+    Import_Obj imp = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Import, pstate);
+    sass::vector<std::pair<sass::string,Function_Call_Obj>> to_import;
+    bool first = true;
+    do {
+      while (lex< block_comment >());
+      if (lex< quoted_string >()) {
+        to_import.push_back(std::pair<sass::string,Function_Call_Obj>(sass::string(lexed), {}));
+      }
+      else if (lex< uri_prefix >()) {
+        Arguments_Obj args = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Arguments, pstate);
+        Function_Call_Obj result = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Function_Call, pstate, sass::string("url"), args);
+
+        if (lex< quoted_string >()) {
+          ExpressionObj quoted_url = parse_string();
+          args->append(SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Argument, quoted_url->pstate(), quoted_url));
+        }
+        else if (String_Obj string_url = parse_url_function_argument()) {
+          args->append(SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Argument, string_url->pstate(), string_url));
+        }
+        else if (peek < skip_over_scopes < exactly < '(' >, exactly < ')' > > >(position)) {
+          ExpressionObj braced_url = parse_list(); // parse_interpolated_chunk(lexed);
+          args->append(SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Argument, braced_url->pstate(), braced_url));
+        }
+        else {
+          error("malformed URL");
+        }
+        if (!lex< exactly<')'> >()) error("URI is missing ')'");
+        to_import.push_back(std::pair<sass::string, Function_Call_Obj>("", result));
+      }
+      else {
+        if (first) error("@import directive requires a url or quoted path");
+        else error("expecting another url or quoted path in @import list");
+      }
+      first = false;
+    } while (lex_css< exactly<','> >());
+
+    if (!peek_css< alternatives< exactly<';'>, exactly<'}'>, end_of_file > >()) {
+      List_Obj import_queries = parse_media_queries();
+      imp->import_queries(import_queries);
+    }
+
+    for(auto location : to_import) {
+      if (location.second) {
+        imp->urls().push_back(location.second);
+      }
+      // check if custom importers want to take over the handling
+      else if (!ctx.call_importers(unquote(location.first), getPath(), pstate, imp)) {
+        // nobody wants it, so we do our import
+        ctx.import_url(imp, location.first, getPath());
+      }
+    }
+
+    return imp;
+  }
+
+  Definition_Obj Parser::parse_definition(Definition::Type which_type)
+  {
+    sass::string which_str(lexed);
+    if (!lex< identifier >()) error("invalid name in " + which_str + " definition");
+    sass::string name(Util::normalize_underscores(lexed));
+    if (which_type == Definition::FUNCTION && (name == "and" || name == "or" || name == "not"))
+    { error("Invalid function name \"" + name + "\"."); }
+    SourceSpan source_position_of_def = pstate;
+    Parameters_Obj params = parse_parameters();
+    if (which_type == Definition::MIXIN) stack.push_back(Scope::Mixin);
+    else stack.push_back(Scope::Function);
+    Block_Obj body = parse_block();
+    stack.pop_back();
+    return SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Definition, source_position_of_def, name, params, body, which_type);
+  }
+
+  Parameters_Obj Parser::parse_parameters()
+  {
+    Parameters_Obj params = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Parameters, pstate);
+    if (lex_css< exactly<'('> >()) {
+      // if there's anything there at all
+      if (!peek_css< exactly<')'> >()) {
+        do {
+          if (peek< exactly<')'> >()) break;
+          params->append(parse_parameter());
+        } while (lex_css< exactly<','> >());
+      }
+      if (!lex_css< exactly<')'> >()) {
+        css_error("Invalid CSS", " after ", ": expected \")\", was ");
+      }
+    }
+    return params;
+  }
+
+  Parameter_Obj Parser::parse_parameter()
+  {
+    if (peek< alternatives< exactly<','>, exactly< '{' >, exactly<';'> > >()) {
+      css_error("Invalid CSS", " after ", ": expected variable (e.g. $foo), was ");
+    }
+    while (lex< alternatives < spaces, block_comment > >());
+    lex < variable >();
+    sass::string name(Util::normalize_underscores(lexed));
+    SourceSpan pos = pstate;
+    ExpressionObj val;
+    bool is_rest = false;
+    while (lex< alternatives < spaces, block_comment > >());
+    if (lex< exactly<':'> >()) { // there's a default value
+      while (lex< block_comment >());
+      val = parse_space_list();
+    }
+    else if (lex< exactly< ellipsis > >()) {
+      is_rest = true;
+    }
+    return SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Parameter, pos, name, val, is_rest);
+  }
+
+  Arguments_Obj Parser::parse_arguments()
+  {
+    Arguments_Obj args = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Arguments, pstate);
+    if (lex_css< exactly<'('> >()) {
+      // if there's anything there at all
+      if (!peek_css< exactly<')'> >()) {
+        do {
+          if (peek< exactly<')'> >()) break;
+          args->append(parse_argument());
+        } while (lex_css< exactly<','> >());
+      }
+      if (!lex_css< exactly<')'> >()) {
+        css_error("Invalid CSS", " after ", ": expected expression (e.g. 1px, bold), was ");
+      }
+    }
+    return args;
+  }
+
+  // Parse arguments for CSS Color Level 4 functions (rgb, rgba, hsl, hsla)
+  // Supports both old comma-separated syntax and new space-separated syntax
+  // Examples:
+  //   rgb(255, 0, 0)           - old syntax with commas
+  //   rgb(255 0 0)             - new syntax with spaces
+  //   rgb(255 0 0 / 0.5)       - new syntax with alpha using slash
+  //   rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.5)     - old syntax with commas
+  Arguments_Obj Parser::parse_color_arguments()
+  {
+    Arguments_Obj args = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Arguments, pstate);
+    if (!lex_css< exactly<'('> >()) {
+      return args;
+    }
+
+    // Check if there's anything inside
+    if (peek_css< exactly<')'> >()) {
+      lex_css< exactly<')'> >();
+      return args;
+    }
+
+    // Parse first value (can't use parse_space_list because it treats / as division)
+    ExpressionObj val1 = parse_value();
+    if (!val1) {
+      css_error("Invalid CSS", " after ", ": expected expression (e.g. 1px, bold), was ");
+    }
+
+    // Check if we have comma-separated (old syntax) or space-separated (new syntax)
+    bool has_comma = lex_css< exactly<','> >();
+
+    if (has_comma) {
+      // Old comma-separated syntax: rgb(255, 0, 0) or rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.5)
+      args->append(SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Argument, pstate, val1, "", false, false));
+
+      // Parse remaining comma-separated arguments
+      while (!peek_css< exactly<')'> >()) {
+        ExpressionObj val = parse_space_list();
+        if (!val) {
+          css_error("Invalid CSS", " after ", ": expected expression, was ");
+        }
+        args->append(SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Argument, pstate, val, "", false, false));
+
+        if (!lex_css< exactly<','> >()) {
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+    } else {
+      // New space-separated syntax: rgb(255 0 0) or rgb(255 0 0 / 0.5)
+      // Parse individual space-separated values until we hit / or )
+      args->append(SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Argument, pstate, val1, "", false, false));
+
+      // Continue parsing space-separated values
+      while (!peek_css< exactly<'/'> >() && !peek_css< exactly<')'> >()) {
+        // Skip whitespace but don't consume comma or closing paren
+        lex < css_comments >();
+
+        if (peek_css< exactly<'/'> >() || peek_css< exactly<')'> >()) {
+          break;
+        }
+
+        ExpressionObj val = parse_value();
+        if (!val) {
+          break;
+        }
+        args->append(SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Argument, pstate, val, "", false, false));
+      }
+
+      // Check for slash (alpha separator in new syntax)
+      if (lex_css< exactly<'/'> >()) {
+        ExpressionObj alpha_val = parse_value();
+        if (!alpha_val) {
+          css_error("Invalid CSS", " after ", ": expected alpha value, was ");
+        }
+        args->append(SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Argument, pstate, alpha_val, "", false, false));
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (!lex_css< exactly<')'> >()) {
+      css_error("Invalid CSS", " after ", ": expected \")\", was ");
+    }
+
+    return args;
+  }
+
+  Argument_Obj Parser::parse_argument()
+  {
+    if (peek< alternatives< exactly<','>, exactly< '{' >, exactly<';'> > >()) {
+      css_error("Invalid CSS", " after ", ": expected \")\", was ");
+    }
+    if (peek_css< sequence < exactly< hash_lbrace >, exactly< rbrace > > >()) {
+      position += 2;
+      css_error("Invalid CSS", " after ", ": expected expression (e.g. 1px, bold), was ");
+    }
+
+    Argument_Obj arg;
+    if (peek_css< sequence < variable, optional_css_comments, exactly<':'> > >()) {
+      lex_css< variable >();
+      sass::string name(Util::normalize_underscores(lexed));
+      SourceSpan p = pstate;
+      lex_css< exactly<':'> >();
+      ExpressionObj val = parse_space_list();
+      arg = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Argument, p, val, name);
+    }
+    else {
+      bool is_arglist = false;
+      bool is_keyword = false;
+      ExpressionObj val = parse_space_list();
+      List* l = Cast<List>(val);
+      if (lex_css< exactly< ellipsis > >()) {
+        if (val->concrete_type() == Expression::MAP || (
+           (l != NULL && l->separator() == SASS_HASH)
+        )) is_keyword = true;
+        else is_arglist = true;
+      }
+      arg = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Argument, pstate, val, "", is_arglist, is_keyword);
+    }
+    return arg;
+  }
+
+  Assignment_Obj Parser::parse_assignment()
+  {
+    sass::string name(Util::normalize_underscores(lexed));
+    SourceSpan var_source_position = pstate;
+    if (!lex< exactly<':'> >()) error("expected ':' after " + name + " in assignment statement");
+    if (peek_css< alternatives < exactly<';'>, end_of_file > >()) {
+      css_error("Invalid CSS", " after ", ": expected expression (e.g. 1px, bold), was ");
+    }
+    ExpressionObj val;
+    Lookahead lookahead = lookahead_for_value(position);
+    if (lookahead.has_interpolants && lookahead.found) {
+      val = parse_value_schema(lookahead.found);
+    } else {
+      val = parse_list();
+    }
+    bool is_default = false;
+    bool is_global = false;
+    while (peek< alternatives < default_flag, global_flag > >()) {
+      if (lex< default_flag >()) is_default = true;
+      else if (lex< global_flag >()) is_global = true;
+    }
+    return SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Assignment, var_source_position, name, val, is_default, is_global);
+  }
+
+  // a ruleset connects a selector and a block
+  StyleRuleObj Parser::parse_ruleset(Lookahead lookahead)
+  {
+    NESTING_GUARD(nestings);
+    // inherit is_root from parent block
+    Block_Obj parent = block_stack.back();
+    bool is_root = parent && parent->is_root();
+    // make sure to move up the the last position
+    lex < optional_css_whitespace >(false, true);
+    // create the connector object (add parts later)
+    StyleRuleObj ruleset = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(StyleRule, pstate);
+    // parse selector static or as schema to be evaluated later
+    if (lookahead.parsable) {
+      ruleset->selector(parseSelectorList(false));
+    }
+    else {
+      SelectorListObj list = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(SelectorList, pstate);
+      auto sc = parse_selector_schema(lookahead.position, false);
