rxjs-rails 2.3.22 → 2.3.25

data/vendor/assets/javascripts/rx.aggregates.min.js

@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 /* Copyright (c) Microsoft Open Technologies, Inc. All rights reserved. See License.txt in the project root for license information.*/
-(function(a){var b={"boolean":!1,"function":!0,object:!0,number:!1,string:!1,undefined:!1},c=b[typeof window]&&window||this,d=b[typeof exports]&&exports&&!exports.nodeType&&exports,e=b[typeof module]&&module&&!module.nodeType&&module,f=(e&&e.exports===d&&d,b[typeof global]&&global);!f||f.global!==f&&f.window!==f||(c=f),"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define(["rx"],function(b,d){return a(c,d,b)}):"object"==typeof module&&module&&module.exports===d?module.exports=a(c,module.exports,require("./rx")):c.Rx=a(c,{},c.Rx)}).call(this,function(a,b,c,d){function e(a,b,c){return new o(function(d){var e=!1,f=null,g=[];return a.subscribe(function(a){var h,i;try{i=b(a)}catch(j){return void d.onError(j)}if(h=0,e)try{h=c(i,f)}catch(k){return void d.onError(k)}else e=!0,f=i;h>0&&(f=i,g=[]),h>=0&&g.push(a)},d.onError.bind(d),function(){d.onNext(g),d.onCompleted()})},a)}function f(a){if(0===a.length)throw new Error(D);return a[0]}function g(a,b,c,d){if(0>b)throw new Error(C);return new o(function(e){var f=b;return a.subscribe(function(a){0===f--&&(e.onNext(a),e.onCompleted())},e.onError.bind(e),function(){c?(e.onNext(d),e.onCompleted()):e.onError(new Error(C))})},a)}function h(a,b,c){return new o(function(d){var e=c,f=!1;return a.subscribe(function(a){f?d.onError(new Error("Sequence contains more than one element")):(e=a,f=!0)},d.onError.bind(d),function(){f||b?(d.onNext(e),d.onCompleted()):d.onError(new Error(D))})},a)}function i(a,b,c){return new o(function(d){return a.subscribe(function(a){d.onNext(a),d.onCompleted()},d.onError.bind(d),function(){b?(d.onNext(c),d.onCompleted()):d.onError(new Error(D))})},a)}function j(a,b,c){return new o(function(d){var e=c,f=!1;return a.subscribe(function(a){e=a,f=!0},d.onError.bind(d),function(){f||b?(d.onNext(e),d.onCompleted()):d.onError(new Error(D))})},a)}function k(a,b,c,e){return new o(function(f){var g=0;return a.subscribe(function(d){var h;try{h=b.call(c,d,g,a)}catch(i){return void f.onError(i)}h?(f.onNext(e?g:d),f.onCompleted()):g++},f.onError.bind(f),function(){f.onNext(e?-1:d),f.onCompleted()})},a)}var l=c.Observable,m=l.prototype,n=c.CompositeDisposable,o=c.AnonymousObservable,p=c.Disposable.empty,q=(c.internals.isEqual,c.helpers),r=q.not,s=q.defaultComparer,t=q.identity,u=q.defaultSubComparer,v=q.isFunction,w=q.isPromise,x=q.isArrayLike,y=q.isIterable,z=l.fromPromise,A=l.from,B=q.deprecate,C="Argument out of range",D="Sequence contains no elements.";return m.finalValue=function(){var a=this;return new o(function(b){var c,d=!1;return a.subscribe(function(a){d=!0,c=a},b.onError.bind(b),function(){d?(b.onNext(c),b.onCompleted()):b.onError(new Error(D))})},a)},m.aggregate=function(){B("aggregate","reduce");var a,b,c;return 2===arguments.length?(a=arguments[0],b=!0,c=arguments[1]):c=arguments[0],b?this.scan(a,c).startWith(a).finalValue():this.scan(c).finalValue()},m.reduce=function(a){var b,c;return 2===arguments.length&&(c=!0,b=arguments[1]),c?this.scan(b,a).startWith(b).finalValue():this.scan(a).finalValue()},m.some=function(a,b){var c=this;return a?c.filter(a,b).some():new o(function(a){return c.subscribe(function(){a.onNext(!0),a.onCompleted()},a.onError.bind(a),function(){a.onNext(!1),a.onCompleted()})},c)},m.any=function(){return B("any","some"),this.some.apply(this,arguments)},m.isEmpty=function(){return this.any().map(r)},m.every=function(a,b){return this.filter(function(b){return!a(b)},b).some().map(r)},m.all=function(){return B("all","every"),this.every.apply(this,arguments)},m.contains=function(a,b){function c(a,b){return 0===a&&0===b||a===b||isNaN(a)&&isNaN(b)}var d=this;return new o(function(e){var f=0,g=+b||0;return 1/0===Math.abs(g)&&(g=0),0>g?(e.onNext(!1),e.onCompleted(),p):d.subscribe(function(b){f++>=g&&c(b,a)&&(e.onNext(!0),e.onCompleted())},e.onError.bind(e),function(){e.onNext(!1),e.onCompleted()})},this)},m.count=function(a,b){return a?this.where(a,b).count():this.aggregate(0,function(a){return a+1})},m.indexOf=function(a,b){var c=this;return new o(function(d){var e=0,f=+b||0;return 1/0===Math.abs(f)&&(f=0),0>f?(d.onNext(-1),d.onCompleted(),p):c.subscribe(function(b){e>=f&&b===a&&(d.onNext(e),d.onCompleted()),e++},d.onError.bind(d),function(){d.onNext(-1),d.onCompleted()})},c)},m.sum=function(a,b){return a&&v(a)?this.map(a,b).sum():this.reduce(function(a,b){return a+b},0)},m.minBy=function(a,b){return b||(b=u),e(this,a,function(a,c){return-1*b(a,c)})},m.min=function(a){return this.minBy(t,a).map(function(a){return f(a)})},m.maxBy=function(a,b){return b||(b=u),e(this,a,b)},m.max=function(a){return this.maxBy(t,a).map(function(a){return f(a)})},m.average=function(a,b){return a&&v(a)?this.select(a,b).average():this.scan({sum:0,count:0},function(a,b){return{sum:a.sum+b,count:a.count+1}}).finalValue().map(function(a){if(0===a.count)throw new Error("The input sequence was empty");return a.sum/a.count})},m.sequenceEqual=function(a,b){var c=this;return b||(b=s),new o(function(d){var e=!1,f=!1,g=[],h=[],i=c.subscribe(function(a){var c,e;if(h.length>0){e=h.shift();try{c=b(e,a)}catch(i){return void d.onError(i)}c||(d.onNext(!1),d.onCompleted())}else f?(d.onNext(!1),d.onCompleted()):g.push(a)},d.onError.bind(d),function(){e=!0,0===g.length&&(h.length>0?(d.onNext(!1),d.onCompleted()):f&&(d.onNext(!0),d.onCompleted()))});(x(a)||y(a))&&(a=A(a)),w(a)&&(a=z(a));var j=a.subscribe(function(a){var c;if(g.length>0){var f=g.shift();try{c=b(f,a)}catch(i){return void d.onError(i)}c||(d.onNext(!1),d.onCompleted())}else e?(d.onNext(!1),d.onCompleted()):h.push(a)},d.onError.bind(d),function(){f=!0,0===h.length&&(g.length>0?(d.onNext(!1),d.onCompleted()):e&&(d.onNext(!0),d.onCompleted()))});return new n(i,j)},c)},m.elementAt=function(a){return g(this,a,!1)},m.elementAtOrDefault=function(a,b){return g(this,a,!0,b)},m.single=function(a,b){return a&&v(a)?this.where(a,b).single():h(this,!1)},m.singleOrDefault=function(a,b,c){return a&&v(a)?this.where(a,c).singleOrDefault(null,b):h(this,!0,b)},m.first=function(a,b){return a?this.where(a,b).first():i(this,!1)},m.firstOrDefault=function(a,b){return a?this.where(a).firstOrDefault(null,b):i(this,!0,b)},m.last=function(a,b){return a?this.where(a,b).last():j(this,!1)},m.lastOrDefault=function(a,b,c){return a?this.where(a,c).lastOrDefault(null,b):j(this,!0,b)},m.find=function(a,b){return k(this,a,b,!1)},m.findIndex=function(a,b){return k(this,a,b,!0)},m.toSet=function(){if("undefined"==typeof a.Set)throw new TypeError;var b=this;return new o(function(c){var d=new a.Set;return b.subscribe(d.add.bind(d),c.onError.bind(c),function(){c.onNext(d),c.onCompleted()})},b)},m.toMap=function(b,c){if("undefined"==typeof a.Map)throw new TypeError;var d=this;return new o(function(e){var f=new a.Map;return d.subscribe(function(a){var d;try{d=b(a)}catch(g){return void e.onError(g)}var h=a;if(c)try{h=c(a)}catch(g){return void e.onError(g)}f.set(d,h)},e.onError.bind(e),function(){e.onNext(f),e.onCompleted()})},d)},c});
+(function(a){var b={"boolean":!1,"function":!0,object:!0,number:!1,string:!1,undefined:!1},c=b[typeof window]&&window||this,d=b[typeof exports]&&exports&&!exports.nodeType&&exports,e=b[typeof module]&&module&&!module.nodeType&&module,f=(e&&e.exports===d&&d,b[typeof global]&&global);!f||f.global!==f&&f.window!==f||(c=f),"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define(["rx"],function(b,d){return a(c,d,b)}):"object"==typeof module&&module&&module.exports===d?module.exports=a(c,module.exports,require("./rx")):c.Rx=a(c,{},c.Rx)}).call(this,function(a,b,c,d){function e(a,b,c){return new o(function(d){var e=!1,f=null,g=[];return a.subscribe(function(a){var h,i;try{i=b(a)}catch(j){return void d.onError(j)}if(h=0,e)try{h=c(i,f)}catch(k){return void d.onError(k)}else e=!0,f=i;h>0&&(f=i,g=[]),h>=0&&g.push(a)},function(a){d.onError(a)},function(){d.onNext(g),d.onCompleted()})},a)}function f(a){if(0===a.length)throw new Error(D);return a[0]}function g(a,b,c,d){if(0>b)throw new Error(C);return new o(function(e){var f=b;return a.subscribe(function(a){0===f--&&(e.onNext(a),e.onCompleted())},function(a){e.onError(a)},function(){c?(e.onNext(d),e.onCompleted()):e.onError(new Error(C))})},a)}function h(a,b,c){return new o(function(d){var e=c,f=!1;return a.subscribe(function(a){f?d.onError(new Error("Sequence contains more than one element")):(e=a,f=!0)},function(a){d.onError(a)},function(){f||b?(d.onNext(e),d.onCompleted()):d.onError(new Error(D))})},a)}function i(a,b,c){return new o(function(d){return a.subscribe(function(a){d.onNext(a),d.onCompleted()},function(a){d.onError(a)},function(){b?(d.onNext(c),d.onCompleted()):d.onError(new Error(D))})},a)}function j(a,b,c){return new o(function(d){var e=c,f=!1;return a.subscribe(function(a){e=a,f=!0},function(a){d.onError(a)},function(){f||b?(d.onNext(e),d.onCompleted()):d.onError(new Error(D))})},a)}function k(a,b,c,e){var f=B(b,c,3);return new o(function(b){var c=0;return a.subscribe(function(d){var g;try{g=f(d,c,a)}catch(h){return void b.onError(h)}g?(b.onNext(e?c:d),b.onCompleted()):c++},function(a){b.onError(a)},function(){b.onNext(e?-1:d),b.onCompleted()})},a)}var l=c.Observable,m=l.prototype,n=c.CompositeDisposable,o=c.AnonymousObservable,p=c.Disposable.empty,q=(c.internals.isEqual,c.helpers),r=q.not,s=q.defaultComparer,t=q.identity,u=q.defaultSubComparer,v=q.isFunction,w=q.isPromise,x=q.isArrayLike,y=q.isIterable,z=l.fromPromise,A=l.from,B=c.internals.bindCallback,C="Argument out of range",D="Sequence contains no elements.";return m.aggregate=function(){var a,b,c=!1,d=this;return 2===arguments.length?(c=!0,b=arguments[0],a=arguments[1]):a=arguments[0],new o(function(e){var f,g,h;return d.subscribe(function(d){!h&&(h=!0);try{f?g=a(g,d):(g=c?a(b,d):d,f=!0)}catch(i){return void e.onError(i)}},function(a){e.onError(a)},function(){h&&e.onNext(g),!h&&c&&e.onNext(b),!h&&!c&&e.onError(new Error(D)),e.onCompleted()})},d)},m.reduce=function(a){var b,c=!1,d=this;return 2===arguments.length&&(c=!0,b=arguments[1]),new o(function(e){var f,g,h;return d.subscribe(function(d){!h&&(h=!0);try{f?g=a(g,d):(g=c?a(b,d):d,f=!0)}catch(i){return void e.onError(i)}},function(a){e.onError(a)},function(){h&&e.onNext(g),!h&&c&&e.onNext(b),!h&&!c&&e.onError(new Error(D)),e.onCompleted()})},d)},m.some=function(a,b){var c=this;return a?c.filter(a,b).some():new o(function(a){return c.subscribe(function(){a.onNext(!0),a.onCompleted()},function(b){a.onError(b)},function(){a.onNext(!1),a.onCompleted()})},c)},m.any=function(){return this.some.apply(this,arguments)},m.isEmpty=function(){return this.any().map(r)},m.every=function(a,b){return this.filter(function(b){return!a(b)},b).some().map(r)},m.all=function(){return this.every.apply(this,arguments)},m.includes=function(a,b){function c(a,b){return 0===a&&0===b||a===b||isNaN(a)&&isNaN(b)}var d=this;return new o(function(e){var f=0,g=+b||0;return 1/0===Math.abs(g)&&(g=0),0>g?(e.onNext(!1),e.onCompleted(),p):d.subscribe(function(b){f++>=g&&c(b,a)&&(e.onNext(!0),e.onCompleted())},function(a){e.onError(a)},function(){e.onNext(!1),e.onCompleted()})},this)},m.contains=function(a,b){m.includes(a,b)},m.count=function(a,b){return a?this.filter(a,b).count():this.reduce(function(a){return a+1},0)},m.indexOf=function(a,b){var c=this;return new o(function(d){var e=0,f=+b||0;return 1/0===Math.abs(f)&&(f=0),0>f?(d.onNext(-1),d.onCompleted(),p):c.subscribe(function(b){e>=f&&b===a&&(d.onNext(e),d.onCompleted()),e++},function(a){d.onError(a)},function(){d.onNext(-1),d.onCompleted()})},c)},m.sum=function(a,b){return a&&v(a)?this.map(a,b).sum():this.reduce(function(a,b){return a+b},0)},m.minBy=function(a,b){return b||(b=u),e(this,a,function(a,c){return-1*b(a,c)})},m.min=function(a){return this.minBy(t,a).map(function(a){return f(a)})},m.maxBy=function(a,b){return b||(b=u),e(this,a,b)},m.max=function(a){return this.maxBy(t,a).map(function(a){return f(a)})},m.average=function(a,b){return a&&v(a)?this.map(a,b).average():this.reduce(function(a,b){return{sum:a.sum+b,count:a.count+1}},{sum:0,count:0}).map(function(a){if(0===a.count)throw new Error(D);return a.sum/a.count})},m.sequenceEqual=function(a,b){var c=this;return b||(b=s),new o(function(d){var e=!1,f=!1,g=[],h=[],i=c.subscribe(function(a){var c,e;if(h.length>0){e=h.shift();try{c=b(e,a)}catch(i){return void d.onError(i)}c||(d.onNext(!1),d.onCompleted())}else f?(d.onNext(!1),d.onCompleted()):g.push(a)},function(a){d.onError(a)},function(){e=!0,0===g.length&&(h.length>0?(d.onNext(!1),d.onCompleted()):f&&(d.onNext(!0),d.onCompleted()))});(x(a)||y(a))&&(a=A(a)),w(a)&&(a=z(a));var j=a.subscribe(function(a){var c;if(g.length>0){var f=g.shift();try{c=b(f,a)}catch(i){return void d.onError(i)}c||(d.onNext(!1),d.onCompleted())}else e?(d.onNext(!1),d.onCompleted()):h.push(a)},function(a){d.onError(a)},function(){f=!0,0===h.length&&(g.length>0?(d.onNext(!1),d.onCompleted()):e&&(d.onNext(!0),d.onCompleted()))});return new n(i,j)},c)},m.elementAt=function(a){return g(this,a,!1)},m.elementAtOrDefault=function(a,b){return g(this,a,!0,b)},m.single=function(a,b){return a&&v(a)?this.where(a,b).single():h(this,!1)},m.singleOrDefault=function(a,b,c){return a&&v(a)?this.filter(a,c).singleOrDefault(null,b):h(this,!0,b)},m.first=function(a,b){return a?this.where(a,b).first():i(this,!1)},m.firstOrDefault=function(a,b){return a?this.where(a).firstOrDefault(null,b):i(this,!0,b)},m.last=function(a,b){return a?this.where(a,b).last():j(this,!1)},m.lastOrDefault=function(a,b,c){return a?this.where(a,c).lastOrDefault(null,b):j(this,!0,b)},m.find=function(a,b){return k(this,a,b,!1)},m.findIndex=function(a,b){return k(this,a,b,!0)},m.toSet=function(){if("undefined"==typeof a.Set)throw new TypeError;var b=this;return new o(function(c){var d=new a.Set;return b.subscribe(function(a){d.add(a)},function(a){c.onError(a)},function(){c.onNext(d),c.onCompleted()})},b)},m.toMap=function(b,c){if("undefined"==typeof a.Map)throw new TypeError;var d=this;return new o(function(e){var f=new a.Map;return d.subscribe(function(a){var d;try{d=b(a)}catch(g){return void e.onError(g)}var h=a;if(c)try{h=c(a)}catch(g){return void e.onError(g)}f.set(d,h)},function(a){e.onError(a)},function(){e.onNext(f),e.onCompleted()})},d)},c});
 //# sourceMappingURL=rx.aggregates.map

data/vendor/assets/javascripts/rx.all.compat.js

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@
   var Rx = {
       internals: {},
       config: {
-        Promise: root.Promise,
+        Promise: root.Promise
       },
       helpers: { }
   };
@@ -64,7 +64,8 @@
   var sequenceContainsNoElements = 'Sequence contains no elements.';
   var argumentOutOfRange = 'Argument out of range';
   var objectDisposed = 'Object has been disposed';
-  function checkDisposed() { if (this.isDisposed) { throw new Error(objectDisposed); } }
+  function checkDisposed(self) { if (self.isDisposed) { throw new Error(objectDisposed); } }
+  function cloneArray(arr) { for(var a = [], i = 0, len = arr.length; i < len; i++) { a.push(arr[i]); } return a;}
 
   Rx.config.longStackSupport = false;
   var hasStacks = false;
@@ -182,11 +183,41 @@
 
   Rx.helpers.iterator = $iterator$;
 
-  var deprecate = Rx.helpers.deprecate = function (name, alternative) {
-    /*if (typeof console !== "undefined" && typeof console.warn === "function") {
-      console.warn(name + ' is deprecated, use ' + alternative + ' instead.', new Error('').stack);
-    }*/
-  }
+  var bindCallback = Rx.internals.bindCallback = function (func, thisArg, argCount) {
+    if (typeof thisArg === 'undefined') { return func; }
+    switch(argCount) {
+      case 0:
+        return function() {
+          return func.call(thisArg)
+        };
+      case 1:
+        return function(arg) {
+          return func.call(thisArg, arg);
+        }
+      case 2:
+        return function(value, index) {
+          return func.call(thisArg, value, index);
+        };
+      case 3:
+        return function(value, index, collection) {
+          return func.call(thisArg, value, index, collection);
+        };
+    }
+
+    return function() {
+      return func.apply(thisArg, arguments);
+    };
+  };
+
+  /** Used to determine if values are of the language type Object */
+  var dontEnums = ['toString',
+    'toLocaleString',
+    'valueOf',
+    'hasOwnProperty',
+    'isPrototypeOf',
+    'propertyIsEnumerable',
+    'constructor'],
+  dontEnumsLength = dontEnums.length;
 
   /** `Object#toString` result shortcuts */
   var argsClass = '[object Arguments]',
@@ -209,24 +240,12 @@
     stringProto = String.prototype,
     propertyIsEnumerable = objectProto.propertyIsEnumerable;
 
-  // Fix for Tessel
-  if (!propertyIsEnumerable) {
-    propertyIsEnumerable = objectProto.propertyIsEnumerable = function (key) {
-      for (var k in this) { if (k === key) { return true; } }
-      return false;
-    };
-  }
-
   try {
     supportNodeClass = !(toString.call(document) == objectClass && !({ 'toString': 0 } + ''));
   } catch (e) {
     supportNodeClass = true;
   }
 
-  var shadowedProps = [
-    'constructor', 'hasOwnProperty', 'isPrototypeOf', 'propertyIsEnumerable', 'toLocaleString', 'toString', 'valueOf'
-  ];
-
   var nonEnumProps = {};
   nonEnumProps[arrayClass] = nonEnumProps[dateClass] = nonEnumProps[numberClass] = { 'constructor': true, 'toLocaleString': true, 'toString': true, 'valueOf': true };
   nonEnumProps[boolClass] = nonEnumProps[stringClass] = { 'constructor': true, 'toString': true, 'valueOf': true };
@@ -255,14 +274,10 @@
     support.nonEnumShadows = !/valueOf/.test(props);
   }(1));
 
-  function isObject(value) {
-    // check if the value is the ECMAScript language type of Object
-    // http://es5.github.io/#x8
-    // and avoid a V8 bug
-    // https://code.google.com/p/v8/issues/detail?id=2291
+  var isObject = Rx.internals.isObject = function(value) {
     var type = typeof value;
     return value && (type == 'function' || type == 'object') || false;
-  }
+  };
 
   function keysIn(object) {
     var result = [];
@@ -285,14 +300,14 @@
     if (support.nonEnumShadows && object !== objectProto) {
       var ctor = object.constructor,
           index = -1,
-          length = shadowedProps.length;
+          length = dontEnumsLength;
 
       if (object === (ctor && ctor.prototype)) {
         var className = object === stringProto ? stringClass : object === errorProto ? errorClass : toString.call(object),
             nonEnum = nonEnumProps[className];
       }
       while (++index < length) {
-        key = shadowedProps[index];
+        key = dontEnums[index];
         if (!(nonEnum && nonEnum[key]) && hasOwnProperty.call(object, key)) {
           result.push(key);
         }
@@ -479,13 +494,8 @@
     return result;
   }
 
