ryanking-aws-s3 0.5.1.200811101723

data/lib/aws/s3/logging.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,311 @@
+module AWS
+  module S3
+    # A bucket can be set to log the requests made on it. By default logging is turned off. You can check if a bucket has logging enabled:
+    # 
+    #   Bucket.logging_enabled_for? 'jukebox'
+    #   # => false
+    # 
+    # Enabling it is easy:
+    # 
+    #   Bucket.enable_logging_for('jukebox')
+    # 
+    # Unless you specify otherwise, logs will be written to the bucket you want to log. The logs are just like any other object. By default they will start with the prefix 'log-'. You can customize what bucket you want the logs to be delivered to, as well as customize what the log objects' key is prefixed with by setting the <tt>target_bucket</tt> and <tt>target_prefix</tt> option:
+    # 
+    #   Bucket.enable_logging_for(
+    #     'jukebox', 'target_bucket' => 'jukebox-logs'
+    #   )
+    # 
+    # Now instead of logging right into the jukebox bucket, the logs will go into the bucket called jukebox-logs.
+    # 
+    # Once logs have accumulated, you can access them using the <tt>logs</tt> method:
+    # 
+    #   pp Bucket.logs('jukebox')
+    #   [#<AWS::S3::Logging::Log '/jukebox-logs/log-2006-11-14-07-15-24-2061C35880A310A1'>,
+    #    #<AWS::S3::Logging::Log '/jukebox-logs/log-2006-11-14-08-15-27-D8EEF536EC09E6B3'>,
+    #    #<AWS::S3::Logging::Log '/jukebox-logs/log-2006-11-14-08-15-29-355812B2B15BD789'>]
+    #
+    # Each log has a <tt>lines</tt> method that gives you information about each request in that log. All the fields are available 
+    # as named methods. More information is available in Logging::Log::Line.
+    #
+    #   logs = Bucket.logs('jukebox')
+    #   log  = logs.first
+    #   line = log.lines.first
+    #   line.operation
+    #   # => 'REST.GET.LOGGING_STATUS'
+    #   line.request_uri
+    #   # => 'GET /jukebox?logging HTTP/1.1'
+    #   line.remote_ip
+    #   # => "67.165.183.125"
+    #
+    # Disabling logging is just as simple as enabling it:
+    #
+    #  Bucket.disable_logging_for('jukebox')
+    module Logging
+      # Logging status captures information about the calling bucket's logging settings. If logging is enabled for the bucket
+      # the status object will indicate what bucket the logs are written to via the <tt>target_bucket</tt> method as well as
+      # the logging key prefix with via <tt>target_prefix</tt>.
+      #
+      # See the documentation for Logging::Management::ClassMethods for more information on how to get the logging status of a bucket. 
+      class Status
+        include SelectiveAttributeProxy
+        attr_reader :enabled
+        alias_method :logging_enabled?, :enabled
+      
+        def initialize(attributes = {}) #:nodoc:
+          attributes  = {'target_bucket' => nil, 'target_prefix' => nil}.merge(attributes)
+          @enabled    = attributes.has_key?('logging_enabled')
+          @attributes = attributes.delete('logging_enabled') || attributes
+        end
+      
+        def to_xml #:nodoc:
+          Builder.new(self).to_s
+        end
+      
+        private
+          attr_reader :attributes
+        
+          class Builder < XmlGenerator #:nodoc:
+            attr_reader :logging_status
+            def initialize(logging_status)
+              @logging_status = logging_status
+              super()
+            end
+          
+            def build
+              xml.tag!('BucketLoggingStatus', 'xmlns' => 'http://s3.amazonaws.com/doc/2006-03-01/') do
+                if logging_status.target_bucket && logging_status.target_prefix
+                  xml.LoggingEnabled do
+                    xml.TargetBucket logging_status.target_bucket
+                    xml.TargetPrefix logging_status.target_prefix
+                  end
+                end
+              end
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      
+      # A bucket log exposes requests made on the given bucket. Lines of the log represent a single request. The lines of a log
+      # can be accessed with the lines method. 
+      #
+      #   log = Bucket.logs_for('marcel').first
+      #   log.lines
+      # 
+      # More information about the logged requests can be found in the documentation for Log::Line.
+      class Log
+        def initialize(log_object) #:nodoc:
+          @log = log_object
+        end
+        
+        # Returns the lines for the log. Each line is wrapped in a Log::Line.
