rubygems-update 2.6.0 → 3.4.22

data/test/rubygems/test_gem.rb

@@ -1,20 +1,17 @@
 # coding: US-ASCII
-require 'rubygems/test_case'
-require 'rubygems'
-require 'rubygems/command'
-require 'rubygems/installer'
-require 'pathname'
-require 'tmpdir'
-
-# TODO: push this up to test_case.rb once battle tested
-$SAFE=1
-$LOAD_PATH.map! do |path|
-  path.dup.untaint
-end
+
+require_relative "helper"
+require "rubygems"
+require "rubygems/command"
+require "rubygems/installer"
+require "pathname"
+require "tmpdir"
+require "rbconfig"
 
 class TestGem < Gem::TestCase
+  PLUGINS_LOADED = [] # rubocop:disable Style/MutableConstant
 
-  PLUGINS_LOADED = []
+  PROJECT_DIR = File.expand_path("../..", __dir__).tap(&Gem::UNTAINT)
 
   def setup
     super
@@ -23,180 +20,488 @@ class TestGem < Gem::TestCase
 
     common_installer_setup
 
-    ENV.delete 'RUBYGEMS_GEMDEPS'
-    @additional = %w[a b].map { |d| File.join @tempdir, d }
+    @additional = %w[a b].map {|d| File.join @tempdir, d }
 
     util_remove_interrupt_command
   end
 
   def test_self_finish_resolve
-    save_loaded_features do
-      a1 = new_spec "a", "1", "b" => "> 0"
-      b1 = new_spec "b", "1", "c" => ">= 1"
-      b2 = new_spec "b", "2", "c" => ">= 2"
-      c1 = new_spec "c", "1"
-      c2 = new_spec "c", "2"
+    a1 = util_spec "a", "1", "b" => "> 0"
+    b1 = util_spec "b", "1", "c" => ">= 1"
+    b2 = util_spec "b", "2", "c" => ">= 2"
+    c1 = util_spec "c", "1"
+    c2 = util_spec "c", "2"
 
-      install_specs c1, c2, b1, b2, a1
+    install_specs c1, c2, b1, b2, a1
 
-      a1.activate
+    a1.activate
 
-      assert_equal %w(a-1), loaded_spec_names
-      assert_equal ["b (> 0)"], unresolved_names
+    assert_equal %w[a-1], loaded_spec_names
+    assert_equal ["b (> 0)"], unresolved_names
 
-      Gem.finish_resolve
+    Gem.finish_resolve
 
-      assert_equal %w(a-1 b-2 c-2), loaded_spec_names
-      assert_equal [], unresolved_names
-    end
+    assert_equal %w[a-1 b-2 c-2], loaded_spec_names
+    assert_equal [], unresolved_names
   end
 
   def test_self_finish_resolve_wtf
-    save_loaded_features do
-      a1 = new_spec "a", "1", "b" => "> 0", "d" => "> 0"    # this
-      b1 = new_spec "b", "1", { "c" => ">= 1" }, "lib/b.rb" # this
-      b2 = new_spec "b", "2", { "c" => ">= 2" }, "lib/b.rb"
-      c1 = new_spec "c", "1"                                # this
-      c2 = new_spec "c", "2"
-      d1 = new_spec "d", "1", { "c" => "< 2" },  "lib/d.rb"
-      d2 = new_spec "d", "2", { "c" => "< 2" },  "lib/d.rb" # this
+    a1 = util_spec "a", "1", "b" => "> 0", "d" => "> 0"    # this
+    b1 = util_spec "b", "1", { "c" => ">= 1" }, "lib/b.rb" # this
+    b2 = util_spec "b", "2", { "c" => ">= 2" }, "lib/b.rb"
+    c1 = util_spec "c", "1"                                # this
+    c2 = util_spec "c", "2"
+    d1 = util_spec "d", "1", { "c" => "< 2" },  "lib/d.rb"
+    d2 = util_spec "d", "2", { "c" => "< 2" },  "lib/d.rb" # this
 
-      install_specs c1, c2, b1, b2, d1, d2, a1
+    install_specs c1, c2, b1, b2, d1, d2, a1
 
-      a1.activate
+    a1.activate
 
-      assert_equal %w(a-1), loaded_spec_names
-      assert_equal ["b (> 0)", "d (> 0)"], unresolved_names
+    assert_equal %w[a-1], loaded_spec_names
+    assert_equal ["b (> 0)", "d (> 0)"], unresolved_names
 
-      Gem.finish_resolve
+    Gem.finish_resolve
 
-      assert_equal %w(a-1 b-1 c-1 d-2), loaded_spec_names
-      assert_equal [], unresolved_names
-    end
+    assert_equal %w[a-1 b-1 c-1 d-2], loaded_spec_names
+    assert_equal [], unresolved_names
+  end
+
+  def test_self_finish_resolve_respects_loaded_specs
+    a1 = util_spec "a", "1", "b" => "> 0"
+    b1 = util_spec "b", "1", "c" => ">= 1"
+    b2 = util_spec "b", "2", "c" => ">= 2"
+    c1 = util_spec "c", "1"
+    c2 = util_spec "c", "2"
+
+    install_specs c1, c2, b1, b2, a1
+
+    a1.activate
+    c1.activate
+
+    assert_equal %w[a-1 c-1], loaded_spec_names
+    assert_equal ["b (> 0)"], unresolved_names
+
+    Gem.finish_resolve
+
+    assert_equal %w[a-1 b-1 c-1], loaded_spec_names
+    assert_equal [], unresolved_names
   end
 
   def test_self_install
     spec_fetcher do |f|
-      f.gem  'a', 1
-      f.spec 'a', 2
+      f.gem  "a", 1
+      f.spec "a", 2
     end
 
     gemhome2 = "#{@gemhome}2"
 
-    installed = Gem.install 'a', '= 1', :install_dir => gemhome2
+    installed = Gem.install "a", "= 1", :install_dir => gemhome2
 
-    assert_equal %w[a-1], installed.map { |spec| spec.full_name }
+    assert_equal %w[a-1], installed.map {|spec| spec.full_name }
 
-    assert_path_exists File.join(gemhome2, 'gems', 'a-1')
+    assert_path_exist File.join(gemhome2, "gems", "a-1")
   end
 
   def test_self_install_in_rescue
     spec_fetcher do |f|
-      f.gem  'a', 1
-      f.spec 'a', 2
+      f.gem  "a", 1
+      f.spec "a", 2
     end
 
     gemhome2 = "#{@gemhome}2"
 
     installed =
       begin
-        raise 'Error'
+        raise "Error"
       rescue StandardError
-        Gem.install 'a', '= 1', :install_dir => gemhome2
+        Gem.install "a", "= 1", :install_dir => gemhome2
       end
-    assert_equal %w[a-1], installed.map { |spec| spec.full_name }
+    assert_equal %w[a-1], installed.map {|spec| spec.full_name }
   end
 
-  def test_require_missing
-    save_loaded_features do
-      assert_raises ::LoadError do
-        require "q"
-      end
+  def test_self_install_permissions
+    assert_self_install_permissions
+  end
+
+  def test_self_install_permissions_umask_0
+    umask = File.umask(0)
+    assert_self_install_permissions
+  ensure
+    File.umask(umask)
+  end
+
+  def test_self_install_permissions_umask_077
+    umask = File.umask(0o77)
+    assert_self_install_permissions
+  ensure
+    File.umask(umask)
+  end
+
+  def test_self_install_permissions_with_format_executable
+    assert_self_install_permissions(format_executable: true)
+  end
+
+  def test_self_install_permissions_with_format_executable_and_non_standard_ruby_install_name
+    Gem::Installer.exec_format = nil
+    ruby_install_name "ruby27" do
+      assert_self_install_permissions(format_executable: true)
     end
+  ensure
+    Gem::Installer.exec_format = nil
   end
 
-  def test_require_does_not_glob
-    save_loaded_features do
-      a1 = new_spec "a", "1", nil, "lib/a1.rb"
+  def assert_self_install_permissions(format_executable: false)
+    mask = win_platform? ? 0o700 : 0o777
+    options = {
+      :dir_mode => 0o500,
+      :prog_mode => win_platform? ? 0o410 : 0o510,
+      :data_mode => 0o640,
+      :wrappers => true,
+      :format_executable => format_executable,
+    }
+    Dir.chdir @tempdir do
+      Dir.mkdir "bin"
+      Dir.mkdir "data"
+
+      File.write "bin/foo", "#!/usr/bin/env ruby\n"
+      File.chmod 0o755, "bin/foo"
 
-      install_specs a1
+      File.write "data/foo.txt", "blah\n"
 
-      assert_raises ::LoadError do
-        require "a*"
+      spec_fetcher do |f|
+        f.gem "foo", 1 do |s|
+          s.executables = ["foo"]
+          s.files = %w[bin/foo data/foo.txt]
+        end
+      end
+      Gem.install "foo", Gem::Requirement.default, options
+    end
+
+    prog_mode = (options[:prog_mode] & mask).to_s(8)
+    dir_mode = (options[:dir_mode] & mask).to_s(8)
+    data_mode = (options[:data_mode] & mask).to_s(8)
+    prog_name = "foo"
+    prog_name = RbConfig::CONFIG["ruby_install_name"].sub("ruby", "foo") if options[:format_executable]
+    expected = {
+      "bin/#{prog_name}" => prog_mode,
+      "gems/foo-1" => dir_mode,
+      "gems/foo-1/bin" => dir_mode,
+      "gems/foo-1/data" => dir_mode,
+      "gems/foo-1/bin/foo" => prog_mode,
+      "gems/foo-1/data/foo.txt" => data_mode,
+    }
+    # add Windows script
+    expected["bin/#{prog_name}.bat"] = mask.to_s(8) if win_platform?
+    result = {}
+    Dir.chdir @gemhome do
+      expected.each_key do |n|
+        result[n] = (File.stat(n).mode & mask).to_s(8)
       end
+    end
+    assert_equal(expected, result)
+  ensure
+    File.chmod(0o755, *Dir.glob(@gemhome + "/gems/**/").map {|path| path.tap(&Gem::UNTAINT) })
+  end
+
+  def test_require_missing
+    assert_raise ::LoadError do
+      require "test_require_missing"
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_require_does_not_glob
+    a1 = util_spec "a", "1", nil, "lib/a1.rb"
+
+    install_specs a1
 
-      assert_equal [], loaded_spec_names
+    assert_raise ::LoadError do
+      require "a*"
     end
+
+    assert_equal [], loaded_spec_names
   end
 
   def test_self_bin_path_active
-    a1 = util_spec 'a', '1' do |s|
-      s.executables = ['exec']
+    a1 = util_spec "a", "1" do |s|
+      s.executables = ["exec"]
     end
 