+      ruleset->schema(sc);
+      ruleset->selector(list);
+    }
+    // then parse the inner block
+    stack.push_back(Scope::Rules);
+    ruleset->block(parse_block());
+    stack.pop_back();
+    // update for end position
+    ruleset->update_pstate(pstate);
+    ruleset->block()->update_pstate(pstate);
+    // need this info for coherence checks
+    ruleset->is_root(is_root);
+    // return AST Node
+    return ruleset;
+  }
+
+  // parse a selector schema that will be evaluated in the eval stage
+  // uses a string schema internally to do the actual schema handling
+  // in the eval stage we will be re-parse it into an actual selector
+  Selector_Schema_Obj Parser::parse_selector_schema(const char* end_of_selector, bool chroot)
+  {
+    NESTING_GUARD(nestings);
+    // move up to the start
+    lex< optional_spaces >();
+    const char* i = position;
+    // selector schema re-uses string schema implementation
+    String_Schema* schema = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(String_Schema, pstate);
+    // the selector schema is pretty much just a wrapper for the string schema
+    Selector_Schema_Obj selector_schema = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Selector_Schema, pstate, schema);
+    selector_schema->connect_parent(chroot == false);
+
+    // process until end
+    while (i < end_of_selector) {
+      // try to parse multiple interpolants
+      if (const char* p = find_first_in_interval< exactly<hash_lbrace>, block_comment >(i, end_of_selector)) {
+        // accumulate the preceding segment if the position has advanced
+        if (i < p) {
+          sass::string parsed(i, p);
+          String_Constant_Obj str = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(String_Constant, pstate, parsed);
+          pstate.position += Offset(parsed);
+          str->update_pstate(pstate);
+          schema->append(str);
+        }
+
+        // skip over all nested inner interpolations up to our own delimiter
+        const char* j = skip_over_scopes< exactly<hash_lbrace>, exactly<rbrace> >(p + 2, end_of_selector);
+        // check if the interpolation never ends of only contains white-space (error out)
+        if (!j || peek < sequence < optional_spaces, exactly<rbrace> > >(p+2)) {
+          position = p+2;
+          css_error("Invalid CSS", " after ", ": expected expression (e.g. 1px, bold), was ");
+        }
+        // pass inner expression to the parser to resolve nested interpolations
+        LocalOption<const char*> partEnd(end, j);
+        LocalOption<const char*> partBeg(position, p + 2);
+        ExpressionObj interpolant = parse_list();
+        // set status on the list expression
+        interpolant->is_interpolant(true);
+        // schema->has_interpolants(true);
+        // add to the string schema
+        schema->append(interpolant);
+        // advance parser state
+        pstate.position.add(p+2, j);
+        // advance position
+        i = j;
+      }
+      // no more interpolants have been found
+      // add the last segment if there is one
+      else {
+        // make sure to add the last bits of the string up to the end (if any)
+        if (i < end_of_selector) {
+          sass::string parsed(i, end_of_selector);
+          String_Constant_Obj str = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(String_Constant, pstate, parsed);
+          pstate.position += Offset(parsed);
+          str->update_pstate(pstate);
+          i = end_of_selector;
+          schema->append(str);
+        }
+        // exit loop
+      }
+    }
+    // EO until eos
+
+    // update position
+    position = i;
+
+    // update for end position
+    selector_schema->update_pstate(pstate);
+    schema->update_pstate(pstate);
+
+    after_token = before_token = pstate.position;
+
+    // return parsed result
+    return selector_schema.detach();
+  }
+  // EO parse_selector_schema
+
+  void Parser::parse_charset_directive()
+  {
+    lex <
+      sequence <
+        quoted_string,
+        optional_spaces,
+        exactly <';'>
+      >
+    >();
+  }
+
+  // called after parsing `kwd_include_directive`
+  Mixin_Call_Obj Parser::parse_include_directive()
+  {
+    // lex identifier into `lexed` var
+    lex_identifier(); // may error out
+    // normalize underscores to hyphens
+    sass::string name(Util::normalize_underscores(lexed));
+    // create the initial mixin call object
+    Mixin_Call_Obj call = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Mixin_Call, pstate, name, Arguments_Obj{});
+    // parse mandatory arguments
+    call->arguments(parse_arguments());
+    // parse using and optional block parameters
+    bool has_parameters = lex< kwd_using >() != nullptr;
+
+    if (has_parameters) {
+      if (!peek< exactly<'('> >()) css_error("Invalid CSS", " after ", ": expected \"(\", was ");
+    } else {
+      if (peek< exactly<'('> >()) css_error("Invalid CSS", " after ", ": expected \";\", was ");
+    }
+
+    if (has_parameters) call->block_parameters(parse_parameters());
+
+    // parse optional block
+    if (peek < exactly <'{'> >()) {
+      call->block(parse_block());
+    }
+    else if (has_parameters)  {
+      css_error("Invalid CSS", " after ", ": expected \"{\", was ");
+    }
+    // return ast node
+    return call.detach();
+  }
+  // EO parse_include_directive
+
+
+  SimpleSelectorObj Parser::parse_simple_selector()
+  {
+    lex < css_comments >(false);
+    if (lex< class_name >()) {
+      return SASS_MEMORY_NEW(ClassSelector, pstate, lexed);
+    }
+    else if (lex< id_name >()) {
+      return SASS_MEMORY_NEW(IDSelector, pstate, lexed);
+    }
+    else if (lex< alternatives < variable, number, static_reference_combinator > >()) {
+      return SASS_MEMORY_NEW(TypeSelector, pstate, lexed);
+    }
+    else if (peek< pseudo_not >()) {
+      return parse_negated_selector2();
+    }
+    else if (peek< re_pseudo_selector >()) {
+      return parse_pseudo_selector();
+    }
+    else if (peek< exactly<':'> >()) {
+      return parse_pseudo_selector();
+    }
+    else if (lex < exactly<'['> >()) {
+      return parse_attribute_selector();
+    }
+    else if (lex< placeholder >()) {
+      return SASS_MEMORY_NEW(PlaceholderSelector, pstate, lexed);
+    }
+    else {
+      css_error("Invalid CSS", " after ", ": expected selector, was ");
+    }
+    // failed
+    return {};
+  }
+
+  PseudoSelectorObj Parser::parse_negated_selector2()
+  {
+    lex< pseudo_not >();
+    sass::string name(lexed);
+    SourceSpan nsource_position = pstate;
+    SelectorListObj negated = parseSelectorList(true);
+    if (!lex< exactly<')'> >()) {
+      error("negated selector is missing ')'");
+    }
+    name.erase(name.size() - 1);
+
+    PseudoSelector* sel = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(PseudoSelector, nsource_position, name.substr(1));
+    sel->selector(negated);
+    return sel;
+  }
+
+  // Helper to clean binominal string
+  bool BothAreSpaces(char lhs, char rhs) { return isspace(lhs) && isspace(rhs); }
+
+  // a pseudo selector often starts with one or two colons
+  // it can contain more selectors inside parentheses
+  SimpleSelectorObj Parser::parse_pseudo_selector() {
+
+    // Lex one or two colon characters
+    if (lex<pseudo_prefix>()) {
+      sass::string colons(lexed);
+      // Check if it is a pseudo element
+      bool element = colons.size() == 2;
+
+      if (lex< sequence<
+        // we keep the space within the name, strange enough
+        // ToDo: refactor output to schedule the space for it
+        // or do we really want to keep the real white-space?
+        sequence< identifier, optional < block_comment >, exactly<'('> >
+      > >())
+      {
+
+        sass::string name(lexed);
+        name.erase(name.size() - 1);
+        SourceSpan p = pstate;
+
+        // specially parse nth-child pseudo selectors
+        if (lex_css < sequence < binomial, word_boundary >>()) {
+          sass::string parsed(lexed); // always compacting binominals (as dart-sass)
+          parsed.erase(std::unique(parsed.begin(), parsed.end(), BothAreSpaces), parsed.end());
+          String_Constant_Obj arg = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(String_Constant, pstate, parsed);
+          PseudoSelector* pseudo = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(PseudoSelector, p, name, element);
+          if (lex < sequence < css_whitespace, insensitive < of_kwd >>>(false)) {
+            pseudo->selector(parseSelectorList(true));
+          }
+          pseudo->argument(arg);
+          if (lex_css< exactly<')'> >()) {
+            return pseudo;
+          }
+        }
+        else {
+          if (peek_css< exactly<')'>>()  && Util::equalsLiteral("nth-", name.substr(0, 4))) {
+            css_error("Invalid CSS", " after ", ": expected An+B expression, was ");
+          }
+
+          sass::string unvendored = Util::unvendor(name);
+
+          if (unvendored == "not" || unvendored == "matches" || unvendored == "current"  || unvendored == "any" || unvendored == "has" || unvendored == "host" || unvendored == "host-context" || unvendored == "slotted") {
+             if (SelectorListObj wrapped = parseSelectorList(true)) {
+                if (wrapped && lex_css< exactly<')'> >()) {
+                  PseudoSelector* pseudo = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(PseudoSelector, p, name, element);
+                  pseudo->selector(wrapped);
+                  return pseudo;
+                }
+              }
+          } else {
+            String_Schema_Obj arg = parse_css_variable_value();
+            PseudoSelector* pseudo = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(PseudoSelector, p, name, element);
+            pseudo->argument(arg);
+
+            if (lex_css< exactly<')'> >()) {
+              return pseudo;
+            }
+          }
+        }
+
+      }
+      // EO if pseudo selector
+
+      else if (lex < sequence< optional < pseudo_prefix >, identifier > >()) {
+        return SASS_MEMORY_NEW(PseudoSelector, pstate, lexed, element);
+      }
+      else if (lex < pseudo_prefix >()) {
+        css_error("Invalid CSS", " after ", ": expected pseudoclass or pseudoelement, was ");
+      }
+
+    }
+    else {
+      lex < identifier >(); // needed for error message?
+      css_error("Invalid CSS", " after ", ": expected selector, was ");
+    }
+
+
+    css_error("Invalid CSS", " after ", ": expected \")\", was ");
+
+    // unreachable statement
+    return {};
+  }
+
+  const char* Parser::re_attr_sensitive_close(const char* src)
+  {
+    return alternatives < exactly<']'>, exactly<'/'> >(src);
+  }
+
+  const char* Parser::re_attr_insensitive_close(const char* src)
+  {
+    return sequence < insensitive<'i'>, re_attr_sensitive_close >(src);
+  }
+
+  AttributeSelectorObj Parser::parse_attribute_selector()
+  {
+    SourceSpan p = pstate;
+    if (!lex_css< attribute_name >()) error("invalid attribute name in attribute selector");
+    sass::string name(lexed);
+    if (lex_css< re_attr_sensitive_close >()) {
+      return SASS_MEMORY_NEW(AttributeSelector, p, name, "", String_Obj{});
+    }
+    else if (lex_css< re_attr_insensitive_close >()) {
+      char modifier = lexed.begin[0];
+      return SASS_MEMORY_NEW(AttributeSelector, p, name, "", String_Obj{}, modifier);
+    }
+    if (!lex_css< alternatives< exact_match, class_match, dash_match,
+                                prefix_match, suffix_match, substring_match > >()) {
+      error("invalid operator in attribute selector for " + name);
+    }
+    sass::string matcher(lexed);
+
+    String_Obj value;
+    if (lex_css< identifier >()) {
+      value = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(String_Constant, p, lexed);
+    }
+    else if (lex_css< quoted_string >()) {
+      value = parse_interpolated_chunk(lexed, true); // needed!