+        def lines
+          log.value.map {|line| Line.new(line)}
+        end
+        memoized :lines
+        
+        def path
+          log.path
+        end
+        
+        def inspect #:nodoc:
+          "#<%s:0x%s '%s'>" % [self.class.name, object_id, path]
+        end
+        
+        private
+          attr_reader :log
+          
+        # Each line of a log exposes the raw line, but it also has method accessors for all the fields of the logged request.
+        #
+        # The list of supported log line fields are listed in the S3 documentation: http://docs.amazonwebservices.com/AmazonS3/2006-03-01/LogFormat.html
+        #
+        #   line = log.lines.first
+        #   line.remote_ip
+        #   # => '72.21.206.5'
+        #
+        # If a certain field does not apply to a given request (for example, the <tt>key</tt> field does not apply to a bucket request),
+        # or if it was unknown or unavailable, it will return <tt>nil</tt>.
+        #
+        #   line.operation
+        #   # => 'REST.GET.BUCKET'
+        #   line.key
+        #   # => nil
+        class Line < String
+          DATE          = /\[([^\]]+)\]/
+          QUOTED_STRING = /"([^"]+)"/
+          REST          = /(\S+)/
+          LINE_SCANNER  = /#{DATE}|#{QUOTED_STRING}|#{REST}/
+          
+          cattr_accessor :decorators
+          @@decorators = Hash.new {|hash, key| hash[key] = lambda {|entry| CoercibleString.coerce(entry)}}
+          cattr_reader   :fields
+          @@fields     = []
+          
+          class << self
+            def field(name, offset, type = nil, &block) #:nodoc:
+              decorators[name] = block if block_given?
+              fields << name
+              class_eval(<<-EVAL, __FILE__, __LINE__)
+                def #{name}
+                  value = parts[#{offset} - 1]
+                  if value == '-'
+                    nil
+                  else
+                    self.class.decorators[:#{name}].call(value)
+                  end
+                end
+                memoized :#{name}
+              EVAL
+            end
+            
+            # Time.parse doesn't like %d/%B/%Y:%H:%M:%S %z so we have to transform it unfortunately
+            def typecast_time(datetime) #:nodoc:
+              month       = datetime[/[a-z]+/i]
+              month_names = [nil, "Jan", "Feb", "Mar", "Apr", "May", "Jun", "Jul", "Aug", "Sep", "Oct", "Nov", "Dec"]
+              datetime.sub!(%r|^(\w{2})/(\w{3})|, '\2/\1')
+              datetime.sub!(month, month_names.index(month).to_s)
+              datetime.sub!(':', ' ')
+              Time.parse(datetime)
+            end
+          end
+          
+          def initialize(line) #:nodoc:
+            super(line)
+            @parts = parse
+          end
+          
+          field(:owner,            1)  {|entry| Owner.new('id' => entry) }
+          field :bucket,           2
+          field(:time,             3)  {|entry| typecast_time(entry)}
+          field :remote_ip,        4
+          field(:requestor,        5)  {|entry| Owner.new('id' => entry) }
+          field :request_id,       6
+          field :operation,        7
+          field :key,              8
+          field :request_uri,      9
+          field :http_status,      10
+          field :error_code,       11
+          field :bytes_sent,       12
+          field :object_size,      13
+          field :total_time,       14
+          field :turn_around_time, 15
+          field :referrer,         16
+          field :user_agent,       17
+          
+          # Returns all fields of the line in a hash of the form <tt>:field_name => :field_value</tt>.
+          #
+          #   line.attributes.values_at(:bucket, :key)
+          #   # => ['marcel', 'kiss.jpg']
+          def attributes
+            self.class.fields.inject({}) do |attribute_hash, field|
+              attribute_hash[field] = send(field)
+              attribute_hash
+            end
+          end
+          
+          private
+            attr_reader :parts
+            
+            def parse
+              scan(LINE_SCANNER).flatten.compact
+            end
+        end
+      end
+      
+      module Management #:nodoc:
+        def self.included(klass) #:nodoc:
+          klass.extend(ClassMethods)
+          klass.extend(LoggingGrants)
+        end
+        
+        module ClassMethods
+          # Returns the logging status for the bucket named <tt>name</tt>. From the logging status you can determine the bucket logs are delivered to
+          # and what the bucket object's keys are prefixed with. For more information see the Logging::Status class.