-  var slice = Array.prototype.slice;
-  function argsOrArray(args, idx) {
-    return args.length === 1 && Array.isArray(args[idx]) ?
-      args[idx] :
-      slice.call(args);
-  }
-  var hasProp = {}.hasOwnProperty;
+  var hasProp = {}.hasOwnProperty,
+      slice = Array.prototype.slice;
 
   var inherits = this.inherits = Rx.internals.inherits = function (child, parent) {
     function __() { this.constructor = child; }
@@ -494,9 +504,9 @@
   };
 
   var addProperties = Rx.internals.addProperties = function (obj) {
-    var sources = slice.call(arguments, 1);
-    for (var i = 0, len = sources.length; i < len; i++) {
-      var source = sources[i];
+    for(var sources = [], i = 1, len = arguments.length; i < len; i++) { sources.push(arguments[i]); }
+    for (var idx = 0, ln = sources.length; idx < ln; idx++) {
+      var source = sources[idx];
       for (var prop in source) {
         obj[prop] = source[prop];
       }
@@ -518,6 +528,25 @@
     return a;
   }
 
+  var errorObj = {e: {}};
+  var tryCatchTarget;
+  function tryCatcher() {
+    try {
+      return tryCatchTarget.apply(this, arguments);
+    } catch (e) {
+      errorObj.e = e;
+      return errorObj;
+    }
+  }
+  function tryCatch(fn) {
+    if (!isFunction(fn)) { throw new TypeError('fn must be a function'); }
+    tryCatchTarget = fn;
+    return tryCatcher;
+  }
+  function thrower(e) {
+    throw e;
+  }
+
   // Utilities
   if (!Function.prototype.bind) {
     Function.prototype.bind = function (that) {
@@ -542,37 +571,36 @@
     };
   }
 
-if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
-
-  Array.prototype.forEach = function (callback, thisArg) {
-    var T, k;
+  if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
+    Array.prototype.forEach = function (callback, thisArg) {
+      var T, k;
 
-    if (this == null) {
-      throw new TypeError(" this is null or not defined");
-    }
+      if (this == null) {
+        throw new TypeError(" this is null or not defined");
+      }
 
-    var O = Object(this);
-    var len = O.length >>> 0;
+      var O = Object(this);
+      var len = O.length >>> 0;
 
-    if (typeof callback !== "function") {
-      throw new TypeError(callback + " is not a function");
-    }
+      if (typeof callback !== "function") {
+        throw new TypeError(callback + " is not a function");
+      }
 
-    if (arguments.length > 1) {
-      T = thisArg;
-    }
+      if (arguments.length > 1) {
+        T = thisArg;
+      }
 
-    k = 0;
-    while (k < len) {
-      var kValue;
-      if (k in O) {
-        kValue = O[k];
-        callback.call(T, kValue, k, O);
+      k = 0;
+      while (k < len) {
+        var kValue;
+        if (k in O) {
+          kValue = O[k];
+          callback.call(T, kValue, k, O);
+        }
+        k++;
       }
-      k++;
-    }
-  };
-}
+    };
+  }
 
   var boxedString = Object("a"),
       splitString = boxedString[0] != "a" || !(0 in boxedString);
@@ -669,6 +697,45 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
     };
   }
 
+  // Fix for Tessel
+  if (!Object.prototype.propertyIsEnumerable) {
+    Object.prototype.propertyIsEnumerable = function (key) {
+      for (var k in this) { if (k === key) { return true; } }
+      return false;
+    };
+  }
+
+  if (!Object.keys) {
+    Object.keys = (function() {
+      'use strict';
+      var hasOwnProperty = Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,
+      hasDontEnumBug = !({ toString: null }).propertyIsEnumerable('toString');
+
+      return function(obj) {
+        if (typeof obj !== 'object' && (typeof obj !== 'function' || obj === null)) {
+          throw new TypeError('Object.keys called on non-object');
+        }
+
+        var result = [], prop, i;
+
+        for (prop in obj) {
+          if (hasOwnProperty.call(obj, prop)) {
+            result.push(prop);
+          }
+        }
+
+        if (hasDontEnumBug) {
+          for (i = 0; i < dontEnumsLength; i++) {
+            if (hasOwnProperty.call(obj, dontEnums[i])) {
+              result.push(dontEnums[i]);
+            }
+          }
+        }
+        return result;
+      };
+    }());
+  }
+
   // Collections
   function IndexedItem(id, value) {
     this.id = id;
@@ -728,7 +795,7 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
 
   priorityProto.removeAt = function (index) {
     this.items[index] = this.items[--this.length];
-    delete this.items[this.length];
+    this.items[this.length] = undefined;
     this.heapify();
   };
 
@@ -760,9 +827,17 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
    * @constructor
    */
   var CompositeDisposable = Rx.CompositeDisposable = function () {
-    this.disposables = argsOrArray(arguments, 0);
+    var args = [];
+    if (Array.isArray(arguments[0])) {
+      args = arguments[0];
+    } else {
+      var len = arguments.length;
+      args = new Array(len);
+      for(var i = 0; i < len; i++) { args[i] = arguments[i]; }
+    }
+    this.disposables = args;
     this.isDisposed = false;
-    this.length = this.disposables.length;
+    this.length = args.length;
   };
 
   var CompositeDisposablePrototype = CompositeDisposable.prototype;
@@ -805,28 +880,19 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
   CompositeDisposablePrototype.dispose = function () {
     if (!this.isDisposed) {
       this.isDisposed = true;
-      var currentDisposables = this.disposables.slice(0);
+      var len = this.disposables.length, currentDisposables = new Array(len);
+      for(var i = 0; i < len; i++) { currentDisposables[i] = this.disposables[i]; }
       this.disposables = [];
       this.length = 0;
 
-      for (var i = 0, len = currentDisposables.length; i < len; i++) {
+      for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
         currentDisposables[i].dispose();
       }
     }
   };
 
-  /**
-   * Converts the existing CompositeDisposable to an array of disposables
-   * @returns {Array} An array of disposable objects.
-   */
-  CompositeDisposablePrototype.toArray = function () {
-    return this.disposables.slice(0);
-  };
-
   /**
    * Provides a set of static methods for creating Disposables.
-   *
-   * @constructor
    * @param {Function} dispose Action to run during the first call to dispose. The action is guaranteed to be run at most once.
    */
   var Disposable = Rx.Disposable = function (action) {
@@ -875,9 +941,9 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
      * @param {Disposable} value The new underlying disposable.
      */
     booleanDisposablePrototype.setDisposable = function (value) {
-      var shouldDispose = this.isDisposed, old;
+      var shouldDispose = this.isDisposed;
       if (!shouldDispose) {
-        old = this.current;
+        var old = this.current;
         this.current = value;
       }
       old && old.dispose();
@@ -888,10 +954,9 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
      * Disposes the underlying disposable as well as all future replacements.
      */
     booleanDisposablePrototype.dispose = function () {
-      var old;
       if (!this.isDisposed) {
         this.isDisposed = true;
-        old = this.current;
+        var old = this.current;
         this.current = null;
       }
       old && old.dispose();
@@ -901,83 +966,80 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
   }());
   var SerialDisposable = Rx.SerialDisposable = SingleAssignmentDisposable;
 
+  /**
+   * Represents a disposable resource that only disposes its underlying disposable resource when all dependent disposable objects have been disposed.
+   */
+  var RefCountDisposable = Rx.RefCountDisposable = (function () {
+
+    function InnerDisposable(disposable) {
+      this.disposable = disposable;
+      this.disposable.count++;
+      this.isInnerDisposed = false;
+    }
+
+    InnerDisposable.prototype.dispose = function () {
+      if (!this.disposable.isDisposed && !this.isInnerDisposed) {
+        this.isInnerDisposed = true;
+        this.disposable.count--;
+        if (this.disposable.count === 0 && this.disposable.isPrimaryDisposed) {
+          this.disposable.isDisposed = true;
+          this.disposable.underlyingDisposable.dispose();
+        }
+      }
+    };
+
+    /**
+     * Initializes a new instance of the RefCountDisposable with the specified disposable.
+     * @constructor
+     * @param {Disposable} disposable Underlying disposable.
+      */
+    function RefCountDisposable(disposable) {
+      this.underlyingDisposable = disposable;
+      this.isDisposed = false;
+      this.isPrimaryDisposed = false;
+      this.count = 0;
+    }
+
     /**
-     * Represents a disposable resource that only disposes its underlying disposable resource when all dependent disposable objects have been disposed.
+     * Disposes the underlying disposable only when all dependent disposables have been disposed
      */
-    var RefCountDisposable = Rx.RefCountDisposable = (function () {
-
-        function InnerDisposable(disposable) {
-            this.disposable = disposable;
-            this.disposable.count++;
-            this.isInnerDisposed = false;
-        }
-
-        InnerDisposable.prototype.dispose = function () {
-            if (!this.disposable.isDisposed) {
-                if (!this.isInnerDisposed) {
-                    this.isInnerDisposed = true;
-                    this.disposable.count--;
-                    if (this.disposable.count === 0 && this.disposable.isPrimaryDisposed) {
-                        this.disposable.isDisposed = true;
-                        this.disposable.underlyingDisposable.dispose();
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        };
+    RefCountDisposable.prototype.dispose = function () {
+      if (!this.isDisposed && !this.isPrimaryDisposed) {
+        this.isPrimaryDisposed = true;
+        if (this.count === 0) {
+          this.isDisposed = true;
+          this.underlyingDisposable.dispose();
+        }
+      }
+    };
 
-        /**
-         * Initializes a new instance of the RefCountDisposable with the specified disposable.
-         * @constructor
-         * @param {Disposable} disposable Underlying disposable.
-          */
-        function RefCountDisposable(disposable) {
-            this.underlyingDisposable = disposable;
-            this.isDisposed = false;
-            this.isPrimaryDisposed = false;
-            this.count = 0;
-        }
-
-        /**
-         * Disposes the underlying disposable only when all dependent disposables have been disposed
-         */
-        RefCountDisposable.prototype.dispose = function () {
-            if (!this.isDisposed) {
-                if (!this.isPrimaryDisposed) {
-                    this.isPrimaryDisposed = true;
-                    if (this.count === 0) {
-                        this.isDisposed = true;
-                        this.underlyingDisposable.dispose();
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        };
+    /**
+     * Returns a dependent disposable that when disposed decreases the refcount on the underlying disposable.
+     * @returns {Disposable} A dependent disposable contributing to the reference count that manages the underlying disposable's lifetime.
+     */
+    RefCountDisposable.prototype.getDisposable = function () {
+      return this.isDisposed ? disposableEmpty : new InnerDisposable(this);
+    };
 
-        /**
-         * Returns a dependent disposable that when disposed decreases the refcount on the underlying disposable.
-         * @returns {Disposable} A dependent disposable contributing to the reference count that manages the underlying disposable's lifetime.
-         */
-        RefCountDisposable.prototype.getDisposable = function () {
-            return this.isDisposed ? disposableEmpty : new InnerDisposable(this);
-        };
+    return RefCountDisposable;
+  })();
 
-        return RefCountDisposable;
-    })();
+  function ScheduledDisposable(scheduler, disposable) {
+    this.scheduler = scheduler;
+    this.disposable = disposable;
+    this.isDisposed = false;
+  }
 
-    function ScheduledDisposable(scheduler, disposable) {
-        this.scheduler = scheduler;
-        this.disposable = disposable;
-        this.isDisposed = false;
+  function scheduleItem(s, self) {
+    if (!self.isDisposed) {
+      self.isDisposed = true;
+      self.disposable.dispose();
     }
+  }
 
-    ScheduledDisposable.prototype.dispose = function () {
-        var parent = this;
-        this.scheduler.schedule(function () {
-            if (!parent.isDisposed) {
-                parent.isDisposed = true;
-                parent.disposable.dispose();
-            }
-        });
-    };
+  ScheduledDisposable.prototype.dispose = function () {
+    this.scheduler.scheduleWithState(this, scheduleItem);
+  };
 
   var ScheduledItem = Rx.internals.ScheduledItem = function (scheduler, state, action, dueTime, comparer) {
     this.scheduler = scheduler;
@@ -1130,7 +1192,7 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
       recursiveAction = function (state1) {
         action(state1, function (state2, dueTime1) {
           var isAdded = false, isDone = false,
-          d = scheduler[method].call(scheduler, state2, dueTime1, function (scheduler1, state3) {
+          d = scheduler[method](state2, dueTime1, function (scheduler1, state3) {
             if (isAdded) {
               group.remove(d);
             } else {
@@ -1298,18 +1360,9 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
   var immediateScheduler = Scheduler.immediate = (function () {
 
     function scheduleNow(state, action) { return action(this, state); }
+    function notSupported() { throw new Error('Not supported'); }
 
-    function scheduleRelative(state, dueTime, action) {
-      var dt = normalizeTime(dueTime);
-      while (dt - this.now() > 0) { }
-      return action(this, state);
-    }
-
-    function scheduleAbsolute(state, dueTime, action) {
-      return this.scheduleWithRelativeAndState(state, dueTime - this.now(), action);
-    }
-
-    return new Scheduler(defaultNow, scheduleNow, scheduleRelative, scheduleAbsolute);
+    return new Scheduler(defaultNow, scheduleNow, notSupported, notSupported);
   }());
 
   /**
@@ -1319,27 +1372,16 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
     var queue;
 
     function runTrampoline (q) {
-      var item;
       while (q.length > 0) {
-        item = q.dequeue();
+        var item = q.dequeue();
         if (!item.isCancelled()) {
-          // Note, do not schedule blocking work!
-          while (item.dueTime - Scheduler.now() > 0) {
-          }
-          if (!item.isCancelled()) {
-            item.invoke();
-          }
+          !item.isCancelled() && item.invoke();
         }
       }
     }
 
     function scheduleNow(state, action) {
-      return this.scheduleWithRelativeAndState(state, 0, action);
-    }
-
-    function scheduleRelative(state, dueTime, action) {
-      var dt = this.now() + Scheduler.normalize(dueTime),
-          si = new ScheduledItem(this, state, action, dt);
+      var si = new ScheduledItem(this, state, action, this.now());
 
       if (!queue) {
         queue = new PriorityQueue(4);
@@ -1357,11 +1399,9 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
       return si.disposable;
     }
 
-    function scheduleAbsolute(state, dueTime, action) {
-      return this.scheduleWithRelativeAndState(state, dueTime - this.now(), action);
-    }
+    function notSupported() { throw new Error('Not supported'); }
 
-    var currentScheduler = new Scheduler(defaultNow, scheduleNow, scheduleRelative, scheduleAbsolute);
+    var currentScheduler = new Scheduler(defaultNow, scheduleNow, notSupported, notSupported);
 
     currentScheduler.scheduleRequired = function () { return !queue; };
     currentScheduler.ensureTrampoline = function (action) {
@@ -1728,31 +1768,20 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
 
   Enumerable.prototype.concat = function () {
     var sources = this;
-    return new AnonymousObservable(function (observer) {
-      var e;
-      try {
-        e = sources[$iterator$]();
-      } catch (err) {
-        observer.onError(err);
-        return;
-      }
+    return new AnonymousObservable(function (o) {
+      var e = sources[$iterator$]();
 
-      var isDisposed,
-        subscription = new SerialDisposable();
+      var isDisposed, subscription = new SerialDisposable();
       var cancelable = immediateScheduler.scheduleRecursive(function (self) {
-        var currentItem;
         if (isDisposed) { return; }
-
         try {
-          currentItem = e.next();
+          var currentItem = e.next();
         } catch (ex) {
-          observer.onError(ex);
-          return;
+          return o.onError(ex);
         }
 
         if (currentItem.done) {
-          observer.onCompleted();
-          return;
+          return o.onCompleted();
         }
 
         // Check if promise
@@ -1762,9 +1791,9 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
         var d = new SingleAssignmentDisposable();
         subscription.setDisposable(d);
         d.setDisposable(currentValue.subscribe(
-          observer.onNext.bind(observer),
-          observer.onError.bind(observer),
-          function () { self(); })
+          function(x) { o.onNext(x); },
+          function(err) { o.onError(err); },
+          self)
         );
       });
 
@@ -1776,14 +1805,55 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
 
   Enumerable.prototype.catchError = function () {
     var sources = this;
-    return new AnonymousObservable(function (observer) {
-      var e;
-      try {
-        e = sources[$iterator$]();
-      } catch (err) {
-        observer.onError(err);
-        return;
-      }
+    return new AnonymousObservable(function (o) {
+      var e = sources[$iterator$]();
+
+      var isDisposed, subscription = new SerialDisposable();
+      var cancelable = immediateScheduler.scheduleRecursiveWithState(null, function (lastException, self) {
+        if (isDisposed) { return; }
+
+        try {
+          var currentItem = e.next();
+        } catch (ex) {
+          return observer.onError(ex);
+        }
+
+        if (currentItem.done) {
+          if (lastException !== null) {
+            o.onError(lastException);
+          } else {
+            o.onCompleted();
+          }
+          return;
+        }
+
+        // Check if promise
+        var currentValue = currentItem.value;
+        isPromise(currentValue) && (currentValue = observableFromPromise(currentValue));
+
+        var d = new SingleAssignmentDisposable();
+        subscription.setDisposable(d);
+        d.setDisposable(currentValue.subscribe(
+          function(x) { o.onNext(x); },
+          self,
+          function() { o.onCompleted(); }));
+      });
+      return new CompositeDisposable(subscription, cancelable, disposableCreate(function () {
+        isDisposed = true;
+      }));
+    });
+  };
+
+
+  Enumerable.prototype.catchErrorWhen = function (notificationHandler) {
+    var sources = this;
+    return new AnonymousObservable(function (o) {
+      var exceptions = new Subject(),
+        notifier = new Subject(),
+        handled = notificationHandler(exceptions),
+        notificationDisposable = handled.subscribe(notifier);
+
+      var e = sources[$iterator$]();
 
       var isDisposed,
         lastException,
@@ -1791,19 +1861,17 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
       var cancelable = immediateScheduler.scheduleRecursive(function (self) {
         if (isDisposed) { return; }
 
-        var currentItem;
         try {
-          currentItem = e.next();
+          var currentItem = e.next();
         } catch (ex) {
-          observer.onError(ex);
-          return;
+          return o.onError(ex);
         }
 
         if (currentItem.done) {
           if (lastException) {
-            observer.onError(lastException);
+            o.onError(lastException);
           } else {
-            observer.onCompleted();
+            o.onCompleted();
           }
           return;
         }
@@ -1812,17 +1880,24 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
         var currentValue = currentItem.value;
         isPromise(currentValue) && (currentValue = observableFromPromise(currentValue));
 
-        var d = new SingleAssignmentDisposable();
-        subscription.setDisposable(d);
-        d.setDisposable(currentValue.subscribe(
-          observer.onNext.bind(observer),
+        var outer = new SingleAssignmentDisposable();
+        var inner = new SingleAssignmentDisposable();
+        subscription.setDisposable(new CompositeDisposable(inner, outer));
+        outer.setDisposable(currentValue.subscribe(
+          function(x) { o.onNext(x); },
           function (exn) {
-            lastException = exn;
-            self();
+            inner.setDisposable(notifier.subscribe(self, function(ex) {
+              o.onError(ex);
+            }, function() {
+              o.onCompleted();
+            }));
+
+            exceptions.onNext(exn);
           },
-          observer.onCompleted.bind(observer)));
+          function() { o.onCompleted(); }));
       });
-      return new CompositeDisposable(subscription, cancelable, disposableCreate(function () {
+
+      return new CompositeDisposable(notificationDisposable, subscription, cancelable, disposableCreate(function () {
         isDisposed = true;
       }));
     });
@@ -1841,13 +1916,15 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
   };
 
   var enumerableOf = Enumerable.of = function (source, selector, thisArg) {
-    selector || (selector = identity);
+    if (selector) {
+      var selectorFn = bindCallback(selector, thisArg, 3);
+    }
     return new Enumerable(function () {
       var index = -1;
       return new Enumerator(
         function () {
           return ++index < source.length ?
-            { done: false, value: selector.call(thisArg, source[index], index, source) } :
+            { done: false, value: !selector ? source[index] : selectorFn(source[index], index, source) } :
             doneEnumerator;
         });
     });
@@ -1923,6 +2000,10 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
     return new ObserveOnObserver(scheduler, this);
   };
 
+  Observer.prototype.makeSafe = function(disposable) {
+    return new AnonymousSafeObserver(this._onNext, this._onError, this._onCompleted, disposable);
+  };
+
   /**
    * Abstract base class for implementations of the Observer class.
    * This base class enforces the grammar of observers where OnError and OnCompleted are terminal messages.
@@ -1938,6 +2019,15 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
       __super__.call(this);
     }
 
+    function notImplemented() {
+      throw new Error('Method not implemented');
+    }
+
+    // Must be implemented by other observers
+    AbstractObserver.prototype.next = notImplemented;
+    AbstractObserver.prototype.error = notImplemented;
+    AbstractObserver.prototype.completed = notImplemented;
+
     /**
      * Notifies the observer of a new element in the sequence.
      * @param {Any} value Next element in the sequence.
@@ -2204,7 +2294,7 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
             oldOnError(err);
           };
 
-          return subscribe(observer);
+          return subscribe.call(self, observer);
         };
       } else {
         this._subscribe = subscribe;
@@ -2233,7 +2323,7 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
      * @returns {Disposable} A disposable handling the subscriptions and unsubscriptions.
      */
     observableProto.subscribeOnNext = function (onNext, thisArg) {
-      return this._subscribe(observerCreate(arguments.length === 2 ? function(x) { onNext.call(thisArg, x); } : onNext));
+      return this._subscribe(observerCreate(typeof thisArg !== 'undefined' ? function(x) { onNext.call(thisArg, x); } : onNext));
     };
 