-    util_spec 'a', '2' do |s|
-      s.executables = ['exec']
+    util_spec "a", "2" do |s|
+      s.executables = ["exec"]
     end
 
     a1.activate
 
-    assert_match 'a-1/bin/exec', Gem.bin_path('a', 'exec', '>= 0')
+    assert_match "a-1/bin/exec", Gem.bin_path("a", "exec", ">= 0")
+  end
+
+  def test_self_bin_path_picking_newest
+    a1 = util_spec "a", "1" do |s|
+      s.executables = ["exec"]
+    end
+
+    a2 = util_spec "a", "2" do |s|
+      s.executables = ["exec"]
+    end
+
+    install_specs a1, a2
+
+    assert_match "a-2/bin/exec", Gem.bin_path("a", "exec", ">= 0")
+  end
+
+  def test_self_activate_bin_path_no_exec_name
+    e = assert_raise ArgumentError do
+      Gem.activate_bin_path "a"
+    end
+
+    assert_equal "you must supply exec_name", e.message
+  end
+
+  def test_activate_bin_path_resolves_eagerly
+    a1 = util_spec "a", "1" do |s|
+      s.executables = ["exec"]
+      s.add_dependency "b"
+    end
+
+    b1 = util_spec "b", "1" do |s|
+      s.add_dependency "c", "2"
+    end
+
+    b2 = util_spec "b", "2" do |s|
+      s.add_dependency "c", "1"
+    end
+
+    c1 = util_spec "c", "1"
+    c2 = util_spec "c", "2"
+
+    install_specs c1, c2, b1, b2, a1
+
+    Gem.activate_bin_path("a", "exec", ">= 0")
+
+    # If we didn't eagerly resolve, this would activate c-2 and then the
+    # finish_resolve would cause a conflict
+    gem "c"
+    Gem.finish_resolve
+
+    assert_equal %w[a-1 b-2 c-1], loaded_spec_names
+  end
+
+  def test_activate_bin_path_does_not_error_if_a_gem_thats_not_finally_activated_has_orphaned_dependencies
+    a1 = util_spec "a", "1" do |s|
+      s.executables = ["exec"]
+      s.add_dependency "b"
+    end
+
+    b1 = util_spec "b", "1" do |s|
+      s.add_dependency "c", "1"
+    end
+
+    b2 = util_spec "b", "2" do |s|
+      s.add_dependency "c", "2"
+    end
+
+    c2 = util_spec "c", "2"
+
+    install_specs c2, b1, b2, a1
+
+    # c1 is missing, but not needed for activation, so we should not get any errors here
+
+    Gem.activate_bin_path("a", "exec", ">= 0")
+
+    assert_equal %w[a-1 b-2 c-2], loaded_spec_names
+  end
+
+  def test_activate_bin_path_raises_a_meaningful_error_if_a_gem_thats_finally_activated_has_orphaned_dependencies
+    a1 = util_spec "a", "1" do |s|
+      s.executables = ["exec"]
+      s.add_dependency "b"
+    end
+
+    b1 = util_spec "b", "1" do |s|
+      s.add_dependency "c", "1"
+    end
+
+    b2 = util_spec "b", "2" do |s|
+      s.add_dependency "c", "2"
+    end
+
+    c1 = util_spec "c", "1"
+
+    install_specs c1, b1, b2, a1
+
+    # c2 is missing, and b2 which has it as a dependency will be activated, so we should get an error about the orphaned dependency
+
+    e = assert_raise Gem::UnsatisfiableDependencyError do
+      load Gem.activate_bin_path("a", "exec", ">= 0")
+    end
+
+    assert_equal "Unable to resolve dependency: 'b (>= 0)' requires 'c (= 2)'", e.message
+  end
+
+  def test_activate_bin_path_in_debug_mode
+    a1 = util_spec "a", "1" do |s|
+      s.executables = ["exec"]
+    end
+
+    install_specs a1
+
+    require "open3"
+    output, status = Open3.capture2e(
+      { "GEM_HOME" => Gem.paths.home, "DEBUG_RESOLVER" => "1" },
+      *ruby_with_rubygems_in_load_path, "-e", "\"Gem.activate_bin_path('a', 'exec', '>= 0')\""
+    )
+
+    assert status.success?, output
+  end
+
+  def test_activate_bin_path_selects_exact_bundler_version_if_present
+    bundler_latest = util_spec "bundler", "2.0.1" do |s|
+      s.executables = ["bundle"]
+    end
+
+    bundler_previous = util_spec "bundler", "2.0.0" do |s|
+      s.executables = ["bundle"]
+    end
+
+    install_specs bundler_latest, bundler_previous
+
+    File.open("Gemfile.lock", "w") do |f|
+      f.write <<-L.gsub(/ {8}/, "")
+        GEM
+          remote: https://rubygems.org/
+          specs:
+
+        PLATFORMS
+          ruby
+
+        DEPENDENCIES
+
+        BUNDLED WITH
+          2.0.0
+      L
+    end
+
+    File.open("Gemfile", "w") {|f| f.puts('source "https://rubygems.org"') }
+
+    load Gem.activate_bin_path("bundler", "bundle", ">= 0.a")
+
+    assert_equal %w[bundler-2.0.0], loaded_spec_names
+  end
+
+  def test_activate_bin_path_respects_underscore_selection_if_given
+    bundler_latest = util_spec "bundler", "2.0.1" do |s|
+      s.executables = ["bundle"]
+    end
+
+    bundler_previous = util_spec "bundler", "1.17.3" do |s|
+      s.executables = ["bundle"]
+    end
+
+    install_specs bundler_latest, bundler_previous
+
+    File.open("Gemfile.lock", "w") do |f|
+      f.write <<-L.gsub(/ {8}/, "")
+        GEM
+          remote: https://rubygems.org/
+          specs:
+
+        PLATFORMS
+          ruby
+
+        DEPENDENCIES
+
+        BUNDLED WITH
+          2.0.1
+      L
+    end
+
+    File.open("Gemfile", "w") {|f| f.puts('source "https://rubygems.org"') }
+
+    load Gem.activate_bin_path("bundler", "bundle", "= 1.17.3")
+
+    assert_equal %w[bundler-1.17.3], loaded_spec_names
+  end
+
+  def test_activate_bin_path_gives_proper_error_for_bundler_when_underscore_selection_given
+    File.open("Gemfile.lock", "w") do |f|
+      f.write <<-L.gsub(/ {8}/, "")
+        GEM
+          remote: https://rubygems.org/
+          specs:
+
+        PLATFORMS
+          ruby
+
+        DEPENDENCIES
+
+        BUNDLED WITH
+          2.1.4
+      L
+    end
+
+    File.open("Gemfile", "w") {|f| f.puts('source "https://rubygems.org"') }
+
+    e = assert_raise Gem::GemNotFoundException do
+      load Gem.activate_bin_path("bundler", "bundle", "= 2.2.8")
+    end
+
+    assert_equal "can't find gem bundler (= 2.2.8) with executable bundle", e.message
   end
 
   def test_self_bin_path_no_exec_name
-    e = assert_raises ArgumentError do
-      Gem.bin_path 'a'
+    e = assert_raise ArgumentError do
+      Gem.bin_path "a"
     end
 
-    assert_equal 'you must supply exec_name', e.message
+    assert_equal "you must supply exec_name", e.message
   end
 
   def test_self_bin_path_bin_name
     install_specs util_exec_gem
-    assert_equal @abin_path, Gem.bin_path('a', 'abin')
+    assert_equal @abin_path, Gem.bin_path("a", "abin")
   end
 
   def test_self_bin_path_bin_name_version
     install_specs util_exec_gem
-    assert_equal @abin_path, Gem.bin_path('a', 'abin', '4')
+    assert_equal @abin_path, Gem.bin_path("a", "abin", "4")
   end
 
   def test_self_bin_path_nonexistent_binfile
-    util_spec 'a', '2' do |s|
-      s.executables = ['exec']
+    util_spec "a", "2" do |s|
+      s.executables = ["exec"]
     end
-    assert_raises(Gem::GemNotFoundException) do
-      Gem.bin_path('a', 'other', '2')
+    assert_raise(Gem::GemNotFoundException) do
+      Gem.bin_path("a", "other", "2")
     end
   end
 
   def test_self_bin_path_no_bin_file
-    util_spec 'a', '1'
-    assert_raises(ArgumentError) do
-      Gem.bin_path('a', nil, '1')
+    util_spec "a", "1"
+    assert_raise(ArgumentError) do
+      Gem.bin_path("a", nil, "1")
     end
   end
 
   def test_self_bin_path_not_found
-    assert_raises(Gem::GemNotFoundException) do
-      Gem.bin_path('non-existent', 'blah')
+    assert_raise(Gem::GemNotFoundException) do
+      Gem.bin_path("non-existent", "blah")
     end
   end
 
   def test_self_bin_path_bin_file_gone_in_latest
     install_specs util_exec_gem
-    spec = util_spec 'a', '10' do |s|
+    spec = util_spec "a", "10" do |s|
       s.executables = []
     end
     install_specs spec
-    # Should not find a-10's non-abin (bug)
-    assert_equal @abin_path, Gem.bin_path('a', 'abin')
+    assert_equal @abin_path, Gem.bin_path("a", "abin")
   end
 
   def test_self_bindir
-    assert_equal File.join(@gemhome, 'bin'), Gem.bindir
-    assert_equal File.join(@gemhome, 'bin'), Gem.bindir(Gem.dir)
-    assert_equal File.join(@gemhome, 'bin'), Gem.bindir(Pathname.new(Gem.dir))
+    assert_equal File.join(@gemhome, "bin"), Gem.bindir
+    assert_equal File.join(@gemhome, "bin"), Gem.bindir(Gem.dir)
+    assert_equal File.join(@gemhome, "bin"), Gem.bindir(Pathname.new(Gem.dir))
   end
 
   def test_self_bindir_default_dir
@@ -225,120 +530,93 @@ class TestGem < Gem::TestCase
     foo = nil
 
     Dir.chdir @tempdir do
-      FileUtils.mkdir_p 'data'
-      File.open File.join('data', 'foo.txt'), 'w' do |fp|
-        fp.puts 'blah'
+      FileUtils.mkdir_p "data"
+      File.open File.join("data", "foo.txt"), "w" do |fp|
+        fp.puts "blah"
+      end
+
+      foo = util_spec "foo" do |s|
+        s.files = %w[data/foo.txt]
       end
 
-      foo = util_spec 'foo' do |s| s.files = %w[data/foo.txt] end
       install_gem foo
     end
 
-    gem 'foo'
+    gem "foo"
 
-    expected = File.join @gemhome, 'gems', foo.full_name, 'data', 'foo'
+    expected = File.join @gemhome, "gems", foo.full_name, "data", "foo"
 
-    assert_equal expected, Gem.datadir('foo')
+    assert_equal expected, Gem::Specification.find_by_name("foo").datadir
   end
 
   def test_self_datadir_nonexistent_package
-    assert_nil Gem.datadir('xyzzy')
+    assert_raise(Gem::MissingSpecError) do
+      Gem::Specification.find_by_name("xyzzy").datadir
+    end
   end
 
   def test_self_default_exec_format
-    ruby_install_name 'ruby' do
-      assert_equal '%s', Gem.default_exec_format
+    ruby_install_name "ruby" do
+      assert_equal "%s", Gem.default_exec_format
     end
   end
 
   def test_self_default_exec_format_18
-    ruby_install_name 'ruby18' do
-      assert_equal '%s18', Gem.default_exec_format
+    ruby_install_name "ruby18" do
+      assert_equal "%s18", Gem.default_exec_format
     end
   end
 
   def test_self_default_exec_format_jruby
-    ruby_install_name 'jruby' do
-      assert_equal 'j%s', Gem.default_exec_format
+    ruby_install_name "jruby" do
+      assert_equal "j%s", Gem.default_exec_format
     end
   end
 
   def test_default_path
-    orig_vendordir = RbConfig::CONFIG['vendordir']
-    RbConfig::CONFIG['vendordir'] = File.join @tempdir, 'vendor'
+    vendordir(File.join(@tempdir, "vendor")) do
+      FileUtils.rm_rf Gem.user_home
 
-    FileUtils.rm_rf Gem.user_home
+      expected = [Gem.default_dir]
 
-    expected = [Gem.default_dir]
-
-    assert_equal expected, Gem.default_path
-  ensure
-    RbConfig::CONFIG['vendordir'] = orig_vendordir
+      assert_equal expected, Gem.default_path
+    end
   end
 
   def test_default_path_missing_vendor
-    orig_vendordir = RbConfig::CONFIG['vendordir']
-    RbConfig::CONFIG.delete 'vendordir'
+    vendordir(nil) do
+      FileUtils.rm_rf Gem.user_home
 