+          #
+          #   Bucket.logging_status_for 'marcel'
+          def logging_status_for(name = nil, status = nil)
+            if name.is_a?(Status)
+              status = name
+              name   = nil
+            end
+
+            path = path(name) << '?logging'
+            status ? put(path, {}, status.to_xml) : Status.new(get(path).parsed)
+          end
+          alias_method :logging_status, :logging_status_for
+          
+          # Enables logging for the bucket named <tt>name</tt>. You can specify what bucket to log to with the <tt>'target_bucket'</tt> option as well
+          # as what prefix to add to the log files with the <tt>'target_prefix'</tt> option. Unless you specify otherwise, logs will be delivered to
+          # the same bucket that is being logged and will be prefixed with <tt>log-</tt>.
+          def enable_logging_for(name = nil, options = {})
+            name            = bucket_name(name)
+            default_options = {'target_bucket' => name, 'target_prefix' => 'log-'}
+            options         = default_options.merge(options)
+            grant_logging_access_to_target_bucket(options['target_bucket'])
+            logging_status(name, Status.new(options))
+          end
+          alias_method :enable_logging, :enable_logging_for
+          
+          # Disables logging for the bucket named <tt>name</tt>.
+          def disable_logging_for(name = nil)
+            logging_status(bucket_name(name), Status.new)
+          end
+          alias_method :disable_logging, :disable_logging_for
+          
+          # Returns true if logging has been enabled for the bucket named <tt>name</tt>.
+          def logging_enabled_for?(name = nil)
+            logging_status(bucket_name(name)).logging_enabled?
+          end
+          alias_method :logging_enabled?, :logging_enabled_for?
+          
+          # Returns the collection of logs for the bucket named <tt>name</tt>.
+          #
+          #   Bucket.logs_for 'marcel'
+          #
+          # Accepts the same options as Bucket.find, such as <tt>:max_keys</tt> and <tt>:marker</tt>.
+          def logs_for(name = nil, options = {})
+            if name.is_a?(Hash)
+              options = name
+              name    = nil
+            end
+            
+            name           = bucket_name(name)
+            logging_status = logging_status_for(name)
+            return [] unless logging_status.logging_enabled?
+            objects(logging_status.target_bucket, options.merge(:prefix => logging_status.target_prefix)).map do |log_object|
+              Log.new(log_object)
+            end
+          end
+          alias_method :logs, :logs_for
+        end
+        
+        module LoggingGrants #:nodoc:
+          def grant_logging_access_to_target_bucket(target_bucket)
+            acl = acl(target_bucket)
+            acl.grants << ACL::Grant.grant(:logging_write)
+            acl.grants << ACL::Grant.grant(:logging_read_acp)
+            acl(target_bucket, acl)
+          end
+        end
+        
+        def logging_status
+          self.class.logging_status_for(name)
+        end
+        
+        def enable_logging(*args)
+          self.class.enable_logging_for(name, *args)
+        end
+        
+        def disable_logging(*args)
+          self.class.disable_logging_for(name, *args)
+        end
+        
+        def logging_enabled?
+          self.class.logging_enabled_for?(name)
+        end
+        
+        def logs(options = {})
+          self.class.logs_for(name, options)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/aws/s3/object.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,628 @@
+module AWS
+  module S3
+    # S3Objects represent the data you store on S3. They have a key (their name) and a value (their data). All objects belong to a
+    # bucket.
+    #
+    # You can store an object on S3 by specifying a key, its data and the name of the bucket you want to put it in:
+    #
+    #   S3Object.store('me.jpg', open('headshot.jpg'), 'photos')
+    #
+    # The content type of the object will be inferred by its extension. If the appropriate content type can not be inferred, S3 defaults
+    # to <tt>binary/octet-stream</tt>.
+    #
+    # If you want to override this, you can explicitly indicate what content type the object should have with the <tt>:content_type</tt> option:
+    # 
+    #   file = 'black-flowers.m4a'
+    #   S3Object.store(
+    #     file,
+    #     open(file),
+    #     'jukebox',
+    #     :content_type => 'audio/mp4a-latm'
+    #   )
+    #
+    # You can read more about storing files on S3 in the documentation for S3Object.store.
+    #
+    # If you just want to fetch an object you've stored on S3, you just specify its name and its bucket:
+    #
+    #   picture = S3Object.find 'headshot.jpg', 'photos'
+    #
+    # N.B. The actual data for the file is not downloaded in both the example where the file appeared in the bucket and when fetched directly. 
+    # You get the data for the file like this:
+    # 
+    #   picture.value
+    #
+    # You can fetch just the object's data directly:
+    #
+    #   S3Object.value 'headshot.jpg', 'photos'
+    #
+    # Or stream it by passing a block to <tt>stream</tt>:
+    # 
+    #   open('song.mp3', 'w') do |file|
+    #     S3Object.stream('song.mp3', 'jukebox') do |chunk|
+    #       file.write chunk
+    #     end
+    #   end
+    #
+    # The data of the file, once download, is cached, so subsequent calls to <tt>value</tt> won't redownload the file unless you 
+    # tell the object to reload its <tt>value</tt>:
+    # 
+    #   # Redownloads the file's data
+    #   song.value(:reload) 
+    #
+    # Other functionality includes:
+    #
+    #   # Check if an object exists?