+    }
+    else {
+      error("expected a string constant or identifier in attribute selector for " + name);
+    }
+
+    if (lex_css< re_attr_sensitive_close >()) {
+      return SASS_MEMORY_NEW(AttributeSelector, p, name, matcher, value, 0);
+    }
+    else if (lex_css< re_attr_insensitive_close >()) {
+      char modifier = lexed.begin[0];
+      return SASS_MEMORY_NEW(AttributeSelector, p, name, matcher, value, modifier);
+    }
+    error("unterminated attribute selector for " + name);
+    return {}; // to satisfy compilers (error must not return)
+  }
+
+  /* parse block comment and add to block */
+  void Parser::parse_block_comments(bool store)
+  {
+    Block_Obj block = block_stack.back();
+
+    while (lex< block_comment >()) {
+      bool is_important = lexed.begin[2] == '!';
+      // flag on second param is to skip loosely over comments
+      String_Obj contents = parse_interpolated_chunk(lexed, true, false);
+      if (store) block->append(SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Comment, pstate, contents, is_important));
+    }
+  }
+
+  Declaration_Obj Parser::parse_declaration() {
+    String_Obj prop;
+    bool is_custom_property = false;
+    if (lex< sequence< optional< exactly<'*'> >, identifier_schema > >()) {
+      const sass::string property(lexed);
+      is_custom_property = property.compare(0, 2, "--") == 0;
+      prop = parse_identifier_schema();
+    }
+    else if (lex< sequence< optional< exactly<'*'> >, identifier, zero_plus< block_comment > > >()) {
+      const sass::string property(lexed);
+      is_custom_property = property.compare(0, 2, "--") == 0;
+      prop = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(String_Constant, pstate, lexed);
+    }
+    else {
+      css_error("Invalid CSS", " after ", ": expected \"}\", was ");
+    }
+    bool is_indented = true;
+    const sass::string property(lexed);
+    if (!lex_css< one_plus< exactly<':'> > >()) error("property \"" + escape_string(property)  + "\" must be followed by a ':'");
+    if (!is_custom_property && match< sequence< optional_css_comments, exactly<';'> > >()) error("style declaration must contain a value");
+    if (match< sequence< optional_css_comments, exactly<'{'> > >()) is_indented = false; // don't indent if value is empty
+    if (is_custom_property) {
+      return SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Declaration, prop->pstate(), prop, parse_css_variable_value(), false, true);
+    }
+    lex < css_comments >(false);
+    if (peek_css< static_value >()) {
+      return SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Declaration, prop->pstate(), prop, parse_static_value()/*, lex<kwd_important>()*/);
+    }
+    else {
+      ExpressionObj value;
+      Lookahead lookahead = lookahead_for_value(position);
+      if (lookahead.found) {
+        if (lookahead.has_interpolants) {
+          value = parse_value_schema(lookahead.found);
+        } else {
+          value = parse_list(DELAYED);
+        }
+      }
+      else {
+        value = parse_list(DELAYED);
+        if (List* list = Cast<List>(value)) {
+          if (!list->is_bracketed() && list->length() == 0 && !peek< exactly <'{'> >()) {
+            css_error("Invalid CSS", " after ", ": expected expression (e.g. 1px, bold), was ");
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      lex < css_comments >(false);
+      Declaration_Obj decl = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Declaration, prop->pstate(), prop, value/*, lex<kwd_important>()*/);
+      decl->is_indented(is_indented);
+      decl->update_pstate(pstate);
+      return decl;
+    }
+  }
+
+  ExpressionObj Parser::parse_map()
+  {
+    NESTING_GUARD(nestings);
+    ExpressionObj key = parse_list();
+    List_Obj map = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(List, pstate, 0, SASS_HASH);
+
+    // it's not a map so return the lexed value as a list value
+    if (!lex_css< exactly<':'> >())
+    { return key; }
+
+    List_Obj l = Cast<List>(key);
+    if (l && l->separator() == SASS_COMMA) {
+      css_error("Invalid CSS", " after ", ": expected \")\", was ");
+    }
+
+    ExpressionObj value = parse_space_list();
+
+    map->append(key);
+    map->append(value);
+
+    while (lex_css< exactly<','> >())
+    {
+      // allow trailing commas - #495
+      if (peek_css< exactly<')'> >(position))
+      { break; }
+
+      key = parse_space_list();
+
+      if (!(lex< exactly<':'> >()))
+      { css_error("Invalid CSS", " after ", ": expected \":\", was "); }
+
+      value = parse_space_list();
+
+      map->append(key);
+      map->append(value);
+    }
+
+    SourceSpan ps = map->pstate();
+    ps.offset = pstate.position - ps.position + pstate.offset;
+    map->pstate(ps);
+
+    return map;
+  }
+
+  ExpressionObj Parser::parse_bracket_list()
+  {
+    NESTING_GUARD(nestings);
+    // check if we have an empty list
+    // return the empty list as such
+    if (peek_css< list_terminator >(position))
+    {
+      // return an empty list (nothing to delay)
+      return SASS_MEMORY_NEW(List, pstate, 0, SASS_SPACE, false, true);
+    }
+
+    bool has_paren = peek_css< exactly<'('> >() != NULL;
+
+    // now try to parse a space list
+    ExpressionObj list = parse_space_list();
+    // if it's a singleton, return it (don't wrap it)
+    if (!peek_css< exactly<','> >(position)) {
+      List_Obj l = Cast<List>(list);
+      if (!l || l->is_bracketed() || has_paren) {
+        List_Obj bracketed_list = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(List, pstate, 1, SASS_SPACE, false, true);
+        bracketed_list->append(list);
+        return bracketed_list;
+      }
+      l->is_bracketed(true);
+      return l;
+    }
+
+    // if we got so far, we actually do have a comma list
+    List_Obj bracketed_list = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(List, pstate, 2, SASS_COMMA, false, true);
+    // wrap the first expression
+    bracketed_list->append(list);
+
+    while (lex_css< exactly<','> >())
+    {
+      // check for abort condition
+      if (peek_css< list_terminator >(position)
+      ) { break; }
+      // otherwise add another expression
+      bracketed_list->append(parse_space_list());
+    }
+    // return the list
+    return bracketed_list;
+  }
+
+  // parse list returns either a space separated list,
+  // a comma separated list or any bare expression found.
+  // so to speak: we unwrap items from lists if possible here!
+  ExpressionObj Parser::parse_list(bool delayed)
+  {
+    NESTING_GUARD(nestings);
+    return parse_comma_list(delayed);
+  }
+
+  // will return singletons unwrapped
+  ExpressionObj Parser::parse_comma_list(bool delayed)
+  {
+    NESTING_GUARD(nestings);
+    // check if we have an empty list
+    // return the empty list as such
+    if (peek_css< list_terminator >(position))
+    {
+      // return an empty list (nothing to delay)
+      return SASS_MEMORY_NEW(List, pstate, 0);
+    }
+
+    // now try to parse a space list
+    ExpressionObj list = parse_space_list();
+    // if it's a singleton, return it (don't wrap it)
+    if (!peek_css< exactly<','> >(position)) {
+      // set_delay doesn't apply to list children
+      // so this will only undelay single values
+      if (!delayed) list->set_delayed(false);
+      return list;
+    }
+
+    // if we got so far, we actually do have a comma list
+    List_Obj comma_list = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(List, pstate, 2, SASS_COMMA);
+    // wrap the first expression
+    comma_list->append(list);
+
+    while (lex_css< exactly<','> >())
+    {
+      // check for abort condition
+      if (peek_css< list_terminator >(position)
+      ) { break; }
+      // otherwise add another expression
+      comma_list->append(parse_space_list());
+    }
+    // return the list
+    return comma_list;
+  }
+  // EO parse_comma_list
+
+  // will return singletons unwrapped
+  ExpressionObj Parser::parse_space_list()
+  {
+    NESTING_GUARD(nestings);
+    ExpressionObj disj1 = parse_disjunction();
+    // if it's a singleton, return it (don't wrap it)
+    if (peek_css< space_list_terminator >(position)
+    ) {
+      return disj1; }
+
+    List_Obj space_list = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(List, pstate, 2, SASS_SPACE);
+    space_list->append(disj1);
+
+    while (
+      !(peek_css< space_list_terminator >(position)) &&
+      peek_css< optional_css_whitespace >() != end
+    ) {
+      // the space is parsed implicitly?
+      space_list->append(parse_disjunction());
+    }
+    // return the list
+    return space_list;
+  }
+  // EO parse_space_list
+
+  // parse logical OR operation
+  ExpressionObj Parser::parse_disjunction()
+  {
+    NESTING_GUARD(nestings);
+    advanceToNextToken();
+    SourceSpan state(pstate);
+    // parse the left hand side conjunction
+    ExpressionObj conj = parse_conjunction();
+    // parse multiple right hand sides
+    sass::vector<ExpressionObj> operands;
+    while (lex_css< kwd_or >())
+      operands.push_back(parse_conjunction());
+    // if it's a singleton, return it directly
+    if (operands.size() == 0) return conj;
+    // fold all operands into one binary expression
+    ExpressionObj ex = fold_operands(conj, operands, { Sass_OP::OR });
+    state.offset = pstate.position - state.position + pstate.offset;
+    ex->pstate(state);
+    return ex;
+  }
+  // EO parse_disjunction
+
+  // parse logical AND operation
+  ExpressionObj Parser::parse_conjunction()
+  {
+    NESTING_GUARD(nestings);
+    advanceToNextToken();
+    SourceSpan state(pstate);
+    // parse the left hand side relation
+    ExpressionObj rel = parse_relation();
+    // parse multiple right hand sides
+    sass::vector<ExpressionObj> operands;
+    while (lex_css< kwd_and >()) {
+      operands.push_back(parse_relation());
+    }
+    // if it's a singleton, return it directly
+    if (operands.size() == 0) return rel;
+    // fold all operands into one binary expression
+    ExpressionObj ex = fold_operands(rel, operands, { Sass_OP::AND });
+    state.offset = pstate.position - state.position + pstate.offset;
+    ex->pstate(state);
+    return ex;
+  }
+  // EO parse_conjunction
+
+  // parse comparison operations
+  ExpressionObj Parser::parse_relation()
+  {
+    NESTING_GUARD(nestings);
+    advanceToNextToken();
+    SourceSpan state(pstate);
+    // parse the left hand side expression
+    ExpressionObj lhs = parse_expression();
+    sass::vector<ExpressionObj> operands;
+    sass::vector<Operand> operators;
+    // if it's a singleton, return it (don't wrap it)
+    while (peek< alternatives <
+            kwd_eq,
+            kwd_neq,
+            kwd_gte,
+            kwd_gt,
+            kwd_lte,
+            kwd_lt
+          > >(position))
+    {
+      // is directly adjancent to expression?
+      bool left_ws = peek < css_comments >() != NULL;
+      // parse the operator
+      enum Sass_OP op
+      = lex<kwd_eq>()  ? Sass_OP::EQ
+      : lex<kwd_neq>() ? Sass_OP::NEQ
+      : lex<kwd_gte>() ? Sass_OP::GTE
+      : lex<kwd_lte>() ? Sass_OP::LTE
+      : lex<kwd_gt>()  ? Sass_OP::GT
+      : lex<kwd_lt>()  ? Sass_OP::LT
+      // we checked the possibilities on top of fn
+      :                  Sass_OP::EQ;
+      // is directly adjacent to expression?
+      bool right_ws = peek < css_comments >() != NULL;
+      operators.push_back({ op, left_ws, right_ws });
+      operands.push_back(parse_expression());
+    }
+    // we are called recursively for list, so we first
+    // fold inner binary expression which has delayed
+    // correctly set to zero. After folding we also unwrap
+    // single nested items. So we cannot set delay on the
+    // returned result here, as we have lost nestings ...