-    FileUtils.rm_rf Gem.user_home
+      expected = [Gem.default_dir]
 
-    expected = [Gem.default_dir]
-
-    assert_equal expected, Gem.default_path
-  ensure
-    RbConfig::CONFIG['vendordir'] = orig_vendordir
+      assert_equal expected, Gem.default_path
+    end
   end
 
   def test_default_path_user_home
-    orig_vendordir = RbConfig::CONFIG['vendordir']
-    RbConfig::CONFIG['vendordir'] = File.join @tempdir, 'vendor'
-
-    expected = [Gem.user_dir, Gem.default_dir]
+    vendordir(File.join(@tempdir, "vendor")) do
+      expected = [Gem.user_dir, Gem.default_dir]
 
-    assert_equal expected, Gem.default_path
-  ensure
-    RbConfig::CONFIG['vendordir'] = orig_vendordir
+      assert_equal expected, Gem.default_path
+    end
   end
 
   def test_default_path_vendor_dir
-    orig_vendordir = RbConfig::CONFIG['vendordir']
-    RbConfig::CONFIG['vendordir'] = File.join @tempdir, 'vendor'
-
-    FileUtils.mkdir_p Gem.vendor_dir
+    vendordir(File.join(@tempdir, "vendor")) do
+      FileUtils.mkdir_p Gem.vendor_dir
 
-    FileUtils.rm_rf Gem.user_home
+      FileUtils.rm_rf Gem.user_home
 
-    expected = [Gem.default_dir, Gem.vendor_dir]
+      expected = [Gem.default_dir, Gem.vendor_dir]
 
-    assert_equal expected, Gem.default_path
-  ensure
-    RbConfig::CONFIG['vendordir'] = orig_vendordir
+      assert_equal expected, Gem.default_path
+    end
   end
 
   def test_self_default_sources
     assert_equal %w[https://rubygems.org/], Gem.default_sources
   end
 
-  def test_self_detect_gemdeps
-    skip 'Insecure operation - chdir' if RUBY_VERSION <= "1.8.7"
-    rubygems_gemdeps, ENV['RUBYGEMS_GEMDEPS'] = ENV['RUBYGEMS_GEMDEPS'], '-'
-
-    FileUtils.mkdir_p 'detect/a/b'
-    FileUtils.mkdir_p 'detect/a/Isolate'
-
-    FileUtils.touch 'detect/Isolate'
-
-    begin
-      Dir.chdir 'detect/a/b'
-
-      assert_empty Gem.detect_gemdeps
-    ensure
-      Dir.chdir @tempdir
-    end
-  ensure
-    ENV['RUBYGEMS_GEMDEPS'] = rubygems_gemdeps
-  end
-
   def test_self_dir
     assert_equal @gemhome, Gem.dir
   end
@@ -349,24 +627,24 @@ class TestGem < Gem::TestCase
 
     Gem.ensure_gem_subdirectories @gemhome
 
-    assert_path_exists File.join @gemhome, 'build_info'
-    assert_path_exists File.join @gemhome, 'cache'
-    assert_path_exists File.join @gemhome, 'doc'
-    assert_path_exists File.join @gemhome, 'extensions'
-    assert_path_exists File.join @gemhome, 'gems'
-    assert_path_exists File.join @gemhome, 'specifications'
+    assert_path_exist File.join @gemhome, "build_info"
+    assert_path_exist File.join @gemhome, "cache"
+    assert_path_exist File.join @gemhome, "doc"
+    assert_path_exist File.join @gemhome, "extensions"
+    assert_path_exist File.join @gemhome, "gems"
+    assert_path_exist File.join @gemhome, "specifications"
   end
 
   def test_self_ensure_gem_directories_permissions
     FileUtils.rm_r @gemhome
     Gem.use_paths @gemhome
 
-    Gem.ensure_gem_subdirectories @gemhome, 0750
+    Gem.ensure_gem_subdirectories @gemhome, 0o750
 
-    assert File.directory? File.join(@gemhome, "cache")
+    assert_directory_exists File.join(@gemhome, "cache")
 
-    assert_equal 0750, File::Stat.new(@gemhome).mode & 0777
-    assert_equal 0750, File::Stat.new(File.join(@gemhome, "cache")).mode & 0777
+    assert_equal 0o750, File::Stat.new(@gemhome).mode & 0o777
+    assert_equal 0o750, File::Stat.new(File.join(@gemhome, "cache")).mode & 0o777
   end unless win_platform?
 
   def test_self_ensure_gem_directories_safe_permissions
@@ -377,220 +655,237 @@ class TestGem < Gem::TestCase
     File.umask 0
     Gem.ensure_gem_subdirectories @gemhome
 
-    assert_equal 0, File::Stat.new(@gemhome).mode & 002
-    assert_equal 0, File::Stat.new(File.join(@gemhome, "cache")).mode & 002
+    assert_equal 0, File::Stat.new(@gemhome).mode & 0o02
+    assert_equal 0, File::Stat.new(File.join(@gemhome, "cache")).mode & 0o02
   ensure
     File.umask old_umask
   end unless win_platform?
 
   def test_self_ensure_gem_directories_missing_parents
-    gemdir = File.join @tempdir, 'a/b/c/gemdir'
-    FileUtils.rm_rf File.join(@tempdir, 'a') rescue nil
-    refute File.exist?(File.join(@tempdir, 'a')),
-           "manually remove #{File.join @tempdir, 'a'}, tests are broken"
+    gemdir = File.join @tempdir, "a/b/c/gemdir"
+    begin
+      FileUtils.rm_rf File.join(@tempdir, "a")
+    rescue StandardError
+      nil
+    end
+    refute File.exist?(File.join(@tempdir, "a")),
+           "manually remove #{File.join @tempdir, "a"}, tests are broken"
     Gem.use_paths gemdir
 
     Gem.ensure_gem_subdirectories gemdir
 
-    assert File.directory?(util_cache_dir)
+    assert_directory_exists util_cache_dir
   end
 
-  unless win_platform? then # only for FS that support write protection
+  unless win_platform? || Process.uid.zero? # only for FS that support write protection
     def test_self_ensure_gem_directories_write_protected
       gemdir = File.join @tempdir, "egd"
-      FileUtils.rm_r gemdir rescue nil
+      begin
+        FileUtils.rm_r gemdir
+      rescue StandardError
+        nil
+      end
       refute File.exist?(gemdir), "manually remove #{gemdir}, tests are broken"
       FileUtils.mkdir_p gemdir
-      FileUtils.chmod 0400, gemdir
+      FileUtils.chmod 0o400, gemdir
       Gem.use_paths gemdir
 
       Gem.ensure_gem_subdirectories gemdir
 
       refute File.exist?(util_cache_dir)
     ensure
-      FileUtils.chmod 0600, gemdir
+      FileUtils.chmod 0o600, gemdir
     end
 
     def test_self_ensure_gem_directories_write_protected_parents
       parent = File.join(@tempdir, "egd")
       gemdir = "#{parent}/a/b/c"
 
-      FileUtils.rm_r parent rescue nil
+      begin
+        FileUtils.rm_r parent
+      rescue StandardError
+        nil
+      end
       refute File.exist?(parent), "manually remove #{parent}, tests are broken"
       FileUtils.mkdir_p parent
-      FileUtils.chmod 0400, parent
+      FileUtils.chmod 0o400, parent
       Gem.use_paths(gemdir)
 
       Gem.ensure_gem_subdirectories gemdir
 
       refute File.exist? File.join(gemdir, "gems")
     ensure
-      FileUtils.chmod 0600, parent
+      FileUtils.chmod 0o600, parent
+    end
+
+    def test_self_ensure_gem_directories_non_existent_paths
+      Gem.ensure_gem_subdirectories "/proc/0123456789/bogus" # should not raise
+      Gem.ensure_gem_subdirectories "classpath:/bogus/x" # JRuby embed scenario
     end
   end
 
   def test_self_extension_dir_shared
-    enable_shared 'yes' do
+    enable_shared "yes" do
       assert_equal Gem.ruby_api_version, Gem.extension_api_version
     end
   end
 
   def test_self_extension_dir_static
-    enable_shared 'no' do
+    enable_shared "no" do
       assert_equal "#{Gem.ruby_api_version}-static", Gem.extension_api_version
     end
   end
 
   def test_self_find_files
-    cwd = File.expand_path("test/rubygems", @@project_dir)
+    cwd = File.expand_path("test/rubygems", PROJECT_DIR)
     $LOAD_PATH.unshift cwd
 
-    discover_path = File.join 'lib', 'sff', 'discover.rb'
+    discover_path = File.join "lib", "sff", "discover.rb"
 
-    foo1, foo2 = %w(1 2).map { |version|
-      spec = quick_gem 'sff', version do |s|
+    foo1, foo2 = %w[1 2].map do |version|
+      spec = quick_gem "sff", version do |s|
         s.files << discover_path
       end
 
-      write_file(File.join 'gems', spec.full_name, discover_path) do |fp|
+      write_file(File.join "gems", spec.full_name, discover_path) do |fp|
         fp.puts "# #{spec.full_name}"
       end
 
       spec
-    }
+    end
 
     Gem.refresh
 
     expected = [
-      File.expand_path('test/rubygems/sff/discover.rb', @@project_dir),
+      File.expand_path("test/rubygems/sff/discover.rb", PROJECT_DIR),
       File.join(foo2.full_gem_path, discover_path),
       File.join(foo1.full_gem_path, discover_path),
     ]
 
-    assert_equal expected, Gem.find_files('sff/discover')
-    assert_equal expected, Gem.find_files('sff/**.rb'), '[ruby-core:31730]'
+    assert_equal expected, Gem.find_files("sff/discover")
+    assert_equal expected, Gem.find_files("sff/**.rb"), "[ruby-core:31730]"
   ensure
     assert_equal cwd, $LOAD_PATH.shift
   end
 
-  def test_self_find_files_with_gemfile
-    # write_file(File.join Dir.pwd, 'Gemfile') fails on travis 1.8.7 with $SAFE=1
-    skip if RUBY_VERSION <= "1.8.7"
-
-    cwd = File.expand_path("test/rubygems", @@project_dir)
-    $LOAD_PATH.unshift cwd
-
-    discover_path = File.join 'lib', 'sff', 'discover.rb'
-
-    foo1, _ = %w(1 2).map { |version|
-      spec = quick_gem 'sff', version do |s|
-        s.files << discover_path
-      end
-
-      write_file(File.join 'gems', spec.full_name, discover_path) do |fp|
-        fp.puts "# #{spec.full_name}"
-      end
-
-      spec
-    }
-    Gem.refresh
-
-    write_file(File.join Dir.pwd, 'Gemfile') do |fp|
-      fp.puts "source 'https://rubygems.org'"
-      fp.puts "gem '#{foo1.name}', '#{foo1.version}'"
-    end
-    Gem.use_gemdeps(File.join Dir.pwd, 'Gemfile')
-
-    expected = [
-      File.expand_path('test/rubygems/sff/discover.rb', @@project_dir),
-      File.join(foo1.full_gem_path, discover_path)
-    ]
-
-    assert_equal expected, Gem.find_files('sff/discover')
-    assert_equal expected, Gem.find_files('sff/**.rb'), '[ruby-core:31730]'
-  ensure
-    assert_equal cwd, $LOAD_PATH.shift unless RUBY_VERSION <= "1.8.7"
-  end
-
   def test_self_find_latest_files
-    cwd = File.expand_path("test/rubygems", @@project_dir)
+    cwd = File.expand_path("test/rubygems", PROJECT_DIR)
     $LOAD_PATH.unshift cwd
 