+    #   S3Object.exists? 'headshot.jpg', 'photos'
+    #
+    #   # Copying an object
+    #   S3Object.copy 'headshot.jpg', 'headshot2.jpg', 'photos'
+    #
+    #   # Renaming an object
+    #   S3Object.rename 'headshot.jpg', 'portrait.jpg', 'photos'
+    #
+    #   # Deleting an object
+    #   S3Object.delete 'headshot.jpg', 'photos'
+    # 
+    # ==== More about objects and their metadata
+    # 
+    # You can find out the content type of your object with the <tt>content_type</tt> method:
+    # 
+    #   song.content_type
+    #   # => "audio/mpeg"
+    # 
+    # You can change the content type as well if you like:
+    # 
+    #   song.content_type = 'application/pdf'
+    #   song.store
+    # 
+    # (Keep in mind that due to limitiations in S3's exposed API, the only way to change things like the content_type
+    # is to PUT the object onto S3 again. In the case of large files, this will result in fully re-uploading the file.)
+    # 
+    # A bevie of information about an object can be had using the <tt>about</tt> method:
+    # 
+    #   pp song.about
+    #   {"last-modified"    => "Sat, 28 Oct 2006 21:29:26 GMT",
+    #    "content-type"     => "binary/octet-stream",
+    #    "etag"             => "\"dc629038ffc674bee6f62eb64ff3a\"",
+    #    "date"             => "Sat, 28 Oct 2006 21:30:41 GMT",
+    #    "x-amz-request-id" => "B7BC68F55495B1C8",
+    #    "server"           => "AmazonS3",
+    #    "content-length"   => "3418766"}
+    # 
+    # You can get and set metadata for an object:
+    # 
+    #   song.metadata
+    #   # => {}
+    #   song.metadata[:album] = "A River Ain't Too Much To Love"
+    #   # => "A River Ain't Too Much To Love"
+    #   song.metadata[:released] = 2005
+    #   pp song.metadata
+    #   {"x-amz-meta-released" => 2005, 
+    #     "x-amz-meta-album"   => "A River Ain't Too Much To Love"}
+    #   song.store
+    # 
+    # That metadata will be saved in S3 and is hence forth available from that object:
+    # 
+    #   song = S3Object.find('black-flowers.mp3', 'jukebox')
+    #   pp song.metadata
+    #   {"x-amz-meta-released" => "2005", 
+    #     "x-amz-meta-album"   => "A River Ain't Too Much To Love"}
+    #   song.metadata[:released]
+    #   # => "2005"
+    #   song.metadata[:released] = 2006
+    #   pp song.metadata
+    #   {"x-amz-meta-released" => 2006, 
+    #    "x-amz-meta-album"    => "A River Ain't Too Much To Love"}
+    class S3Object < Base
+      class << self
+        # Returns the value of the object with <tt>key</tt> in the specified bucket.
+        #
+        # === Conditional GET options
+        #
+        # * <tt>:if_modified_since</tt> - Return the object only if it has been modified since the specified time, 
+        #   otherwise return a 304 (not modified).
+        # * <tt>:if_unmodified_since</tt> - Return the object only if it has not been modified since the specified time, 
+        #   otherwise raise PreconditionFailed.
+        # * <tt>:if_match</tt> - Return the object only if its entity tag (ETag) is the same as the one specified, 
+        #   otherwise raise PreconditionFailed.
+        # * <tt>:if_none_match</tt> - Return the object only if its entity tag (ETag) is different from the one specified, 
+        #   otherwise return a 304 (not modified).
+        #
+        # === Other options
+        # * <tt>:range</tt> - Return only the bytes of the object in the specified range.
+        def value(key, bucket = nil, options = {}, &block)
+          Value.new(get(path!(bucket, key, options), options, &block))
+        end
+        
+        def stream(key, bucket = nil, options = {}, &block)
+          value(key, bucket, options) do |response|
+            response.read_body(&block)
+          end
+        end
+        
+        # Returns the object whose key is <tt>name</tt> in the specified bucket. If the specified key does not
+        # exist, a NoSuchKey exception will be raised.