+    ExpressionObj ex = fold_operands(lhs, operands, operators);
+    state.offset = pstate.position - state.position + pstate.offset;
+    ex->pstate(state);
+    return ex;
+  }
+  // parse_relation
+
+  // parse expression valid for operations
+  // called from parse_relation
+  // called from parse_for_directive
+  // called from parse_media_expression
+  // parse addition and subtraction operations
+  ExpressionObj Parser::parse_expression()
+  {
+    NESTING_GUARD(nestings);
+    advanceToNextToken();
+    SourceSpan state(pstate);
+    // parses multiple add and subtract operations
+    // NOTE: make sure that identifiers starting with
+    // NOTE: dashes do NOT count as subtract operation
+    ExpressionObj lhs = parse_operators();
+    // if it's a singleton, return it (don't wrap it)
+    if (!(peek_css< exactly<'+'> >(position) ||
+          // condition is a bit mysterious, but some combinations should not be counted as operations
+          (peek< no_spaces >(position) && peek< sequence< negate< unsigned_number >, exactly<'-'>, negate< space > > >(position)) ||
+          (peek< sequence< negate< unsigned_number >, exactly<'-'>, negate< unsigned_number > > >(position))) ||
+          peek< sequence < zero_plus < exactly <'-' > >, identifier > >(position))
+    { return lhs; }
+
+    sass::vector<ExpressionObj> operands;
+    sass::vector<Operand> operators;
+    bool left_ws = peek < css_comments >() != NULL;
+    while (
+      lex_css< exactly<'+'> >() ||
+
+      (
+      ! peek_css< sequence < zero_plus < exactly <'-' > >, identifier > >(position)
+      && lex_css< sequence< negate< digit >, exactly<'-'> > >()
+      )
+
+    ) {
+
+      bool right_ws = peek < css_comments >() != NULL;
+      operators.push_back({ lexed.to_string() == "+" ? Sass_OP::ADD : Sass_OP::SUB, left_ws, right_ws });
+      operands.push_back(parse_operators());
+      left_ws = peek < css_comments >() != NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (operands.size() == 0) return lhs;
+    ExpressionObj ex = fold_operands(lhs, operands, operators);
+    state.offset = pstate.position - state.position + pstate.offset;
+    ex->pstate(state);
+    return ex;
+  }
+
+  // parse addition and subtraction operations
+  ExpressionObj Parser::parse_operators()
+  {
+    NESTING_GUARD(nestings);
+    advanceToNextToken();
+    SourceSpan state(pstate);
+    ExpressionObj factor = parse_factor();
+    // if it's a singleton, return it (don't wrap it)
+    sass::vector<ExpressionObj> operands; // factors
+    sass::vector<Operand> operators; // ops
+    // lex operations to apply to lhs
+    const char* left_ws = peek < css_comments >();
+    while (lex_css< class_char< static_ops > >()) {
+      const char* right_ws = peek < css_comments >();
+      switch(*lexed.begin) {
+        case '*': operators.push_back({ Sass_OP::MUL, left_ws != 0, right_ws != 0 }); break;
+        case '/': operators.push_back({ Sass_OP::DIV, left_ws != 0, right_ws != 0 }); break;
+        case '%': operators.push_back({ Sass_OP::MOD, left_ws != 0, right_ws != 0 }); break;
+        default: throw std::runtime_error("unknown static op parsed");
+      }
+      operands.push_back(parse_factor());
+      left_ws = peek < css_comments >();
+    }
+    // operands and operators to binary expression
+    ExpressionObj ex = fold_operands(factor, operands, operators);
+    state.offset = pstate.position - state.position + pstate.offset;
+    ex->pstate(state);
+    return ex;
+  }
+  // EO parse_operators
+
+
+  // called from parse_operators
+  // called from parse_value_schema
+  ExpressionObj Parser::parse_factor()
+  {
+    NESTING_GUARD(nestings);
+    lex < css_comments >(false);
+    if (lex_css< exactly<'('> >()) {
+      // parse_map may return a list
+      ExpressionObj value = parse_map();
+      // lex the expected closing parenthesis
+      if (!lex_css< exactly<')'> >()) error("unclosed parenthesis");
+      // expression can be evaluated
+      return value;
+    }
+    else if (lex_css< exactly<'['> >()) {
+      // explicit bracketed
+      ExpressionObj value = parse_bracket_list();
+      // lex the expected closing square bracket
+      if (!lex_css< exactly<']'> >()) error("unclosed squared bracket");
+      return value;
+    }
+    // string may be interpolated
+    // if (lex< quoted_string >()) {
+    //   return &parse_string();
+    // }
+    else if (peek< ie_property >()) {
+      return parse_ie_property();
+    }
+    else if (peek< ie_keyword_arg >()) {
+      return parse_ie_keyword_arg();
+    }
+    else if (peek< sequence < calc_fn_call, exactly <'('> > >()) {
+      return parse_calc_function();
+    }
+    else if (lex < functional_schema >()) {
+      return parse_function_call_schema();
+    }
+    else if (lex< identifier_schema >()) {
+      String_Obj string = parse_identifier_schema();
+      if (String_Schema* schema = Cast<String_Schema>(string)) {
+        if (lex < exactly < '(' > >()) {
+          schema->append(parse_list());
+          lex < exactly < ')' > >();
+        }
+      }
+      return string;
+    }
+    else if (peek< sequence< uri_prefix, W, real_uri_value > >()) {
+      return parse_url_function_string();
+    }
+    else if (peek< re_functional >()) {
+      return parse_function_call();
+    }
+    else if (lex< exactly<'+'> >()) {
+      Unary_Expression* ex = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Unary_Expression, pstate, Unary_Expression::PLUS, parse_factor());
+      if (ex && ex->operand()) ex->is_delayed(ex->operand()->is_delayed());
+      return ex;
+    }
+    else if (lex< exactly<'-'> >()) {
+      Unary_Expression* ex = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Unary_Expression, pstate, Unary_Expression::MINUS, parse_factor());
+      if (ex && ex->operand()) ex->is_delayed(ex->operand()->is_delayed());
+      return ex;
+    }
+    else if (lex< exactly<'/'> >()) {
+      Unary_Expression* ex = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Unary_Expression, pstate, Unary_Expression::SLASH, parse_factor());
+      if (ex && ex->operand()) ex->is_delayed(ex->operand()->is_delayed());
+      return ex;
+    }
+    else if (lex< sequence< kwd_not > >()) {
+      Unary_Expression* ex = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Unary_Expression, pstate, Unary_Expression::NOT, parse_factor());
+      if (ex && ex->operand()) ex->is_delayed(ex->operand()->is_delayed());
+      return ex;
+    }
+    else {
+      return parse_value();
+    }
+  }
+
+  bool number_has_zero(const sass::string& parsed)
+  {
+    size_t L = parsed.length();
+    return !( (L > 0 && parsed.substr(0, 1) == ".") ||
+              (L > 1 && parsed.substr(0, 2) == "0.") ||
+              (L > 1 && parsed.substr(0, 2) == "-.")  ||
+              (L > 2 && parsed.substr(0, 3) == "-0.") );
+  }
+
+  Number* Parser::lexed_number(const SourceSpan& pstate, const sass::string& parsed)
+  {
+    Number* nr = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Number,
+                                    pstate,
+                                    sass_strtod(parsed.c_str()),
+                                    "",
+                                    number_has_zero(parsed));
+    nr->is_interpolant(false);
+    nr->is_delayed(true);
+    return nr;
+  }
+
+  Number* Parser::lexed_percentage(const SourceSpan& pstate, const sass::string& parsed)
+  {
+    Number* nr = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Number,
+                                    pstate,
+                                    sass_strtod(parsed.c_str()),
+                                    "%",
+                                    true);
+    nr->is_interpolant(false);
+    nr->is_delayed(true);
+    return nr;
+  }
+
+  Number* Parser::lexed_dimension(const SourceSpan& pstate, const sass::string& parsed)
+  {
+    size_t L = parsed.length();
+    size_t num_pos = parsed.find_first_not_of(" \n\r\t");
+    if (num_pos == sass::string::npos) num_pos = L;
+    size_t unit_pos = parsed.find_first_not_of("-+0123456789.", num_pos);
+    if (parsed[unit_pos] == 'e' && is_number(parsed[unit_pos+1]) ) {
+      unit_pos = parsed.find_first_not_of("-+0123456789.", ++ unit_pos);
+    }
+    if (unit_pos == sass::string::npos) unit_pos = L;
+    const sass::string& num = parsed.substr(num_pos, unit_pos - num_pos);
+    Number* nr = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Number,
+                                    pstate,
+                                    sass_strtod(num.c_str()),
+                                    Token(number(parsed.c_str())),
+                                    number_has_zero(parsed));
+    nr->is_interpolant(false);
+    nr->is_delayed(true);
+    return nr;
+  }
+
+  Value* Parser::lexed_hex_color(const SourceSpan& pstate, const sass::string& parsed)
+  {
+    Color_RGBA* color = NULL;
+    if (parsed[0] != '#') {
+      return SASS_MEMORY_NEW(String_Quoted, pstate, parsed);
+    }
+    // chop off the '#'
+    sass::string hext(parsed.substr(1));
+    if (parsed.length() == 4) {
+      sass::string r(2, parsed[1]);
+      sass::string g(2, parsed[2]);
+      sass::string b(2, parsed[3]);
+      color = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Color_RGBA,
+                               pstate,
+                               static_cast<double>(strtol(r.c_str(), NULL, 16)),
+                               static_cast<double>(strtol(g.c_str(), NULL, 16)),
+                               static_cast<double>(strtol(b.c_str(), NULL, 16)),
+                               1, // alpha channel
+                               parsed);
+    }
+    else if (parsed.length() == 5) {
+      sass::string r(2, parsed[1]);
+      sass::string g(2, parsed[2]);
+      sass::string b(2, parsed[3]);
+      sass::string a(2, parsed[4]);
+      color = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Color_RGBA,
+                               pstate,
+                               static_cast<double>(strtol(r.c_str(), NULL, 16)),
+                               static_cast<double>(strtol(g.c_str(), NULL, 16)),
+                               static_cast<double>(strtol(b.c_str(), NULL, 16)),
+                               static_cast<double>(strtol(a.c_str(), NULL, 16)) / 255,
+                               parsed);
+    }
+    else if (parsed.length() == 7) {
+      sass::string r(parsed.substr(1,2));
+      sass::string g(parsed.substr(3,2));
+      sass::string b(parsed.substr(5,2));
+      color = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Color_RGBA,
+                               pstate,
+                               static_cast<double>(strtol(r.c_str(), NULL, 16)),
+                               static_cast<double>(strtol(g.c_str(), NULL, 16)),
+                               static_cast<double>(strtol(b.c_str(), NULL, 16)),
+                               1, // alpha channel
+                               parsed);
+    }
+    else if (parsed.length() == 9) {
+      sass::string r(parsed.substr(1,2));
+      sass::string g(parsed.substr(3,2));
+      sass::string b(parsed.substr(5,2));
+      sass::string a(parsed.substr(7,2));
+      color = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Color_RGBA,
+                               pstate,
+                               static_cast<double>(strtol(r.c_str(), NULL, 16)),
+                               static_cast<double>(strtol(g.c_str(), NULL, 16)),
+                               static_cast<double>(strtol(b.c_str(), NULL, 16)),
+                               static_cast<double>(strtol(a.c_str(), NULL, 16)) / 255,
+                               parsed);
+    }
+    color->is_interpolant(false);
+    color->is_delayed(false);
+    return color;
+  }
+
+  Value* Parser::color_or_string(const sass::string& lexed) const
+  {
+    if (auto color = name_to_color(lexed)) {
+      auto c = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Color_RGBA, color);
+      c->is_delayed(true);
+      c->pstate(pstate);
+      c->disp(lexed);
+      return c;
+    } else {
+      return SASS_MEMORY_NEW(String_Constant, pstate, lexed);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // parse one value for a list
+  ExpressionObj Parser::parse_value()
+  {
+    lex< css_comments >(false);
+    if (lex< ampersand >())
+    {
+      if (match< ampersand >()) {
+        warning("In Sass, \"&&\" means two copies of the parent selector. You probably want to use \"and\" instead.", pstate);
+      }
+      return SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Parent_Reference, pstate); }
+
+    if (lex< kwd_important >())
+    { return SASS_MEMORY_NEW(String_Constant, pstate, "!important"); }
+
+    // parse `10%4px` into separated items and not a schema
+    if (lex< sequence < percentage, lookahead < number > > >())
+    { return lexed_percentage(lexed); }
+
+    if (lex< sequence < number, lookahead< sequence < op, number > > > >())
+    { return lexed_number(lexed); }
+
+    // string may be interpolated
+    if (lex< sequence < quoted_string, lookahead < exactly <'-'> > > >())
+    { return parse_string(); }
+
+    if (const char* stop = peek< value_schema >())