-    discover_path = File.join 'lib', 'sff', 'discover.rb'
+    discover_path = File.join "lib", "sff", "discover.rb"
 
-    _, foo2 = %w(1 2).map { |version|
-      spec = quick_gem 'sff', version do |s|
+    _, foo2 = %w[1 2].map do |version|
+      spec = quick_gem "sff", version do |s|
         s.files << discover_path
       end
 
-      write_file(File.join 'gems', spec.full_name, discover_path) do |fp|
+      write_file(File.join "gems", spec.full_name, discover_path) do |fp|
         fp.puts "# #{spec.full_name}"
       end
 
       spec
-    }
+    end
 
     Gem.refresh
 
     expected = [
-      File.expand_path('test/rubygems/sff/discover.rb', @@project_dir),
+      File.expand_path("test/rubygems/sff/discover.rb", PROJECT_DIR),
       File.join(foo2.full_gem_path, discover_path),
     ]
 
-    assert_equal expected, Gem.find_latest_files('sff/discover')
-    assert_equal expected, Gem.find_latest_files('sff/**.rb'), '[ruby-core:31730]'
+    assert_equal expected, Gem.find_latest_files("sff/discover")
+    assert_equal expected, Gem.find_latest_files("sff/**.rb"), "[ruby-core:31730]"
   ensure
     assert_equal cwd, $LOAD_PATH.shift
   end
 
   def test_self_latest_spec_for
     gems = spec_fetcher do |fetcher|
-      fetcher.spec 'a', 1
-      fetcher.spec 'a', '3.a'
-      fetcher.spec 'a', 2
+      fetcher.spec "a", 1
+      fetcher.spec "a", "3.a"
+      fetcher.spec "a", 2
     end
 
-    spec = Gem.latest_spec_for 'a'
+    spec = Gem.latest_spec_for "a"
+
+    assert_equal gems["a-2"], spec
+  end
+
+  def test_self_latest_spec_for_multiple_sources
+    uri = "https://example.sample.com/"
+    source = Gem::Source.new(uri)
+    source_list = Gem::SourceList.new
+    source_list << Gem::Source.new(@uri)
+    source_list << source
+    Gem.sources.replace source_list
+
+    spec_fetcher(uri) do |fetcher|
+      fetcher.spec "a", 1.1
+    end
 
-    assert_equal gems['a-2'], spec
+    gems = spec_fetcher do |fetcher|
+      fetcher.spec "a", 1
+      fetcher.spec "a", "3.a"
+      fetcher.spec "a", 2
+    end
+    spec = Gem.latest_spec_for "a"
+    assert_equal gems["a-2"], spec
   end
 
   def test_self_latest_rubygems_version
     spec_fetcher do |fetcher|
-      fetcher.spec 'rubygems-update', '1.8.23'
-      fetcher.spec 'rubygems-update', '1.8.24'
-      fetcher.spec 'rubygems-update', '2.0.0.preview3'
+      fetcher.spec "rubygems-update", "1.8.23"
+      fetcher.spec "rubygems-update", "1.8.24"
+      fetcher.spec "rubygems-update", "2.0.0.preview3"
     end
 
     version = Gem.latest_rubygems_version
 
-    assert_equal Gem::Version.new('1.8.24'), version
+    assert_equal Gem::Version.new("1.8.24"), version
   end
 
   def test_self_latest_version_for
     spec_fetcher do |fetcher|
-      fetcher.spec 'a', 1
-      fetcher.spec 'a', 2
-      fetcher.spec 'a', '3.a'
+      fetcher.spec "a", 1
+      fetcher.spec "a", 2
+      fetcher.spec "a", "3.a"
+    end
+
+    version = Gem.latest_version_for "a"
+
+    assert_equal Gem::Version.new(2), version
+  end
+
+  def test_self_latest_version_for_multiple_sources
+    uri = "https://example.sample.com/"
+    source = Gem::Source.new(uri)
+    source_list = Gem::SourceList.new
+    source_list << Gem::Source.new(@uri)
+    source_list << source
+    Gem.sources.replace source_list
+
+    spec_fetcher(uri) do |fetcher|
+      fetcher.spec "a", 1.1
+    end
+
+    spec_fetcher do |fetcher|
+      fetcher.spec "a", 1
+      fetcher.spec "a", 2
+      fetcher.spec "a", "3.a"
     end
 
-    version = Gem.latest_version_for 'a'
+    version = Gem.latest_version_for "a"
 
     assert_equal Gem::Version.new(2), version
   end
 
   def test_self_loaded_specs
-    foo = util_spec 'foo'
+    foo = util_spec "foo"
     install_gem foo
 
     foo.activate
 
-    assert_equal true, Gem.loaded_specs.keys.include?('foo')
-  end
-
-  def util_path
-    ENV.delete "GEM_HOME"
-    ENV.delete "GEM_PATH"
+    assert_equal true, Gem.loaded_specs.keys.include?("foo")
   end
 
   def test_self_path
@@ -598,53 +893,19 @@ class TestGem < Gem::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_self_path_default
-    util_path
-
-    if defined?(APPLE_GEM_HOME)
-      orig_APPLE_GEM_HOME = APPLE_GEM_HOME
-      Object.send :remove_const, :APPLE_GEM_HOME
-    end
+    ENV.delete "GEM_HOME"
+    ENV.delete "GEM_PATH"
 
     Gem.instance_variable_set :@paths, nil
 
     assert_equal [Gem.default_path, Gem.dir].flatten.uniq, Gem.path
-  ensure
-    Object.const_set :APPLE_GEM_HOME, orig_APPLE_GEM_HOME if orig_APPLE_GEM_HOME
-  end
-
-  unless win_platform?
-    def test_self_path_APPLE_GEM_HOME
-      util_path
-
-      Gem.clear_paths
-      apple_gem_home = File.join @tempdir, 'apple_gem_home'
-
-      old, $-w = $-w, nil
-      Object.const_set :APPLE_GEM_HOME, apple_gem_home
-      $-w = old
-
-      assert_includes Gem.path, apple_gem_home
-    ensure
-      Object.send :remove_const, :APPLE_GEM_HOME
-    end
-
-    def test_self_path_APPLE_GEM_HOME_GEM_PATH
-      Gem.clear_paths
-      ENV['GEM_PATH'] = @gemhome
-      apple_gem_home = File.join @tempdir, 'apple_gem_home'
-      Gem.const_set :APPLE_GEM_HOME, apple_gem_home
-
-      refute Gem.path.include?(apple_gem_home)
-    ensure
-      Gem.send :remove_const, :APPLE_GEM_HOME
-    end
   end
 
   def test_self_path_ENV_PATH
     path_count = Gem.path.size
     Gem.clear_paths
 
-    ENV['GEM_PATH'] = @additional.join(File::PATH_SEPARATOR)
+    ENV["GEM_PATH"] = @additional.join(File::PATH_SEPARATOR)
 
     assert_equal @additional, Gem.path[0,2]
 
@@ -656,10 +917,10 @@ class TestGem < Gem::TestCase
   def test_self_path_duplicate
     Gem.clear_paths
     util_ensure_gem_dirs
-    dirs = @additional + [@gemhome] + [File.join(@tempdir, 'a')]
+    dirs = @additional + [@gemhome] + [File.join(@tempdir, "a")]
 
-    ENV['GEM_HOME'] = @gemhome
-    ENV['GEM_PATH'] = dirs.join File::PATH_SEPARATOR
+    ENV["GEM_HOME"] = @gemhome
+    ENV["GEM_PATH"] = dirs.join File::PATH_SEPARATOR
 
     assert_equal @gemhome, Gem.dir
 
@@ -671,8 +932,8 @@ class TestGem < Gem::TestCase
     Gem.clear_paths
 
     util_ensure_gem_dirs
-    ENV['GEM_HOME'] = @gemhome
-    ENV['GEM_PATH'] = @additional.join(File::PATH_SEPARATOR)
+    ENV["GEM_HOME"] = @gemhome
+    ENV["GEM_PATH"] = @additional.join(File::PATH_SEPARATOR)
 
     assert_equal @gemhome, Gem.dir
 
@@ -685,47 +946,46 @@ class TestGem < Gem::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_self_prefix
-    assert_equal @@project_dir, Gem.prefix
+    assert_equal PROJECT_DIR, Gem.prefix
   end
 
   def test_self_prefix_libdir
-    orig_libdir = RbConfig::CONFIG['libdir']
-    RbConfig::CONFIG['libdir'] = @@project_dir
+    orig_libdir = RbConfig::CONFIG["libdir"]
+    RbConfig::CONFIG["libdir"] = PROJECT_DIR
 
     assert_nil Gem.prefix
   ensure
-    RbConfig::CONFIG['libdir'] = orig_libdir
+    RbConfig::CONFIG["libdir"] = orig_libdir
   end
 
   def test_self_prefix_sitelibdir
-    orig_sitelibdir = RbConfig::CONFIG['sitelibdir']
-    RbConfig::CONFIG['sitelibdir'] = @@project_dir
+    orig_sitelibdir = RbConfig::CONFIG["sitelibdir"]
+    RbConfig::CONFIG["sitelibdir"] = PROJECT_DIR
 
     assert_nil Gem.prefix
   ensure
-    RbConfig::CONFIG['sitelibdir'] = orig_sitelibdir
+    RbConfig::CONFIG["sitelibdir"] = orig_sitelibdir
   end
 
   def test_self_read_binary
-    open 'test', 'w' do |io|
+    File.open "test", "w" do |io|
       io.write "\xCF\x80"
     end
 
-    assert_equal ["\xCF", "\x80"], Gem.read_binary('test').chars.to_a
+    assert_equal ["\xCF", "\x80"], Gem.read_binary("test").chars.to_a
 
-    skip 'chmod not supported' if Gem.win_platform?
+    pend "chmod not supported" if Gem.win_platform?
 
     begin
-      File.chmod 0444, 'test'
+      File.chmod 0o444, "test"
 
-      assert_equal ["\xCF", "\x80"], Gem.read_binary('test').chars.to_a
+      assert_equal ["\xCF", "\x80"], Gem.read_binary("test").chars.to_a
     ensure
-      File.chmod 0644, 'test'
+      File.chmod 0o644, "test"
     end
   end
 
   def test_self_refresh
-    skip 'Insecure operation - mkdir' if RUBY_VERSION <= "1.8.7"
     util_make_gems
 
     a1_spec = @a1.spec_file
@@ -745,7 +1005,6 @@ class TestGem < Gem::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_self_refresh_keeps_loaded_specs_activated
-    skip 'Insecure operation - mkdir' if RUBY_VERSION <= "1.8.7"
     util_make_gems
 
     a1_spec = @a1.spec_file
@@ -760,82 +1019,96 @@ class TestGem < Gem::TestCase
 
     Gem.refresh
 
-    Gem::Specification.each{|spec| assert spec.activated? if spec == s}
+    Gem::Specification.each {|spec| assert spec.activated? if spec == s }
 
     Gem.loaded_specs.delete(s)
     Gem.refresh
   end
 
   def test_self_ruby_escaping_spaces_in_path
-    orig_ruby = Gem.ruby
-    orig_bindir = RbConfig::CONFIG['bindir']
-    orig_ruby_install_name = RbConfig::CONFIG['ruby_install_name']
-    orig_exe_ext = RbConfig::CONFIG['EXEEXT']
+    with_clean_path_to_ruby do
+      with_rb_config_ruby("C:/Ruby 1.8/bin/ruby.exe") do
+        assert_equal "\"C:/Ruby 1.8/bin/ruby.exe\"", Gem.ruby
+      end
+    end
+  end
 