+        def find(key, bucket = nil)
+          # N.B. This is arguably a hack. From what the current S3 API exposes, when you retrieve a bucket, it
+          # provides a listing of all the files in that bucket (assuming you haven't limited the scope of what it returns).
+          # Each file in the listing contains information about that file. It is from this information that an S3Object is built.
+          #
+          # If you know the specific file that you want, S3 allows you to make a get request for that specific file and it returns
+          # the value of that file in its response body. This response body is used to build an S3Object::Value object. 
+          # If you want information about that file, you can make a head request and the headers of the response will contain 
+          # information about that file. There is no way, though, to say, give me the representation of just this given file the same 
+          # way that it would appear in a bucket listing.
+          #
+          # When fetching a bucket, you can provide options which narrow the scope of what files should be returned in that listing.
+          # Of those options, one is <tt>marker</tt> which is a string and instructs the bucket to return only object's who's key comes after
+          # the specified marker according to alphabetic order. Another option is <tt>max-keys</tt> which defaults to 1000 but allows you
+          # to dictate how many objects should be returned in the listing. With a combination of <tt>marker</tt> and <tt>max-keys</tt> you can
+          # *almost* specify exactly which file you'd like it to return, but <tt>marker</tt> is not inclusive. In other words, if there is a bucket
+          # which contains three objects who's keys are respectively 'a', 'b' and 'c', then fetching a bucket listing with marker set to 'b' will only
+          # return 'c', not 'b'. 
+          #
+          # Given all that, my hack to fetch a bucket with only one specific file, is to set the marker to the result of calling String#previous on
+          # the desired object's key, which functionally makes the key ordered one degree higher than the desired object key according to 
+          # alphabetic ordering. This is a hack, but it should work around 99% of the time. I can't think of a scenario where it would return
+          # something incorrect.
+          
+          # We need to ensure the key doesn't have extended characters but not uri escape it before doing the lookup and comparing since if the object exists, 
+          # the key on S3 will have been normalized
+          key    = key.remove_extended unless key.utf8?
+          bucket = Bucket.find(bucket_name(bucket), :marker => key.previous, :max_keys => 1)
+          # If our heuristic failed, trigger a NoSuchKey exception
+          if (object = bucket.objects.first) && object.key == key
+            object 
+          else 
+            raise NoSuchKey.new("No such key `#{key}'", bucket)
+          end
+        end
+        
+        # Makes a copy of the object with <tt>key</tt> to <tt>copy_key</tt>, preserving the ACL of the existing object if the <tt>:copy_acl</tt> option is true (default false).
+        # If the <tt>:replace_meta<tt> option is true you can pass metadata (such as 'Content-type', 'Cache-Control') in options and the metadata associated with the 
+        # object will be replaced. If the <tt>:dest_bucket</tt> option exists the value will be the bucket where we copy to and copy_key can be left blank to simulate a move.
+        def copy(key, copy_key = nil, bucket = nil, options = {})
+          copy_key      ||= key
+          copy_acl        = options.delete(:copy_acl)
+          replace_meta    = options.delete(:replace_meta)
+          
+          dest_bucket     = bucket_name(options.delete(:dest_bucket) || bucket)
+          bucket          = bucket_name(bucket)
+          source_key      = path!(bucket, key)
+          target_key      = path!(dest_bucket, copy_key)
+
+          default_options = {}
+          default_options['x-amz-copy-source'] = source_key
+          default_options['x-amz-metadata-directive'] = 'REPLACE' if replace_meta
+          options = default_options.merge(options)
+
+          returning put(target_key, options) do
+            acl(copy_key, dest_bucket, acl(key, bucket)) if copy_acl
+          end
+        end
+        
+        # Rename the object with key <tt>from</tt> to have key in <tt>to</tt>.
+        def rename(from, to, bucket = nil, options = {})
+          copy(from, to, bucket, options)
+          delete(from, bucket)
+        end
+        
+        # Fetch information about the object with <tt>key</tt> from <tt>bucket</tt>. Information includes content type, content length,
+        # last modified time, and others.
+        #
+        # If the specified key does not exist, NoSuchKey is raised.
+        def about(key, bucket = nil, options = {})
+          response = head(path!(bucket, key, options), options)
+          raise NoSuchKey.new("No such key `#{key}'", bucket) if response.code == 404
+          About.new(response.headers)
+        end
+        
+        # Checks if the object with <tt>key</tt> in <tt>bucket</tt> exists.
+        #
+        #   S3Object.exists? 'kiss.jpg', 'marcel'
+        #   # => true
+        def exists?(key, bucket = nil)
+          about(key, bucket)
+          true
+        rescue NoSuchKey
+          false
+        end
+      
+        # Delete object with <tt>key</tt> from <tt>bucket</tt>.