     /**
@@ -2243,7 +2333,7 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
      * @returns {Disposable} A disposable handling the subscriptions and unsubscriptions.
      */
     observableProto.subscribeOnError = function (onError, thisArg) {
-      return this._subscribe(observerCreate(null, arguments.length === 2 ? function(e) { onError.call(thisArg, e); } : onError));
+      return this._subscribe(observerCreate(null, typeof thisArg !== 'undefined' ? function(e) { onError.call(thisArg, e); } : onError));
     };
 
     /**
@@ -2253,12 +2343,58 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
      * @returns {Disposable} A disposable handling the subscriptions and unsubscriptions.
      */
     observableProto.subscribeOnCompleted = function (onCompleted, thisArg) {
-      return this._subscribe(observerCreate(null, null, arguments.length === 2 ? function() { onCompleted.call(thisArg); } : onCompleted));
+      return this._subscribe(observerCreate(null, null, typeof thisArg !== 'undefined' ? function() { onCompleted.call(thisArg); } : onCompleted));
     };
 
     return Observable;
   })();
 
+  var ObservableBase = Rx.ObservableBase = (function (__super__) {
+
+  inherits(ObservableBase, __super__);
+
+  // Fix subscriber to check for undefined or function returned to decorate as Disposable
+  function fixSubscriber(subscriber) {
+    if (subscriber && typeof subscriber.dispose === 'function') { return subscriber; }
+
+      return typeof subscriber === 'function' ?
+        disposableCreate(subscriber) :
+        disposableEmpty;
+    }
+
+    function setDisposable(s, state) {
+      var ado = state[0], self = state[1];
+      try {
+        ado.setDisposable(fixSubscriber(self.subscribeCore(ado)));
+      } catch (e) {
+        if (!ado.fail(e)) { throw e; }
+      }
+    }
+
+    function subscribe(observer) {
+      var ado = new AutoDetachObserver(observer), state = [ado, this];
+
+      if (currentThreadScheduler.scheduleRequired()) {
+        currentThreadScheduler.scheduleWithState(state, setDisposable);
+      } else {
+        setDisposable(null, state);
+      }
+
+      return ado;
+    }
+
+    function ObservableBase() {
+      __super__.call(this, subscribe);
+    }
+
+    ObservableBase.prototype.subscribeCore = function(observer) {
+      throw new Error('Not implemeneted');
+    }
+
+    return ObservableBase;
+
+  }(Observable));
+
    /**
    *  Wraps the source sequence in order to run its observer callbacks on the specified scheduler.
    *
@@ -2344,22 +2480,56 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
     });
   };
 
+  var ToArrayObservable = (function(__super__) {
+    inherits(ToArrayObservable, __super__);
+    function ToArrayObservable(source) {
+      this.source = source;
+      __super__.call(this);
+    }
+
+    ToArrayObservable.prototype.subscribeCore = function(observer) {
+      return this.source.subscribe(new ToArrayObserver(observer));
+    };
+
+    return ToArrayObservable;
+  }(ObservableBase));
+
+  function ToArrayObserver(observer) {
+    this.observer = observer;
+    this.a = [];
+    this.isStopped = false;
+  }
+  ToArrayObserver.prototype.onNext = function (x) { if(!this.isStopped) { this.a.push(x); } };
+  ToArrayObserver.prototype.onError = function (e) {
+    if (!this.isStopped) {
+      this.isStopped = true;
+      this.observer.onError(e);
+    }
+  };
+  ToArrayObserver.prototype.onCompleted = function () {
+    if (!this.isStopped) {
+      this.isStopped = true;
+      this.observer.onNext(this.a);
+      this.observer.onCompleted();
+    }
+  };
+  ToArrayObserver.prototype.dispose = function () { this.isStopped = true; }
+  ToArrayObserver.prototype.fail = function (e) {
+    if (!this.isStopped) {
+      this.isStopped = true;
+      this.observer.onError(e);
+      return true;
+    }
+
+    return false;
+  };
+
   /**
-   * Creates an array from an observable sequence.
-   * @returns {Observable} An observable sequence containing a single element with a list containing all the elements of the source sequence.
-   */
+  * Creates an array from an observable sequence.
+  * @returns {Observable} An observable sequence containing a single element with a list containing all the elements of the source sequence.
+  */
   observableProto.toArray = function () {
-    var source = this;
-    return new AnonymousObservable(function(observer) {
-      var arr = [];
-      return source.subscribe(
-        arr.push.bind(arr),
-        observer.onError.bind(observer),
-        function () {
-          observer.onNext(arr);
-          observer.onCompleted();
-        });
-    }, source);
+    return new ToArrayObservable(this);
   };
 
   /**
@@ -2414,13 +2584,72 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
     });
   };
 
-  var maxSafeInteger = Math.pow(2, 53) - 1;
+  var FromObservable = (function(__super__) {
+    inherits(FromObservable, __super__);
+    function FromObservable(iterable, mapper, scheduler) {
+      this.iterable = iterable;
+      this.mapper = mapper;
+      this.scheduler = scheduler;
+      __super__.call(this);
+    }
 
-  function StringIterable(str) {
-    this._s = s;
-  }
+    FromObservable.prototype.subscribeCore = function (observer) {
+      var sink = new FromSink(observer, this);
+      return sink.run();
+    };
 
-  StringIterable.prototype[$iterator$] = function () {
+    return FromObservable;
+  }(ObservableBase));
+
+  var FromSink = (function () {
+    function FromSink(observer, parent) {
+      this.observer = observer;
+      this.parent = parent;
+    }
+
+    FromSink.prototype.run = function () {
+      var list = Object(this.parent.iterable),
+          it = getIterable(list),
+          observer = this.observer,
+          mapper = this.parent.mapper;
+
+      function loopRecursive(i, recurse) {
+        try {
+          var next = it.next();
+        } catch (e) {
+          return observer.onError(e);
+        }
+        if (next.done) {
+          return observer.onCompleted();
+        }
+
+        var result = next.value;
+
+        if (mapper) {
+          try {
+            result = mapper(result, i);
+          } catch (e) {
+            return observer.onError(e);
+          }
+        }
+
+        observer.onNext(result);
+        recurse(i + 1);
+      }
+
+      return this.parent.scheduler.scheduleRecursiveWithState(0, loopRecursive);
+    };
+
+    return FromSink;
+  }());
+
+  var maxSafeInteger = Math.pow(2, 53) - 1;
+
+  function StringIterable(str) {
+    this._s = s;
+  }
+
+  StringIterable.prototype[$iterator$] = function () {
     return new StringIterator(this._s);
   };
 
@@ -2435,12 +2664,7 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
   };
 
   StringIterator.prototype.next = function () {
-    if (this._i < this._l) {
-      var val = this._s.charAt(this._i++);
-      return { done: false, value: val };
-    } else {
-      return doneEnumerator;
-    }
+    return this._i < this._l ? { done: false, value: this._s.charAt(this._i++) } : doneEnumerator;
   };
 
   function ArrayIterable(a) {
@@ -2462,12 +2686,7 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
   };
 
   ArrayIterator.prototype.next = function () {
-    if (this._i < this._l) {
-      var val = this._a[this._i++];
-      return { done: false, value: val };
-    } else {
-      return doneEnumerator;
-    }
+    return this._i < this._l ? { done: false, value: this._a[this._i++] } : doneEnumerator;
   };
 
   function numberIsFinite(value) {
@@ -2510,12 +2729,12 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
   }
 
   /**
-   * This method creates a new Observable sequence from an array-like or iterable object.
-   * @param {Any} arrayLike An array-like or iterable object to convert to an Observable sequence.
-   * @param {Function} [mapFn] Map function to call on every element of the array.
-   * @param {Any} [thisArg] The context to use calling the mapFn if provided.
-   * @param {Scheduler} [scheduler] Optional scheduler to use for scheduling.  If not provided, defaults to Scheduler.currentThread.
-   */
+  * This method creates a new Observable sequence from an array-like or iterable object.
+  * @param {Any} arrayLike An array-like or iterable object to convert to an Observable sequence.
+  * @param {Function} [mapFn] Map function to call on every element of the array.
+  * @param {Any} [thisArg] The context to use calling the mapFn if provided.
+  * @param {Scheduler} [scheduler] Optional scheduler to use for scheduling.  If not provided, defaults to Scheduler.currentThread.
+  */
   var observableFrom = Observable.from = function (iterable, mapFn, thisArg, scheduler) {
     if (iterable == null) {
       throw new Error('iterable cannot be null.')
@@ -2523,61 +2742,56 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
     if (mapFn && !isFunction(mapFn)) {
       throw new Error('mapFn when provided must be a function');
     }
+    if (mapFn) {
+      var mapper = bindCallback(mapFn, thisArg, 2);
+    }
     isScheduler(scheduler) || (scheduler = currentThreadScheduler);
-    var list = Object(iterable), it = getIterable(list);
-    return new AnonymousObservable(function (observer) {
-      var i = 0;
-      return scheduler.scheduleRecursive(function (self) {
-        var next;
-        try {
-          next = it.next();
-        } catch (e) {
-          observer.onError(e);
-          return;
-        }
-        if (next.done) {
-          observer.onCompleted();
-          return;
-        }
+    return new FromObservable(iterable, mapper, scheduler);
+  }
 
-        var result = next.value;
+  var FromArrayObservable = (function(__super__) {
+    inherits(FromArrayObservable, __super__);
+    function FromArrayObservable(args, scheduler) {
+      this.args = args;
+      this.scheduler = scheduler || currentThreadScheduler;
+      __super__.call(this);
+    }
 
-        if (mapFn && isFunction(mapFn)) {
-          try {
-            result = mapFn.call(thisArg, result, i);
-          } catch (e) {
-            observer.onError(e);
-            return;
-          }
-        }
+    FromArrayObservable.prototype.subscribeCore = function (observer) {
+      var sink = new FromArraySink(observer, this);
+      return sink.run();
+    };
 
-        observer.onNext(result);
-        i++;
-        self();
-      });
-    });
+    return FromArrayObservable;
+  }(ObservableBase));
+
+  function FromArraySink(observer, parent) {
+    this.observer = observer;
+    this.parent = parent;
+  }
+
+  FromArraySink.prototype.run = function () {
+    var observer = this.observer, args = this.parent.args, len = args.length;
+    function loopRecursive(i, recurse) {
+      if (i < len) {
+        observer.onNext(args[i]);
+        recurse(i + 1);
+      } else {
+        observer.onCompleted();
+      }
+    }
+
+    return this.parent.scheduler.scheduleRecursiveWithState(0, loopRecursive);
   };
 
   /**
-   *  Converts an array to an observable sequence, using an optional scheduler to enumerate the array.
-   * @deprecated use Observable.from or Observable.of
-   * @param {Scheduler} [scheduler] Scheduler to run the enumeration of the input sequence on.
-   * @returns {Observable} The observable sequence whose elements are pulled from the given enumerable sequence.
-   */
+  *  Converts an array to an observable sequence, using an optional scheduler to enumerate the array.
+  * @deprecated use Observable.from or Observable.of
+  * @param {Scheduler} [scheduler] Scheduler to run the enumeration of the input sequence on.
+  * @returns {Observable} The observable sequence whose elements are pulled from the given enumerable sequence.
+  */
   var observableFromArray = Observable.fromArray = function (array, scheduler) {
-    deprecate('fromArray', 'from');
-    isScheduler(scheduler) || (scheduler = currentThreadScheduler);
-    return new AnonymousObservable(function (observer) {
-      var count = 0, len = array.length;
-      return scheduler.scheduleRecursive(function (self) {
-        if (count < len) {
-          observer.onNext(array[count++]);
-          self();
-        } else {
-          observer.onCompleted();
-        }
-      });
-    });
+    return new FromArrayObservable(array, scheduler)
   };
 
   /**
@@ -2624,35 +2838,28 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
   };
 
   function observableOf (scheduler, array) {
-    isScheduler(scheduler) || (scheduler = currentThreadScheduler);
-    return new AnonymousObservable(function (observer) {
-      var count = 0, len = array.length;
-      return scheduler.scheduleRecursive(function (self) {
-        if (count < len) {
-          observer.onNext(array[count++]);
-          self();
-        } else {
-          observer.onCompleted();
-        }
-      });
-    });
+    return new FromArrayObservable(array, scheduler);
   }
 
   /**
-   *  This method creates a new Observable instance with a variable number of arguments, regardless of number or type of the arguments.
-   * @returns {Observable} The observable sequence whose elements are pulled from the given arguments.
-   */
+  *  This method creates a new Observable instance with a variable number of arguments, regardless of number or type of the arguments.
+  * @returns {Observable} The observable sequence whose elements are pulled from the given arguments.
+  */
   Observable.of = function () {
-    return observableOf(null, arguments);
+    var len = arguments.length, args = new Array(len);
+    for(var i = 0; i < len; i++) { args[i] = arguments[i]; }
+    return new FromArrayObservable(args);
   };
 
   /**
-   *  This method creates a new Observable instance with a variable number of arguments, regardless of number or type of the arguments.
-   * @param {Scheduler} scheduler A scheduler to use for scheduling the arguments.
-   * @returns {Observable} The observable sequence whose elements are pulled from the given arguments.
-   */
+  *  This method creates a new Observable instance with a variable number of arguments, regardless of number or type of the arguments.
+  * @param {Scheduler} scheduler A scheduler to use for scheduling the arguments.
+  * @returns {Observable} The observable sequence whose elements are pulled from the given arguments.
+  */
   Observable.ofWithScheduler = function (scheduler) {
-    return observableOf(scheduler, slice.call(arguments, 1));
+    var len = arguments.length, args = new Array(len - 1);
+    for(var i = 1; i < len; i++) { args[i - 1] = arguments[i]; }
+    return new FromArrayObservable(args, scheduler);
   };
 
   /**
@@ -2666,23 +2873,20 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
   };
 
   /**
-   *  Generates an observable sequence of integral numbers within a specified range, using the specified scheduler to send out observer messages.
-   *
-   * @example
-   *  var res = Rx.Observable.range(0, 10);
-   *  var res = Rx.Observable.range(0, 10, Rx.Scheduler.timeout);
-   * @param {Number} start The value of the first integer in the sequence.
-   * @param {Number} count The number of sequential integers to generate.
-   * @param {Scheduler} [scheduler] Scheduler to run the generator loop on. If not specified, defaults to Scheduler.currentThread.
-   * @returns {Observable} An observable sequence that contains a range of sequential integral numbers.
+   * Convert an object into an observable sequence of [key, value] pairs.
+   * @param {Object} obj The object to inspect.
+   * @param {Scheduler} [scheduler] Scheduler to run the enumeration of the input sequence on.
+   * @returns {Observable} An observable sequence of [key, value] pairs from the object.
    */
-  Observable.range = function (start, count, scheduler) {
-    isScheduler(scheduler) || (scheduler = currentThreadScheduler);
+  Observable.pairs = function (obj, scheduler) {
+    scheduler || (scheduler = Rx.Scheduler.currentThread);
     return new AnonymousObservable(function (observer) {
-      return scheduler.scheduleRecursiveWithState(0, function (i, self) {
-        if (i < count) {
-          observer.onNext(start + i);
-          self(i + 1);
+      var keys = Object.keys(obj), len = keys.length;
+      return scheduler.scheduleRecursiveWithState(0, function (idx, self) {
+        if (idx < len) {
+          var key = keys[idx];
+          observer.onNext([key, obj[key]]);
+          self(idx + 1);
         } else {
           observer.onCompleted();
         }
@@ -2690,6 +2894,58 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
     });
   };
 
+    var RangeObservable = (function(__super__) {
+    inherits(RangeObservable, __super__);
+    function RangeObservable(start, count, scheduler) {
+      this.start = start;
+      this.count = count;
+      this.scheduler = scheduler;
+      __super__.call(this);
+    }
+
+    RangeObservable.prototype.subscribeCore = function (observer) {
+      var sink = new RangeSink(observer, this);
+      return sink.run();
+    };
+
+    return RangeObservable;
+  }(ObservableBase));
+
+  var RangeSink = (function () {
+    function RangeSink(observer, parent) {
+      this.observer = observer;
+      this.parent = parent;
+    }
+
+    RangeSink.prototype.run = function () {
+      var start = this.parent.start, count = this.parent.count, observer = this.observer;
+      function loopRecursive(i, recurse) {
+        if (i < count) {
+          observer.onNext(start + i);
+          recurse(i + 1);
+        } else {
+          observer.onCompleted();
+        }
+      }
+
+      return this.parent.scheduler.scheduleRecursiveWithState(0, loopRecursive);
+    };
+
+    return RangeSink;
+  }());
+
+  /**
+  *  Generates an observable sequence of integral numbers within a specified range, using the specified scheduler to send out observer messages.
+  * @param {Number} start The value of the first integer in the sequence.
+  * @param {Number} count The number of sequential integers to generate.
+  * @param {Scheduler} [scheduler] Scheduler to run the generator loop on. If not specified, defaults to Scheduler.currentThread.
+  * @returns {Observable} An observable sequence that contains a range of sequential integral numbers.
+  */
+  Observable.range = function (start, count, scheduler) {
+    isScheduler(scheduler) || (scheduler = currentThreadScheduler);
+    return new RangeObservable(start, count, scheduler);
+  };
+
   /**
    *  Generates an observable sequence that repeats the given element the specified number of times, using the specified scheduler to send out observer messages.
    *
@@ -2711,10 +2967,6 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
   /**
    *  Returns an observable sequence that contains a single element, using the specified scheduler to send out observer messages.
    *  There is an alias called 'just', and 'returnValue' for browsers <IE9.
-   *
-   * @example
-   *  var res = Rx.Observable.return(42);
-   *  var res = Rx.Observable.return(42, Rx.Scheduler.timeout);
    * @param {Mixed} value Single element in the resulting observable sequence.
    * @param {Scheduler} scheduler Scheduler to send the single element on. If not specified, defaults to Scheduler.immediate.
    * @returns {Observable} An observable sequence containing the single specified element.
@@ -2731,26 +2983,32 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
 
   /** @deprecated use return or just */
   Observable.returnValue = function () {
-    deprecate('returnValue', 'return or just');
+    //deprecate('returnValue', 'return or just');
     return observableReturn.apply(null, arguments);
   };
 
   /**
    *  Returns an observable sequence that terminates with an exception, using the specified scheduler to send out the single onError message.
    *  There is an alias to this method called 'throwError' for browsers <IE9.
-   * @param {Mixed} exception An object used for the sequence's termination.
+   * @param {Mixed} error An object used for the sequence's termination.
    * @param {Scheduler} scheduler Scheduler to send the exceptional termination call on. If not specified, defaults to Scheduler.immediate.
    * @returns {Observable} The observable sequence that terminates exceptionally with the specified exception object.
    */
-  var observableThrow = Observable['throw'] = Observable.throwException = Observable.throwError = function (exception, scheduler) {
+  var observableThrow = Observable['throw'] = Observable.throwError = function (error, scheduler) {
     isScheduler(scheduler) || (scheduler = immediateScheduler);
     return new AnonymousObservable(function (observer) {
       return scheduler.schedule(function () {
-        observer.onError(exception);
+        observer.onError(error);
       });
     });
   };
 
+  /** @deprecated use #some instead */
+  Observable.throwException = function () {
+    //deprecate('throwException', 'throwError');
+    return Observable.throwError.apply(null, arguments);
+  };
+
   /**
    * Constructs an observable sequence that depends on a resource object, whose lifetime is tied to the resulting observable sequence's lifetime.
    * @param {Function} resourceFactory Factory function to obtain a resource object.
@@ -2846,8 +3104,13 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
    * @returns {Observable} An observable sequence that surfaces any of the given sequences, whichever reacted first.
    */
   Observable.amb = function () {
-    var acc = observableNever(),
-      items = argsOrArray(arguments, 0);
+    var acc = observableNever(), items = [];
+    if (Array.isArray(arguments[0])) {
+      items = arguments[0];
+    } else {
+      for(var i = 0, len = arguments.length; i < len; i++) { items.push(arguments[i]); }
+    }
+
     function func(previous, current) {
       return previous.amb(current);
     }
@@ -2858,23 +3121,21 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
   };
 
   function observableCatchHandler(source, handler) {
-    return new AnonymousObservable(function (observer) {
+    return new AnonymousObservable(function (o) {
       var d1 = new SingleAssignmentDisposable(), subscription = new SerialDisposable();
       subscription.setDisposable(d1);
-      d1.setDisposable(source.subscribe(observer.onNext.bind(observer), function (exception) {
-        var d, result;
+      d1.setDisposable(source.subscribe(function (x) { o.onNext(x); }, function (e) {
         try {
-          result = handler(exception);
+          var result = handler(e);
         } catch (ex) {
-          observer.onError(ex);
-          return;
+          return o.onError(ex);
         }
         isPromise(result) && (result = observableFromPromise(result));
 
-        d = new SingleAssignmentDisposable();
+        var d = new SingleAssignmentDisposable();
         subscription.setDisposable(d);
-        d.setDisposable(result.subscribe(observer));
-      }, observer.onCompleted.bind(observer)));
+        d.setDisposable(result.subscribe(o));
+      }, function (x) { o.onCompleted(x); }));
 
       return subscription;
     }, source);
@@ -2888,35 +3149,25 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
    * @param {Mixed} handlerOrSecond Exception handler function that returns an observable sequence given the error that occurred in the first sequence, or a second observable sequence used to produce results when an error occurred in the first sequence.
    * @returns {Observable} An observable sequence containing the first sequence's elements, followed by the elements of the handler sequence in case an exception occurred.
    */
-  observableProto['catch'] = observableProto.catchError = function (handlerOrSecond) {
+  observableProto['catch'] = observableProto.catchError = observableProto.catchException = function (handlerOrSecond) {
     return typeof handlerOrSecond === 'function' ?
       observableCatchHandler(this, handlerOrSecond) :
       observableCatch([this, handlerOrSecond]);
   };
 