-    RbConfig::CONFIG['bindir'] = "C:/Ruby 1.8/bin"
-    RbConfig::CONFIG['ruby_install_name'] = "ruby"
-    RbConfig::CONFIG['EXEEXT'] = ".exe"
-    Gem.instance_variable_set("@ruby", nil)
+  def test_self_ruby_path_without_spaces
+    with_clean_path_to_ruby do
+      with_rb_config_ruby("C:/Ruby18/bin/ruby.exe") do
+        assert_equal "C:/Ruby18/bin/ruby.exe", Gem.ruby
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def test_self_ruby_api_version
+    orig_ruby_version = RbConfig::CONFIG["ruby_version"]
+    RbConfig::CONFIG["ruby_version"] = "1.2.3"
 
-    assert_equal "\"C:/Ruby 1.8/bin/ruby.exe\"", Gem.ruby
+    Gem.instance_variable_set :@ruby_api_version, nil
+
+    assert_equal "1.2.3", Gem.ruby_api_version
   ensure
-    Gem.instance_variable_set("@ruby", orig_ruby)
-    RbConfig::CONFIG['bindir'] = orig_bindir
-    RbConfig::CONFIG['ruby_install_name'] = orig_ruby_install_name
-    RbConfig::CONFIG['EXEEXT'] = orig_exe_ext
+    Gem.instance_variable_set :@ruby_api_version, nil
+
+    RbConfig::CONFIG["ruby_version"] = orig_ruby_version
   end
 
-  def test_self_ruby_path_without_spaces
-    orig_ruby = Gem.ruby
-    orig_bindir = RbConfig::CONFIG['bindir']
-    orig_ruby_install_name = RbConfig::CONFIG['ruby_install_name']
-    orig_exe_ext = RbConfig::CONFIG['EXEEXT']
+  def test_self_env_requirement
+    ENV["GEM_REQUIREMENT_FOO"] = ">= 1.2.3"
+    ENV["GEM_REQUIREMENT_BAR"] = "1.2.3"
+    ENV["GEM_REQUIREMENT_BAZ"] = "abcd"
+
+    assert_equal Gem::Requirement.create(">= 1.2.3"), Gem.env_requirement("foo")
+    assert_equal Gem::Requirement.create("1.2.3"), Gem.env_requirement("bAr")
+    assert_raise(Gem::Requirement::BadRequirementError) { Gem.env_requirement("baz") }
+    assert_equal Gem::Requirement.default, Gem.env_requirement("qux")
+  end
 
-    RbConfig::CONFIG['bindir'] = "C:/Ruby18/bin"
-    RbConfig::CONFIG['ruby_install_name'] = "ruby"
-    RbConfig::CONFIG['EXEEXT'] = ".exe"
-    Gem.instance_variable_set("@ruby", nil)
+  def test_self_ruby_version_with_non_mri_implementations
+    util_set_RUBY_VERSION "2.5.0", 0, 60_928, "jruby 9.2.0.0 (2.5.0) 2018-05-24 81156a8 OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM 25.171-b11 on 1.8.0_171-8u171-b11-0ubuntu0.16.04.1-b11 [linux-x86_64]"
 
-    assert_equal "C:/Ruby18/bin/ruby.exe", Gem.ruby
+    assert_equal Gem::Version.new("2.5.0"), Gem.ruby_version
   ensure
-    Gem.instance_variable_set("@ruby", orig_ruby)
-    RbConfig::CONFIG['bindir'] = orig_bindir
-    RbConfig::CONFIG['ruby_install_name'] = orig_ruby_install_name
-    RbConfig::CONFIG['EXEEXT'] = orig_exe_ext
+    util_restore_RUBY_VERSION
   end
 
-  def test_self_ruby_api_version
-    orig_ruby_version, RbConfig::CONFIG['ruby_version'] = RbConfig::CONFIG['ruby_version'], '1.2.3'
+  def test_self_ruby_version_with_svn_prerelease
+    util_set_RUBY_VERSION "2.6.0", -1, 63_539, "ruby 2.6.0preview2 (2018-05-31 trunk 63539) [x86_64-linux]"
 
-    Gem.instance_variable_set :@ruby_api_version, nil
-
-    assert_equal '1.2.3', Gem.ruby_api_version
+    assert_equal Gem::Version.new("2.6.0.preview2"), Gem.ruby_version
   ensure
-    Gem.instance_variable_set :@ruby_api_version, nil
+    util_restore_RUBY_VERSION
+  end
 
-    RbConfig::CONFIG['ruby_version'] = orig_ruby_version
+  def test_self_ruby_version_with_git_prerelease
+    util_set_RUBY_VERSION "2.7.0", -1, "b563439274a402e33541f5695b1bfd4ac1085638", "ruby 2.7.0preview3 (2019-11-23 master b563439274) [x86_64-linux]"
+
+    assert_equal Gem::Version.new("2.7.0.preview3"), Gem.ruby_version
+  ensure
+    util_restore_RUBY_VERSION
   end
 
-  def test_self_ruby_version_1_8_5
-    util_set_RUBY_VERSION '1.8.5'
+  def test_self_ruby_version_with_non_mri_implementations_with_mri_prerelase_compatibility
+    util_set_RUBY_VERSION "2.6.0", -1, 63_539, "weirdjruby 9.2.0.0 (2.6.0preview2) 2018-05-24 81156a8 OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM 25.171-b11 on 1.8.0_171-8u171-b11-0ubuntu0.16.04.1-b11 [linux-x86_64]", "weirdjruby", "9.2.0.0"
 
-    assert_equal Gem::Version.new('1.8.5'), Gem.ruby_version
+    assert_equal Gem::Version.new("2.6.0.preview2"), Gem.ruby_version
   ensure
     util_restore_RUBY_VERSION
   end
 
-  def test_self_ruby_version_1_8_6p287
-    util_set_RUBY_VERSION '1.8.6', 287
+  def test_self_ruby_version_with_svn_trunk
+    util_set_RUBY_VERSION "1.9.2", -1, 23_493, "ruby 1.9.2dev (2009-05-20 trunk 23493) [x86_64-linux]"
 
-    assert_equal Gem::Version.new('1.8.6.287'), Gem.ruby_version
+    assert_equal Gem::Version.new("1.9.2.dev"), Gem.ruby_version
   ensure
     util_restore_RUBY_VERSION
   end
 
-  def test_self_ruby_version_1_9_2dev_r23493
-    util_set_RUBY_VERSION '1.9.2', -1, 23493
+  def test_self_ruby_version_with_git_master
+    util_set_RUBY_VERSION "2.7.0", -1, "5de284ec78220e75643f89b454ce999da0c1c195", "ruby 2.7.0dev (2019-12-23T01:37:30Z master 5de284ec78) [x86_64-linux]"
 
-    assert_equal Gem::Version.new('1.9.2.dev.23493'), Gem.ruby_version
+    assert_equal Gem::Version.new("2.7.0.dev"), Gem.ruby_version
   ensure
     util_restore_RUBY_VERSION
   end
@@ -845,7 +1118,7 @@ class TestGem < Gem::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_self_paths_eq
-    other = File.join @tempdir, 'other'
+    other = File.join @tempdir, "other"
     path = [@userhome, other].join File::PATH_SEPARATOR
 
     #
@@ -858,12 +1131,12 @@ class TestGem < Gem::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_self_paths_eq_nonexistent_home
-    ENV['GEM_HOME'] = @gemhome
+    ENV["GEM_HOME"] = @gemhome
     Gem.clear_paths
 
-    other = File.join @tempdir, 'other'
+    other = File.join @tempdir, "other"
 
-    ENV['HOME'] = other
+    ENV["HOME"] = other
 
     Gem.paths = { "GEM_PATH" => other }
 
@@ -873,7 +1146,7 @@ class TestGem < Gem::TestCase
   def test_self_post_build
     assert_equal 1, Gem.post_build_hooks.length
 
-    Gem.post_build do |installer| end
+    Gem.post_build {|installer| }
 
     assert_equal 2, Gem.post_build_hooks.length
   end
@@ -881,7 +1154,7 @@ class TestGem < Gem::TestCase
   def test_self_post_install
     assert_equal 1, Gem.post_install_hooks.length
 
-    Gem.post_install do |installer| end
+    Gem.post_install {|installer| }
 
     assert_equal 2, Gem.post_install_hooks.length
   end
@@ -889,7 +1162,7 @@ class TestGem < Gem::TestCase
   def test_self_done_installing
     assert_empty Gem.done_installing_hooks
 
-    Gem.done_installing do |gems| end
+    Gem.done_installing {|gems| }
 
     assert_equal 1, Gem.done_installing_hooks.length
   end
@@ -897,7 +1170,7 @@ class TestGem < Gem::TestCase
   def test_self_post_reset
     assert_empty Gem.post_reset_hooks
 
-    Gem.post_reset { }
+    Gem.post_reset {}
 
     assert_equal 1, Gem.post_reset_hooks.length
   end
@@ -905,7 +1178,7 @@ class TestGem < Gem::TestCase
   def test_self_post_uninstall
     assert_equal 1, Gem.post_uninstall_hooks.length
 
-    Gem.post_uninstall do |installer| end
+    Gem.post_uninstall {|installer| }
 
     assert_equal 2, Gem.post_uninstall_hooks.length
   end
@@ -913,7 +1186,7 @@ class TestGem < Gem::TestCase
   def test_self_pre_install
     assert_equal 1, Gem.pre_install_hooks.length
 
-    Gem.pre_install do |installer| end
+    Gem.pre_install {|installer| }
 
     assert_equal 2, Gem.pre_install_hooks.length
   end
@@ -921,7 +1194,7 @@ class TestGem < Gem::TestCase
   def test_self_pre_reset
     assert_empty Gem.pre_reset_hooks
 
-    Gem.pre_reset { }
+    Gem.pre_reset {}
 
     assert_equal 1, Gem.pre_reset_hooks.length
   end
@@ -929,70 +1202,87 @@ class TestGem < Gem::TestCase
   def test_self_pre_uninstall
     assert_equal 1, Gem.pre_uninstall_hooks.length
 
-    Gem.pre_uninstall do |installer| end
+    Gem.pre_uninstall {|installer| }
 
     assert_equal 2, Gem.pre_uninstall_hooks.length
   end
 
   def test_self_sources
     assert_equal %w[http://gems.example.com/], Gem.sources
+    Gem.sources = nil
+    Gem.configuration.sources = %w[http://test.example.com/]
+    assert_equal %w[http://test.example.com/], Gem.sources
   end
 
   def test_try_activate_returns_true_for_activated_specs
-    b = util_spec 'b', '1.0' do |spec|
-      spec.files << 'lib/b.rb'
+    b = util_spec "b", "1.0" do |spec|
+      spec.files << "lib/b.rb"
     end
     install_specs b
 