+        def delete(key, bucket = nil, options = {})
+          # A bit confusing. Calling super actually makes an HTTP DELETE request. The delete method is
+          # defined in the Base class. It happens to have the same name.
+          super(path!(bucket, key, options), options).success?
+        end
+        
+        # When storing an object on the S3 servers using S3Object.store, the <tt>data</tt> argument can be a string or an I/O stream. 
+        # If <tt>data</tt> is an I/O stream it will be read in segments and written to the socket incrementally. This approach 
+        # may be desirable for very large files so they are not read into memory all at once.
+        # 
+        #   # Non streamed upload
+        #   S3Object.store('greeting.txt', 'hello world!', 'marcel')
+        #
+        #   # Streamed upload
+        #   S3Object.store('roots.mpeg', open('roots.mpeg'), 'marcel')
+        def store(key, data, bucket = nil, options = {})
+          validate_key!(key)
+          # Must build path before infering content type in case bucket is being used for options
+          path = path!(bucket, key, options)
+          infer_content_type!(key, options)
+          
+          put(path, options, data) # Don't call .success? on response. We want to get the etag.
+        end
+        alias_method :create, :store
+        alias_method :save,   :store
+        
+        # All private objects are accessible via an authenticated GET request to the S3 servers. You can generate an 
+        # authenticated url for an object like this:
+        #
+        #   S3Object.url_for('beluga_baby.jpg', 'marcel_molina')
+        #
+        # By default authenticated urls expire 5 minutes after they were generated.
+        #
+        # Expiration options can be specified either with an absolute time since the epoch with the <tt>:expires</tt> options,
+        # or with a number of seconds relative to now with the <tt>:expires_in</tt> options:
+        #
+        #   # Absolute expiration date 
+        #   # (Expires January 18th, 2038)
+        #   doomsday = Time.mktime(2038, 1, 18).to_i
+        #   S3Object.url_for('beluga_baby.jpg', 
+        #                    'marcel', 
+        #                    :expires => doomsday)
+        #   
+        #   # Expiration relative to now specified in seconds 
+        #   # (Expires in 3 hours)
+        #   S3Object.url_for('beluga_baby.jpg', 
+        #                    'marcel', 
+        #                    :expires_in => 60 * 60 * 3)
+        #
+        # You can specify whether the url should go over SSL with the <tt>:use_ssl</tt> option:
+        #
+        #   # Url will use https protocol
+        #   S3Object.url_for('beluga_baby.jpg', 
+        #                    'marcel', 
+        #                    :use_ssl => true)
+        #
+        # By default, the ssl settings for the current connection will be used.
+        #
+        # If you have an object handy, you can use its <tt>url</tt> method with the same objects:
+        #
+        #   song.url(:expires_in => 30)
+        #
+        # To get an unauthenticated url for the object, such as in the case
+        # when the object is publicly readable, pass the
+        # <tt>:authenticated</tt> option with a value of <tt>false</tt>.
+        #
+        #   S3Object.url_for('beluga_baby.jpg',
+        #                    'marcel',
+        #                    :authenticated => false)
+        #   # => http://s3.amazonaws.com/marcel/beluga_baby.jpg
+        def url_for(name, bucket = nil, options = {})
+          connection.url_for(path!(bucket, name, options), options) # Do not normalize options
+        end
+        
+        def path!(bucket, name, options = {}) #:nodoc:
+          # We're using the second argument for options
+          if bucket.is_a?(Hash)
+            options.replace(bucket)
+            bucket = nil
+          end
+          '/' << File.join(bucket_name(bucket), name)
+        end
+    
+        private
+          
+          def validate_key!(key)
+            raise InvalidKeyName.new(key) unless key && key.size <= 1024
+          end
+          
+          def infer_content_type!(key, options)
+            return if options.has_key?(:content_type)
+            if mime_type = MIME::Types.type_for(key).first
+              options[:content_type] = mime_type.content_type
+            end
+          end
+      end
+      
+      class Value < String #:nodoc:
+        attr_reader :response
+        def initialize(response)
+          super(response.body)
+          @response = response
+        end
+      end
+      
+      class About < Hash #:nodoc:
+        def initialize(headers)
+          super()
+          replace(headers)
+          metadata
+        end
+        
+        def [](header)
+          super(header.to_header)
+        end
+        
+        def []=(header, value)
+          super(header.to_header, value)
+        end
+        
+        def to_headers
+          self.merge(metadata.to_headers)
+        end
+          
+        def metadata
+          Metadata.new(self)
+        end
+        memoized :metadata
+      end
+      
+      class Metadata < Hash #:nodoc:
+        HEADER_PREFIX = 'x-amz-meta-'
+        SIZE_LIMIT    = 2048 # 2 kilobytes
+        
+        def initialize(headers)
+          @headers = headers
+          super()
+          extract_metadata!