+    { return parse_value_schema(stop); }
+
+    // string may be interpolated
+    if (lex< quoted_string >())
+    { return parse_string(); }
+
+    if (lex< kwd_true >())
+    { return SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Boolean, pstate, true); }
+
+    if (lex< kwd_false >())
+    { return SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Boolean, pstate, false); }
+
+    if (lex< kwd_null >())
+    { return SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Null, pstate); }
+
+    if (lex< identifier >()) {
+      return color_or_string(lexed);
+    }
+
+    if (lex< percentage >())
+    { return lexed_percentage(lexed); }
+
+    // match hex number first because 0x000 looks like a number followed by an identifier
+    if (lex< sequence < alternatives< hex, hex0 >, negate < exactly<'-'> > > >())
+    { return lexed_hex_color(lexed); }
+
+    if (lex< hexa >())
+    { return lexed_hex_color(lexed); }
+
+    if (lex< sequence < exactly <'#'>, identifier > >())
+    { return SASS_MEMORY_NEW(String_Quoted, pstate, lexed); }
+
+    // also handle the 10em- foo special case
+    // alternatives < exactly < '.' >, .. > -- `1.5em-.75em` is split into a list, not a binary expression
+    if (lex< sequence< dimension, optional< sequence< exactly<'-'>, lookahead< alternatives < space > > > > > >())
+    { return lexed_dimension(lexed); }
+
+    if (lex< sequence< static_component, one_plus< strict_identifier > > >())
+    { return SASS_MEMORY_NEW(String_Constant, pstate, lexed); }
+
+    if (lex< number >())
+    { return lexed_number(lexed); }
+
+    if (lex< variable >())
+    { return SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Variable, pstate, Util::normalize_underscores(lexed)); }
+
+    css_error("Invalid CSS", " after ", ": expected expression (e.g. 1px, bold), was ");
+
+    // unreachable statement
+    return {};
+  }
+
+  // this parses interpolation inside other strings
+  // means the result should later be quoted again
+  String_Obj Parser::parse_interpolated_chunk(Token chunk, bool constant, bool css)
+  {
+    const char* i = chunk.begin;
+    // see if there any interpolants
+    const char* p = constant ? find_first_in_interval< exactly<hash_lbrace> >(i, chunk.end) :
+                    find_first_in_interval< exactly<hash_lbrace>, block_comment >(i, chunk.end);
+
+    if (!p) {
+      String_Quoted* str_quoted = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(String_Quoted, pstate, sass::string(i, chunk.end), 0, false, false, true, css);
+      if (!constant && str_quoted->quote_mark()) str_quoted->quote_mark('*');
+      return str_quoted;
+    }
+
+    String_Schema_Obj schema = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(String_Schema, pstate, 0, css);
+    schema->is_interpolant(true);
+    while (i < chunk.end) {
+      p = constant ? find_first_in_interval< exactly<hash_lbrace> >(i, chunk.end) :
+          find_first_in_interval< exactly<hash_lbrace>, block_comment >(i, chunk.end);
+      if (p) {
+        if (i < p) {
+          // accumulate the preceding segment if it's nonempty
+          schema->append(SASS_MEMORY_NEW(String_Constant, pstate, sass::string(i, p), css));
+        }
+        // we need to skip anything inside strings
+        // create a new target in parser/prelexer
+        if (peek < sequence < optional_spaces, exactly<rbrace> > >(p+2)) { position = p+2;
+          css_error("Invalid CSS", " after ", ": expected expression (e.g. 1px, bold), was ");
+        }
+        const char* j = skip_over_scopes< exactly<hash_lbrace>, exactly<rbrace> >(p + 2, chunk.end); // find the closing brace
+        if (j) { --j;
+          // parse the interpolant and accumulate it
+          LocalOption<const char*> partEnd(end, j);
+          LocalOption<const char*> partBeg(position, p + 2);
+          ExpressionObj interp_node = parse_list();
+          interp_node->is_interpolant(true);
+          schema->append(interp_node);
+          i = j;
+        }
+        else {
+          // throw an error if the interpolant is unterminated
+          error("unterminated interpolant inside string constant " + chunk.to_string());
+        }
+      }
+      else { // no interpolants left; add the last segment if nonempty
+        // check if we need quotes here (was not sure after merge)
+        if (i < chunk.end) schema->append(SASS_MEMORY_NEW(String_Constant, pstate, sass::string(i, chunk.end), css));
+        break;
+      }
+      ++ i;
+    }
+
+    return schema.detach();
+  }
+
+  String_Schema_Obj Parser::parse_css_variable_value()
+  {
+    String_Schema_Obj schema = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(String_Schema, pstate);
+    sass::vector<char> brackets;
+    while (true) {
+      if (
+        (brackets.empty() && lex< css_variable_top_level_value >(false)) ||
+        (!brackets.empty() && lex< css_variable_value >(false))
+      ) {
+        Token str(lexed);
+        schema->append(SASS_MEMORY_NEW(String_Constant, pstate, str));
+      } else if (ExpressionObj tok = lex_interpolation()) {
+        if (String_Schema* s = Cast<String_Schema>(tok)) {
+          if (s->empty()) break;
+          schema->concat(s);
+        } else {
+          schema->append(tok);
+        }
+      } else if (lex< quoted_string >()) {
+        ExpressionObj tok = parse_string();
+        if (tok.isNull()) break;
+        if (String_Schema* s = Cast<String_Schema>(tok)) {
+          if (s->empty()) break;
+          schema->concat(s);
+        } else {
+          schema->append(tok);
+        }
+      } else if (lex< alternatives< exactly<'('>, exactly<'['>, exactly<'{'> > >()) {
+        const char opening_bracket = *(position - 1);
+        brackets.push_back(opening_bracket);
+        schema->append(SASS_MEMORY_NEW(String_Constant, pstate, sass::string(1, opening_bracket)));
+      } else if (const char *match = peek< alternatives< exactly<')'>, exactly<']'>, exactly<'}'> > >()) {
+        if (brackets.empty()) break;
+        const char closing_bracket = *(match - 1);
+        if (brackets.back() != Util::opening_bracket_for(closing_bracket)) {
+          sass::string message = ": expected \"";
+          message += Util::closing_bracket_for(brackets.back());
+          message += "\", was ";
+          css_error("Invalid CSS", " after ", message);
+        }
+        lex< alternatives< exactly<')'>, exactly<']'>, exactly<'}'> > >();
+        schema->append(SASS_MEMORY_NEW(String_Constant, pstate, sass::string(1, closing_bracket)));
+        brackets.pop_back();
+      } else {
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (!brackets.empty()) {
+      sass::string message = ": expected \"";
+      message += Util::closing_bracket_for(brackets.back());
+      message += "\", was ";
+      css_error("Invalid CSS", " after ", message);
+    }
+
+    if (schema->empty()) error("Custom property values may not be empty.");
+    return schema.detach();
+  }
+
+  ValueObj Parser::parse_static_value()
+  {
+    lex< static_value >();
+    Token str(lexed);
+    // static values always have trailing white-
+    // space and end delimiter (\s*[;]$) included
+    --pstate.offset.column;
+    --after_token.column;
+    --str.end;
+    --position;
+
+    return color_or_string(str.time_wspace());;
+  }
+
+  String_Obj Parser::parse_string()
+  {
+    return parse_interpolated_chunk(Token(lexed));
+  }
+
+  String_Obj Parser::parse_ie_property()
+  {
+    lex< ie_property >();
+    Token str(lexed);
+    const char* i = str.begin;
+    // see if there any interpolants
+    const char* p = find_first_in_interval< exactly<hash_lbrace>, block_comment >(str.begin, str.end);
+    if (!p) {
+      return SASS_MEMORY_NEW(String_Quoted, pstate, sass::string(str.begin, str.end));
+    }
+
+    String_Schema* schema = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(String_Schema, pstate);
+    while (i < str.end) {
+      p = find_first_in_interval< exactly<hash_lbrace>, block_comment >(i, str.end);
+      if (p) {
+        if (i < p) {
+          schema->append(SASS_MEMORY_NEW(String_Constant, pstate, sass::string(i, p))); // accumulate the preceding segment if it's nonempty
+        }
+        if (peek < sequence < optional_spaces, exactly<rbrace> > >(p+2)) { position = p+2;
+          css_error("Invalid CSS", " after ", ": expected expression (e.g. 1px, bold), was ");
+        }
+        const char* j = skip_over_scopes< exactly<hash_lbrace>, exactly<rbrace> >(p+2, str.end); // find the closing brace
+        if (j) {
+          // parse the interpolant and accumulate it
+          LocalOption<const char*> partEnd(end, j);
+          LocalOption<const char*> partBeg(position, p + 2);
+          ExpressionObj interp_node = parse_list();
+          interp_node->is_interpolant(true);
+          schema->append(interp_node);
+          i = j;
+        }
+        else {
+          // throw an error if the interpolant is unterminated
+          error("unterminated interpolant inside IE function " + str.to_string());
+        }
+      }
+      else { // no interpolants left; add the last segment if nonempty
+        if (i < str.end) {
+          schema->append(SASS_MEMORY_NEW(String_Constant, pstate, sass::string(i, str.end)));
+        }
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    return schema;
+  }
+
+  String_Obj Parser::parse_ie_keyword_arg()
+  {
+    String_Schema_Obj kwd_arg = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(String_Schema, pstate, 3);
+    if (lex< variable >()) {
+      kwd_arg->append(SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Variable, pstate, Util::normalize_underscores(lexed)));
+    } else {
+      lex< alternatives< identifier_schema, identifier > >();
+      kwd_arg->append(SASS_MEMORY_NEW(String_Constant, pstate, lexed));
+    }
+    lex< exactly<'='> >();
+    kwd_arg->append(SASS_MEMORY_NEW(String_Constant, pstate, lexed));
+    if (peek< variable >()) kwd_arg->append(parse_list());
+    else if (lex< number >()) {
+      sass::string parsed(lexed);
+      Util::normalize_decimals(parsed);
+      kwd_arg->append(lexed_number(parsed));
+    }
+    else if (peek < ie_keyword_arg_value >()) { kwd_arg->append(parse_list()); }
+    return kwd_arg;
+  }
+
+  String_Schema_Obj Parser::parse_value_schema(const char* stop)
+  {
+    // initialize the string schema object to add tokens
+    String_Schema_Obj schema = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(String_Schema, pstate);
+
+    if (peek<exactly<'}'>>()) {
+      css_error("Invalid CSS", " after ", ": expected expression (e.g. 1px, bold), was ");
+    }
+
+    const char* e;
+    const char* ee = end;
+    end = stop;
+    size_t num_items = 0;
+    bool need_space = false;
+    while (position < stop) {
+      // parse space between tokens
+      if (lex< spaces >() && num_items) {
+        need_space = true;
+      }
+      if (need_space) {
+        need_space = false;
+        // schema->append(SASS_MEMORY_NEW(String_Constant, pstate, " "));
+      }
+      if ((e = peek< re_functional >()) && e < stop) {
+        schema->append(parse_function_call());
+      }
+      // lex an interpolant /#{...}/
+      else if (lex< exactly < hash_lbrace > >()) {
+        // Try to lex static expression first
+        if (peek< exactly< rbrace > >()) {
+          css_error("Invalid CSS", " after ", ": expected expression (e.g. 1px, bold), was ");
+        }
+        ExpressionObj ex;
+        if (lex< re_static_expression >()) {
+          ex = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(String_Constant, pstate, lexed);
+        } else {
+          ex = parse_list(true);
+        }
+        ex->is_interpolant(true);
+        schema->append(ex);
+        if (!lex < exactly < rbrace > >()) {
+          css_error("Invalid CSS", " after ", ": expected \"}\", was ");
+        }
+      }
+      // lex some string constants or other valid token
+      // Note: [-+] chars are left over from i.e. `#{3}+3`
+      else if (lex< alternatives < exactly<'%'>, exactly < '-' >, exactly < '+' > > >()) {
+        schema->append(SASS_MEMORY_NEW(String_Constant, pstate, lexed));
+      }
+      // lex a quoted string
+      else if (lex< quoted_string >()) {
+        // need_space = true;
+        // if (schema->length()) schema->append(SASS_MEMORY_NEW(String_Constant, pstate, " "));
+        // else need_space = true;
+        schema->append(parse_string());
+        if ((*position == '"' || *position == '\'') || peek < alternatives < alpha > >()) {
+          // need_space = true;
+        }
+        if (peek < exactly < '-' > >()) break;
+      }
+      else if (lex< identifier >()) {
+        schema->append(SASS_MEMORY_NEW(String_Constant, pstate, lexed));
+        if ((*position == '"' || *position == '\'') || peek < alternatives < alpha > >()) {
+           // need_space = true;
+        }
+      }
+      // lex (normalized) variable
+      else if (lex< variable >()) {
+        sass::string name(Util::normalize_underscores(lexed));
+        schema->append(SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Variable, pstate, name));
+      }
+      // lex percentage value
+      else if (lex< percentage >()) {