-    assert Gem.try_activate('b'), 'try_activate should return true'
-    assert Gem.try_activate('b'), 'try_activate should still return true'
+    assert Gem.try_activate("b"), "try_activate should return true"
+    assert Gem.try_activate("b"), "try_activate should still return true"
+  end
+
+  def test_spec_order_is_consistent
+    b1 = util_spec "b", "1.0"
+    b2 = util_spec "b", "2.0"
+    b3 = util_spec "b", "3.0"
+
+    install_specs b1, b2, b3
+
+    specs1 = Gem::Specification.stubs.find_all {|s| s.name == "b" }
+    Gem::Specification.reset
+    specs2 = Gem::Specification.stubs_for("b")
+    assert_equal specs1.map(&:version), specs2.map(&:version)
   end
 
   def test_self_try_activate_missing_dep
-    b = util_spec 'b', '1.0'
-    a = util_spec 'a', '1.0', 'b' => '>= 1.0'
+    b = util_spec "b", "1.0"
+    a = util_spec "a", "1.0", "b" => ">= 1.0"
 
     install_specs b, a
     uninstall_gem b
 
-    a_file = File.join a.gem_dir, 'lib', 'a_file.rb'
+    a_file = File.join a.gem_dir, "lib", "a_file.rb"
 
     write_file a_file do |io|
-      io.puts '# a_file.rb'
+      io.puts "# a_file.rb"
     end
 
-    e = assert_raises Gem::LoadError do
-      Gem.try_activate 'a_file'
+    e = assert_raise Gem::MissingSpecError do
+      Gem.try_activate "a_file"
     end
 
-    assert_match %r%Could not find 'b' %, e.message
+    assert_match %r{Could not find 'b' }, e.message
+    assert_match %r{at: #{a.spec_file}}, e.message
   end
 
   def test_self_try_activate_missing_prerelease
-    b = util_spec 'b', '1.0rc1'
-    a = util_spec 'a', '1.0rc1', 'b' => '1.0rc1'
+    b = util_spec "b", "1.0rc1"
+    a = util_spec "a", "1.0rc1", "b" => "1.0rc1"
 
     install_specs b, a
     uninstall_gem b
 
-    a_file = File.join a.gem_dir, 'lib', 'a_file.rb'
+    a_file = File.join a.gem_dir, "lib", "a_file.rb"
 
     write_file a_file do |io|
-      io.puts '# a_file.rb'
+      io.puts "# a_file.rb"
     end
 
-    e = assert_raises Gem::LoadError do
-      Gem.try_activate 'a_file'
+    e = assert_raise Gem::MissingSpecError do
+      Gem.try_activate "a_file"
     end
 
-    assert_match %r%Could not find 'b' \(= 1.0rc1\)%, e.message
+    assert_match %r{Could not find 'b' \(= 1.0rc1\)}, e.message
   end
 
   def test_self_try_activate_missing_extensions
-    spec = util_spec 'ext', '1' do |s|
+    spec = util_spec "ext", "1" do |s|
       s.extensions = %w[ext/extconf.rb]
       s.mark_version
-      s.installed_by_version = v('2.2')
+      s.installed_by_version = v("2.2")
     end
 
     # write the spec without install to simulate a failed install
@@ -1000,16 +1290,56 @@ class TestGem < Gem::TestCase
       io.write spec.to_ruby_for_cache
     end
 
-    _, err = capture_io do
-      refute Gem.try_activate 'nonexistent'
+    _, err = capture_output do
+      refute Gem.try_activate "nonexistent"
     end
 
-    expected = "Ignoring ext-1 because its extensions are not built.  " +
+    expected = "Ignoring ext-1 because its extensions are not built. " +
                "Try: gem pristine ext --version 1\n"
 
     assert_equal expected, err
   end
 
+  def test_self_use_paths_with_nils
+    orig_home = ENV.delete "GEM_HOME"
+    orig_path = ENV.delete "GEM_PATH"
+    Gem.use_paths nil, nil
+    assert_equal Gem.default_dir, Gem.paths.home
+    path = (Gem.default_path + [Gem.paths.home]).uniq
+    assert_equal path, Gem.paths.path
+  ensure
+    ENV["GEM_HOME"] = orig_home
+    ENV["GEM_PATH"] = orig_path
+  end
+
+  def test_setting_paths_does_not_warn_about_unknown_keys
+    stdout, stderr = capture_output do
+      Gem.paths = { "foo" => [],
+                    "bar" => Object.new,
+                    "GEM_HOME" => Gem.paths.home,
+                    "GEM_PATH" => "foo" }
+    end
+    assert_equal ["foo", Gem.paths.home], Gem.paths.path
+    assert_equal "", stderr
+    assert_equal "", stdout
+  end
+
+  def test_setting_paths_does_not_mutate_parameter_object
+    Gem.paths = { "GEM_HOME" => Gem.paths.home,
+                  "GEM_PATH" => "foo" }.freeze
+    assert_equal ["foo", Gem.paths.home], Gem.paths.path
+  end
+
+  def test_deprecated_paths=
+    stdout, stderr = capture_output do
+      Gem.paths = { "GEM_HOME" => Gem.paths.home,
+                    "GEM_PATH" => [Gem.paths.home, "foo"] }
+    end
+    assert_equal [Gem.paths.home, "foo"], Gem.paths.path
+    assert_match(/Array values in the parameter to `Gem.paths=` are deprecated.\nPlease use a String or nil/m, stderr)
+    assert_equal "", stdout
+  end
+
   def test_self_use_paths
     util_ensure_gem_dirs
 
@@ -1020,22 +1350,23 @@ class TestGem < Gem::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_self_user_dir
-    parts = [@userhome, '.gem', Gem.ruby_engine]
-    parts << RbConfig::CONFIG['ruby_version'] unless RbConfig::CONFIG['ruby_version'].empty?
+    parts = [@userhome, ".gem", Gem.ruby_engine]
+    parts << RbConfig::CONFIG["ruby_version"] unless RbConfig::CONFIG["ruby_version"].empty?
+
+    FileUtils.mkdir_p File.join(parts)
 
     assert_equal File.join(parts), Gem.user_dir
   end
 
   def test_self_user_home
-    if ENV['HOME'] then
-      assert_equal ENV['HOME'], Gem.user_home
+    if ENV["HOME"]
+      assert_equal ENV["HOME"], Gem.user_home
     else
-      assert true, 'count this test'
+      assert true, "count this test"
     end
   end
 
   def test_self_needs
-    util_clear_gems
     a = util_spec "a", "1"
     b = util_spec "b", "1", "c" => nil
     c = util_spec "c", "2"
@@ -1047,186 +1378,179 @@ class TestGem < Gem::TestCase
       r.gem "b", "= 1"
     end
 
-    activated = Gem::Specification.map { |x| x.full_name }
+    activated = Gem::Specification.map {|x| x.full_name }
 
-    assert_equal %w!a-1 b-1 c-2!, activated.sort
+    assert_equal %w[a-1 b-1 c-2], activated.sort
   end
 
   def test_self_needs_picks_up_unresolved_deps
-    skip 'loading from unsafe file' if RUBY_VERSION <= "1.8.7"
-    save_loaded_features do
-      util_clear_gems
-      a = util_spec "a", "1"
-      b = util_spec "b", "1", "c" => nil
-      c = util_spec "c", "2"
-      d =  new_spec "d", "1", {'e' => '= 1'}, "lib/d.rb"
-      e = util_spec "e", "1"
-
-      install_specs a, c, b, e, d
-
-      Gem.needs do |r|
-        r.gem "a"
-        r.gem "b", "= 1"
-
-        require 'd'
-      end
+    a = util_spec "a", "1"
+    b = util_spec "b", "1", "c" => nil
+    c = util_spec "c", "2"
+    d = util_spec "d", "1", { "e" => "= 1" }, "lib/d#{$$}.rb"
+    e = util_spec "e", "1"
+
+    install_specs a, c, b, e, d
 
-      assert_equal %w!a-1 b-1 c-2 d-1 e-1!, loaded_spec_names
+    Gem.needs do |r|
+      r.gem "a"
+      r.gem "b", "= 1"
+
+      require "d#{$$}"
     end
+
+    assert_equal %w[a-1 b-1 c-2 d-1 e-1], loaded_spec_names
   end
 
   def test_self_gunzip
     input = "\x1F\x8B\b\0\xED\xA3\x1AQ\0\x03\xCBH" +
             "\xCD\xC9\xC9\a\0\x86\xA6\x106\x05\0\0\0"
 
-    output = Gem.gunzip input
-
-    assert_equal 'hello', output
-
-    return unless Object.const_defined? :Encoding
+    output = Gem::Util.gunzip input
 
+    assert_equal "hello", output
     assert_equal Encoding::BINARY, output.encoding
   end
 
   def test_self_gzip
-    input = 'hello'
+    input = "hello"
 
-    output = Gem.gzip input
+    output = Gem::Util.gzip input
 
     zipped = StringIO.new output
 
-    assert_equal 'hello', Zlib::GzipReader.new(zipped).read
-
-    return unless Object.const_defined? :Encoding
-
+    assert_equal "hello", Zlib::GzipReader.new(zipped).read
     assert_equal Encoding::BINARY, output.encoding
   end
 
-  if Gem.win_platform? && '1.9' > RUBY_VERSION
-    # Ruby 1.9 properly handles ~ path expansion, so no need to run such tests.
-    def test_self_user_home_userprofile
-
-      Gem.clear_paths
-
-      # safe-keep env variables
-      orig_home, orig_user_profile = ENV['HOME'], ENV['USERPROFILE']
-
-      # prepare for the test
-      ENV.delete('HOME')
-      ENV['USERPROFILE'] = "W:\\Users\\RubyUser"
-
-      assert_equal 'W:/Users/RubyUser', Gem.user_home
-
-    ensure
-      ENV['HOME'] = orig_home
-      ENV['USERPROFILE'] = orig_user_profile
-    end
-
-    def test_self_user_home_user_drive_and_path
-      Gem.clear_paths
-
-      # safe-keep env variables
-      orig_home, orig_user_profile = ENV['HOME'], ENV['USERPROFILE']
-      orig_home_drive, orig_home_path = ENV['HOMEDRIVE'], ENV['HOMEPATH']
-
-      # prepare the environment
-      ENV.delete('HOME')
-      ENV.delete('USERPROFILE')
-      ENV['HOMEDRIVE'] = 'Z:'
-      ENV['HOMEPATH'] = "\\Users\\RubyUser"
-
-      assert_equal 'Z:/Users/RubyUser', Gem.user_home
-
-    ensure
-      ENV['HOME'] = orig_home
-      ENV['USERPROFILE'] = orig_user_profile
-      ENV['HOMEDRIVE'] = orig_home_drive
-      ENV['HOMEPATH'] = orig_home_path
-    end
-  end
-
   def test_self_vendor_dir
-    expected =
-      File.join RbConfig::CONFIG['vendordir'], 'gems',
-                RbConfig::CONFIG['ruby_version']
+    vendordir(File.join(@tempdir, "vendor")) do
+      expected =
+        File.join RbConfig::CONFIG["vendordir"], "gems",
+                  RbConfig::CONFIG["ruby_version"]
 
-    assert_equal expected, Gem.vendor_dir
+      assert_equal expected, Gem.vendor_dir
+    end
   end
 
   def test_self_vendor_dir_ENV_GEM_VENDOR
-    ENV['GEM_VENDOR'] = File.join @tempdir, 'vendor', 'gems'
+    ENV["GEM_VENDOR"] = File.join @tempdir, "vendor", "gems"
 
-    assert_equal ENV['GEM_VENDOR'], Gem.vendor_dir
+    assert_equal ENV["GEM_VENDOR"], Gem.vendor_dir
     refute Gem.vendor_dir.frozen?
   end
 
   def test_self_vendor_dir_missing
-    orig_vendordir = RbConfig::CONFIG['vendordir']
-    RbConfig::CONFIG.delete 'vendordir'
-
-    assert_nil Gem.vendor_dir
-  ensure
-    RbConfig::CONFIG['vendordir'] = orig_vendordir
+    vendordir(nil) do
+      assert_nil Gem.vendor_dir
+    end
   end
 
   def test_load_plugins
-    skip 'Insecure operation - chdir' if RUBY_VERSION <= "1.8.7"
     plugin_path = File.join "lib", "rubygems_plugin.rb"
 