+        end
+        
+        def []=(header, value)
+          super(header_name(header.to_header), value)
+        end
+        
+        def [](header)
+          super(header_name(header.to_header))
+        end
+        
+        def to_headers
+          validate!
+          self
+        end
+        
+        private
+          attr_reader :headers
+          
+          def extract_metadata!
+            headers.keys.grep(Regexp.new(HEADER_PREFIX)).each do |metadata_header|
+              self[metadata_header] = headers.delete(metadata_header)
+            end
+          end
+          
+          def header_name(name)
+            name =~ Regexp.new(HEADER_PREFIX) ? name : [HEADER_PREFIX, name].join
+          end
+          
+          def validate!
+            invalid_headers = inject([]) do |invalid, (name, value)|
+              invalid << name unless valid?(value)
+              invalid
+            end
+            
+            raise InvalidMetadataValue.new(invalid_headers) unless invalid_headers.empty?
+          end
+          
+          def valid?(value)
+            value && value.size < SIZE_LIMIT
+          end
+      end
+      
+      attr_writer :value #:nodoc:
+      
+      # Provides readers and writers for all valid header settings listed in <tt>valid_header_settings</tt>.
+      # Subsequent saves to the object after setting any of the valid headers settings will be reflected in 
+      # information about the object.
+      #
+      #   some_s3_object.content_type
+      #   => nil
+      #   some_s3_object.content_type = 'text/plain'
+      #   => "text/plain"
+      #   some_s3_object.content_type
+      #   => "text/plain"
+      #   some_s3_object.store
+      #   S3Object.about(some_s3_object.key, some_s3_object.bucket.name)['content-type']
+      #   => "text/plain"
+      include SelectiveAttributeProxy #:nodoc
+      
+      proxy_to :about, :exclusively => false
+      
+      # Initializes a new S3Object.
+      def initialize(attributes = {}, &block)
+        super
+        self.value  = attributes.delete(:value) 
+        self.bucket = attributes.delete(:bucket)
+        yield self if block_given?
+      end
+      
+      # The current object's bucket. If no bucket has been set, a NoBucketSpecified exception will be raised. For
+      # cases where you are not sure if the bucket has been set, you can use the belongs_to_bucket? method.
+      def bucket
+        @bucket or raise NoBucketSpecified
+      end
+      
+      # Sets the bucket that the object belongs to.
+      def bucket=(bucket)
+        @bucket = bucket
+        self
+      end
+      
+      # Returns true if the current object has been assigned to a bucket yet. Objects must belong to a bucket before they
+      # can be saved onto S3.
+      def belongs_to_bucket?
+        !@bucket.nil?
+      end
+      alias_method :orphan?, :belongs_to_bucket?
+      
+      # Returns the key of the object. If the key is not set, a NoKeySpecified exception will be raised. For cases
+      # where you are not sure if the key has been set, you can use the key_set? method. Objects must have a key
+      # set to be saved onto S3. Objects which have already been saved onto S3 will always have their key set.
+      def key
+        attributes['key'] or raise NoKeySpecified
+      end
+      
+      # Sets the key for the current object.
+      def key=(value)
+        attributes['key'] = value
+      end
+      
+      # Returns true if the current object has had its key set yet. Objects which have already been saved will
+      # always return true. This method is useful for objects which have not been saved yet so you know if you
+      # need to set the object's key since you can not save an object unless its key has been set.
+      #
+      #   object.store if object.key_set? && object.belongs_to_bucket?
+      def key_set?
+        !attributes['key'].nil?
+      end
+      
+      # Lazily loads object data. 
+      #
+      # Force a reload of the data by passing <tt>:reload</tt>.
+      #
+      #   object.value(:reload)
+      #
+      # When loading the data for the first time you can optionally yield to a block which will
+      # allow you to stream the data in segments.
+      #
+      #   object.value do |segment|
+      #     send_data segment
+      #   end 
+      #
+      # The full list of options are listed in the documentation for its class method counter part, S3Object::value.
+      def value(options = {}, &block)
+        if options.is_a?(Hash)
+          reload = !options.empty?