-  /**
-   * @deprecated use #catch or #catchError instead.
-   */
-  observableProto.catchException = function (handlerOrSecond) {
-    deprecate('catchException', 'catch or catchError');
-    return this.catchError(handlerOrSecond);
-  };
-
   /**
    * Continues an observable sequence that is terminated by an exception with the next observable sequence.
    * @param {Array | Arguments} args Arguments or an array to use as the next sequence if an error occurs.
    * @returns {Observable} An observable sequence containing elements from consecutive source sequences until a source sequence terminates successfully.
    */
-  var observableCatch = Observable.catchError = Observable['catch'] = function () {
-    return enumerableOf(argsOrArray(arguments, 0)).catchError();
-  };
-
-  /**
-   * @deprecated use #catch or #catchError instead.
-   */
-  Observable.catchException = function () {
-    deprecate('catchException', 'catch or catchError');
-    return observableCatch.apply(null, arguments);
+  var observableCatch = Observable.catchError = Observable['catch'] = Observable.catchException = function () {
+    var items = [];
+    if (Array.isArray(arguments[0])) {
+      items = arguments[0];
+    } else {
+      for(var i = 0, len = arguments.length; i < len; i++) { items.push(arguments[i]); }
+    }
+    return enumerableOf(items).catchError();
   };
 
   /**
@@ -2929,7 +3180,8 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
    * @returns {Observable} An observable sequence containing the result of combining elements of the sources using the specified result selector function.
    */
   observableProto.combineLatest = function () {
-    var args = slice.call(arguments);
+    var len = arguments.length, args = new Array(len);
+    for(var i = 0; i < len; i++) { args[i] = arguments[i]; }
     if (Array.isArray(args[0])) {
       args[0].unshift(this);
     } else {
@@ -2947,54 +3199,51 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
    * @returns {Observable} An observable sequence containing the result of combining elements of the sources using the specified result selector function.
    */
   var combineLatest = Observable.combineLatest = function () {
-    var args = slice.call(arguments), resultSelector = args.pop();
+    var len = arguments.length, args = new Array(len);
+    for(var i = 0; i < len; i++) { args[i] = arguments[i]; }
+    var resultSelector = args.pop();
+    len--;
+    Array.isArray(args[0]) && (args = args[0]);
 
-    if (Array.isArray(args[0])) {
-      args = args[0];
-    }
-
-    return new AnonymousObservable(function (observer) {
+    return new AnonymousObservable(function (o) {
       var falseFactory = function () { return false; },
-        n = args.length,
-        hasValue = arrayInitialize(n, falseFactory),
+        hasValue = arrayInitialize(len, falseFactory),
         hasValueAll = false,
-        isDone = arrayInitialize(n, falseFactory),
-        values = new Array(n);
+        isDone = arrayInitialize(len, falseFactory),
+        values = new Array(len);
 
       function next(i) {
-        var res;
         hasValue[i] = true;
         if (hasValueAll || (hasValueAll = hasValue.every(identity))) {
           try {
-            res = resultSelector.apply(null, values);
+            var res = resultSelector.apply(null, values);
           } catch (ex) {
-            observer.onError(ex);
+            o.onError(ex);
             return;
           }
-          observer.onNext(res);
+          o.onNext(res);
         } else if (isDone.filter(function (x, j) { return j !== i; }).every(identity)) {
-          observer.onCompleted();
+          o.onCompleted();
         }
       }
 
       function done (i) {
         isDone[i] = true;
-        if (isDone.every(identity)) {
-          observer.onCompleted();
-        }
+        isDone.every(identity) && o.onCompleted();
       }
 
-      var subscriptions = new Array(n);
-      for (var idx = 0; idx < n; idx++) {
+      var subscriptions = new Array(len);
+      for (var idx = 0; idx < len; idx++) {
         (function (i) {
           var source = args[i], sad = new SingleAssignmentDisposable();
           isPromise(source) && (source = observableFromPromise(source));
           sad.setDisposable(source.subscribe(function (x) {
-            values[i] = x;
-            next(i);
-          }, observer.onError.bind(observer), function () {
-            done(i);
-          }));
+              values[i] = x;
+              next(i);
+            },
+            function(e) { o.onError(e); },
+            function () { done(i); }
+          ));
           subscriptions[i] = sad;
         }(idx));
       }
@@ -3003,19 +3252,15 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
     }, this);
   };
 
-    /**
-     * Concatenates all the observable sequences.  This takes in either an array or variable arguments to concatenate.
-     *
-     * @example
-     * 1 - concatenated = xs.concat(ys, zs);
-     * 2 - concatenated = xs.concat([ys, zs]);
-     * @returns {Observable} An observable sequence that contains the elements of each given sequence, in sequential order.
-     */
-    observableProto.concat = function () {
-        var items = slice.call(arguments, 0);
-        items.unshift(this);
-        return observableConcat.apply(this, items);
-    };
+  /**
+   * Concatenates all the observable sequences.  This takes in either an array or variable arguments to concatenate.
+   * @returns {Observable} An observable sequence that contains the elements of each given sequence, in sequential order.
+   */
+  observableProto.concat = function () {
+    for(var args = [], i = 0, len = arguments.length; i < len; i++) { args.push(arguments[i]); }
+    args.unshift(this);
+    return observableConcat.apply(null, args);
+  };
 
   /**
    * Concatenates all the observable sequences.
@@ -3023,20 +3268,21 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
    * @returns {Observable} An observable sequence that contains the elements of each given sequence, in sequential order.
    */
   var observableConcat = Observable.concat = function () {
-    return enumerableOf(argsOrArray(arguments, 0)).concat();
+    var args;
+    if (Array.isArray(arguments[0])) {
+      args = arguments[0];
+    } else {
+      args = new Array(arguments.length);
+      for(var i = 0, len = arguments.length; i < len; i++) { args[i] = arguments[i]; }
+    }
+    return enumerableOf(args).concat();
   };
 
   /**
    * Concatenates an observable sequence of observable sequences.
    * @returns {Observable} An observable sequence that contains the elements of each observed inner sequence, in sequential order.
    */
-  observableProto.concatAll = function () {
-    return this.merge(1);
-  };
-
-  /** @deprecated Use `concatAll` instead. */
-  observableProto.concatObservable = function () {
-    deprecate('concatObservable', 'concatAll');
+  observableProto.concatAll = observableProto.concatObservable = function () {
     return this.merge(1);
   };
 
@@ -3053,7 +3299,7 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
   observableProto.merge = function (maxConcurrentOrOther) {
     if (typeof maxConcurrentOrOther !== 'number') { return observableMerge(this, maxConcurrentOrOther); }
     var sources = this;
-    return new AnonymousObservable(function (observer) {
+    return new AnonymousObservable(function (o) {
       var activeCount = 0, group = new CompositeDisposable(), isStopped = false, q = [];
 
       function subscribe(xs) {
@@ -3063,13 +3309,13 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
         // Check for promises support
         isPromise(xs) && (xs = observableFromPromise(xs));
 
-        subscription.setDisposable(xs.subscribe(observer.onNext.bind(observer), observer.onError.bind(observer), function () {
+        subscription.setDisposable(xs.subscribe(function (x) { o.onNext(x); }, function (e) { o.onError(e); }, function () {
           group.remove(subscription);
           if (q.length > 0) {
             subscribe(q.shift());
           } else {
             activeCount--;
-            isStopped && activeCount === 0 && observer.onCompleted();
+            isStopped && activeCount === 0 && o.onCompleted();
           }
         }));
       }
@@ -3080,9 +3326,9 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
         } else {
           q.push(innerSource);
         }
-      }, observer.onError.bind(observer), function () {
+      }, function (e) { o.onError(e); }, function () {
         isStopped = true;
-        activeCount === 0 && observer.onCompleted();
+        activeCount === 0 && o.onCompleted();
       }));
       return group;
     }, sources);
@@ -3094,16 +3340,16 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
    * @returns {Observable} The observable sequence that merges the elements of the observable sequences.
    */
   var observableMerge = Observable.merge = function () {
-    var scheduler, sources;
+    var scheduler, sources = [], i, len = arguments.length;
     if (!arguments[0]) {
       scheduler = immediateScheduler;
-      sources = slice.call(arguments, 1);
+      for(i = 1; i < len; i++) { sources.push(arguments[i]); }
     } else if (isScheduler(arguments[0])) {
       scheduler = arguments[0];
-      sources = slice.call(arguments, 1);
+      for(i = 1; i < len; i++) { sources.push(arguments[i]); }
     } else {
       scheduler = immediateScheduler;
-      sources = slice.call(arguments, 0);
+      for(i = 0; i < len; i++) { sources.push(arguments[i]); }
     }
     if (Array.isArray(sources[0])) {
       sources = sources[0];
@@ -3115,9 +3361,9 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
    * Merges an observable sequence of observable sequences into an observable sequence.
    * @returns {Observable} The observable sequence that merges the elements of the inner sequences.
    */
-  observableProto.mergeAll = function () {
+  observableProto.mergeAll = observableProto.mergeObservable = function () {
     var sources = this;
-    return new AnonymousObservable(function (observer) {
+    return new AnonymousObservable(function (o) {
       var group = new CompositeDisposable(),
         isStopped = false,
         m = new SingleAssignmentDisposable();
@@ -3130,26 +3376,18 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
         // Check for promises support
         isPromise(innerSource) && (innerSource = observableFromPromise(innerSource));
 
-        innerSubscription.setDisposable(innerSource.subscribe(observer.onNext.bind(observer), observer.onError.bind(observer), function () {
+        innerSubscription.setDisposable(innerSource.subscribe(function (x) { o.onNext(x); }, function (e) { o.onError(e); }, function () {
           group.remove(innerSubscription);
-          isStopped && group.length === 1 && observer.onCompleted();
+          isStopped && group.length === 1 && o.onCompleted();
         }));
-      }, observer.onError.bind(observer), function () {
+      }, function (e) { o.onError(e); }, function () {
         isStopped = true;
-        group.length === 1 && observer.onCompleted();
+        group.length === 1 && o.onCompleted();
       }));
       return group;
     }, sources);
   };
 
-  /**
-   * @deprecated use #mergeAll instead.
-   */
-  observableProto.mergeObservable = function () {
-    deprecate('mergeObservable', 'mergeAll');
-    return this.mergeAll.apply(this, arguments);
-  };
-
   /**
    * Continues an observable sequence that is terminated normally or by an exception with the next observable sequence.
    * @param {Observable} second Second observable sequence used to produce results after the first sequence terminates.
@@ -3169,7 +3407,12 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
    * @returns {Observable} An observable sequence that concatenates the source sequences, even if a sequence terminates exceptionally.
    */
   var onErrorResumeNext = Observable.onErrorResumeNext = function () {
-    var sources = argsOrArray(arguments, 0);
+    var sources = [];
+    if (Array.isArray(arguments[0])) {
+      sources = arguments[0];
+    } else {
+      for(var i = 0, len = arguments.length; i < len; i++) { sources.push(arguments[i]); }
+    }
     return new AnonymousObservable(function (observer) {
       var pos = 0, subscription = new SerialDisposable(),
       cancelable = immediateScheduler.scheduleRecursive(function (self) {
@@ -3195,12 +3438,12 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
    */
   observableProto.skipUntil = function (other) {
     var source = this;
-    return new AnonymousObservable(function (observer) {
+    return new AnonymousObservable(function (o) {
       var isOpen = false;
       var disposables = new CompositeDisposable(source.subscribe(function (left) {
-        isOpen && observer.onNext(left);
-      }, observer.onError.bind(observer), function () {
-        isOpen && observer.onCompleted();
+        isOpen && o.onNext(left);
+      }, function (e) { o.onError(e); }, function () {
+        isOpen && o.onCompleted();
       }));
 
       isPromise(other) && (other = observableFromPromise(other));
@@ -3210,7 +3453,7 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
       rightSubscription.setDisposable(other.subscribe(function () {
         isOpen = true;
         rightSubscription.dispose();
-      }, observer.onError.bind(observer), function () {
+      }, function (e) { o.onError(e); }, function () {
         rightSubscription.dispose();
       }));
 
@@ -3248,7 +3491,7 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
                 }
               }));
           },
-          observer.onError.bind(observer),
+          function (e) { observer.onError(e); },
           function () {
             isStopped = true;
             !hasLatest && observer.onCompleted();
@@ -3264,15 +3507,79 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
    */
   observableProto.takeUntil = function (other) {
     var source = this;
-    return new AnonymousObservable(function (observer) {
+    return new AnonymousObservable(function (o) {
       isPromise(other) && (other = observableFromPromise(other));
       return new CompositeDisposable(
-        source.subscribe(observer),
-        other.subscribe(observer.onCompleted.bind(observer), observer.onError.bind(observer), noop)
+        source.subscribe(o),
+        other.subscribe(function () { o.onCompleted(); }, function (e) { o.onError(e); }, noop)
       );
     }, source);
   };
 
+  /**
+   * Merges the specified observable sequences into one observable sequence by using the selector function only when the (first) source observable sequence produces an element.
+   *
+   * @example
+   * 1 - obs = obs1.withLatestFrom(obs2, obs3, function (o1, o2, o3) { return o1 + o2 + o3; });
+   * 2 - obs = obs1.withLatestFrom([obs2, obs3], function (o1, o2, o3) { return o1 + o2 + o3; });
+   * @returns {Observable} An observable sequence containing the result of combining elements of the sources using the specified result selector function.
+   */
+  observableProto.withLatestFrom = function () {
+    for(var args = [], i = 0, len = arguments.length; i < len; i++) { args.push(arguments[i]); }
+    var resultSelector = args.pop(), source = this;
+
+    if (typeof source === 'undefined') {
+      throw new Error('Source observable not found for withLatestFrom().');
+    }
+    if (typeof resultSelector !== 'function') {
+      throw new Error('withLatestFrom() expects a resultSelector function.');
+    }
+    if (Array.isArray(args[0])) {
+      args = args[0];
+    }
+
+    return new AnonymousObservable(function (observer) {
+      var falseFactory = function () { return false; },
+        n = args.length,
+        hasValue = arrayInitialize(n, falseFactory),
+        hasValueAll = false,
+        values = new Array(n);
+
+      var subscriptions = new Array(n + 1);
+      for (var idx = 0; idx < n; idx++) {
+        (function (i) {
+          var other = args[i], sad = new SingleAssignmentDisposable();
+          isPromise(other) && (other = observableFromPromise(other));
+          sad.setDisposable(other.subscribe(function (x) {
+            values[i] = x;
+            hasValue[i] = true;
+            hasValueAll = hasValue.every(identity);
+          }, observer.onError.bind(observer), function () {}));
+          subscriptions[i] = sad;
+        }(idx));
+      }
+
+      var sad = new SingleAssignmentDisposable();
+      sad.setDisposable(source.subscribe(function (x) {
+        var res;
+        var allValues = [x].concat(values);
+        if (!hasValueAll) return;
+        try {
+          res = resultSelector.apply(null, allValues);
+        } catch (ex) {
+          observer.onError(ex);
+          return;
+        }
+        observer.onNext(res);
+      }, observer.onError.bind(observer), function () {
+        observer.onCompleted();
+      }));
+      subscriptions[n] = sad;
+
+      return new CompositeDisposable(subscriptions);
+    }, this);
+  };
+
   function zipArray(second, resultSelector) {
     var first = this;
     return new AnonymousObservable(function (observer) {
@@ -3283,36 +3590,39 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
           try {
             result = resultSelector(left, right);
           } catch (e) {
-            observer.onError(e);
-            return;
+            return observer.onError(e);
           }
           observer.onNext(result);
         } else {
           observer.onCompleted();
         }
-      }, observer.onError.bind(observer), observer.onCompleted.bind(observer));
+      }, function (e) { observer.onError(e); }, function () { observer.onCompleted(); });
     }, first);
   }
 
+  function falseFactory() { return false; }
+  function emptyArrayFactory() { return []; }
+
   /**
    * Merges the specified observable sequences into one observable sequence by using the selector function whenever all of the observable sequences or an array have produced an element at a corresponding index.
-   * The last element in the arguments must be a function to invoke for each series of elements at corresponding indexes in the sources.
+   * The last element in the arguments must be a function to invoke for each series of elements at corresponding indexes in the args.
    *
    * @example
    * 1 - res = obs1.zip(obs2, fn);
    * 1 - res = x1.zip([1,2,3], fn);
-   * @returns {Observable} An observable sequence containing the result of combining elements of the sources using the specified result selector function.
+   * @returns {Observable} An observable sequence containing the result of combining elements of the args using the specified result selector function.
    */
   observableProto.zip = function () {
-    if (Array.isArray(arguments[0])) {
-      return zipArray.apply(this, arguments);
-    }
-    var parent = this, sources = slice.call(arguments), resultSelector = sources.pop();
-    sources.unshift(parent);
+    if (Array.isArray(arguments[0])) { return zipArray.apply(this, arguments); }
+    var len = arguments.length, args = new Array(len);
+    for(var i = 0; i < len; i++) { args[i] = arguments[i]; }
+
+    var parent = this, resultSelector = args.pop();
+    args.unshift(parent);
     return new AnonymousObservable(function (observer) {
-      var n = sources.length,
-        queues = arrayInitialize(n, function () { return []; }),
-        isDone = arrayInitialize(n, function () { return false; });
+      var n = args.length,
+        queues = arrayInitialize(n, emptyArrayFactory),
+        isDone = arrayInitialize(n, falseFactory);
 
       function next(i) {
         var res, queuedValues;
@@ -3340,12 +3650,12 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
       var subscriptions = new Array(n);
       for (var idx = 0; idx < n; idx++) {
         (function (i) {
-          var source = sources[i], sad = new SingleAssignmentDisposable();
+          var source = args[i], sad = new SingleAssignmentDisposable();
           isPromise(source) && (source = observableFromPromise(source));
           sad.setDisposable(source.subscribe(function (x) {
             queues[i].push(x);
             next(i);
-          }, observer.onError.bind(observer), function () {
+          }, function (e) { observer.onError(e); }, function () {
             done(i);
           }));
           subscriptions[i] = sad;
@@ -3363,7 +3673,9 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
    * @returns {Observable} An observable sequence containing the result of combining elements of the sources using the specified result selector function.
    */
   Observable.zip = function () {
-    var args = slice.call(arguments, 0), first = args.shift();
+    var len = arguments.length, args = new Array(len);
+    for(var i = 0; i < len; i++) { args[i] = arguments[i]; }
+    var first = args.shift();
     return first.zip.apply(first, args);
   };
 
@@ -3373,7 +3685,14 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
    * @returns {Observable} An observable sequence containing lists of elements at corresponding indexes.
    */
   Observable.zipArray = function () {
-    var sources = argsOrArray(arguments, 0);
+    var sources;
+    if (Array.isArray(arguments[0])) {
+      sources = arguments[0];
+    } else {
+      var len = arguments.length;
+      sources = new Array(len);
+      for(var i = 0; i < len; i++) { sources[i] = arguments[i]; }
+    }
     return new AnonymousObservable(function (observer) {
       var n = sources.length,
         queues = arrayInitialize(n, function () { return []; }),
@@ -3404,17 +3723,13 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
           subscriptions[i].setDisposable(sources[i].subscribe(function (x) {
             queues[i].push(x);
             next(i);
-          }, observer.onError.bind(observer), function () {
+          }, function (e) { observer.onError(e); }, function () {
             done(i);
           }));
         })(idx);
       }
 
-      var compositeDisposable = new CompositeDisposable(subscriptions);
-      compositeDisposable.add(disposableCreate(function () {
-        for (var qIdx = 0, qLen = queues.length; qIdx < qLen; qIdx++) { queues[qIdx] = []; }
-      }));
-      return compositeDisposable;
+      return new CompositeDisposable(subscriptions);
     });
   };
 
@@ -3423,7 +3738,8 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
    * @returns {Observable} An observable sequence that hides the identity of the source sequence.
    */
   observableProto.asObservable = function () {
-    return new AnonymousObservable(this.subscribe.bind(this), this);
+    var source = this;
+    return new AnonymousObservable(function (o) { return source.subscribe(o); }, this);
   };
 
   /**
@@ -3453,8 +3769,8 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
    */
   observableProto.dematerialize = function () {
     var source = this;
-    return new AnonymousObservable(function (observer) {
-      return source.subscribe(function (x) { return x.accept(observer); }, observer.onError.bind(observer), observer.onCompleted.bind(observer));
+    return new AnonymousObservable(function (o) {
+      return source.subscribe(function (x) { return x.accept(o); }, function(e) { o.onError(e); }, function () { o.onCompleted(); });
     }, this);
   };
 
@@ -3471,32 +3787,33 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
    */
   observableProto.distinctUntilChanged = function (keySelector, comparer) {
     var source = this;
-    keySelector || (keySelector = identity);
     comparer || (comparer = defaultComparer);
-    return new AnonymousObservable(function (observer) {
+    return new AnonymousObservable(function (o) {
       var hasCurrentKey = false, currentKey;
       return source.subscribe(function (value) {
-          var comparerEquals = false, key;
+        var key = value;
+        if (keySelector) {
           try {
             key = keySelector(value);
           } catch (e) {
-            observer.onError(e);
+            o.onError(e);
             return;
           }
-          if (hasCurrentKey) {
-            try {
-              comparerEquals = comparer(currentKey, key);
-            } catch (e) {
-              observer.onError(e);
-              return;
-            }
-          }
-          if (!hasCurrentKey || !comparerEquals) {
-            hasCurrentKey = true;
-            currentKey = key;
-            observer.onNext(value);
+        }
+        if (hasCurrentKey) {
+          try {
+            var comparerEquals = comparer(currentKey, key);
+          } catch (e) {
+            o.onError(e);
+            return;
           }
-      }, observer.onError.bind(observer), observer.onCompleted.bind(observer));
+        }
+        if (!hasCurrentKey || !comparerEquals) {
+          hasCurrentKey = true;
+          currentKey = key;
+          o.onNext(value);
+        }
+      }, function (e) { o.onError(e); }, function () { o.onCompleted(); });
     }, this);
   };
 