+        schema->append(lexed_percentage(lexed));
+      }
+      // lex dimension value
+      else if (lex< dimension >()) {
+        schema->append(lexed_dimension(lexed));
+      }
+      // lex number value
+      else if (lex< number >()) {
+        schema->append(lexed_number(lexed));
+      }
+      // lex hex color value
+      else if (lex< sequence < hex, negate < exactly < '-' > > > >()) {
+        schema->append(lexed_hex_color(lexed));
+      }
+      else if (lex< sequence < exactly <'#'>, identifier > >()) {
+        schema->append(SASS_MEMORY_NEW(String_Quoted, pstate, lexed));
+      }
+      // lex a value in parentheses
+      else if (peek< parenthese_scope >()) {
+        schema->append(parse_factor());
+      }
+      else {
+        break;
+      }
+      ++num_items;
+    }
+    if (position != stop) {
+      schema->append(SASS_MEMORY_NEW(String_Constant, pstate, sass::string(position, stop)));
+      position = stop;
+    }
+    end = ee;
+    return schema;
+  }
+
+  // this parses interpolation outside other strings
+  // means the result must not be quoted again later
+  String_Obj Parser::parse_identifier_schema()
+  {
+    Token id(lexed);
+    const char* i = id.begin;
+    // see if there any interpolants
+    const char* p = find_first_in_interval< exactly<hash_lbrace>, block_comment >(id.begin, id.end);
+    if (!p) {
+      return SASS_MEMORY_NEW(String_Constant, pstate, sass::string(id.begin, id.end));
+    }
+
+    String_Schema_Obj schema = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(String_Schema, pstate);
+    while (i < id.end) {
+      p = find_first_in_interval< exactly<hash_lbrace>, block_comment >(i, id.end);
+      if (p) {
+        if (i < p) {
+          // accumulate the preceding segment if it's nonempty
+          const char* o = position; position = i;
+          schema->append(parse_value_schema(p));
+          position = o;
+        }
+        // we need to skip anything inside strings
+        // create a new target in parser/prelexer
+        if (peek < sequence < optional_spaces, exactly<rbrace> > >(p+2)) { position = p;
+          css_error("Invalid CSS", " after ", ": expected expression (e.g. 1px, bold), was ");
+        }
+        const char* j = skip_over_scopes< exactly<hash_lbrace>, exactly<rbrace> >(p+2, id.end); // find the closing brace
+        if (j) {
+          // parse the interpolant and accumulate it
+          LocalOption<const char*> partEnd(end, j);
+          LocalOption<const char*> partBeg(position, p + 2);
+          ExpressionObj interp_node = parse_list(DELAYED);
+          interp_node->is_interpolant(true);
+          schema->append(interp_node);
+          // schema->has_interpolants(true);
+          i = j;
+        }
+        else {
+          // throw an error if the interpolant is unterminated
+          error("unterminated interpolant inside interpolated identifier " + id.to_string());
+        }
+      }
+      else { // no interpolants left; add the last segment if nonempty
+        if (i < end) {
+          const char* o = position; position = i;
+          schema->append(parse_value_schema(id.end));
+          position = o;
+        }
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    return schema ? schema.detach() : 0;
+  }
+
+  // calc functions should preserve arguments
+  Function_Call_Obj Parser::parse_calc_function()
+  {
+    lex< identifier >();
+    sass::string name(lexed);
+    SourceSpan call_pos = pstate;
+    lex< exactly<'('> >();
+    SourceSpan arg_pos = pstate;
+    const char* arg_beg = position;
+    parse_list();
+    const char* arg_end = position;
+    lex< skip_over_scopes <
+          exactly < '(' >,
+          exactly < ')' >
+        > >();
+
+    Argument_Obj arg = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Argument, arg_pos, parse_interpolated_chunk(Token(arg_beg, arg_end)));
+    Arguments_Obj args = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Arguments, arg_pos);
+    args->append(arg);
+    return SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Function_Call, call_pos, name, args);
+  }
+
+  String_Obj Parser::parse_url_function_string()
+  {
+    sass::string prefix("");
+    if (lex< uri_prefix >()) {
+      prefix = sass::string(lexed);
+    }
+
+    lex < optional_spaces >();
+    String_Obj url_string = parse_url_function_argument();
+
+    sass::string suffix("");
+    if (lex< real_uri_suffix >()) {
+      suffix = sass::string(lexed);
+    }
+
+    sass::string uri("");
+    if (url_string) {
+      uri = url_string->to_string({ NESTED, 5 });
+    }
+
+    if (String_Schema* schema = Cast<String_Schema>(url_string)) {
+      String_Schema_Obj res = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(String_Schema, pstate);
+      res->append(SASS_MEMORY_NEW(String_Constant, pstate, prefix));
+      res->append(schema);
+      res->append(SASS_MEMORY_NEW(String_Constant, pstate, suffix));
+      return res;
+    } else {
+      sass::string res = prefix + uri + suffix;
+      return SASS_MEMORY_NEW(String_Constant, pstate, res);
+    }
+  }
+
+  String_Obj Parser::parse_url_function_argument()
+  {
+    const char* p = position;
+
+    sass::string uri("");
+    if (lex< real_uri_value >(false)) {
+      uri = lexed.to_string();
+    }
+
+    if (peek< exactly< hash_lbrace > >()) {
+      const char* pp = position;
+      // TODO: error checking for unclosed interpolants
+      while (pp && peek< exactly< hash_lbrace > >(pp)) {
+        pp = sequence< interpolant, real_uri_value >(pp);
+      }
+      if (!pp) return {};
+      position = pp;
+      return parse_interpolated_chunk(Token(p, position));
+    }
+    else if (uri != "") {
+      sass::string res = Util::rtrim(uri);
+      return SASS_MEMORY_NEW(String_Constant, pstate, res);
+    }
+
+    return {};
+  }
+
+  Function_Call_Obj Parser::parse_function_call()
+  {
+    lex< identifier >();
+    sass::string name(lexed);
+
+    if (Util::normalize_underscores(name) == "content-exists" && stack.back() != Scope::Mixin)
+    { error("Cannot call content-exists() except within a mixin."); }
+
+    SourceSpan call_pos = pstate;
+
+    // Use special parser for CSS Color Level 4 functions
+    sass::string normalized_name = Util::normalize_underscores(name);
+    Arguments_Obj args;
+
+    if (normalized_name == "rgb" || normalized_name == "rgba" ||
+        normalized_name == "hsl" || normalized_name == "hsla") {
+      args = parse_color_arguments();
+    } else {
+      args = parse_arguments();
+    }
+
+    return SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Function_Call, call_pos, name, args);
+  }
+
+  Function_Call_Obj Parser::parse_function_call_schema()
+  {
+    String_Obj name = parse_identifier_schema();
+    SourceSpan source_position_of_call = pstate;
+    Arguments_Obj args = parse_arguments();
+
+    return SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Function_Call, source_position_of_call, name, args);
+  }
+
+  Content_Obj Parser::parse_content_directive()
+  {
+    SourceSpan call_pos = pstate;
+    Arguments_Obj args = parse_arguments();
+
+    return SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Content, call_pos, args);
+  }
+
+  If_Obj Parser::parse_if_directive(bool else_if)
+  {
+    stack.push_back(Scope::Control);
+    SourceSpan if_source_position = pstate;
+    bool root = block_stack.back()->is_root();
+    ExpressionObj predicate = parse_list();
+    Block_Obj block = parse_block(root);
+    Block_Obj alternative;
+
+    // only throw away comment if we parse a case
+    // we want all other comments to be parsed
+    if (lex_css< elseif_directive >()) {
+      alternative = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Block, pstate);
+      alternative->append(parse_if_directive(true));
+    }
+    else if (lex_css< kwd_else_directive >()) {
+      alternative = parse_block(root);
+    }
+    stack.pop_back();
+    return SASS_MEMORY_NEW(If, if_source_position, predicate, block, alternative);
+  }
+
+  ForRuleObj Parser::parse_for_directive()
+  {
+    stack.push_back(Scope::Control);
+    SourceSpan for_source_position = pstate;
+    bool root = block_stack.back()->is_root();
+    lex_variable();
+    sass::string var(Util::normalize_underscores(lexed));
+    if (!lex< kwd_from >()) error("expected 'from' keyword in @for directive");
+    ExpressionObj lower_bound = parse_expression();
+    bool inclusive = false;
+    if (lex< kwd_through >()) inclusive = true;
+    else if (lex< kwd_to >()) inclusive = false;
+    else                  error("expected 'through' or 'to' keyword in @for directive");
+    ExpressionObj upper_bound = parse_expression();
+    Block_Obj body = parse_block(root);
+    stack.pop_back();
+    return SASS_MEMORY_NEW(ForRule, for_source_position, var, lower_bound, upper_bound, body, inclusive);
+  }
+
+  // helper to parse a var token
+  Token Parser::lex_variable()
+  {
+    // peek for dollar sign first
+    if (!peek< exactly <'$'> >()) {
+      css_error("Invalid CSS", " after ", ": expected \"$\", was ");
+    }
+    // we expect a simple identifier as the call name
+    if (!lex< sequence < exactly <'$'>, identifier > >()) {
+      lex< exactly <'$'> >(); // move pstate and position up
+      css_error("Invalid CSS", " after ", ": expected identifier, was ");
+    }
+    // return object
+    return lexed;
+  }
+  // helper to parse identifier
+  Token Parser::lex_identifier()
+  {
+    // we expect a simple identifier as the call name
+    if (!lex< identifier >()) { // ToDo: pstate wrong?
+      css_error("Invalid CSS", " after ", ": expected identifier, was ");
+    }
+    // return object
+    return lexed;
+  }
+
+  EachRuleObj Parser::parse_each_directive()
+  {
+    stack.push_back(Scope::Control);
+    SourceSpan each_source_position = pstate;
+    bool root = block_stack.back()->is_root();
+    sass::vector<sass::string> vars;
+    lex_variable();
+    vars.push_back(Util::normalize_underscores(lexed));
+    while (lex< exactly<','> >()) {
+      if (!lex< variable >()) error("@each directive requires an iteration variable");
+      vars.push_back(Util::normalize_underscores(lexed));
+    }
+    if (!lex< kwd_in >()) error("expected 'in' keyword in @each directive");
+    ExpressionObj list = parse_list();
+    Block_Obj body = parse_block(root);
+    stack.pop_back();
+    return SASS_MEMORY_NEW(EachRule, each_source_position, vars, list, body);
+  }
+
+  // called after parsing `kwd_while_directive`
+  WhileRuleObj Parser::parse_while_directive()
+  {
+    stack.push_back(Scope::Control);
+    bool root = block_stack.back()->is_root();
+    // create the initial while call object
+    WhileRuleObj call = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(WhileRule, pstate, ExpressionObj{}, Block_Obj{});
+    // parse mandatory predicate
+    ExpressionObj predicate = parse_list();
+    List_Obj l = Cast<List>(predicate);
+    if (!predicate || (l && !l->length())) {
+      css_error("Invalid CSS", " after ", ": expected expression (e.g. 1px, bold), was ", false);
+    }
+    call->predicate(predicate);
+    // parse mandatory block
+    call->block(parse_block(root));
+    // return ast node
+    stack.pop_back();
+    // return ast node
+    return call.detach();
+  }
+
+
+  sass::vector<CssMediaQuery_Obj> Parser::parseCssMediaQueries()
+  {
+    sass::vector<CssMediaQuery_Obj> result;
+    do {
+      if (auto query = parseCssMediaQuery()) {
+        result.push_back(query);
+      }
+    } while (lex<exactly<','>>());
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  sass::string Parser::parseIdentifier()
+  {
+    if (lex < identifier >(false)) {
+      return sass::string(lexed);
+    }
+    return sass::string();
+  }
+
+  CssMediaQuery_Obj Parser::parseCssMediaQuery()
+  {
+    CssMediaQuery_Obj result = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(CssMediaQuery, pstate);
+    lex<css_comments>(false);
+
+    // Check if any tokens are to parse
+    if (!peek_css<exactly<'('>>()) {
+
+      sass::string token1(parseIdentifier());
+      lex<css_comments>(false);
+
+      if (token1.empty()) {
+        return {};
+      }
+
+      sass::string token2(parseIdentifier());
+      lex<css_comments>(false);
+
+      if (Util::equalsLiteral("and", token2)) {
+        result->type(token1);
+      }
+      else {
+        if (token2.empty()) {
+          result->type(token1);
+        }
+        else {
+          result->modifier(token1);
+          result->type(token2);
+        }
+
+        if (lex < kwd_and >()) {
+          lex<css_comments>(false);
+        }
+        else {
+          return result;
+        }
+
+      }
+
+    }
+
+    sass::vector<sass::string> queries;
+
+    do {
+      lex<css_comments>(false);
+
+      if (lex<exactly<'('>>()) {
+        // In dart sass parser returns a pure string
+        if (lex < skip_over_scopes < exactly < '(' >, exactly < ')' > > >()) {
+          sass::string decl("(" + sass::string(lexed));
+          queries.push_back(decl);
+        }
+        // Should be: parseDeclarationValue;
+        if (!lex<exactly<')'>>()) {
+          // Should we throw an error here?