+    foo1_plugin_path = nil
+    foo2_plugin_path = nil
     Dir.chdir @tempdir do
-      FileUtils.mkdir_p 'lib'
+      FileUtils.mkdir_p "lib"
       File.open plugin_path, "w" do |fp|
         fp.puts "class TestGem; PLUGINS_LOADED << 'plugin'; end"
       end
 
-      foo1 = util_spec 'foo', '1' do |s|
+      foo1 = util_spec "foo", "1" do |s|
         s.files << plugin_path
       end
+      foo1_plugin_path = File.join(foo1.gem_dir, plugin_path)
 
       install_gem foo1
 
-      foo2 = util_spec 'foo', '2' do |s|
+      foo2 = util_spec "foo", "2" do |s|
         s.files << plugin_path
       end
+      foo2_plugin_path = File.join(foo2.gem_dir, plugin_path)
 
       install_gem foo2
     end
 
-    Gem.searcher = nil
     Gem::Specification.reset
+    PLUGINS_LOADED.clear
+    $LOADED_FEATURES.delete(foo1_plugin_path)
+    $LOADED_FEATURES.delete(foo2_plugin_path)
+
+    gem "foo"
+
+    Gem.load_plugins
+
+    assert_equal %w[plugin], PLUGINS_LOADED
+  end
+
+  def test_load_user_installed_plugins
+    @orig_gem_home = ENV["GEM_HOME"]
+    ENV["GEM_HOME"] = @gemhome
+
+    plugin_path = File.join "lib", "rubygems_plugin.rb"
 
-    gem 'foo'
+    Dir.chdir @tempdir do
+      FileUtils.mkdir_p "lib"
+      File.open plugin_path, "w" do |fp|
+        fp.puts "class TestGem; PLUGINS_LOADED << 'plugin'; end"
+      end
+
+      foo = util_spec "foo", "1" do |s|
+        s.files << plugin_path
+      end
+
+      install_gem_user foo
+    end
+
+    Gem.paths = { "GEM_PATH" => [Gem.dir, Gem.user_dir].join(File::PATH_SEPARATOR) }
+
+    gem "foo"
 
     Gem.load_plugins
 
     assert_equal %w[plugin], PLUGINS_LOADED
+  ensure
+    ENV["GEM_HOME"] = @orig_gem_home
   end
 
   def test_load_env_plugins
-    with_plugin('load') { Gem.load_env_plugins }
-    assert_equal :loaded, TEST_PLUGIN_LOAD rescue nil
+    with_plugin("load") { Gem.load_env_plugins }
+    begin
+      assert_equal :loaded, TEST_PLUGIN_LOAD
+    rescue StandardError
+      nil
+    end
 
     util_remove_interrupt_command
 
     # Should attempt to cause a StandardError
-    with_plugin('standarderror') { Gem.load_env_plugins }
-    assert_equal :loaded, TEST_PLUGIN_STANDARDERROR rescue nil
+    with_plugin("standarderror") { Gem.load_env_plugins }
+    begin
+      assert_equal :loaded, TEST_PLUGIN_STANDARDERROR
+    rescue StandardError
+      nil
+    end
 
     util_remove_interrupt_command
 
     # Should attempt to cause an Exception
-    with_plugin('exception') { Gem.load_env_plugins }
-    assert_equal :loaded, TEST_PLUGIN_EXCEPTION rescue nil
+    with_plugin("exception") { Gem.load_env_plugins }
+    begin
+      assert_equal :loaded, TEST_PLUGIN_EXCEPTION
+    rescue StandardError
+      nil
+    end
   end
 
   def test_gem_path_ordering
     refute_equal Gem.dir, Gem.user_dir
 
-    write_file File.join(@tempdir, 'lib', "g.rb") { |fp| fp.puts "" }
-    write_file File.join(@tempdir, 'lib', 'm.rb') { |fp| fp.puts "" }
+    write_file File.join(@tempdir, "lib", "g.rb") {|fp| fp.puts "" }
+    write_file File.join(@tempdir, "lib", "m.rb") {|fp| fp.puts "" }
 
-    g = new_spec 'g', '1', nil, "lib/g.rb"
-    m = new_spec 'm', '1', nil, "lib/m.rb"
+    g = util_spec "g", "1", nil, "lib/g.rb"
+    m = util_spec "m", "1", nil, "lib/m.rb"
 
     install_gem g, :install_dir => Gem.dir
     m0 = install_gem m, :install_dir => Gem.dir
@@ -1237,7 +1561,7 @@ class TestGem < Gem::TestCase
 
     tests = [
       [:dir0, [ Gem.dir, Gem.user_dir], m0],
-      [:dir1, [ Gem.user_dir, Gem.dir], m1]
+      [:dir1, [ Gem.user_dir, Gem.dir], m1],
     ]
 
     tests.each do |_name, _paths, expected|
@@ -1245,15 +1569,15 @@ class TestGem < Gem::TestCase
       Gem::Specification.reset
       Gem.searcher = nil
 
-      assert_equal Gem::Dependency.new('m','1').to_specs,
-                   Gem::Dependency.new('m','1').to_specs.sort
+      assert_equal Gem::Dependency.new("m","1").to_specs,
+                   Gem::Dependency.new("m","1").to_specs.sort
 
       assert_equal \
         [expected.gem_dir],
-        Gem::Dependency.new('m','1').to_specs.map(&:gem_dir).sort,
+        Gem::Dependency.new("m","1").to_specs.map(&:gem_dir).sort,
         "Wrong specs for #{_name}"
 
-      spec = Gem::Dependency.new('m','1').to_spec
+      spec = Gem::Dependency.new("m","1").to_spec
 
       assert_equal \
         File.join(_paths.first, "gems", "m-1"),
@@ -1263,7 +1587,7 @@ class TestGem < Gem::TestCase
 
       gem "m"
 
-      spec = Gem::Dependency.new('m','1').to_spec
+      spec = Gem::Dependency.new("m","1").to_spec
       assert spec.activated?, "dependency not activated for #{_name}"
 
       assert_equal \
@@ -1278,11 +1602,11 @@ class TestGem < Gem::TestCase
   end
 
   def test_gem_path_ordering_short
-    write_file File.join(@tempdir, 'lib', "g.rb") { |fp| fp.puts "" }
-    write_file File.join(@tempdir, 'lib', 'm.rb') { |fp| fp.puts "" }
+    write_file File.join(@tempdir, "lib", "g.rb") {|fp| fp.puts "" }
+    write_file File.join(@tempdir, "lib", "m.rb") {|fp| fp.puts "" }
 
-    g = new_spec 'g', '1', nil, "lib/g.rb"
-    m = new_spec 'm', '1', nil, "lib/m.rb"
+    g = util_spec "g", "1", nil, "lib/g.rb"
+    m = util_spec "m", "1", nil, "lib/m.rb"
 
     install_gem g, :install_dir => Gem.dir
     install_gem m, :install_dir => Gem.dir
@@ -1292,124 +1616,10 @@ class TestGem < Gem::TestCase
 
     assert_equal \
       File.join(Gem.dir, "gems", "m-1"),
-      Gem::Dependency.new('m','1').to_spec.gem_dir,
+      Gem::Dependency.new("m","1").to_spec.gem_dir,
       "Wrong spec selected"
   end
 
-  def test_auto_activation_of_specific_gemdeps_file
-    util_clear_gems
-
-    a = new_spec "a", "1", nil, "lib/a.rb"
-    b = new_spec "b", "1", nil, "lib/b.rb"
-    c = new_spec "c", "1", nil, "lib/c.rb"
-
-    install_specs a, b, c
-
-    path = File.join @tempdir, "gem.deps.rb"
-
-    File.open path, "w" do |f|
-      f.puts "gem 'a'"
-      f.puts "gem 'b'"
-      f.puts "gem 'c'"
-    end
-
-    ENV['RUBYGEMS_GEMDEPS'] = path
-
-    Gem.detect_gemdeps
-
-    assert_equal %w!a-1 b-1 c-1!, loaded_spec_names
-  end
-
-  def test_auto_activation_of_detected_gemdeps_file
-    skip 'Insecure operation - chdir' if RUBY_VERSION <= "1.8.7"
-    util_clear_gems
-
-    a = new_spec "a", "1", nil, "lib/a.rb"
-    b = new_spec "b", "1", nil, "lib/b.rb"
-    c = new_spec "c", "1", nil, "lib/c.rb"
-
-    install_specs a, b, c
-
-    path = File.join @tempdir, "gem.deps.rb"
-
-    File.open path, "w" do |f|
-      f.puts "gem 'a'"
-      f.puts "gem 'b'"
-      f.puts "gem 'c'"
-    end
-
-    ENV['RUBYGEMS_GEMDEPS'] = "-"
-
-    assert_equal [a,b,c], Gem.detect_gemdeps.sort_by { |s| s.name }
-  end
-
-  LIB_PATH = File.expand_path "../../../lib".dup.untaint, __FILE__.dup.untaint
-
-  def test_looks_for_gemdeps_files_automatically_on_start
-    util_clear_gems
-
-    a = new_spec "a", "1", nil, "lib/a.rb"
-    b = new_spec "b", "1", nil, "lib/b.rb"
-    c = new_spec "c", "1", nil, "lib/c.rb"
-
-    install_specs a, b, c
-
-    path = File.join @tempdir, "gem.deps.rb"
-
-    File.open path, "w" do |f|
-      f.puts "gem 'a'"
-      f.puts "gem 'b'"
-      f.puts "gem 'c'"
-    end
-
-    path = File.join(@tempdir, "gd-tmp")
-    install_gem a, :install_dir => path
-    install_gem b, :install_dir => path
-    install_gem c, :install_dir => path
-
-    ENV['GEM_PATH'] = path
-    ENV['RUBYGEMS_GEMDEPS'] = "-"
-
-    out = `#{Gem.ruby.dup.untaint} -I "#{LIB_PATH.untaint}" -rubygems -e "p Gem.loaded_specs.values.map(&:full_name).sort"`
-
-    assert_equal '["a-1", "b-1", "c-1"]', out.strip
-  end
-
-  def test_looks_for_gemdeps_files_automatically_on_start_in_parent_dir
-    util_clear_gems
-
-    a = new_spec "a", "1", nil, "lib/a.rb"
-    b = new_spec "b", "1", nil, "lib/b.rb"
-    c = new_spec "c", "1", nil, "lib/c.rb"
-
-    install_specs a, b, c
-
-    path = File.join @tempdir, "gem.deps.rb"
-
-    File.open path, "w" do |f|
-      f.puts "gem 'a'"
-      f.puts "gem 'b'"
-      f.puts "gem 'c'"
-    end
-
-    path = File.join(@tempdir, "gd-tmp")
-    install_gem a, :install_dir => path
-    install_gem b, :install_dir => path
-    install_gem c, :install_dir => path
-
-    ENV['GEM_PATH'] = path
-    ENV['RUBYGEMS_GEMDEPS'] = "-"
-
-    Dir.mkdir "sub1"
-    out = Dir.chdir "sub1" do
-      `#{Gem.ruby.dup.untaint} -I "#{LIB_PATH.untaint}" -rubygems -e "p Gem.loaded_specs.values.map(&:full_name).sort"`
-    end
-
-    Dir.rmdir "sub1"
-
-    assert_equal '["a-1", "b-1", "c-1"]', out.strip
-  end
-
   def test_register_default_spec
     Gem.clear_default_specs
 