@@ -3508,51 +3825,36 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
    * @param {Function} [onCompleted]  Action to invoke upon graceful termination of the observable sequence. Used if only the observerOrOnNext parameter is also a function.
    * @returns {Observable} The source sequence with the side-effecting behavior applied.
    */
-  observableProto['do'] = observableProto.tap = function (observerOrOnNext, onError, onCompleted) {
-    var source = this, onNextFunc;
-    if (typeof observerOrOnNext === 'function') {
-      onNextFunc = observerOrOnNext;
-    } else {
-      onNextFunc = observerOrOnNext.onNext.bind(observerOrOnNext);
-      onError = observerOrOnNext.onError.bind(observerOrOnNext);
-      onCompleted = observerOrOnNext.onCompleted.bind(observerOrOnNext);
-    }
+  observableProto['do'] = observableProto.tap = observableProto.doAction = function (observerOrOnNext, onError, onCompleted) {
+    var source = this, tapObserver = typeof observerOrOnNext === 'function' || typeof observerOrOnNext === 'undefined'?
+      observerCreate(observerOrOnNext || noop, onError || noop, onCompleted || noop) :
+      observerOrOnNext;
     return new AnonymousObservable(function (observer) {
       return source.subscribe(function (x) {
         try {
-          onNextFunc(x);
+          tapObserver.onNext(x);
         } catch (e) {
           observer.onError(e);
         }
         observer.onNext(x);
       }, function (err) {
-        if (onError) {
           try {
-            onError(err);
+            tapObserver.onError(err);
           } catch (e) {
             observer.onError(e);
           }
-        }
         observer.onError(err);
       }, function () {
-        if (onCompleted) {
-          try {
-            onCompleted();
-          } catch (e) {
-            observer.onError(e);
-          }
+        try {
+          tapObserver.onCompleted();
+        } catch (e) {
+          observer.onError(e);
         }
         observer.onCompleted();
       });
     }, this);
   };
 
-  /** @deprecated use #do or #tap instead. */
-  observableProto.doAction = function () {
-    deprecate('doAction', 'do or tap');
-    return this.tap.apply(this, arguments);
-  };
-
   /**
    *  Invokes an action for each element in the observable sequence.
    *  This method can be used for debugging, logging, etc. of query behavior by intercepting the message stream to run arbitrary actions for messages on the pipeline.
@@ -3561,7 +3863,7 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
    * @returns {Observable} The source sequence with the side-effecting behavior applied.
    */
   observableProto.doOnNext = observableProto.tapOnNext = function (onNext, thisArg) {
-    return this.tap(arguments.length === 2 ? function (x) { onNext.call(thisArg, x); } : onNext);
+    return this.tap(typeof thisArg !== 'undefined' ? function (x) { onNext.call(thisArg, x); } : onNext);
   };
 
   /**
@@ -3572,7 +3874,7 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
    * @returns {Observable} The source sequence with the side-effecting behavior applied.
    */
   observableProto.doOnError = observableProto.tapOnError = function (onError, thisArg) {
-    return this.tap(noop, arguments.length === 2 ? function (e) { onError.call(thisArg, e); } : onError);
+    return this.tap(noop, typeof thisArg !== 'undefined' ? function (e) { onError.call(thisArg, e); } : onError);
   };
 
   /**
@@ -3583,7 +3885,7 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
    * @returns {Observable} The source sequence with the side-effecting behavior applied.
    */
   observableProto.doOnCompleted = observableProto.tapOnCompleted = function (onCompleted, thisArg) {
-    return this.tap(noop, null, arguments.length === 2 ? function () { onCompleted.call(thisArg); } : onCompleted);
+    return this.tap(noop, null, typeof thisArg !== 'undefined' ? function () { onCompleted.call(thisArg); } : onCompleted);
   };
 
   /**
@@ -3617,7 +3919,7 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
    * @deprecated use #finally or #ensure instead.
    */
   observableProto.finallyAction = function (action) {
-    deprecate('finallyAction', 'finally or ensure');
+    //deprecate('finallyAction', 'finally or ensure');
     return this.ensure(action);
   };
 
@@ -3627,8 +3929,8 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
    */
   observableProto.ignoreElements = function () {
     var source = this;
-    return new AnonymousObservable(function (observer) {
-      return source.subscribe(noop, observer.onError.bind(observer), observer.onCompleted.bind(observer));
+    return new AnonymousObservable(function (o) {
+      return source.subscribe(noop, function (e) { o.onError(e); }, function () { o.onCompleted(); });
     }, source);
   };
 
@@ -3674,6 +3976,19 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
     return enumerableRepeat(this, retryCount).catchError();
   };
 
+  /**
+   *  Repeats the source observable sequence upon error each time the notifier emits or until it successfully terminates. 
+   *  if the notifier completes, the observable sequence completes.
+   *
+   * @example
+   *  var timer = Observable.timer(500);
+   *  var source = observable.retryWhen(timer);
+   * @param {Observable} [notifier] An observable that triggers the retries or completes the observable with onNext or onCompleted respectively.
+   * @returns {Observable} An observable sequence producing the elements of the given sequence repeatedly until it terminates successfully.
+   */
+  observableProto.retryWhen = function (notifier) {
+    return enumerableRepeat(this).catchErrorWhen(notifier);
+  };
   /**
    *  Applies an accumulator function over an observable sequence and returns each intermediate result. The optional seed value is used as the initial accumulator value.
    *  For aggregation behavior with no intermediate results, see Observable.aggregate.
@@ -3693,7 +4008,7 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
     } else {
       accumulator = arguments[0];
     }
-    return new AnonymousObservable(function (observer) {
+    return new AnonymousObservable(function (o) {
       var hasAccumulation, accumulation, hasValue;
       return source.subscribe (
         function (x) {
@@ -3706,16 +4021,16 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
               hasAccumulation = true;
             }
           } catch (e) {
-            observer.onError(e);
+            o.onError(e);
             return;
           }
 
-          observer.onNext(accumulation);
+          o.onNext(accumulation);
         },
-        observer.onError.bind(observer),
+        function (e) { o.onError(e); },
         function () {
-          !hasValue && hasSeed && observer.onNext(seed);
-          observer.onCompleted();
+          !hasValue && hasSeed && o.onNext(seed);
+          o.onCompleted();
         }
       );
     }, source);
@@ -3731,12 +4046,12 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
    */
   observableProto.skipLast = function (count) {
     var source = this;
-    return new AnonymousObservable(function (observer) {
+    return new AnonymousObservable(function (o) {
       var q = [];
       return source.subscribe(function (x) {
         q.push(x);
-        q.length > count && observer.onNext(q.shift());
-      }, observer.onError.bind(observer), observer.onCompleted.bind(observer));
+        q.length > count && o.onNext(q.shift());
+      }, function (e) { o.onError(e); }, function () { o.onCompleted(); });
     }, source);
   };
 
@@ -3756,8 +4071,8 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
     } else {
       scheduler = immediateScheduler;
     }
-    values = slice.call(arguments, start);
-    return enumerableOf([observableFromArray(values, scheduler), this]).concat();
+    for(var args = [], i = start, len = arguments.length; i < len; i++) { args.push(arguments[i]); }
+    return enumerableOf([observableFromArray(args, scheduler), this]).concat();
   };
 
   /**
@@ -3770,14 +4085,14 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
    */
   observableProto.takeLast = function (count) {
     var source = this;
-    return new AnonymousObservable(function (observer) {
+    return new AnonymousObservable(function (o) {
       var q = [];
       return source.subscribe(function (x) {
         q.push(x);
         q.length > count && q.shift();
-      }, observer.onError.bind(observer), function () {
-        while (q.length > 0) { observer.onNext(q.shift()); }
-        observer.onCompleted();
+      }, function (e) { o.onError(e); }, function () {
+        while (q.length > 0) { o.onNext(q.shift()); }
+        o.onCompleted();
       });
     }, source);
   };
@@ -3793,14 +4108,14 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
    */
   observableProto.takeLastBuffer = function (count) {
     var source = this;
-    return new AnonymousObservable(function (observer) {
+    return new AnonymousObservable(function (o) {
       var q = [];
       return source.subscribe(function (x) {
         q.push(x);
         q.length > count && q.shift();
-      }, observer.onError.bind(observer), function () {
-        observer.onNext(q);
-        observer.onCompleted();
+      }, function (e) { o.onError(e); }, function () {
+        o.onNext(q);
+        o.onCompleted();
       });
     }, source);
   };
@@ -3859,8 +4174,9 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
   };
 
   function concatMap(source, selector, thisArg) {
+    var selectorFunc = bindCallback(selector, thisArg, 3);
     return source.map(function (x, i) {
-      var result = selector.call(thisArg, x, i, source);
+      var result = selectorFunc(x, i, source);
       isPromise(result) && (result = observableFromPromise(result));
       (isArrayLike(result) || isIterable(result)) && (result = observableFrom(result));
       return result;
@@ -3912,15 +4228,17 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
    * @returns {Observable} An observable sequence whose elements are the result of invoking the one-to-many transform function corresponding to each notification in the input sequence.
    */
   observableProto.concatMapObserver = observableProto.selectConcatObserver = function(onNext, onError, onCompleted, thisArg) {
-    var source = this;
+    var source = this,
+        onNextFunc = bindCallback(onNext, thisArg, 2),
+        onErrorFunc = bindCallback(onError, thisArg, 1),
+        onCompletedFunc = bindCallback(onCompleted, thisArg, 0);
     return new AnonymousObservable(function (observer) {
       var index = 0;
-
       return source.subscribe(
         function (x) {
           var result;
           try {
-            result = onNext.call(thisArg, x, index++);
+            result = onNextFunc(x, index++);
           } catch (e) {
             observer.onError(e);
             return;
@@ -3931,7 +4249,7 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
         function (err) {
           var result;
           try {
-            result = onError.call(thisArg, err);
+            result = onErrorFunc(err);
           } catch (e) {
             observer.onError(e);
             return;
@@ -3943,7 +4261,7 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
         function () {
           var result;
           try {
-            result = onCompleted.call(thisArg);
+            result = onCompletedFunc();
           } catch (e) {
             observer.onError(e);
             return;
@@ -3973,11 +4291,13 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
         return source.subscribe(function (x) {
           found = true;
           observer.onNext(x);
-        }, observer.onError.bind(observer), function () {
+        },
+        function (e) { observer.onError(e); }, 
+        function () {
           !found && observer.onNext(defaultValue);
           observer.onCompleted();
         });
-      }, this);
+      }, source);
     };
 
   // Swap out for Array.findIndex
@@ -4013,7 +4333,7 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
   observableProto.distinct = function (keySelector, comparer) {
     var source = this;
     comparer || (comparer = defaultComparer);
-    return new AnonymousObservable(function (observer) {
+    return new AnonymousObservable(function (o) {
       var hashSet = new HashSet(comparer);
       return source.subscribe(function (x) {
         var key = x;
@@ -4022,14 +4342,13 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
           try {
             key = keySelector(x);
           } catch (e) {
-            observer.onError(e);
+            o.onError(e);
             return;
           }
         }
-        hashSet.push(key) && observer.onNext(x);
+        hashSet.push(key) && o.onNext(x);
       },
-      observer.onError.bind(observer),
-      observer.onCompleted.bind(observer));
+      function (e) { o.onError(e); }, function () { o.onCompleted(); });
     }, this);
   };
 
@@ -4143,46 +4462,106 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
         observer.onCompleted();
       }));
 
-      return refCountDisposable;
-    }, source);
+      return refCountDisposable;
+    }, source);
+  };
+
+  var MapObservable = (function (__super__) {
+    inherits(MapObservable, __super__);
+
+    function MapObservable(source, selector, thisArg) {
+      this.source = source;
+      this.selector = bindCallback(selector, thisArg, 3);
+      __super__.call(this);
+    }
+
+    MapObservable.prototype.internalMap = function (selector, thisArg) {
+      var self = this;
+      return new MapObservable(this.source, function (x, i, o) { return selector(self.selector(x, i, o), i, o); }, thisArg)
+    };
+
+    MapObservable.prototype.subscribeCore = function (observer) {
+      return this.source.subscribe(new MapObserver(observer, this.selector, this));
+    };
+
+    return MapObservable;
+
+  }(ObservableBase));
+
+  function MapObserver(observer, selector, source) {
+    this.observer = observer;
+    this.selector = selector;
+    this.source = source;
+    this.i = 0;
+    this.isStopped = false;
+  }
+
+  MapObserver.prototype.onNext = function(x) {
+    if (this.isStopped) { return; }
+    try {
+      var result = this.selector(x, this.i++, this.source);
+    } catch (e) {
+      return this.observer.onError(e);
+    }
+    this.observer.onNext(result);
+  };
+  MapObserver.prototype.onError = function (e) {
+    if(!this.isStopped) { this.isStopped = true; this.observer.onError(e); }
+  };
+  MapObserver.prototype.onCompleted = function () {
+    if(!this.isStopped) { this.isStopped = true; this.observer.onCompleted(); }
+  };
+  MapObserver.prototype.dispose = function() { this.isStopped = true; };
+  MapObserver.prototype.fail = function (e) {
+    if (!this.isStopped) {
+      this.isStopped = true;
+      this.observer.onError(e);
+      return true;
+    }
+
+    return false;
   };
 
   /**
-   * Projects each element of an observable sequence into a new form by incorporating the element's index.
-   * @param {Function} selector A transform function to apply to each source element; the second parameter of the function represents the index of the source element.
-   * @param {Any} [thisArg] Object to use as this when executing callback.
-   * @returns {Observable} An observable sequence whose elements are the result of invoking the transform function on each element of source.
-   */
-  observableProto.select = observableProto.map = function (selector, thisArg) {
-    var selectorFn = isFunction(selector) ? selector : function () { return selector; },
-        source = this;
-    return new AnonymousObservable(function (observer) {
-      var count = 0;
-      return source.subscribe(function (value) {
-        var result;
-        try {
-          result = selectorFn.call(thisArg, value, count++, source);
-        } catch (e) {
-          observer.onError(e);
-          return;
-        }
-        observer.onNext(result);
-      }, observer.onError.bind(observer), observer.onCompleted.bind(observer));
-    }, source);
+  * Projects each element of an observable sequence into a new form by incorporating the element's index.
+  * @param {Function} selector A transform function to apply to each source element; the second parameter of the function represents the index of the source element.
+  * @param {Any} [thisArg] Object to use as this when executing callback.
+  * @returns {Observable} An observable sequence whose elements are the result of invoking the transform function on each element of source.
+  */
+  observableProto.map = observableProto.select = function (selector, thisArg) {
+    var selectorFn = typeof selector === 'function' ? selector : function () { return selector; };
+    return this instanceof MapObservable ?
+      this.internalMap(selectorFn, thisArg) :
+      new MapObservable(this, selectorFn, thisArg);
   };
 
   /**
-   * Retrieves the value of a specified property from all elements in the Observable sequence.
-   * @param {String} prop The property to pluck.
+   * Retrieves the value of a specified nested property from all elements in
+   * the Observable sequence.
+   * @param {Arguments} arguments The nested properties to pluck.
    * @returns {Observable} Returns a new Observable sequence of property values.
    */
-  observableProto.pluck = function (prop) {
-    return this.map(function (x) { return x[prop]; });
+  observableProto.pluck = function () {
+    var args = arguments, len = arguments.length;
+    if (len === 0) { throw new Error('List of properties cannot be empty.'); }
+    return this.map(function (x) {
+      var currentProp = x;
+      for (var i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+        var p = currentProp[args[i]];
+        if (typeof p !== 'undefined') {
+          currentProp = p;
+        } else {
+          return undefined;
+        }
+      }
+      return currentProp;
+    });
   };
 
   function flatMap(source, selector, thisArg) {
+    var selectorFunc = bindCallback(selector, thisArg, 3);
     return source.map(function (x, i) {
-      var result = selector.call(thisArg, x, i, source);
+      var result = selectorFunc(x, i, source);
       isPromise(result) && (result = observableFromPromise(result));
       (isArrayLike(result) || isIterable(result)) && (result = observableFrom(result));
       return result;
@@ -4297,15 +4676,15 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
   observableProto.skip = function (count) {
     if (count < 0) { throw new Error(argumentOutOfRange); }
     var source = this;
-    return new AnonymousObservable(function (observer) {
+    return new AnonymousObservable(function (o) {
       var remaining = count;
       return source.subscribe(function (x) {
         if (remaining <= 0) {
-          observer.onNext(x);
+          o.onNext(x);
         } else {
           remaining--;
         }
-      }, observer.onError.bind(observer), observer.onCompleted.bind(observer));
+      }, function (e) { o.onError(e); }, function () { o.onCompleted(); });
     }, source);
   };
 
@@ -4320,20 +4699,21 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
    * @returns {Observable} An observable sequence that contains the elements from the input sequence starting at the first element in the linear series that does not pass the test specified by predicate.
    */
   observableProto.skipWhile = function (predicate, thisArg) {
-    var source = this;
-    return new AnonymousObservable(function (observer) {
+    var source = this,
+        callback = bindCallback(predicate, thisArg, 3);
+    return new AnonymousObservable(function (o) {
       var i = 0, running = false;
       return source.subscribe(function (x) {
         if (!running) {
           try {
-            running = !predicate.call(thisArg, x, i++, source);
+            running = !callback(x, i++, source);
           } catch (e) {
-            observer.onError(e);
+            o.onError(e);
             return;
           }
         }
-        running && observer.onNext(x);
-      }, observer.onError.bind(observer), observer.onCompleted.bind(observer));
+        running && o.onNext(x);
+      }, function (e) { o.onError(e); }, function () { o.onCompleted(); });
     }, source);
   };
 
@@ -4350,14 +4730,14 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
     if (count < 0) { throw new RangeError(argumentOutOfRange); }
     if (count === 0) { return observableEmpty(scheduler); }
     var source = this;
-    return new AnonymousObservable(function (observer) {
+    return new AnonymousObservable(function (o) {
       var remaining = count;
       return source.subscribe(function (x) {
         if (remaining-- > 0) {
-          observer.onNext(x);
-          remaining === 0 && observer.onCompleted();
+          o.onNext(x);
+          remaining === 0 && o.onCompleted();
         }
-      }, observer.onError.bind(observer), observer.onCompleted.bind(observer));
+      }, function (e) { o.onError(e); }, function () { o.onCompleted(); });
     }, source);
   };
 
@@ -4369,81 +4749,103 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
    * @returns {Observable} An observable sequence that contains the elements from the input sequence that occur before the element at which the test no longer passes.
    */
   observableProto.takeWhile = function (predicate, thisArg) {
-    var source = this;
-    return new AnonymousObservable(function (observer) {
+    var source = this,
+        callback = bindCallback(predicate, thisArg, 3);
+    return new AnonymousObservable(function (o) {
       var i = 0, running = true;
       return source.subscribe(function (x) {
         if (running) {
           try {
-            running = predicate.call(thisArg, x, i++, source);
+            running = callback(x, i++, source);
           } catch (e) {
-            observer.onError(e);
+            o.onError(e);
             return;
           }
           if (running) {
-            observer.onNext(x);
+            o.onNext(x);
           } else {
-            observer.onCompleted();
+            o.onCompleted();
           }
         }
-      }, observer.onError.bind(observer), observer.onCompleted.bind(observer));
+      }, function (e) { o.onError(e); }, function () { o.onCompleted(); });
     }, source);
   };
 
-  /**
-   *  Filters the elements of an observable sequence based on a predicate by incorporating the element's index.
-   *
-   * @example
-   *  var res = source.where(function (value) { return value < 10; });
-   *  var res = source.where(function (value, index) { return value < 10 || index < 10; });
-   * @param {Function} predicate A function to test each source element for a condition; the second parameter of the function represents the index of the source element.
-   * @param {Any} [thisArg] Object to use as this when executing callback.
-   * @returns {Observable} An observable sequence that contains elements from the input sequence that satisfy the condition.
-   */
-  observableProto.where = observableProto.filter = function (predicate, thisArg) {
-    var source = this;
-    return new AnonymousObservable(function (observer) {
-      var count = 0;
-      return source.subscribe(function (value) {
-        var shouldRun;
-        try {
-          shouldRun = predicate.call(thisArg, value, count++, source);
-        } catch (e) {
-          observer.onError(e);
-          return;
-        }
-        shouldRun && observer.onNext(value);
-      }, observer.onError.bind(observer), observer.onCompleted.bind(observer));
-    }, source);
+  var FilterObservable = (function (__super__) {
+    inherits(FilterObservable, __super__);
+
+    function FilterObservable(source, predicate, thisArg) {
+      this.source = source;
+      this.predicate = bindCallback(predicate, thisArg, 3);
+      __super__.call(this);
+    }
+
+    FilterObservable.prototype.subscribeCore = function (observer) {
+      return this.source.subscribe(new FilterObserver(observer, this.predicate, this));
+    };
+
+    FilterObservable.prototype.internalFilter = function(predicate, thisArg) {
+      var self = this;
+      return new FilterObservable(this.source, function(x, i, o) { return self.predicate(x, i, o) && predicate(x, i, o); }, thisArg);
+    };
+
+    return FilterObservable;
+
+  }(ObservableBase));
+
+  function FilterObserver(observer, predicate, source) {
+    this.observer = observer;
+    this.predicate = predicate;
+    this.source = source;
+    this.i = 0;
+    this.isStopped = false;
+  }
+
+  FilterObserver.prototype.onNext = function(x) {
+    if (this.isStopped) { return; }
+    try {
+      var shouldYield = this.predicate(x, this.i++, this.source);
+    } catch (e) {
+      return this.observer.onError(e);
+    }
+    shouldYield && this.observer.onNext(x);
+  };
+  FilterObserver.prototype.onError = function (e) {
+    if(!this.isStopped) { this.isStopped = true; this.observer.onError(e); }
+  };
+  FilterObserver.prototype.onCompleted = function () {
+    if(!this.isStopped) { this.isStopped = true; this.observer.onCompleted(); }
+  };
+  FilterObserver.prototype.dispose = function() { this.isStopped = true; };
+  FilterObserver.prototype.fail = function (e) {
+    if (!this.isStopped) {
+      this.isStopped = true;
+      this.observer.onError(e);
+      return true;
+    }
+    return false;
   };
 