+        }
+      }
+    } while (lex < kwd_and >());
+
+    result->features(queries);
+
+    if (result->features().empty()) {
+      if (result->type().empty()) {
+        return {};
+      }
+    }
+
+    return result;
+  }
+
+
+  // EO parse_while_directive
+  MediaRule_Obj Parser::parseMediaRule()
+  {
+    MediaRule_Obj rule = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(MediaRule, pstate);
+    stack.push_back(Scope::Media);
+    rule->schema(parse_media_queries());
+    parse_block_comments(false);
+    rule->block(parse_css_block());
+    stack.pop_back();
+    return rule;
+  }
+
+  List_Obj Parser::parse_media_queries()
+  {
+    advanceToNextToken();
+    List_Obj queries = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(List, pstate, 0, SASS_COMMA);
+    if (!peek_css < exactly <'{'> >()) queries->append(parse_media_query());
+    while (lex_css < exactly <','> >()) queries->append(parse_media_query());
+    queries->update_pstate(pstate);
+    return queries.detach();
+  }
+
+  // Expression* Parser::parse_media_query()
+  Media_Query_Obj Parser::parse_media_query()
+  {
+    advanceToNextToken();
+    Media_Query_Obj media_query = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Media_Query, pstate);
+    if (lex < kwd_not >()) { media_query->is_negated(true); lex < css_comments >(false); }
+    else if (lex < kwd_only >()) { media_query->is_restricted(true); lex < css_comments >(false); }
+
+    if (lex < identifier_schema >()) media_query->media_type(parse_identifier_schema());
+    else if (lex < identifier >())   media_query->media_type(parse_interpolated_chunk(lexed));
+    else                             media_query->append(parse_media_expression());
+
+    while (lex_css < kwd_and >()) media_query->append(parse_media_expression());
+    if (lex < identifier_schema >()) {
+      String_Schema_Obj schema = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(String_Schema, pstate);
+      if (media_query->media_type()) {
+        schema->append(media_query->media_type());
+        schema->append(SASS_MEMORY_NEW(String_Constant, pstate, " "));
+      }
+      schema->append(parse_identifier_schema());
+      media_query->media_type(schema);
+    }
+    while (lex_css < kwd_and >()) media_query->append(parse_media_expression());
+
+    media_query->update_pstate(pstate);
+
+    return media_query;
+  }
+
+  Media_Query_ExpressionObj Parser::parse_media_expression()
+  {
+    if (lex < identifier_schema >()) {
+      String_Obj ss = parse_identifier_schema();
+      return SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Media_Query_Expression, pstate, ss, ExpressionObj{}, true);
+    }
+    if (!lex_css< exactly<'('> >()) {
+      error("media query expression must begin with '('");
+    }
+    ExpressionObj feature;
+    if (peek_css< exactly<')'> >()) {
+      error("media feature required in media query expression");
+    }
+    feature = parse_expression();
+    ExpressionObj expression;
+    if (lex_css< exactly<':'> >()) {
+      expression = parse_list(DELAYED);
+    }
+    if (!lex_css< exactly<')'> >()) {
+      error("unclosed parenthesis in media query expression");
+    }
+    return SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Media_Query_Expression, feature->pstate(), feature, expression);
+  }
+
+  // lexed after `kwd_supports_directive`
+  // these are very similar to media blocks
+  SupportsRuleObj Parser::parse_supports_directive()
+  {
+    SupportsConditionObj cond = parse_supports_condition(/*top_level=*/true);
+    // create the ast node object for the support queries
+    SupportsRuleObj query = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(SupportsRule, pstate, cond);
+    // additional block is mandatory
+    // parse inner block
+    query->block(parse_block());
+    // return ast node
+    return query;
+  }
+
+  // parse one query operation
+  // may encounter nested queries
+  SupportsConditionObj Parser::parse_supports_condition(bool top_level)
+  {
+    lex < css_whitespace >();
+    SupportsConditionObj cond;
+    if ((cond = parse_supports_negation())) return cond;
+    if ((cond = parse_supports_operator(top_level))) return cond;
+    if ((cond = parse_supports_interpolation())) return cond;
+    return cond;
+  }
+
+  SupportsConditionObj Parser::parse_supports_negation()
+  {
+    if (!lex < kwd_not >()) return {};
+    SupportsConditionObj cond = parse_supports_condition_in_parens(/*parens_required=*/true);
+    return SASS_MEMORY_NEW(SupportsNegation, pstate, cond);
+  }
+
+  SupportsConditionObj Parser::parse_supports_operator(bool top_level)
+  {
+    SupportsConditionObj cond = parse_supports_condition_in_parens(/*parens_required=*/top_level);
+    if (cond.isNull()) return {};
+
+    while (true) {
+      SupportsOperation::Operand op = SupportsOperation::OR;
+      if (lex < kwd_and >()) { op = SupportsOperation::AND; }
+      else if(!lex < kwd_or >()) { break; }
+
+      lex < css_whitespace >();
+      SupportsConditionObj right = parse_supports_condition_in_parens(/*parens_required=*/true);
+
+      // SupportsCondition* cc = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(SupportsCondition, *static_cast<SupportsCondition*>(cond));
+      cond = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(SupportsOperation, pstate, cond, right, op);
+    }
+    return cond;
+  }
+
+  SupportsConditionObj Parser::parse_supports_interpolation()
+  {
+    if (!lex < interpolant >()) return {};
+
+    String_Obj interp = parse_interpolated_chunk(lexed);
+    if (!interp) return {};
+
+    return SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Supports_Interpolation, pstate, interp);
+  }
+
+  // TODO: This needs some major work. Although feature conditions
+  // look like declarations their semantics differ significantly
+  SupportsConditionObj Parser::parse_supports_declaration()
+  {
+    SupportsCondition* cond;
+    // parse something declaration like
+    ExpressionObj feature = parse_expression();
+    ExpressionObj expression;
+    if (lex_css< exactly<':'> >()) {
+      expression = parse_list(DELAYED);
+    }
+    if (!feature || !expression) error("@supports condition expected declaration");
+    cond = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(SupportsDeclaration,
+                     feature->pstate(),
+                     feature,
+                     expression);
+    // ToDo: maybe we need an additional error condition?
+    return cond;
+  }
+
+  SupportsConditionObj Parser::parse_supports_condition_in_parens(bool parens_required)
+  {
+    SupportsConditionObj interp = parse_supports_interpolation();
+    if (interp != nullptr) return interp;
+
+    if (!lex < exactly <'('> >()) {
+      if (parens_required) {
+        css_error("Invalid CSS", " after ", ": expected @supports condition (e.g. (display: flexbox)), was ", /*trim=*/false);
+      } else {
+        return {};
+      }
+    }
+    lex < css_whitespace >();
+
+    SupportsConditionObj cond = parse_supports_condition(/*top_level=*/false);
+    if (cond.isNull()) cond = parse_supports_declaration();
+    if (!lex < exactly <')'> >()) error("unclosed parenthesis in @supports declaration");
+
+    lex < css_whitespace >();
+    return cond;
+  }
+
+  AtRootRuleObj Parser::parse_at_root_block()
+  {
+    stack.push_back(Scope::AtRoot);
+    SourceSpan at_source_position = pstate;
+    Block_Obj body;
+    At_Root_Query_Obj expr;
+    Lookahead lookahead_result;
+    if (lex_css< exactly<'('> >()) {
+      expr = parse_at_root_query();
+    }
+    if (peek_css < exactly<'{'> >()) {
+      lex <optional_spaces>();
+      body = parse_block(true);
+    }
+    else if ((lookahead_result = lookahead_for_selector(position)).found) {
+      StyleRuleObj r = parse_ruleset(lookahead_result);
+      body = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Block, r->pstate(), 1, true);
+      body->append(r);
+    }
+    AtRootRuleObj at_root = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(AtRootRule, at_source_position, body);
+    if (!expr.isNull()) at_root->expression(expr);
+    stack.pop_back();
+    return at_root;
+  }
+
+  At_Root_Query_Obj Parser::parse_at_root_query()
+  {
+    if (peek< exactly<')'> >()) error("at-root feature required in at-root expression");
+
+    if (!peek< alternatives< kwd_with_directive, kwd_without_directive > >()) {
+      css_error("Invalid CSS", " after ", ": expected \"with\" or \"without\", was ");
+    }
+
+    ExpressionObj feature = parse_list();
+    if (!lex_css< exactly<':'> >()) error("style declaration must contain a value");
+    ExpressionObj expression = parse_list();
+    List_Obj value = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(List, feature->pstate(), 1);
+
+    if (expression->concrete_type() == Expression::LIST) {
+        value = Cast<List>(expression);
+    }
+    else value->append(expression);
+
+    At_Root_Query_Obj cond = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(At_Root_Query,
+                                          value->pstate(),
+                                          feature,
+                                          value);
+    if (!lex_css< exactly<')'> >()) error("unclosed parenthesis in @at-root expression");
+    return cond;
+  }
+
+  AtRuleObj Parser::parse_directive()
+  {
+    AtRuleObj directive = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(AtRule, pstate, lexed);
+    String_Schema_Obj val = parse_almost_any_value();
+    // strip left and right if they are of type string
+    directive->value(val);
+    if (peek< exactly<'{'> >()) {
+      directive->block(parse_block());
+    }
+    return directive;
+  }
+
+  ExpressionObj Parser::lex_interpolation()
+  {
+    if (lex < interpolant >(true) != NULL) {
+      return parse_interpolated_chunk(lexed, true);
+    }
+    return {};
+  }
+
+  ExpressionObj Parser::lex_interp_uri()
+  {
+    // create a string schema by lexing optional interpolations
+    return lex_interp< re_string_uri_open, re_string_uri_close >();
+  }
+
+  ExpressionObj Parser::lex_interp_string()
+  {
+    ExpressionObj rv;
+    if ((rv = lex_interp< re_string_double_open, re_string_double_close >())) return rv;
+    if ((rv = lex_interp< re_string_single_open, re_string_single_close >())) return rv;
+    return rv;
+  }
+
+  ExpressionObj Parser::lex_almost_any_value_chars()
+  {
+    const char* match =
+    lex <
+      one_plus <
+        alternatives <
+          exactly <'>'>,
+          sequence <
+            exactly <'\\'>,
+            any_char
+          >,
+          sequence <
+            negate <
+              sequence <
+                exactly < url_kwd >,
+                exactly <'('>
+              >
+            >,
+            neg_class_char <
+              almost_any_value_class
+            >
+          >,
+          sequence <
+            exactly <'/'>,
+            negate <
+              alternatives <
+                exactly <'/'>,
+                exactly <'*'>
+              >
+            >
+          >,
+          sequence <
+            exactly <'\\'>,
+            exactly <'#'>,
+            negate <
+              exactly <'{'>
+            >
+          >,
+          sequence <
+            exactly <'!'>,
+            negate <
+              alpha
+            >
+          >
+        >
+      >
+    >(false);
+    if (match) {
+      return SASS_MEMORY_NEW(String_Constant, pstate, lexed);
+    }
+    return {};
+  }
+
+  ExpressionObj Parser::lex_almost_any_value_token()
+  {
+    ExpressionObj rv;
+    if (*position == 0) return {};
+    if ((rv = lex_almost_any_value_chars())) return rv;
+    // if ((rv = lex_block_comment())) return rv;
+    // if ((rv = lex_single_line_comment())) return rv;
+    if ((rv = lex_interp_string())) return rv;
+    if ((rv = lex_interp_uri())) return rv;
+    if ((rv = lex_interpolation())) return rv;
+     if (lex< alternatives< hex, hex0 > >())
+    { return lexed_hex_color(lexed); }
+   return rv;
+  }
+
+  String_Schema_Obj Parser::parse_almost_any_value()
+  {
+
+    String_Schema_Obj schema = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(String_Schema, pstate);
+    if (*position == 0) return {};
+    lex < spaces >(false);
+    ExpressionObj token = lex_almost_any_value_token();
+    if (!token) return {};
+    schema->append(token);
+    if (*position == 0) {
+      schema->rtrim();
+      return schema.detach();
+    }
+
+    while ((token = lex_almost_any_value_token())) {
+      schema->append(token);
+    }
+
+    lex < css_whitespace >();
+
+    schema->rtrim();
+
+    return schema.detach();
+  }
+
+  WarningRuleObj Parser::parse_warning()
+  {
+    if (stack.back() != Scope::Root &&
+        stack.back() != Scope::Function &&
+        stack.back() != Scope::Mixin &&
+        stack.back() != Scope::Control &&
+        stack.back() != Scope::Rules) {
+      error("Illegal nesting: Only properties may be nested beneath properties.");
+    }
+    return SASS_MEMORY_NEW(WarningRule, pstate, parse_list(DELAYED));
+  }
+
+  ErrorRuleObj Parser::parse_error()
+  {
+    if (stack.back() != Scope::Root &&
+        stack.back() != Scope::Function &&
+        stack.back() != Scope::Mixin &&
+        stack.back() != Scope::Control &&
+        stack.back() != Scope::Rules) {
+      error("Illegal nesting: Only properties may be nested beneath properties.");
+    }
+    return SASS_MEMORY_NEW(ErrorRule, pstate, parse_list(DELAYED));
+  }
+
+  DebugRuleObj Parser::parse_debug()
+  {
+    if (stack.back() != Scope::Root &&
+        stack.back() != Scope::Function &&
+        stack.back() != Scope::Mixin &&
+        stack.back() != Scope::Control &&
+        stack.back() != Scope::Rules) {
+      error("Illegal nesting: Only properties may be nested beneath properties.");
+    }
+    return SASS_MEMORY_NEW(DebugRule, pstate, parse_list(DELAYED));
+  }
+
+  Return_Obj Parser::parse_return_directive()
+  {
+    // check that we do not have an empty list (ToDo: check if we got all cases)
+    if (peek_css < alternatives < exactly < ';' >, exactly < '}' >, end_of_file > >())
+    { css_error("Invalid CSS", " after ", ": expected expression (e.g. 1px, bold), was "); }
+    return SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Return, pstate, parse_list());
+  }
+
+  Lookahead Parser::lookahead_for_selector(const char* start)
+  {
+    // init result struct
+    Lookahead rv = Lookahead();
+    // get start position
+    const char* p = start ? start : position;
+    // match in one big "regex"
+    rv.error = p;
+    if (const char* q =
+      peek <
+        re_selector_list
+      >(p)
+    ) {
+      bool could_be_property = peek< sequence< exactly<'-'>, exactly<'-'> > >(p) != 0;
+      bool could_be_escaped = false;
+      while (p < q) {
+        // did we have interpolations?