+        else
+          reload  = options
+          options = {}
+        end
+        memoize(reload) do
+          self.class.stream(key, bucket.name, options, &block)
+        end
+      end
+      
+      # Interface to information about the current object. Information is read only, though some of its data
+      # can be modified through specific methods, such as content_type and content_type=.
+      #
+      #   pp some_object.about
+      #     {"last-modified"    => "Sat, 28 Oct 2006 21:29:26 GMT",
+      #      "x-amz-id-2"       =>  "LdcQRk5qLwxJQiZ8OH50HhoyKuqyWoJ67B6i+rOE5MxpjJTWh1kCkL+I0NQzbVQn",
+      #      "content-type"     => "binary/octet-stream",
+      #      "etag"             => "\"dc629038ffc674bee6f62eb68454ff3a\"",
+      #      "date"             => "Sat, 28 Oct 2006 21:30:41 GMT",
+      #      "x-amz-request-id" => "B7BC68F55495B1C8",
+      #      "server"           => "AmazonS3",
+      #      "content-length"   => "3418766"}
+      #
+      #  some_object.content_type
+      #  # => "binary/octet-stream"
+      #  some_object.content_type = 'audio/mpeg'
+      #  some_object.content_type
+      #  # => 'audio/mpeg'
+      #  some_object.store
+      def about
+        stored? ? self.class.about(key, bucket.name) : About.new
+      end
+      memoized :about
+      
+      # Interface to viewing and editing metadata for the current object. To be treated like a Hash.
+      #
+      #   some_object.metadata
+      #   # => {}
+      #   some_object.metadata[:author] = 'Dave Thomas'
+      #   some_object.metadata
+      #   # => {"x-amz-meta-author" => "Dave Thomas"}
+      #   some_object.metadata[:author]
+      #   # => "Dave Thomas"
+      def metadata
+        about.metadata
+      end
+      memoized :metadata
+      
+      # Saves the current object with the specified <tt>options</tt>. Valid options are listed in the documentation for S3Object::store.
+      def store(options = {})
+        raise DeletedObject if frozen?
+        options  = about.to_headers.merge(options) if stored?
+        response = self.class.store(key, value, bucket.name, options)
+        bucket.update(:stored, self)
+        response.success?
+      end
+      alias_method :create, :store
+      alias_method :save,   :store
+      
+      # Deletes the current object. Trying to save an object after it has been deleted with
+      # raise a DeletedObject exception.
+      def delete
+        bucket.update(:deleted, self)
+        freeze
+        self.class.delete(key, bucket.name)
+      end
+      
+      # Copies current object to a new bucket
+      def copy_to_bucket(dest_bucket)
+        copy(nil, :dest_bucket => dest_bucket, :copy_acl => true)
+      end
+      
+      # Copies the current object, given it the name <tt>copy_name</tt>.
+      def copy(copy_name=nil, options = {})
+        self.class.copy(key, copy_name, bucket.name, options)
+      end
+      
+      # Rename the current object. Keep in mind that due to limitations in S3's API, this operation requires
+      # retransmitting the entire object to S3.
+      def rename(to, options = {})
+        self.class.rename(key, to, bucket.name, options)
+      end
+      
+      def etag(reload = false)
+        return nil unless stored?
+        memoize(reload) do
+          reload ? about(reload)['etag'][1...-1] : attributes['e_tag'][1...-1]
+        end
+      end
+      
+      # Returns the owner of the current object.
+      def owner 
+        Owner.new(attributes['owner'])
+      end
+      memoized :owner
+      
+      # Generates an authenticated url for the current object. Accepts the same options as its class method
+      # counter part S3Object.url_for.
+      def url(options = {})
+        self.class.url_for(key, bucket.name, options)
+      end
+      
+      # Returns true if the current object has been stored on S3 yet.
+      def stored?
+        !attributes['e_tag'].nil?
+      end
+      
+      def ==(s3object) #:nodoc:
+        path == s3object.path
+      end
+      
+      def path #:nodoc:
+        self.class.path!(
+          belongs_to_bucket? ? bucket.name : '(no bucket)', 
+          key_set?           ? key         : '(no key)'
+        )
+      end
+        
+      # Don't dump binary data :)
+      def inspect #:nodoc:
+        "#<%s:0x%s '%s'>" % [self.class, object_id, path]
+      end
+      
+      private
+        def proxiable_attribute?(name)
+          valid_header_settings.include?(name)
+        end
+        
+        def valid_header_settings
+          %w(cache_control content_type content_length content_md5 content_disposition content_encoding expires)
+        end
+    end
+  end
+end