-  observableProto.finalValue = function () {
-    var source = this;
-    return new AnonymousObservable(function (observer) {
-      var hasValue = false, value;
-      return source.subscribe(function (x) {
-        hasValue = true;
-        value = x;
-      }, observer.onError.bind(observer), function () {
-        if (!hasValue) {
-          observer.onError(new Error(sequenceContainsNoElements));
-        } else {
-          observer.onNext(value);
-          observer.onCompleted();
-        }
-      });
-    }, source);
+  /**
+  *  Filters the elements of an observable sequence based on a predicate by incorporating the element's index.
+  * @param {Function} predicate A function to test each source element for a condition; the second parameter of the function represents the index of the source element.
+  * @param {Any} [thisArg] Object to use as this when executing callback.
+  * @returns {Observable} An observable sequence that contains elements from the input sequence that satisfy the condition.
+  */
+  observableProto.filter = observableProto.where = function (predicate, thisArg) {
+    return this instanceof FilterObservable ? this.internalFilter(predicate, thisArg) :
+      new FilterObservable(this, predicate, thisArg);
   };
 
   function extremaBy(source, keySelector, comparer) {
-    return new AnonymousObservable(function (observer) {
+    return new AnonymousObservable(function (o) {
       var hasValue = false, lastKey = null, list = [];
       return source.subscribe(function (x) {
         var comparison, key;
         try {
           key = keySelector(x);
         } catch (ex) {
-          observer.onError(ex);
+          o.onError(ex);
           return;
         }
         comparison = 0;
@@ -4454,7 +4856,7 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
           try {
             comparison = comparer(key, lastKey);
           } catch (ex1) {
-            observer.onError(ex1);
+            o.onError(ex1);
             return;
           }
         }
@@ -4463,9 +4865,9 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
           list = [];
         }
         if (comparison >= 0) { list.push(x); }
-      }, observer.onError.bind(observer), function () {
-        observer.onNext(list);
-        observer.onCompleted();
+      }, function (e) { o.onError(e); }, function () {
+        o.onNext(list);
+        o.onCompleted();
       });
     }, source);
   }
@@ -4484,16 +4886,41 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
    * @returns {Observable} An observable sequence containing a single element with the final accumulator value.
    */
   observableProto.aggregate = function () {
-    deprecate('aggregate', 'reduce');
-    var seed, hasSeed, accumulator;
+    //deprecate('aggregate', 'reduce');
+    var hasSeed = false, accumulator, seed, source = this;
     if (arguments.length === 2) {
-      seed = arguments[0];
       hasSeed = true;
+      seed = arguments[0];
       accumulator = arguments[1];
     } else {
       accumulator = arguments[0];
     }
-    return hasSeed ? this.scan(seed, accumulator).startWith(seed).finalValue() : this.scan(accumulator).finalValue();
+    return new AnonymousObservable(function (o) {
+      var hasAccumulation, accumulation, hasValue;
+      return source.subscribe (
+        function (x) {
+          !hasValue && (hasValue = true);
+          try {
+            if (hasAccumulation) {
+              accumulation = accumulator(accumulation, x);
+            } else {
+              accumulation = hasSeed ? accumulator(seed, x) : x;
+              hasAccumulation = true;
+            }
+          } catch (e) {
+            o.onError(e);
+            return;
+          }
+        },
+        function (e) { o.onError(e); },
+        function () {
+          hasValue && o.onNext(accumulation);
+          !hasValue && hasSeed && o.onNext(seed);
+          !hasValue && !hasSeed && o.onError(new Error(sequenceContainsNoElements));
+          o.onCompleted();
+        }
+      );
+    }, source);
   };
 
   /**
@@ -4504,12 +4931,37 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
    * @returns {Observable} An observable sequence containing a single element with the final accumulator value.
    */
   observableProto.reduce = function (accumulator) {
-    var seed, hasSeed;
+    var hasSeed = false, seed, source = this;
     if (arguments.length === 2) {
       hasSeed = true;
       seed = arguments[1];
     }
-    return hasSeed ? this.scan(seed, accumulator).startWith(seed).finalValue() : this.scan(accumulator).finalValue();
+    return new AnonymousObservable(function (o) {
+      var hasAccumulation, accumulation, hasValue;
+      return source.subscribe (
+        function (x) {
+          !hasValue && (hasValue = true);
+          try {
+            if (hasAccumulation) {
+              accumulation = accumulator(accumulation, x);
+            } else {
+              accumulation = hasSeed ? accumulator(seed, x) : x;
+              hasAccumulation = true;
+            }
+          } catch (e) {
+            o.onError(e);
+            return;
+          }
+        },
+        function (e) { o.onError(e); },
+        function () {
+          hasValue && o.onNext(accumulation);
+          !hasValue && hasSeed && o.onNext(seed);
+          !hasValue && !hasSeed && o.onError(new Error(sequenceContainsNoElements));
+          o.onCompleted();
+        }
+      );
+    }, source);
   };
 
   /**
@@ -4525,7 +4977,7 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
         return source.subscribe(function () {
           observer.onNext(true);
           observer.onCompleted();
-        }, observer.onError.bind(observer), function () {
+        }, function (e) { observer.onError(e); }, function () {
           observer.onNext(false);
           observer.onCompleted();
         });
@@ -4534,7 +4986,7 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
 
   /** @deprecated use #some instead */
   observableProto.any = function () {
-    deprecate('any', 'some');
+    //deprecate('any', 'some');
     return this.some.apply(this, arguments);
   };
 
@@ -4558,60 +5010,65 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
 
   /** @deprecated use #every instead */
   observableProto.all = function () {
-    deprecate('all', 'every');
+    //deprecate('all', 'every');
     return this.every.apply(this, arguments);
   };
 
   /**
-   * Determines whether an observable sequence contains a specified element with an optional equality comparer.
+   * Determines whether an observable sequence includes a specified element with an optional equality comparer.
    * @param searchElement The value to locate in the source sequence.
    * @param {Number} [fromIndex] An equality comparer to compare elements.
-   * @returns {Observable} An observable sequence containing a single element determining whether the source sequence contains an element that has the specified value from the given index.
+   * @returns {Observable} An observable sequence containing a single element determining whether the source sequence includes an element that has the specified value from the given index.
    */
-  observableProto.contains = function (searchElement, fromIndex) {
+  observableProto.includes = function (searchElement, fromIndex) {
     var source = this;
     function comparer(a, b) {
       return (a === 0 && b === 0) || (a === b || (isNaN(a) && isNaN(b)));
     }
-    return new AnonymousObservable(function (observer) {
+    return new AnonymousObservable(function (o) {
       var i = 0, n = +fromIndex || 0;
       Math.abs(n) === Infinity && (n = 0);
       if (n < 0) {
-        observer.onNext(false);
-        observer.onCompleted();
+        o.onNext(false);
+        o.onCompleted();
         return disposableEmpty;
       }
       return source.subscribe(
         function (x) {
           if (i++ >= n && comparer(x, searchElement)) {
-            observer.onNext(true);
-            observer.onCompleted();
+            o.onNext(true);
+            o.onCompleted();
           }
         },
-        observer.onError.bind(observer),
+        function (e) { o.onError(e); },
         function () {
-          observer.onNext(false);
-          observer.onCompleted();
+          o.onNext(false);
+          o.onCompleted();
         });
     }, this);
   };
 
-    /**
-     * Returns an observable sequence containing a value that represents how many elements in the specified observable sequence satisfy a condition if provided, else the count of items.
-     * @example
-     * res = source.count();
-     * res = source.count(function (x) { return x > 3; });
-     * @param {Function} [predicate]A function to test each element for a condition.
-     * @param {Any} [thisArg] Object to use as this when executing callback.
-     * @returns {Observable} An observable sequence containing a single element with a number that represents how many elements in the input sequence satisfy the condition in the predicate function if provided, else the count of items in the sequence.
-     */
-    observableProto.count = function (predicate, thisArg) {
-        return predicate ?
-            this.where(predicate, thisArg).count() :
-            this.aggregate(0, function (count) {
-                return count + 1;
-            });
-    };
+  /**
+   * @deprecated use #includes instead.
+   */
+  observableProto.contains = function (searchElement, fromIndex) {
+    //deprecate('contains', 'includes');
+    observableProto.includes(searchElement, fromIndex);
+  };
+  /**
+   * Returns an observable sequence containing a value that represents how many elements in the specified observable sequence satisfy a condition if provided, else the count of items.
+   * @example
+   * res = source.count();
+   * res = source.count(function (x) { return x > 3; });
+   * @param {Function} [predicate]A function to test each element for a condition.
+   * @param {Any} [thisArg] Object to use as this when executing callback.
+   * @returns {Observable} An observable sequence containing a single element with a number that represents how many elements in the input sequence satisfy the condition in the predicate function if provided, else the count of items in the sequence.
+   */
+  observableProto.count = function (predicate, thisArg) {
+    return predicate ?
+      this.filter(predicate, thisArg).count() :
+      this.reduce(function (count) { return count + 1; }, 0);
+  };
 
   /**
    * Returns the first index at which a given element can be found in the observable sequence, or -1 if it is not present.
@@ -4621,26 +5078,26 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
    */
   observableProto.indexOf = function(searchElement, fromIndex) {
     var source = this;
-    return new AnonymousObservable(function (observer) {
+    return new AnonymousObservable(function (o) {
       var i = 0, n = +fromIndex || 0;
       Math.abs(n) === Infinity && (n = 0);
       if (n < 0) {
-        observer.onNext(-1);
-        observer.onCompleted();
+        o.onNext(-1);
+        o.onCompleted();
         return disposableEmpty;
       }
       return source.subscribe(
         function (x) {
           if (i >= n && x === searchElement) {
-            observer.onNext(i);
-            observer.onCompleted();
+            o.onNext(i);
+            o.onCompleted();
           }
           i++;
         },
-        observer.onError.bind(observer),
+        function (e) { o.onError(e); },
         function () {
-          observer.onNext(-1);
-          observer.onCompleted();
+          o.onNext(-1);
+          o.onCompleted();
         });
     }, source);
   };
@@ -4654,9 +5111,7 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
   observableProto.sum = function (keySelector, thisArg) {
     return keySelector && isFunction(keySelector) ?
       this.map(keySelector, thisArg).sum() :
-      this.reduce(function (prev, curr) {
-        return prev + curr;
-      }, 0);
+      this.reduce(function (prev, curr) { return prev + curr; }, 0);
   };
 
   /**
@@ -4719,16 +5174,14 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
    */
   observableProto.average = function (keySelector, thisArg) {
     return keySelector && isFunction(keySelector) ?
-      this.select(keySelector, thisArg).average() :
-      this.scan({sum: 0, count: 0 }, function (prev, cur) {
+      this.map(keySelector, thisArg).average() :
+      this.reduce(function (prev, cur) {
         return {
           sum: prev.sum + cur,
           count: prev.count + 1
         };
-      }).finalValue().map(function (s) {
-        if (s.count === 0) {
-          throw new Error('The input sequence was empty');
-        }
+      }, {sum: 0, count: 0 }).map(function (s) {
+        if (s.count === 0) { throw new Error(sequenceContainsNoElements); }
         return s.sum / s.count;
       });
   };
@@ -4748,7 +5201,7 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
   observableProto.sequenceEqual = function (second, comparer) {
     var first = this;
     comparer || (comparer = defaultComparer);
-    return new AnonymousObservable(function (observer) {
+    return new AnonymousObservable(function (o) {
       var donel = false, doner = false, ql = [], qr = [];
       var subscription1 = first.subscribe(function (x) {
         var equal, v;
@@ -4757,28 +5210,28 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
           try {
             equal = comparer(v, x);
           } catch (e) {
-            observer.onError(e);
+            o.onError(e);
             return;
           }
           if (!equal) {
-            observer.onNext(false);
-            observer.onCompleted();
+            o.onNext(false);
+            o.onCompleted();
           }
         } else if (doner) {
-          observer.onNext(false);
-          observer.onCompleted();
+          o.onNext(false);
+          o.onCompleted();
         } else {
           ql.push(x);
         }
-      }, observer.onError.bind(observer), function () {
+      }, function(e) { o.onError(e); }, function () {
         donel = true;
         if (ql.length === 0) {
           if (qr.length > 0) {
-            observer.onNext(false);
-            observer.onCompleted();
+            o.onNext(false);
+            o.onCompleted();
           } else if (doner) {
-            observer.onNext(true);
-            observer.onCompleted();
+            o.onNext(true);
+            o.onCompleted();
           }
         }
       });
@@ -4792,28 +5245,28 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
           try {
             equal = comparer(v, x);
           } catch (exception) {
-            observer.onError(exception);
+            o.onError(exception);
             return;
           }
           if (!equal) {
-            observer.onNext(false);
-            observer.onCompleted();
+            o.onNext(false);
+            o.onCompleted();
           }
         } else if (donel) {
-          observer.onNext(false);
-          observer.onCompleted();
+          o.onNext(false);
+          o.onCompleted();
         } else {
           qr.push(x);
         }
-      }, observer.onError.bind(observer), function () {
+      }, function(e) { o.onError(e); }, function () {
         doner = true;
         if (qr.length === 0) {
           if (ql.length > 0) {
-            observer.onNext(false);
-            observer.onCompleted();
+            o.onNext(false);
+            o.onCompleted();
           } else if (donel) {
-            observer.onNext(true);
-            observer.onCompleted();
+            o.onNext(true);
+            o.onCompleted();
           }
         }
       });
@@ -4823,19 +5276,19 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
 
   function elementAtOrDefault(source, index, hasDefault, defaultValue) {
     if (index < 0) { throw new Error(argumentOutOfRange); }
-    return new AnonymousObservable(function (observer) {
+    return new AnonymousObservable(function (o) {
       var i = index;
       return source.subscribe(function (x) {
         if (i-- === 0) {
-          observer.onNext(x);
-          observer.onCompleted();
+          o.onNext(x);
+          o.onCompleted();
         }
-      }, observer.onError.bind(observer), function () {
+      }, function (e) { o.onError(e); }, function () {
         if (!hasDefault) {
-          observer.onError(new Error(argumentOutOfRange));
+          o.onError(new Error(argumentOutOfRange));
         } else {
-          observer.onNext(defaultValue);
-          observer.onCompleted();
+          o.onNext(defaultValue);
+          o.onCompleted();
         }
       });
     }, source);
@@ -4866,21 +5319,21 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
   };
 
   function singleOrDefaultAsync(source, hasDefault, defaultValue) {
-    return new AnonymousObservable(function (observer) {
+    return new AnonymousObservable(function (o) {
       var value = defaultValue, seenValue = false;
       return source.subscribe(function (x) {
         if (seenValue) {
-          observer.onError(new Error('Sequence contains more than one element'));
+          o.onError(new Error('Sequence contains more than one element'));
         } else {
           value = x;
           seenValue = true;
         }
-      }, observer.onError.bind(observer), function () {
+      }, function (e) { o.onError(e); }, function () {
         if (!seenValue && !hasDefault) {
-          observer.onError(new Error(sequenceContainsNoElements));
+          o.onError(new Error(sequenceContainsNoElements));
         } else {
-          observer.onNext(value);
-          observer.onCompleted();
+          o.onNext(value);
+          o.onCompleted();
         }
       });
     }, source);
@@ -4913,21 +5366,21 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
    */
   observableProto.singleOrDefault = function (predicate, defaultValue, thisArg) {
     return predicate && isFunction(predicate) ?
-      this.where(predicate, thisArg).singleOrDefault(null, defaultValue) :
+      this.filter(predicate, thisArg).singleOrDefault(null, defaultValue) :
       singleOrDefaultAsync(this, true, defaultValue);
   };
 
   function firstOrDefaultAsync(source, hasDefault, defaultValue) {
-    return new AnonymousObservable(function (observer) {
+    return new AnonymousObservable(function (o) {
       return source.subscribe(function (x) {
-        observer.onNext(x);
-        observer.onCompleted();
-      }, observer.onError.bind(observer), function () {
+        o.onNext(x);
+        o.onCompleted();
+      }, function (e) { o.onError(e); }, function () {
         if (!hasDefault) {
-          observer.onError(new Error(sequenceContainsNoElements));
+          o.onError(new Error(sequenceContainsNoElements));
         } else {
-          observer.onNext(defaultValue);
-          observer.onCompleted();
+          o.onNext(defaultValue);
+          o.onCompleted();
         }
       });
     }, source);
@@ -4962,17 +5415,17 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
   };
 
   function lastOrDefaultAsync(source, hasDefault, defaultValue) {
-    return new AnonymousObservable(function (observer) {
+    return new AnonymousObservable(function (o) {
       var value = defaultValue, seenValue = false;
       return source.subscribe(function (x) {
         value = x;
         seenValue = true;
-      }, observer.onError.bind(observer), function () {
+      }, function (e) { o.onError(e); }, function () {
         if (!seenValue && !hasDefault) {
-          observer.onError(new Error(sequenceContainsNoElements));
+          o.onError(new Error(sequenceContainsNoElements));
         } else {
-          observer.onNext(value);
-          observer.onCompleted();
+          o.onNext(value);
+          o.onCompleted();
         }
       });
     }, source);
@@ -5004,25 +5457,26 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
   };
 
   function findValue (source, predicate, thisArg, yieldIndex) {
-    return new AnonymousObservable(function (observer) {
+    var callback = bindCallback(predicate, thisArg, 3);
+    return new AnonymousObservable(function (o) {
       var i = 0;
       return source.subscribe(function (x) {
         var shouldRun;
         try {
-          shouldRun = predicate.call(thisArg, x, i, source);
+          shouldRun = callback(x, i, source);
         } catch (e) {
-          observer.onError(e);
+          o.onError(e);
           return;
         }
         if (shouldRun) {
-          observer.onNext(yieldIndex ? i : x);
-          observer.onCompleted();
+          o.onNext(yieldIndex ? i : x);
+          o.onCompleted();
         } else {
           i++;
         }
-      }, observer.onError.bind(observer), function () {
-        observer.onNext(yieldIndex ? -1 : undefined);
-        observer.onCompleted();
+      }, function (e) { o.onError(e); }, function () {
+        o.onNext(yieldIndex ? -1 : undefined);
+        o.onCompleted();
       });
     }, source);
   }
@@ -5048,7 +5502,6 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
     return findValue(this, predicate, thisArg, true);
   };
 
-
   /**
    * Converts the observable sequence to a Set if it exists.
    * @returns {Observable} An observable sequence with a single value of a Set containing the values from the observable sequence.
@@ -5056,19 +5509,18 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
   observableProto.toSet = function () {
     if (typeof root.Set === 'undefined') { throw new TypeError(); }
     var source = this;
-    return new AnonymousObservable(function (observer) {
+    return new AnonymousObservable(function (o) {
       var s = new root.Set();
       return source.subscribe(
-        s.add.bind(s),
-        observer.onError.bind(observer),
+        function (x) { s.add(x); },
+        function (e) { o.onError(e); },
         function () {
-          observer.onNext(s);
-          observer.onCompleted();
+          o.onNext(s);
+          o.onCompleted();
         });
     }, source);
   };
 
-
   /**
   * Converts the observable sequence to a Map if it exists.
   * @param {Function} keySelector A function which produces the key for the Map.
@@ -5078,7 +5530,7 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
   observableProto.toMap = function (keySelector, elementSelector) {
     if (typeof root.Map === 'undefined') { throw new TypeError(); }
     var source = this;
-    return new AnonymousObservable(function (observer) {
+    return new AnonymousObservable(function (o) {
       var m = new root.Map();
       return source.subscribe(
         function (x) {
@@ -5086,7 +5538,7 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
           try {
             key = keySelector(x);
           } catch (e) {
-            observer.onError(e);
+            o.onError(e);
             return;
           }
 
@@ -5095,23 +5547,24 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
             try {
               element = elementSelector(x);
             } catch (e) {
-              observer.onError(e);
+              o.onError(e);
               return;
             }
           }
 
           m.set(key, element);
         },
-        observer.onError.bind(observer),
+        function (e) { o.onError(e); },
         function () {
-          observer.onNext(m);
-          observer.onCompleted();
+          o.onNext(m);
+          o.onCompleted();
         });
     }, source);
   };
 
   var fnString = 'function',
-      throwString = 'throw';
+      throwString = 'throw',
+      isObject = Rx.internals.isObject;
 
   function toThunk(obj, ctx) {
     if (Array.isArray(obj)) {  return objectToThunk.call(ctx, obj); }
@@ -5207,10 +5660,6 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
     return obj && typeof obj.next === fnString && typeof obj[throwString] === fnString;
   }
 
-  function isObject(val) {
-    return val && val.constructor === Object;
-  }
-
   /*
    * Spawns a generator function which allows for Promises, Observable sequences, Arrays, Objects, Generators and functions.
    * @param {Function} The spawning function.
@@ -5224,14 +5673,14 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
         gen = fn;
 
       if (isGenFun) {
-        var args = slice.call(arguments),
-          len = args.length,
+        for(var args = [], i = 0, len = arguments.length; i < len; i++) { args.push(arguments[i]); }
+        var len = args.length,
           hasCallback = len && typeof args[len - 1] === fnString;
 
-        done = hasCallback ? args.pop() : error;
+        done = hasCallback ? args.pop() : handleError;
         gen = fn.apply(this, args);
       } else {
-        done = done || error;
+        done = done || handleError;
       }
 
       next();
@@ -5245,7 +5694,7 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
 
         // multiple args
         if (arguments.length > 2) {
-          res = slice.call(arguments, 1);
+          for(var res = [], i = 1, len = arguments.length; i < len; i++) { res.push(arguments[i]); }
         }
 
         if (err) {
@@ -5300,41 +5749,7 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
     }
   };
 