@@ -1421,7 +1631,7 @@ class TestGem < Gem::TestCase
 
     assert_equal old_style, Gem.find_unresolved_default_spec("foo.rb")
     assert_equal old_style, Gem.find_unresolved_default_spec("bar.rb")
-    assert_equal nil, Gem.find_unresolved_default_spec("baz.rb")
+    assert_nil              Gem.find_unresolved_default_spec("baz.rb")
 
     Gem.clear_default_specs
 
@@ -1434,213 +1644,123 @@ class TestGem < Gem::TestCase
 
     assert_equal new_style, Gem.find_unresolved_default_spec("foo.rb")
     assert_equal new_style, Gem.find_unresolved_default_spec("bar.rb")
-    assert_equal nil, Gem.find_unresolved_default_spec("exec")
-    assert_equal nil, Gem.find_unresolved_default_spec("README")
-  end
-
-  def test_default_gems_use_full_paths
-    begin
-      if defined?(RUBY_ENGINE) then
-        engine = RUBY_ENGINE
-        Object.send :remove_const, :RUBY_ENGINE
-      end
-      Object.const_set :RUBY_ENGINE, 'ruby'
-
-      refute Gem.default_gems_use_full_paths?
-    ensure
-      Object.send :remove_const, :RUBY_ENGINE
-      Object.const_set :RUBY_ENGINE, engine if engine
-    end
-
-    begin
-      if defined?(RUBY_ENGINE) then
-        engine = RUBY_ENGINE
-        Object.send :remove_const, :RUBY_ENGINE
-      end
-      Object.const_set :RUBY_ENGINE, 'jruby'
-      assert Gem.default_gems_use_full_paths?
-    ensure
-      Object.send :remove_const, :RUBY_ENGINE
-      Object.const_set :RUBY_ENGINE, engine if engine
-    end
+    assert_nil              Gem.find_unresolved_default_spec("exec")
+    assert_nil              Gem.find_unresolved_default_spec("README")
   end
 
-  def test_use_gemdeps
-    gem_deps_file = 'gem.deps.rb'.untaint
-    spec = util_spec 'a', 1
-    install_specs spec
-
-    spec = Gem::Specification.find { |s| s == spec }
-    refute spec.activated?
+  def test_register_default_spec_old_style_with_folder_starting_with_lib
+    Gem.clear_default_specs
 
-    open gem_deps_file, 'w' do |io|
-      io.write 'gem "a"'
+    old_style = Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
+      spec.files = ["libexec/bundle", "foo.rb", "bar.rb"]
     end
 
-    assert_nil Gem.gemdeps
-
-    Gem.use_gemdeps gem_deps_file
+    Gem.register_default_spec old_style
 
-    assert spec.activated?
-    refute_nil Gem.gemdeps
+    assert_equal old_style, Gem.find_unresolved_default_spec("foo.rb")
   end
 
-  def test_use_gemdeps_ENV
-    rubygems_gemdeps, ENV['RUBYGEMS_GEMDEPS'] = ENV['RUBYGEMS_GEMDEPS'], nil
-
-    spec = util_spec 'a', 1
-
-    refute spec.activated?
-
-    open 'gem.deps.rb', 'w' do |io|
-      io.write 'gem "a"'
-    end
-
-    Gem.use_gemdeps
+  def test_operating_system_defaults
+    operating_system_defaults = Gem.operating_system_defaults
 
-    refute spec.activated?
-  ensure
-    ENV['RUBYGEMS_GEMDEPS'] = rubygems_gemdeps
+    assert operating_system_defaults != nil
+    assert operating_system_defaults.is_a? Hash
   end
 
-  def test_use_gemdeps_argument_missing
-    e = assert_raises ArgumentError do
-      Gem.use_gemdeps 'gem.deps.rb'
-    end
+  def test_platform_defaults
+    platform_defaults = Gem.platform_defaults
 
-    assert_equal 'Unable to find gem dependencies file at gem.deps.rb',
-                 e.message
+    assert platform_defaults != nil
+    assert platform_defaults.is_a? Hash
   end
 
-  def test_use_gemdeps_argument_missing_match_ENV
-    rubygems_gemdeps, ENV['RUBYGEMS_GEMDEPS'] =
-      ENV['RUBYGEMS_GEMDEPS'], 'gem.deps.rb'
+  # Ensure that `Gem.source_date_epoch` is consistent even if
+  # $SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH has not been set.
+  def test_default_source_date_epoch_doesnt_change
+    old_epoch = ENV["SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH"]
+    ENV["SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH"] = nil
 
-    e = assert_raises ArgumentError do
-      Gem.use_gemdeps 'gem.deps.rb'
-    end
-
-    assert_equal 'Unable to find gem dependencies file at gem.deps.rb',
-                 e.message
+    # Unfortunately, there is no real way to test this aside from waiting
+    # enough for `Time.now.to_i` to change -- which is a whole second.
+    #
+    # Fortunately, we only need to do this once.
+    a = Gem.source_date_epoch
+    sleep 1
+    b = Gem.source_date_epoch
+    assert_equal a, b
   ensure
-    ENV['RUBYGEMS_GEMDEPS'] = rubygems_gemdeps
+    ENV["SOURCE_DATE_EPOCH"] = old_epoch
   end
 
-  def test_use_gemdeps_automatic
-    skip 'Insecure operation - chdir' if RUBY_VERSION <= "1.8.7"
-    rubygems_gemdeps, ENV['RUBYGEMS_GEMDEPS'] = ENV['RUBYGEMS_GEMDEPS'], '-'
-
-    spec = util_spec 'a', 1
-    install_specs spec
-    spec = Gem::Specification.find { |s| s == spec }
-
-    refute spec.activated?
-
-    open 'Gemfile', 'w' do |io|
-      io.write 'gem "a"'
-    end
-
-    Gem.use_gemdeps
-
-    assert spec.activated?
-  ensure
-    ENV['RUBYGEMS_GEMDEPS'] = rubygems_gemdeps
+  def test_data_home_default
+    expected = File.join(@userhome, ".local", "share")
+    assert_equal expected, Gem.data_home
   end
 
-  def test_use_gemdeps_automatic_missing
-    skip 'Insecure operation - chdir' if RUBY_VERSION <= "1.8.7"
-    rubygems_gemdeps, ENV['RUBYGEMS_GEMDEPS'] = ENV['RUBYGEMS_GEMDEPS'], '-'
-
-    Gem.use_gemdeps
-
-    assert true # count
-  ensure
-    ENV['RUBYGEMS_GEMDEPS'] = rubygems_gemdeps
+  def test_data_home_from_env
+    ENV["XDG_DATA_HOME"] = expected = "/test/data/home"
+    assert_equal expected, Gem.data_home
   end
 
-  def test_use_gemdeps_disabled
-    rubygems_gemdeps, ENV['RUBYGEMS_GEMDEPS'] = ENV['RUBYGEMS_GEMDEPS'], ''
-
-    spec = util_spec 'a', 1
-
-    refute spec.activated?
-
-    open 'gem.deps.rb', 'w' do |io|
-      io.write 'gem "a"'
-    end
-
-    Gem.use_gemdeps
-
-    refute spec.activated?
-  ensure
-    ENV['RUBYGEMS_GEMDEPS'] = rubygems_gemdeps
+  def test_state_home_default
+    Gem.instance_variable_set :@state_home, nil
+    Gem.data_home # memoize @data_home, to demonstrate GH-6418
+    expected = File.join(@userhome, ".local", "state")
+    assert_equal expected, Gem.state_home
   end
 
-  def test_use_gemdeps_missing_gem
-    skip 'Insecure operation - read' if RUBY_VERSION <= "1.8.7"
-    rubygems_gemdeps, ENV['RUBYGEMS_GEMDEPS'] = ENV['RUBYGEMS_GEMDEPS'], 'x'
-
-    open 'x', 'w' do |io|
-      io.write 'gem "a"'
-    end
+  def test_state_home_from_env
+    Gem.instance_variable_set :@state_home, nil
+    Gem.data_home # memoize @data_home, to demonstrate GH-6418
+    ENV["XDG_STATE_HOME"] = expected = "/test/state/home"
+    assert_equal expected, Gem.state_home
+  end
 
-    expected = <<-EXPECTED
-Unable to resolve dependency: user requested 'a (>= 0)'
-You may need to `gem install -g` to install missing gems
+  private
 
-    EXPECTED
+  def ruby_install_name(name)
+    with_clean_path_to_ruby do
+      orig_RUBY_INSTALL_NAME = RbConfig::CONFIG["ruby_install_name"]
+      RbConfig::CONFIG["ruby_install_name"] = name
 
-    assert_output nil, expected do
-      Gem.use_gemdeps
+      begin
+        yield
+      ensure
+        if orig_RUBY_INSTALL_NAME
+          RbConfig::CONFIG["ruby_install_name"] = orig_RUBY_INSTALL_NAME
+        else
+          RbConfig::CONFIG.delete "ruby_install_name"
+        end
+      end
     end
-  ensure
-    ENV['RUBYGEMS_GEMDEPS'] = rubygems_gemdeps
   end
 
-  def test_use_gemdeps_specific
-    skip 'Insecure operation - read' if RUBY_VERSION <= "1.8.7"
-    rubygems_gemdeps, ENV['RUBYGEMS_GEMDEPS'] = ENV['RUBYGEMS_GEMDEPS'], 'x'
-
-    spec = util_spec 'a', 1
-    install_specs spec
-
-    spec = Gem::Specification.find { |s| s == spec }
-    refute spec.activated?
-
-    open 'x', 'w' do |io|
-      io.write 'gem "a"'
-    end
+  def with_rb_config_ruby(path)
+    rb_config_singleton_class = class << RbConfig; self; end
+    orig_path = RbConfig.ruby
 
-    Gem.use_gemdeps
+    redefine_method(rb_config_singleton_class, :ruby, path)
 
-    assert spec.activated?
+    yield
   ensure
-    ENV['RUBYGEMS_GEMDEPS'] = rubygems_gemdeps
+    redefine_method(rb_config_singleton_class, :ruby, orig_path)
   end
 
-  def ruby_install_name name
-    orig_RUBY_INSTALL_NAME = RbConfig::CONFIG['ruby_install_name']
-    RbConfig::CONFIG['ruby_install_name'] = name
-
-    yield
-  ensure
-    if orig_RUBY_INSTALL_NAME then
-      RbConfig::CONFIG['ruby_install_name'] = orig_RUBY_INSTALL_NAME
-    else
-      RbConfig::CONFIG.delete 'ruby_install_name'
-    end
+  def redefine_method(base, method, new_result)
+    base.alias_method(method, method)
+    base.define_method(method) { new_result }
   end
 
   def with_plugin(path)
     test_plugin_path = File.expand_path("test/rubygems/plugin/#{path}",
-                                        @@project_dir)
+                                        PROJECT_DIR)
 
     # A single test plugin should get loaded once only, in order to preserve
     # sane test semantics.
     refute_includes $LOAD_PATH, test_plugin_path
     $LOAD_PATH.unshift test_plugin_path
 
-    capture_io do
+    capture_output do
       yield
     end
   ensure
@@ -1659,12 +1779,12 @@ You may need to `gem install -g` to install missing gems
   end
 
   def util_exec_gem
-    spec, _ = util_spec 'a', '4' do |s|
-      s.executables = ['exec', 'abin']
+    spec, _ = util_spec "a", "4" do |s|
+      s.executables = ["exec", "abin"]
     end
 
-    @exec_path = File.join spec.full_gem_path, spec.bindir, 'exec'
-    @abin_path = File.join spec.full_gem_path, spec.bindir, 'abin'
+    @exec_path = File.join spec.full_gem_path, spec.bindir, "exec"
+    @abin_path = File.join spec.full_gem_path, spec.bindir, "abin"
     spec
   end