+        if (*p == '#' && *(p+1) == '{') {
+          rv.has_interpolants = true;
+          p = q; break;
+        }
+        // A property that's ambiguous with a nested selector is interpreted as a
+        // custom property.
+        if (*p == ':' && !could_be_escaped) {
+          rv.is_custom_property = could_be_property || p+1 == q || peek< space >(p+1);
+        }
+        could_be_escaped = *p == '\\';
+        ++ p;
+      }
+      // store anyway  }
+
+
+      // ToDo: remove
+      rv.error = q;
+      rv.position = q;
+      // check expected opening bracket
+      // only after successful matching
+      if (peek < exactly<'{'> >(q)) rv.found = q;
+      // else if (peek < end_of_file >(q)) rv.found = q;
+      else if (peek < exactly<'('> >(q)) rv.found = q;
+      // else if (peek < exactly<';'> >(q)) rv.found = q;
+      // else if (peek < exactly<'}'> >(q)) rv.found = q;
+      if (rv.found || *p == 0) rv.error = 0;
+    }
+
+    rv.parsable = ! rv.has_interpolants;
+
+    // return result
+    return rv;
+
+  }
+  // EO lookahead_for_selector
+
+  // used in parse_block_nodes and parse_special_directive
+  // ToDo: actual usage is still not really clear to me?
+  Lookahead Parser::lookahead_for_include(const char* start)
+  {
+    // we actually just lookahead for a selector
+    Lookahead rv = lookahead_for_selector(start);
+    // but the "found" rules are different
+    if (const char* p = rv.position) {
+      // check for additional abort condition
+      if (peek < exactly<';'> >(p)) rv.found = p;
+      else if (peek < exactly<'}'> >(p)) rv.found = p;
+    }
+    // return result
+    return rv;
+  }
+  // EO lookahead_for_include
+
+  // look ahead for a token with interpolation in it
+  // we mostly use the result if there is an interpolation
+  // everything that passes here gets parsed as one schema
+  // meaning it will not be parsed as a space separated list
+  Lookahead Parser::lookahead_for_value(const char* start)
+  {
+    // init result struct
+    Lookahead rv = Lookahead();
+    // get start position
+    const char* p = start ? start : position;
+    // match in one big "regex"
+    if (const char* q =
+      peek <
+        non_greedy <
+          alternatives <
+            // consume whitespace
+            block_comment, // spaces,
+            // main tokens
+            sequence <
+              interpolant,
+              optional <
+                quoted_string
+              >
+            >,
+            identifier,
+            variable,
+            // issue #442
+            sequence <
+              parenthese_scope,
+              interpolant,
+              optional <
+                quoted_string
+              >
+            >
+          >,
+          sequence <
+            // optional_spaces,
+            alternatives <
+              // end_of_file,
+              exactly<'{'>,
+              exactly<'}'>,
+              exactly<';'>
+            >
+          >
+        >
+      >(p)
+    ) {
+      if (p == q) return rv;
+      while (p < q) {
+        // did we have interpolations?
+        if (*p == '#' && *(p+1) == '{') {
+          rv.has_interpolants = true;
+          p = q; break;
+        }
+        ++ p;
+      }
+      // store anyway
+      // ToDo: remove
+      rv.position = q;
+      // check expected opening bracket
+      // only after successful matching
+      if (peek < exactly<'{'> >(q)) rv.found = q;
+      else if (peek < exactly<';'> >(q)) rv.found = q;
+      else if (peek < exactly<'}'> >(q)) rv.found = q;
+    }
+
+    // return result
+    return rv;
+  }
+  // EO lookahead_for_value
+
+  void Parser::read_bom()
+  {
+    size_t skip = 0;
+    sass::string encoding;
+    bool utf_8 = false;
+    switch ((unsigned char)position[0]) {
+    case 0xEF:
+      skip = check_bom_chars(position, end, utf_8_bom, 3);
+      encoding = "UTF-8";
+      utf_8 = true;
+      break;
+    case 0xFE:
+      skip = check_bom_chars(position, end, utf_16_bom_be, 2);
+      encoding = "UTF-16 (big endian)";
+      break;
+    case 0xFF:
+      skip = check_bom_chars(position, end, utf_16_bom_le, 2);
+      skip += (skip ? check_bom_chars(position, end, utf_32_bom_le, 4) : 0);
+      encoding = (skip == 2 ? "UTF-16 (little endian)" : "UTF-32 (little endian)");
+      break;
+    case 0x00:
+      skip = check_bom_chars(position, end, utf_32_bom_be, 4);
+      encoding = "UTF-32 (big endian)";
+      break;
+    case 0x2B:
+      skip = check_bom_chars(position, end, utf_7_bom_1, 4)
+           | check_bom_chars(position, end, utf_7_bom_2, 4)
+           | check_bom_chars(position, end, utf_7_bom_3, 4)
+           | check_bom_chars(position, end, utf_7_bom_4, 4)
+           | check_bom_chars(position, end, utf_7_bom_5, 5);
+      encoding = "UTF-7";
+      break;
+    case 0xF7:
+      skip = check_bom_chars(position, end, utf_1_bom, 3);
+      encoding = "UTF-1";
+      break;
+    case 0xDD:
+      skip = check_bom_chars(position, end, utf_ebcdic_bom, 4);
+      encoding = "UTF-EBCDIC";
+      break;
+    case 0x0E:
+      skip = check_bom_chars(position, end, scsu_bom, 3);
+      encoding = "SCSU";
+      break;
+    case 0xFB:
+      skip = check_bom_chars(position, end, bocu_1_bom, 3);
+      encoding = "BOCU-1";
+      break;
+    case 0x84:
+      skip = check_bom_chars(position, end, gb_18030_bom, 4);
+      encoding = "GB-18030";
+      break;
+    default: break;
+    }
+    if (skip > 0 && !utf_8) error("only UTF-8 documents are currently supported; your document appears to be " + encoding);
+    position += skip;
+  }
+
+  size_t check_bom_chars(const char* src, const char *end, const unsigned char* bom, size_t len)
+  {
+    size_t skip = 0;
+    if (src + len > end) return 0;
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i, ++skip) {
+      if ((unsigned char) src[i] != bom[i]) return 0;
+    }
+    return skip;
+  }
+
+
+  ExpressionObj Parser::fold_operands(ExpressionObj base, sass::vector<ExpressionObj>& operands, Operand op)
+  {
+    for (size_t i = 0, S = operands.size(); i < S; ++i) {
+      base = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Binary_Expression, base->pstate(), op, base, operands[i]);
+    }
+    return base;
+  }
+
+  ExpressionObj Parser::fold_operands(ExpressionObj base, sass::vector<ExpressionObj>& operands, sass::vector<Operand>& ops, size_t i)
+  {
+    if (String_Schema* schema = Cast<String_Schema>(base)) {
+      // return schema;
+      if (schema->has_interpolants()) {
+        if (i + 1 < operands.size() && (
+             (ops[0].operand == Sass_OP::EQ)
+          || (ops[0].operand == Sass_OP::ADD)
+          || (ops[0].operand == Sass_OP::DIV)
+          || (ops[0].operand == Sass_OP::MUL)
+          || (ops[0].operand == Sass_OP::NEQ)
+          || (ops[0].operand == Sass_OP::LT)
+          || (ops[0].operand == Sass_OP::GT)
+          || (ops[0].operand == Sass_OP::LTE)
+          || (ops[0].operand == Sass_OP::GTE)
+        )) {
+          ExpressionObj rhs = fold_operands(operands[i], operands, ops, i + 1);
+          rhs = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Binary_Expression, base->pstate(), ops[0], schema, rhs);
+          return rhs;
+        }
+        // return schema;
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (operands.size() > Constants::MaxCallStack) {
+        // XXX: this is never hit via spec tests
+        sass::ostream stm;
+        stm << "Stack depth exceeded max of " << Constants::MaxCallStack;
+        error(stm.str());
+    }
+
+    for (size_t S = operands.size(); i < S; ++i) {
+      if (String_Schema* schema = Cast<String_Schema>(operands[i])) {
+        if (schema->has_interpolants()) {
+          if (i + 1 < S) {
+            // this whole branch is never hit via spec tests
+            ExpressionObj rhs = fold_operands(operands[i+1], operands, ops, i + 2);
+            rhs = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Binary_Expression, base->pstate(), ops[i], schema, rhs);
+            base = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Binary_Expression, base->pstate(), ops[i], base, rhs);
+            return base;
+          }
+          base = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Binary_Expression, base->pstate(), ops[i], base, operands[i]);
+          return base;
+        } else {
+          base = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Binary_Expression, base->pstate(), ops[i], base, operands[i]);
+        }
+      } else {
+        base = SASS_MEMORY_NEW(Binary_Expression, base->pstate(), ops[i], base, operands[i]);
+      }
+      Binary_Expression* b = Cast<Binary_Expression>(base.ptr());
+      if (b && ops[i].operand == Sass_OP::DIV && b->left()->is_delayed() && b->right()->is_delayed()) {
+        base->is_delayed(true);
+      }
+    }
+    // nested binary expression are never to be delayed
+    if (Binary_Expression* b = Cast<Binary_Expression>(base)) {
+      if (Cast<Binary_Expression>(b->left())) base->set_delayed(false);
+      if (Cast<Binary_Expression>(b->right())) base->set_delayed(false);
+    }
+    return base;
+  }
+
+  void Parser::error(sass::string msg)
+  {
+    traces.push_back(Backtrace(pstate));
+    throw Exception::InvalidSass(pstate, traces, msg);
+  }
+
+  // print a css parsing error with actual context information from parsed source
+  void Parser::css_error(const sass::string& msg, const sass::string& prefix, const sass::string& middle, const bool trim)
+  {
+    int max_len = 18;
+    const char* end = this->end;
+    while (*end != 0) ++ end;
+    const char* pos = peek < optional_spaces >();
+    if (!pos) pos = position;
+
+    const char* last_pos(pos);
+    if (last_pos > begin) {
+      utf8::prior(last_pos, begin);
+    }
+    // backup position to last significant char
+    while (trim && last_pos > begin&& last_pos < end) {
+      if (!Util::ascii_isspace(static_cast<unsigned char>(*last_pos))) break;
+      utf8::prior(last_pos, begin);
+    }
+
+    bool ellipsis_left = false;
+    const char* pos_left(last_pos);
+    const char* end_left(last_pos);
+
+    if (*pos_left) utf8::next(pos_left, end);
+    if (*end_left) utf8::next(end_left, end);
+    while (pos_left > begin) {
+      if (utf8::distance(pos_left, end_left) >= max_len) {
+        utf8::prior(pos_left, begin);
+        ellipsis_left = *(pos_left) != '\n' &&
+                        *(pos_left) != '\r';
+        utf8::next(pos_left, end);
+        break;
+      }
+
+      const char* prev = pos_left;
+      utf8::prior(prev, begin);
+      if (*prev == '\r') break;
+      if (*prev == '\n') break;
+      pos_left = prev;
+    }
+    if (pos_left < begin) {
+      pos_left = begin;
+    }
+
+    bool ellipsis_right = false;
+    const char* end_right(pos);
+    const char* pos_right(pos);
+    while (end_right < end) {
+      if (utf8::distance(pos_right, end_right) > max_len) {
+        ellipsis_left = *(pos_right) != '\n' &&
+                        *(pos_right) != '\r';
+        break;
+      }
+      if (*end_right == '\r') break;
+      if (*end_right == '\n') break;
+      utf8::next(end_right, end);
+    }
+    // if (*end_right == 0) end_right ++;
+
+    sass::string left(pos_left, end_left);
+    sass::string right(pos_right, end_right);
+    size_t left_subpos = left.size() > 15 ? left.size() - 15 : 0;
+    size_t right_subpos = right.size() > 15 ? right.size() - 15 : 0;
+    if (left_subpos && ellipsis_left) left = ellipsis + left.substr(left_subpos);
+    if (right_subpos && ellipsis_right) right = right.substr(right_subpos) + ellipsis;
+    // now pass new message to the more generic error function
+    error(msg + prefix + quote(left) + middle + quote(right));
+  }
+
+}