-  /**
-   * Takes a function with a callback and turns it into a thunk.
-   * @param {Function} A function with a callback such as fs.readFile
-   * @returns {Function} A function, when executed will continue the state machine.
-   */
-  Rx.denodify = function (fn) {
-    return function () {
-      var args = slice.call(arguments),
-        results,
-        called,
-        callback;
-
-      args.push(function() {
-        results = arguments;
-
-        if (callback && !called) {
-          called = true;
-          cb.apply(this, results);
-        }
-      });
-
-      fn.apply(this, args);
-
-      return function (fn) {
-        callback = fn;
-
-        if (results && !called) {
-          called = true;
-          fn.apply(this, results);
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  };
-
-  function error(err) {
+  function handleError(err) {
     if (!err) { return; }
     timeoutScheduler.schedule(function() {
       throw err;
@@ -5400,7 +5815,7 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
    */
   Observable.fromCallback = function (func, context, selector) {
     return function () {
-      var args = slice.call(arguments, 0);
+      for(var args = [], i = 0, len = arguments.length; i < len; i++) { args.push(arguments[i]); }
 
       return new AnonymousObservable(function (observer) {
         function handler() {
@@ -5410,8 +5825,7 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
             try {
               results = selector(results);
             } catch (err) {
-              observer.onError(err);
-              return;
+              return observer.onError(err);
             }
 
             observer.onNext(results);
@@ -5441,7 +5855,7 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
    */
   Observable.fromNodeCallback = function (func, context, selector) {
     return function () {
-      var args = slice.call(arguments, 0);
+      for(var args = [], i = 0, len = arguments.length; i < len; i++) { args.push(arguments[i]); }
 
       return new AnonymousObservable(function (observer) {
         function handler(err) {
@@ -5450,14 +5864,13 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
             return;
           }
 
-          var results = slice.call(arguments, 1);
+          for(var results = [], i = 1, len = arguments.length; i < len; i++) { results.push(arguments[i]); }
 
           if (selector) {
             try {
               results = selector(results);
             } catch (e) {
-              observer.onError(e);
-              return;
+              return observer.onError(e);
             }
             observer.onNext(results);
           } else {
@@ -5575,19 +5988,6 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
    */
   Rx.config.useNativeEvents = false;
 
-  // Check for Angular/jQuery/Zepto support
-  var jq =
-   !!root.angular && !!angular.element ? angular.element :
-   (!!root.jQuery ? root.jQuery : (
-     !!root.Zepto ? root.Zepto : null));
-
-  // Check for ember
-  var ember = !!root.Ember && typeof root.Ember.addListener === 'function';
-
-  // Check for Backbone.Marionette. Note if using AMD add Marionette as a dependency of rxjs
-  // for proper loading order!
-  var marionette = !!root.Backbone && !!root.Backbone.Marionette;
-
   /**
    * Creates an observable sequence by adding an event listener to the matching DOMElement or each item in the NodeList.
    *
@@ -5610,25 +6010,13 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
 
     // Use only if non-native events are allowed
     if (!Rx.config.useNativeEvents) {
-      if (marionette) {
+      // Handles jq, Angular.js, Zepto, Marionette, Ember.js
+      if (typeof element.on === 'function' && typeof element.off === 'function') {
         return fromEventPattern(
           function (h) { element.on(eventName, h); },
           function (h) { element.off(eventName, h); },
           selector);
       }
-      if (ember) {
-        return fromEventPattern(
-          function (h) { Ember.addListener(element, eventName, h); },
-          function (h) { Ember.removeListener(element, eventName, h); },
-          selector);
-      }
-      if (jq) {
-        var $elem = jq(element);
-        return fromEventPattern(
-          function (h) { $elem.on(eventName, h); },
-          function (h) { $elem.off(eventName, h); },
-          selector);
-      }
     }
     return new AnonymousObservable(function (observer) {
       return createEventListener(
@@ -5756,7 +6144,7 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
   };
 
   function combineLatestSource(source, subject, resultSelector) {
-    return new AnonymousObservable(function (observer) {
+    return new AnonymousObservable(function (o) {
       var hasValue = [false, false],
         hasValueAll = false,
         isDone = false,
@@ -5769,20 +6157,20 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
         hasValue[i] = true;
         if (hasValueAll || (hasValueAll = hasValue.every(identity))) {
           if (err) {
-            observer.onError(err);
+            o.onError(err);
             return;
           }
 
           try {
             res = resultSelector.apply(null, values);
           } catch (ex) {
-            observer.onError(ex);
+            o.onError(ex);
             return;
           }
-          observer.onNext(res);
+          o.onNext(res);
         }
         if (isDone && values[1]) {
-          observer.onCompleted();
+          o.onCompleted();
         }
       }
 
@@ -5793,20 +6181,20 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
           },
           function (e) {
             if (values[1]) {
-              observer.onError(e);
+              o.onError(e);
             } else {
               err = e;
             }
           },
           function () {
             isDone = true;
-            values[1] && observer.onCompleted();
+            values[1] && o.onCompleted();
           }),
         subject.subscribe(
           function (x) {
             next(x, 1);
           },
-          observer.onError.bind(observer),
+          function (e) { o.onError(e); },
           function () {
             isDone = true;
             next(true, 1);
@@ -5819,7 +6207,7 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
 
     inherits(PausableBufferedObservable, __super__);
 
-    function subscribe(observer) {
+    function subscribe(o) {
       var q = [], previousShouldFire;
 
       var subscription =
@@ -5836,14 +6224,14 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
                 // change in shouldFire
                 if (results.shouldFire) {
                   while (q.length > 0) {
-                    observer.onNext(q.shift());
+                    o.onNext(q.shift());
                   }
                 }
               } else {
                 previousShouldFire = results.shouldFire;
                 // new data
                 if (results.shouldFire) {
-                  observer.onNext(results.data);
+                  o.onNext(results.data);
                 } else {
                   q.push(results.data);
                 }
@@ -5852,16 +6240,16 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
             function (err) {
               // Empty buffer before sending error
               while (q.length > 0) {
-                observer.onNext(q.shift());
+                o.onNext(q.shift());
               }
-              observer.onError(err);
+              o.onError(err);
             },
             function () {
               // Empty buffer before sending completion
               while (q.length > 0) {
-                observer.onNext(q.shift());
+                o.onNext(q.shift());
               }
-              observer.onCompleted();
+              o.onCompleted();
             }
           );
       return subscription;
@@ -6034,6 +6422,160 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
     return new ControlledObservable(this, enableQueue);
   };
 
+  var StopAndWaitObservable = (function (__super__) {
+
+    function subscribe (observer) {
+      this.subscription = this.source.subscribe(new StopAndWaitObserver(observer, this, this.subscription));
+
+      var self = this;
+      timeoutScheduler.schedule(function () { self.source.request(1); });
+
+      return this.subscription;
+    }
+
+    inherits(StopAndWaitObservable, __super__);
+
+    function StopAndWaitObservable (source) {
+      __super__.call(this, subscribe, source);
+      this.source = source;
+    }
+
+    var StopAndWaitObserver = (function (__sub__) {
+
+      inherits(StopAndWaitObserver, __sub__);
+
+      function StopAndWaitObserver (observer, observable, cancel) {
+        __sub__.call(this);
+        this.observer = observer;
+        this.observable = observable;
+        this.cancel = cancel;
+      }
+
+      var stopAndWaitObserverProto = StopAndWaitObserver.prototype;
+
+      stopAndWaitObserverProto.completed = function () {
+        this.observer.onCompleted();
+        this.dispose();
+      };
+
+      stopAndWaitObserverProto.error = function (error) {
+        this.observer.onError(error);
+        this.dispose();
+      }
+
+      stopAndWaitObserverProto.next = function (value) {
+        this.observer.onNext(value);
+
+        var self = this;
+        timeoutScheduler.schedule(function () {
+          self.observable.source.request(1);
+        });
+      };
+
+      stopAndWaitObserverProto.dispose = function () {
+        this.observer = null;
+        if (this.cancel) {
+          this.cancel.dispose();
+          this.cancel = null;
+        }
+        __sub__.prototype.dispose.call(this);
+      };
+
+      return StopAndWaitObserver;
+    }(AbstractObserver));
+
+    return StopAndWaitObservable;
+  }(Observable));
+
+
+  /**
+   * Attaches a stop and wait observable to the current observable.
+   * @returns {Observable} A stop and wait observable.
+   */
+  ControlledObservable.prototype.stopAndWait = function () {
+    return new StopAndWaitObservable(this);
+  };
+
+  var WindowedObservable = (function (__super__) {
+
+    function subscribe (observer) {
+      this.subscription = this.source.subscribe(new WindowedObserver(observer, this, this.subscription));
+
+      var self = this;
+      timeoutScheduler.schedule(function () {
+        self.source.request(self.windowSize);
+      });
+
+      return this.subscription;
+    }
+
+    inherits(WindowedObservable, __super__);
+
+    function WindowedObservable(source, windowSize) {
+      __super__.call(this, subscribe, source);
+      this.source = source;
+      this.windowSize = windowSize;
+    }
+
+    var WindowedObserver = (function (__sub__) {
+
+      inherits(WindowedObserver, __sub__);
+
+      function WindowedObserver(observer, observable, cancel) {
+        this.observer = observer;
+        this.observable = observable;
+        this.cancel = cancel;
+        this.received = 0;
+      }
+
+      var windowedObserverPrototype = WindowedObserver.prototype;
+
+      windowedObserverPrototype.completed = function () {
+        this.observer.onCompleted();
+        this.dispose();
+      };
+
+      windowedObserverPrototype.error = function (error) {
+        this.observer.onError(error);
+        this.dispose();
+      };
+
+      windowedObserverPrototype.next = function (value) {
+        this.observer.onNext(value);
+
+        this.received = ++this.received % this.observable.windowSize;
+        if (this.received === 0) {
+          var self = this;
+          timeoutScheduler.schedule(function () {
+            self.observable.source.request(self.observable.windowSize);
+          });
+        }
+      };
+
+      windowedObserverPrototype.dispose = function () {
+        this.observer = null;
+        if (this.cancel) {
+          this.cancel.dispose();
+          this.cancel = null;
+        }
+        __sub__.prototype.dispose.call(this);
+      };
+
+      return WindowedObserver;
+    }(AbstractObserver));
+
+    return WindowedObservable;
+  }(Observable));
+
+  /**
+   * Creates a sliding windowed observable based upon the window size.
+   * @param {Number} windowSize The number of items in the window
+   * @returns {Observable} A windowed observable based upon the window size.
+   */
+  ControlledObservable.prototype.windowed = function (windowSize) {
+    return new WindowedObservable(this, windowSize);
+  };
+
   /**
    * Multicasts the source sequence notifications through an instantiated subject into all uses of the sequence within a selector function. Each
    * subscription to the resulting sequence causes a separate multicast invocation, exposing the sequence resulting from the selector function's
@@ -6175,23 +6717,18 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
     return this.replay(null, bufferSize, window, scheduler).refCount();
   };
 
-    /** @private */
-    var InnerSubscription = function (subject, observer) {
-        this.subject = subject;
-        this.observer = observer;
-    };
+  var InnerSubscription = function (subject, observer) {
+    this.subject = subject;
+    this.observer = observer;
+  };
 
-    /**
-     * @private
-     * @memberOf InnerSubscription
-     */
-    InnerSubscription.prototype.dispose = function () {
-        if (!this.subject.isDisposed && this.observer !== null) {
-            var idx = this.subject.observers.indexOf(this.observer);
-            this.subject.observers.splice(idx, 1);
-            this.observer = null;
-        }
-    };
+  InnerSubscription.prototype.dispose = function () {
+    if (!this.subject.isDisposed && this.observer !== null) {
+      var idx = this.subject.observers.indexOf(this.observer);
+      this.subject.observers.splice(idx, 1);
+      this.observer = null;
+    }
+  };
 
   /**
    *  Represents a value that changes over time.
@@ -6199,15 +6736,14 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
    */
   var BehaviorSubject = Rx.BehaviorSubject = (function (__super__) {
     function subscribe(observer) {
-      checkDisposed.call(this);
+      checkDisposed(this);
       if (!this.isStopped) {
         this.observers.push(observer);
         observer.onNext(this.value);
         return new InnerSubscription(this, observer);
       }
-      var ex = this.exception;
-      if (ex) {
-        observer.onError(ex);
+      if (this.hasError) {
+        observer.onError(this.error);
       } else {
         observer.onCompleted();
       }
@@ -6217,7 +6753,6 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
     inherits(BehaviorSubject, __super__);
 
     /**
-     * @constructor
      *  Initializes a new instance of the BehaviorSubject class which creates a subject that caches its last value and starts with the specified value.
      *  @param {Mixed} value Initial value sent to observers when no other value has been received by the subject yet.
      */
@@ -6227,7 +6762,7 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
       this.observers = [],
       this.isDisposed = false,
       this.isStopped = false,
-      this.exception = null;
+      this.hasError = false;
     }
 
     addProperties(BehaviorSubject.prototype, Observer, {
@@ -6235,47 +6770,46 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
        * Indicates whether the subject has observers subscribed to it.
        * @returns {Boolean} Indicates whether the subject has observers subscribed to it.
        */
-      hasObservers: function () {
-        return this.observers.length > 0;
-      },
+      hasObservers: function () { return this.observers.length > 0; },
       /**
        * Notifies all subscribed observers about the end of the sequence.
        */
       onCompleted: function () {
-        checkDisposed.call(this);
+        checkDisposed(this);
         if (this.isStopped) { return; }
         this.isStopped = true;
-        for (var i = 0, os = this.observers.slice(0), len = os.length; i < len; i++) {
+        for (var i = 0, os = cloneArray(this.observers), len = os.length; i < len; i++) {
           os[i].onCompleted();
         }
 
-        this.observers = [];
+        this.observers.length = 0;
       },
       /**
        * Notifies all subscribed observers about the exception.
        * @param {Mixed} error The exception to send to all observers.
        */
       onError: function (error) {
-        checkDisposed.call(this);
+        checkDisposed(this);
         if (this.isStopped) { return; }
         this.isStopped = true;
-        this.exception = error;
+        this.hasError = true;
+        this.error = error;
 
-        for (var i = 0, os = this.observers.slice(0), len = os.length; i < len; i++) {
+        for (var i = 0, os = cloneArray(this.observers), len = os.length; i < len; i++) {
           os[i].onError(error);
         }
 
-        this.observers = [];
+        this.observers.length = 0;
       },
       /**
        * Notifies all subscribed observers about the arrival of the specified element in the sequence.
        * @param {Mixed} value The value to send to all observers.
        */
       onNext: function (value) {
-        checkDisposed.call(this);
+        checkDisposed(this);
         if (this.isStopped) { return; }
         this.value = value;
-        for (var i = 0, os = this.observers.slice(0), len = os.length; i < len; i++) {
+        for (var i = 0, os = cloneArray(this.observers), len = os.length; i < len; i++) {
           os[i].onNext(value);
         }
       },
@@ -6309,7 +6843,7 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
     function subscribe(observer) {
       var so = new ScheduledObserver(this.scheduler, observer),
         subscription = createRemovableDisposable(this, so);
-      checkDisposed.call(this);
+      checkDisposed(this);
       this._trim(this.scheduler.now());
       this.observers.push(so);
 
@@ -6348,7 +6882,7 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
       __super__.call(this, subscribe);
     }
 
-    addProperties(ReplaySubject.prototype, Observer, {
+    addProperties(ReplaySubject.prototype, Observer.prototype, {
       /**
        * Indicates whether the subject has observers subscribed to it.
        * @returns {Boolean} Indicates whether the subject has observers subscribed to it.
@@ -6369,15 +6903,14 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
        * @param {Mixed} value The value to send to all observers.
        */
       onNext: function (value) {
-        checkDisposed.call(this);
+        checkDisposed(this);
         if (this.isStopped) { return; }
         var now = this.scheduler.now();
         this.q.push({ interval: now, value: value });
         this._trim(now);
 
-        var o = this.observers.slice(0);
-        for (var i = 0, len = o.length; i < len; i++) {
-          var observer = o[i];
+        for (var i = 0, os = cloneArray(this.observers), len = os.length; i < len; i++) {
+          var observer = os[i];
           observer.onNext(value);
           observer.ensureActive();
         }
@@ -6387,37 +6920,35 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
        * @param {Mixed} error The exception to send to all observers.
        */
       onError: function (error) {
-        checkDisposed.call(this);
+        checkDisposed(this);
         if (this.isStopped) { return; }
         this.isStopped = true;
         this.error = error;
         this.hasError = true;
         var now = this.scheduler.now();
         this._trim(now);
-        var o = this.observers.slice(0);
-        for (var i = 0, len = o.length; i < len; i++) {
-          var observer = o[i];
+        for (var i = 0, os = cloneArray(this.observers), len = os.length; i < len; i++) {
+          var observer = os[i];
           observer.onError(error);
           observer.ensureActive();
         }
-        this.observers = [];
+        this.observers.length = 0;
       },
       /**
        * Notifies all subscribed observers about the end of the sequence.
        */
       onCompleted: function () {
-        checkDisposed.call(this);
+        checkDisposed(this);
         if (this.isStopped) { return; }
         this.isStopped = true;
         var now = this.scheduler.now();
         this._trim(now);
-        var o = this.observers.slice(0);
-        for (var i = 0, len = o.length; i < len; i++) {
-          var observer = o[i];
+        for (var i = 0, os = cloneArray(this.observers), len = os.length; i < len; i++) {
+          var observer = os[i];
           observer.onCompleted();
           observer.ensureActive();
         }
-        this.observers = [];
+        this.observers.length = 0;
       },
       /**
        * Unsubscribe all observers and release resources.
@@ -6449,7 +6980,7 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
         return subscription;
       };
 
-      __super__.call(this, subject.subscribe.bind(subject));
+      __super__.call(this, function (o) { return subject.subscribe(o); });
     }
 
     ConnectableObservable.prototype.refCount = function () {
@@ -6536,7 +7067,7 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
           // Hack check for valueOf
           var valueOf = obj.valueOf();
           if (typeof valueOf === 'number') { return numberHashFn(valueOf); }
-          if (typeof obj === 'string') { return stringHashFn(valueOf); }
+          if (typeof valueOf === 'string') { return stringHashFn(valueOf); }
         }
         if (obj.hashCode) { return obj.hashCode(); }
 
@@ -6952,7 +7483,7 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
    */
   observableProto.window = function (windowOpeningsOrClosingSelector, windowClosingSelector) {
     if (arguments.length === 1 && typeof arguments[0] !== 'function') {
-      return observableWindowWithBounaries.call(this, windowOpeningsOrClosingSelector);
+      return observableWindowWithBoundaries.call(this, windowOpeningsOrClosingSelector);
     }
     return typeof windowOpeningsOrClosingSelector === 'function' ?
       observableWindowWithClosingSelector.call(this, windowOpeningsOrClosingSelector) :
@@ -6965,7 +7496,7 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
     });
   }
 
-  function observableWindowWithBounaries(windowBoundaries) {
+  function observableWindowWithBoundaries(windowBoundaries) {
     var source = this;
     return new AnonymousObservable(function (observer) {
       var win = new Subject(),
@@ -7087,10 +7618,9 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
    *    and the second triggers when the predicate returns false.
   */
   observableProto.partition = function(predicate, thisArg) {
-    var published = this.publish().refCount();
     return [
-      published.filter(predicate, thisArg),
-      published.filter(function (x, i, o) { return !predicate.call(thisArg, x, i, o); })
+      this.filter(predicate, thisArg),
+      this.filter(function (x, i, o) { return !predicate.call(thisArg, x, i, o); })
     ];
   };
 
@@ -7277,7 +7807,12 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
    * @returns {Observable} An observable sequence with an array collecting the last elements of all the input sequences.
    */
   Observable.forkJoin = function () {
-    var allSources = argsOrArray(arguments, 0);
+    var allSources = [];
+    if (Array.isArray(arguments[0])) {
+      allSources = arguments[0];
+    } else {
+      for(var i = 0, len = arguments.length; i < len; i++) { allSources.push(arguments[i]); }
+    }
     return new AnonymousObservable(function (subscriber) {
       var count = allSources.length;
       if (count === 0) {
@@ -7338,7 +7873,6 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
    */
   observableProto.forkJoin = function (second, resultSelector) {
     var first = this;
-
     return new AnonymousObservable(function (observer) {
       var leftStopped = false, rightStopped = false,
         hasLeft = false, hasRight = false,
@@ -7617,7 +8151,6 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
   };
 
   var JoinObserver = (function (__super__) {
-
     inherits(JoinObserver, __super__);
 
     function JoinObserver(source, onError) {
@@ -7635,8 +8168,7 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
     JoinObserverPrototype.next = function (notification) {
       if (!this.isDisposed) {
         if (notification.kind === 'E') {
-          this.onError(notification.exception);
-          return;
+          return this.onError(notification.exception);
         }
         this.queue.push(notification);
         var activePlans = this.activePlans.slice(0);
@@ -7686,7 +8218,7 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
   /**
    *  Matches when the observable sequence has an available value and projects the value.
    *
-   *  @param selector Selector that will be invoked for values in the source sequence.
+   *  @param {Function} selector Selector that will be invoked for values in the source sequence.
    *  @returns {Plan} Plan that produces the projected values, to be fed (with other plans) to the when operator.
    */
   observableProto.thenDo = function (selector) {
@@ -7700,28 +8232,34 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
    *  @returns {Observable} Observable sequence with the results form matching several patterns.
    */
   Observable.when = function () {
-    var plans = argsOrArray(arguments, 0);
-    return new AnonymousObservable(function (observer) {
+    var len = arguments.length, plans;
+    if (Array.isArray(arguments[0])) {
+      plans = arguments[0];
+    } else {
+      plans = new Array(len);
+      for(var i = 0; i < len; i++) { plans[i] = arguments[i]; }
+    }
+    return new AnonymousObservable(function (o) {
       var activePlans = [],
           externalSubscriptions = new Map();
       var outObserver = observerCreate(
-        observer.onNext.bind(observer),
+        function (x) { o.onNext(x); },
         function (err) {
           externalSubscriptions.forEach(function (v) { v.onError(err); });
-          observer.onError(err);
+          o.onError(err);
         },
-        observer.onCompleted.bind(observer)
+        function (x) { o.onCompleted(); }
       );
       try {
         for (var i = 0, len = plans.length; i < len; i++) {
           activePlans.push(plans[i].activate(externalSubscriptions, outObserver, function (activePlan) {
             var idx = activePlans.indexOf(activePlan);
             activePlans.splice(idx, 1);
-            activePlans.length === 0 && observer.onCompleted();
+            activePlans.length === 0 && o.onCompleted();
           }));
         }
       } catch (e) {
-        observableThrow(e).subscribe(observer);
+        observableThrow(e).subscribe(o);
       }
       var group = new CompositeDisposable();
       externalSubscriptions.forEach(function (joinObserver) {
@@ -7744,15 +8282,15 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
 
   function observableTimerDateAndPeriod(dueTime, period, scheduler) {
     return new AnonymousObservable(function (observer) {
-      var count = 0, d = dueTime, p = normalizeTime(period);
-      return scheduler.scheduleRecursiveWithAbsolute(d, function (self) {
+      var d = dueTime, p = normalizeTime(period);
+      return scheduler.scheduleRecursiveWithAbsoluteAndState(0, d, function (count, self) {
         if (p > 0) {
           var now = scheduler.now();
           d = d + p;
           d <= now && (d = now + p);
         }
-        observer.onNext(count++);
-        self(d);
+        observer.onNext(count);
+        self(count + 1, d);
       });
     });
   }
@@ -7957,7 +8495,7 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
    * @deprecated use #debounce or #throttleWithTimeout instead.
    */
   observableProto.throttle = function(dueTime, scheduler) {
-    deprecate('throttle', 'debounce or throttleWithTimeout');
+    //deprecate('throttle', 'debounce or throttleWithTimeout');
     return this.debounce(dueTime, scheduler);
   };
 
@@ -8461,7 +8999,7 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
     /**
      *  Returns the source observable sequence, switching to the other observable sequence if a timeout is signaled.
      * @param {Observable} [firstTimeout]  Observable sequence that represents the timeout for the first element. If not provided, this defaults to Observable.never().
-     * @param {Function} [timeoutDurationSelector] Selector to retrieve an observable sequence that represents the timeout between the current element and the next element.
+     * @param {Function} timeoutDurationSelector Selector to retrieve an observable sequence that represents the timeout between the current element and the next element.
      * @param {Observable} [other]  Sequence to return in case of a timeout. If not provided, this is set to Observable.throwException().
      * @returns {Observable} The source sequence switching to the other sequence in case of a timeout.
      */
@@ -8578,7 +9116,7 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
   };
 
   observableProto.throttleWithSelector = function () {
-    deprecate('throttleWithSelector', 'debounceWithSelector');
+    //deprecate('throttleWithSelector', 'debounceWithSelector');
     return this.debounceWithSelector.apply(this, arguments);
   };
 
@@ -8599,20 +9137,20 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
   observableProto.skipLastWithTime = function (duration, scheduler) {
     isScheduler(scheduler) || (scheduler = timeoutScheduler);
     var source = this;
-    return new AnonymousObservable(function (observer) {
+    return new AnonymousObservable(function (o) {
       var q = [];
       return source.subscribe(function (x) {
         var now = scheduler.now();
         q.push({ interval: now, value: x });
         while (q.length > 0 && now - q[0].interval >= duration) {
-          observer.onNext(q.shift().value);
+          o.onNext(q.shift().value);
         }
-      }, observer.onError.bind(observer), function () {
+      }, function (e) { o.onError(e); }, function () {
         var now = scheduler.now();
         while (q.length > 0 && now - q[0].interval >= duration) {
-          observer.onNext(q.shift().value);
+          o.onNext(q.shift().value);
         }
-        observer.onCompleted();
+        o.onCompleted();
       });
     }, source);
   };
@@ -8630,7 +9168,7 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
   observableProto.takeLastWithTime = function (duration, scheduler) {
     var source = this;
     isScheduler(scheduler) || (scheduler = timeoutScheduler);
-    return new AnonymousObservable(function (observer) {
+    return new AnonymousObservable(function (o) {
       var q = [];
       return source.subscribe(function (x) {
         var now = scheduler.now();
@@ -8638,13 +9176,13 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
         while (q.length > 0 && now - q[0].interval >= duration) {
           q.shift();
         }
-      }, observer.onError.bind(observer), function () {
+      }, function (e) { o.onError(e); }, function () {
         var now = scheduler.now();
         while (q.length > 0) {
           var next = q.shift();
-          if (now - next.interval <= duration) { observer.onNext(next.value); }
+          if (now - next.interval <= duration) { o.onNext(next.value); }
         }
-        observer.onCompleted();
+        o.onCompleted();
       });
     }, source);
   };
@@ -8662,7 +9200,7 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
   observableProto.takeLastBufferWithTime = function (duration, scheduler) {
     var source = this;
     isScheduler(scheduler) || (scheduler = timeoutScheduler);
-    return new AnonymousObservable(function (observer) {
+    return new AnonymousObservable(function (o) {
       var q = [];
       return source.subscribe(function (x) {
         var now = scheduler.now();
@@ -8670,14 +9208,14 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
         while (q.length > 0 && now - q[0].interval >= duration) {
           q.shift();
         }
-      }, observer.onError.bind(observer), function () {
+      }, function (e) { o.onError(e); }, function () {
         var now = scheduler.now(), res = [];
         while (q.length > 0) {
           var next = q.shift();
-          if (now - next.interval <= duration) { res.push(next.value); }
+          now - next.interval <= duration && res.push(next.value);
         }
-        observer.onNext(res);
-        observer.onCompleted();
+        o.onNext(res);
+        o.onCompleted();
       });
     }, source);
   };
@@ -8698,8 +9236,8 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
   observableProto.takeWithTime = function (duration, scheduler) {
     var source = this;
     isScheduler(scheduler) || (scheduler = timeoutScheduler);
-    return new AnonymousObservable(function (observer) {
-      return new CompositeDisposable(scheduler.scheduleWithRelative(duration, observer.onCompleted.bind(observer)), source.subscribe(observer));
+    return new AnonymousObservable(function (o) {
+      return new CompositeDisposable(scheduler.scheduleWithRelative(duration, function () { o.onCompleted(); }), source.subscribe(o));
     }, source);
   };
 
@@ -8746,15 +9284,14 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
     var source = this, schedulerMethod = startTime instanceof Date ?
       'scheduleWithAbsolute' :
       'scheduleWithRelative';
-    return new AnonymousObservable(function (observer) {
+    return new AnonymousObservable(function (o) {
       var open = false;
 
       return new CompositeDisposable(
         scheduler[schedulerMethod](startTime, function () { open = true; }),
         source.subscribe(
-          function (x) { open && observer.onNext(x); },
-          observer.onError.bind(observer),
-          observer.onCompleted.bind(observer)));
+          function (x) { open && o.onNext(x); },
+          function (e) { o.onError(e); }, function () { o.onCompleted(); }));
     }, source);
   };
 
@@ -8769,10 +9306,10 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
     var source = this, schedulerMethod = endTime instanceof Date ?
       'scheduleWithAbsolute' :
       'scheduleWithRelative';
-    return new AnonymousObservable(function (observer) {
+    return new AnonymousObservable(function (o) {
       return new CompositeDisposable(
-        scheduler[schedulerMethod](endTime, observer.onCompleted.bind(observer)),
-        source.subscribe(observer));
+        scheduler[schedulerMethod](endTime, function () { o.onCompleted(); }),
+        source.subscribe(o));
     }, source);
   };
 
@@ -8787,18 +9324,16 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
     var duration = +windowDuration || 0;
     if (duration <= 0) { throw new RangeError('windowDuration cannot be less or equal zero.'); }
     var source = this;
-    return new AnonymousObservable(function (observer) {
+    return new AnonymousObservable(function (o) {
       var lastOnNext = 0;
       return source.subscribe(
         function (x) {
           var now = scheduler.now();
           if (lastOnNext === 0 || now - lastOnNext >= duration) {
             lastOnNext = now;
-            observer.onNext(x);
+            o.onNext(x);
           }
-        },
-        observer.onError.bind(observer),
-        observer.onCompleted.bind(observer)
+        },function (e) { o.onError(e); }, function () { o.onCompleted(); }
       );
     }, source);
   };
@@ -8860,7 +9395,8 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
    * @returns {Observable} An exclusive observable with only the results that happen when subscribed.
    */
   observableProto.exclusiveMap = function (selector, thisArg) {
-    var sources = this;
+    var sources = this,
+        selectorFunc = bindCallback(selector, thisArg, 3);
     return new AnonymousObservable(function (observer) {
       var index = 0,
         hasCurrent = false,
@@ -8885,7 +9421,7 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
               function (x) {
                 var result;
                 try {
-                  result = selector.call(thisArg, x, index++, innerSource);
+                  result = selectorFunc(x, index++, innerSource);
                 } catch (e) {
                   observer.onError(e);
                   return;
@@ -8893,7 +9429,7 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
 
                 observer.onNext(result);
               },
-              observer.onError.bind(observer),
+              function (e) { observer.onError(e); },
               function () {
                 g.remove(innerSubscription);
                 hasCurrent = false;
@@ -8904,7 +9440,7 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
               }));
           }
         },
-        observer.onError.bind(observer),
+        function (e) { observer.onError(e); },
         function () {
           isStopped = true;
           if (g.length === 1 && !hasCurrent) {
@@ -9240,31 +9776,29 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
         disposableEmpty;
     }
 
+    function setDisposable(s, state) {
+      var ado = state[0], subscribe = state[1];
+      try {
+        ado.setDisposable(fixSubscriber(subscribe(ado)));
+      } catch (e) {
+        if (!ado.fail(e)) { throw e; }
+      }
+    }
+
     function AnonymousObservable(subscribe, parent) {
       this.source = parent;
-      if (!(this instanceof AnonymousObservable)) {
-        return new AnonymousObservable(subscribe);
-      }
 
       function s(observer) {
-        var setDisposable = function () {
-          try {
-            autoDetachObserver.setDisposable(fixSubscriber(subscribe(autoDetachObserver)));
-          } catch (e) {
-            if (!autoDetachObserver.fail(e)) {
-              throw e;
-            }
-          }
-        };
 
-        var autoDetachObserver = new AutoDetachObserver(observer);
+        var ado = new AutoDetachObserver(observer), state = [ado, subscribe];
+
         if (currentThreadScheduler.scheduleRequired()) {
-          currentThreadScheduler.schedule(setDisposable);
+          currentThreadScheduler.scheduleWithState(state, setDisposable);
         } else {
-          setDisposable();
+          setDisposable(null, state);
         }
 
-        return autoDetachObserver;
+        return ado;
       }
 
       __super__.call(this, s);
@@ -9291,7 +9825,7 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
         this.observer.onNext(value);
         noError = true;
       } catch (e) {
-        throw e;
+        return thrower(e);
       } finally {
         !noError && this.dispose();
       }
@@ -9301,7 +9835,7 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
       try {
         this.observer.onError(err);
       } catch (e) {
-        throw e;
+        return thrower(e);
       } finally {
         this.dispose();
       }
@@ -9311,7 +9845,7 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
       try {
         this.observer.onCompleted();
       } catch (e) {
-        throw e;
+        return thrower(e);
       } finally {
         this.dispose();
       }
@@ -9348,112 +9882,108 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
     return GroupedObservable;
   }(Observable));
 
+  /**
+   *  Represents an object that is both an observable sequence as well as an observer.
+   *  Each notification is broadcasted to all subscribed observers.
+   */
+  var Subject = Rx.Subject = (function (__super__) {
+    function subscribe(observer) {
+      checkDisposed(this);
+      if (!this.isStopped) {
+        this.observers.push(observer);
+        return new InnerSubscription(this, observer);
+      }
+      if (this.hasError) {
+        observer.onError(this.error);
+        return disposableEmpty;
+      }
+      observer.onCompleted();
+      return disposableEmpty;
+    }
+
+    inherits(Subject, __super__);
+
     /**
-     *  Represents an object that is both an observable sequence as well as an observer.
-     *  Each notification is broadcasted to all subscribed observers.
+     * Creates a subject.
      */
-    var Subject = Rx.Subject = (function (_super) {
-        function subscribe(observer) {
-            checkDisposed.call(this);
-            if (!this.isStopped) {
-                this.observers.push(observer);
-                return new InnerSubscription(this, observer);
-            }
-            if (this.exception) {
-                observer.onError(this.exception);
-                return disposableEmpty;
-            }
-            observer.onCompleted();
-            return disposableEmpty;
-        }
+    function Subject() {
+      __super__.call(this, subscribe);
+      this.isDisposed = false,
+      this.isStopped = false,
+      this.observers = [];
+      this.hasError = false;
+    }
 
-        inherits(Subject, _super);
+    addProperties(Subject.prototype, Observer.prototype, {
+      /**
+       * Indicates whether the subject has observers subscribed to it.
+       * @returns {Boolean} Indicates whether the subject has observers subscribed to it.
+       */
+      hasObservers: function () { return this.observers.length > 0; },
+      /**
+       * Notifies all subscribed observers about the end of the sequence.
+       */
+      onCompleted: function () {
+        checkDisposed(this);
+        if (!this.isStopped) {
+          this.isStopped = true;
+          for (var i = 0, os = cloneArray(this.observers), len = os.length; i < len; i++) {
+            os[i].onCompleted();
+          }
 
-        /**
-         * Creates a subject.
-         * @constructor
-         */
-        function Subject() {
-            _super.call(this, subscribe);
-            this.isDisposed = false,
-            this.isStopped = false,
-            this.observers = [];
+          this.observers.length = 0;
         }
+      },
+      /**
+       * Notifies all subscribed observers about the exception.
+       * @param {Mixed} error The exception to send to all observers.
+       */
+      onError: function (error) {
+        checkDisposed(this);
+        if (!this.isStopped) {
+          this.isStopped = true;
+          this.error = error;
+          this.hasError = true;
+          for (var i = 0, os = cloneArray(this.observers), len = os.length; i < len; i++) {
+            os[i].onError(error);
+          }
 
-        addProperties(Subject.prototype, Observer, {
-            /**
-             * Indicates whether the subject has observers subscribed to it.
-             * @returns {Boolean} Indicates whether the subject has observers subscribed to it.
-             */
-            hasObservers: function () {
-                return this.observers.length > 0;
-            },
-            /**
-             * Notifies all subscribed observers about the end of the sequence.
-             */
-            onCompleted: function () {
-                checkDisposed.call(this);
-                if (!this.isStopped) {
-                    var os = this.observers.slice(0);
-                    this.isStopped = true;
-                    for (var i = 0, len = os.length; i < len; i++) {
-                        os[i].onCompleted();
-                    }
-
-                    this.observers = [];
-                }
-            },
-            /**
-             * Notifies all subscribed observers about the exception.
-             * @param {Mixed} error The exception to send to all observers.
-             */
-            onError: function (exception) {
-                checkDisposed.call(this);
-                if (!this.isStopped) {
-                    var os = this.observers.slice(0);
-                    this.isStopped = true;
-                    this.exception = exception;
-                    for (var i = 0, len = os.length; i < len; i++) {
-                        os[i].onError(exception);
-                    }
-
-                    this.observers = [];
-                }
-            },
-            /**
-             * Notifies all subscribed observers about the arrival of the specified element in the sequence.
-             * @param {Mixed} value The value to send to all observers.
-             */
-            onNext: function (value) {
-                checkDisposed.call(this);
-                if (!this.isStopped) {
-                    var os = this.observers.slice(0);
-                    for (var i = 0, len = os.length; i < len; i++) {
-                        os[i].onNext(value);
-                    }
-                }
-            },
-            /**
-             * Unsubscribe all observers and release resources.
-             */
-            dispose: function () {
-                this.isDisposed = true;
-                this.observers = null;
-            }
-        });
+          this.observers.length = 0;
+        }
+      },
+      /**
+       * Notifies all subscribed observers about the arrival of the specified element in the sequence.
+       * @param {Mixed} value The value to send to all observers.
+       */
+      onNext: function (value) {
+        checkDisposed(this);
+        if (!this.isStopped) {
+          for (var i = 0, os = cloneArray(this.observers), len = os.length; i < len; i++) {
+            os[i].onNext(value);
+          }
+        }
+      },
+      /**
+       * Unsubscribe all observers and release resources.
+       */
+      dispose: function () {
+        this.isDisposed = true;
+        this.observers = null;
+      }
+    });
 
-        /**
-         * Creates a subject from the specified observer and observable.
-         * @param {Observer} observer The observer used to send messages to the subject.
-         * @param {Observable} observable The observable used to subscribe to messages sent from the subject.
-         * @returns {Subject} Subject implemented using the given observer and observable.
-         */
-        Subject.create = function (observer, observable) {
-            return new AnonymousSubject(observer, observable);
-        };
+    /**
+     * Creates a subject from the specified observer and observable.
+     * @param {Observer} observer The observer used to send messages to the subject.
+     * @param {Observable} observable The observable used to subscribe to messages sent from the subject.
+     * @returns {Subject} Subject implemented using the given observer and observable.
+     */
+    Subject.create = function (observer, observable) {
+      return new AnonymousSubject(observer, observable);
+    };
 
-        return Subject;
-    }(Observable));
+    return Subject;
+  }(Observable));
 
   /**
    *  Represents the result of an asynchronous operation.
@@ -9462,21 +9992,17 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
   var AsyncSubject = Rx.AsyncSubject = (function (__super__) {
 
     function subscribe(observer) {
-      checkDisposed.call(this);
+      checkDisposed(this);
 
       if (!this.isStopped) {
         this.observers.push(observer);
         return new InnerSubscription(this, observer);
       }
 
-      var ex = this.exception,
-        hv = this.hasValue,
-        v = this.value;
-
-      if (ex) {
-        observer.onError(ex);
-      } else if (hv) {
-        observer.onNext(v);
+      if (this.hasError) {
+        observer.onError(this.error);
+      } else if (this.hasValue) {
+        observer.onNext(this.value);
         observer.onCompleted();
       } else {
         observer.onCompleted();
@@ -9496,10 +10022,9 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
 
       this.isDisposed = false;
       this.isStopped = false;
-      this.value = null;
       this.hasValue = false;
       this.observers = [];
-      this.exception = null;
+      this.hasError = false;
     }
 
     addProperties(AsyncSubject.prototype, Observer, {
@@ -9508,34 +10033,32 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
        * @returns {Boolean} Indicates whether the subject has observers subscribed to it.
        */
       hasObservers: function () {
-        checkDisposed.call(this);
+        checkDisposed(this);
         return this.observers.length > 0;
       },
       /**
        * Notifies all subscribed observers about the end of the sequence, also causing the last received value to be sent out (if any).
        */
       onCompleted: function () {
-        var o, i, len;
-        checkDisposed.call(this);
+        var i, len;
+        checkDisposed(this);
         if (!this.isStopped) {
           this.isStopped = true;
-          var os = this.observers.slice(0),
-            v = this.value,
-            hv = this.hasValue;
-
-          if (hv) {
-            for (i = 0, len = os.length; i < len; i++) {
-              o = os[i];
-              o.onNext(v);
+          var os = cloneArray(this.observers), len = os.length;
+
+          if (this.hasValue) {
+            for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+              var o = os[i];
+              o.onNext(this.value);
               o.onCompleted();
             }
           } else {
-            for (i = 0, len = os.length; i < len; i++) {
+            for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
               os[i].onCompleted();
             }
           }
 
-          this.observers = [];
+          this.observers.length = 0;
         }
       },
       /**
@@ -9543,17 +10066,17 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
        * @param {Mixed} error The Error to send to all observers.
        */
       onError: function (error) {
-        checkDisposed.call(this);
+        checkDisposed(this);
         if (!this.isStopped) {
-          var os = this.observers.slice(0);
           this.isStopped = true;
-          this.exception = error;
+          this.hasError = true;
+          this.error = error;
 
-          for (var i = 0, len = os.length; i < len; i++) {
+          for (var i = 0, os = cloneArray(this.observers), len = os.length; i < len; i++) {
             os[i].onError(error);
           }
 
-          this.observers = [];
+          this.observers.length = 0;
         }
       },
       /**
@@ -9561,7 +10084,7 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
        * @param {Mixed} value The value to store in the subject.
        */
       onNext: function (value) {
-        checkDisposed.call(this);
+        checkDisposed(this);
         if (this.isStopped) { return; }
         this.value = value;
         this.hasValue = true;
@@ -9583,18 +10106,22 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
   var AnonymousSubject = Rx.AnonymousSubject = (function (__super__) {
     inherits(AnonymousSubject, __super__);
 
+    function subscribe(observer) {
+      return this.observable.subscribe(observer);
+    }
+
     function AnonymousSubject(observer, observable) {
       this.observer = observer;
       this.observable = observable;
-      __super__.call(this, this.observable.subscribe.bind(this.observable));
+      __super__.call(this, subscribe);
     }
 
-    addProperties(AnonymousSubject.prototype, Observer, {
+    addProperties(AnonymousSubject.prototype, Observer.prototype, {
       onCompleted: function () {
         this.observer.onCompleted();
       },
-      onError: function (exception) {
-        this.observer.onError(exception);
+      onError: function (error) {
+        this.observer.onError(error);
       },
       onNext: function (value) {
         this.observer.onNext(value);
@@ -9604,23 +10131,46 @@ if (!Array.prototype.forEach) {
     return AnonymousSubject;
   }(Observable));
 
-    if (typeof define == 'function' && typeof define.amd == 'object' && define.amd) {
-        root.Rx = Rx;
+  /**
+  * Used to pause and resume streams.
+  */
+  Rx.Pauser = (function (__super__) {
+    inherits(Pauser, __super__);
+
+    function Pauser() {
+      __super__.call(this);
+    }
 
-        define(function() {
-            return Rx;
-        });
-    } else if (freeExports && freeModule) {
-        // in Node.js or RingoJS
-        if (moduleExports) {
-            (freeModule.exports = Rx).Rx = Rx;
-        } else {
-          freeExports.Rx = Rx;
-        }
+    /**
+     * Pauses the underlying sequence.
+     */
+    Pauser.prototype.pause = function () { this.onNext(false); };
+
+    /**
+    * Resumes the underlying sequence.
+    */
+    Pauser.prototype.resume = function () { this.onNext(true); };
+
+    return Pauser;
+  }(Subject));
+
+  if (typeof define == 'function' && typeof define.amd == 'object' && define.amd) {
+    root.Rx = Rx;
+
+    define(function() {
+      return Rx;
+    });
+  } else if (freeExports && freeModule) {
+    // in Node.js or RingoJS
+    if (moduleExports) {
+      (freeModule.exports = Rx).Rx = Rx;
     } else {
-        // in a browser or Rhino
-        root.Rx = Rx;
+      freeExports.Rx = Rx;
     }
+  } else {
+    // in a browser or Rhino
+    root.Rx = Rx;
+  }
 
   // All code before this point will be filtered from stack traces.
   var rEndingLine = captureLine();