rubycord 1.0.0

data/lib/rubycord/gateway.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,867 @@
+# This file uses code from Websocket::Client::Simple, licensed under the following license:
+#
+# Copyright (c) 2013-2014 Sho Hashimoto
+#
+# MIT License
+#
+# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+# a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+# "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+# without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+#                                  distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+# permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+# the following conditions:
+#
+# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+# included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+#
+# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+# EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+# MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+# NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
+# LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+# OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+# WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+
+module Rubycord
+  # Gateway packet opcodes
+  module Opcodes
+    # **Received** when Discord dispatches an event to the gateway (like MESSAGE_CREATE, PRESENCE_UPDATE or whatever).
+    # The vast majority of received packets will have this opcode.
+    DISPATCH = 0
+
+    # **Two-way**: The client has to send a packet with this opcode every ~40 seconds (actual interval specified in
+    # READY or RESUMED) and the current sequence number, otherwise it will be disconnected from the gateway. In certain
+    # cases Discord may also send one, specifically if two clients are connected at once.
+    HEARTBEAT = 1
+
+    # **Sent**: This is one of the two possible ways to initiate a session after connecting to the gateway. It
+    # should contain the authentication token along with other stuff the server has to know right from the start, such
+    # as large_threshold and, for older gateway versions, the desired version.
+    IDENTIFY = 2
+
+    # **Sent**: Packets with this opcode are used to change the user's status and played game. (Sending this is never
+    # necessary for a gateway client to behave correctly)
+    PRESENCE = 3
+
+    # **Sent**: Packets with this opcode are used to change a user's voice state (mute/deaf/unmute/undeaf/etc.). It is
+    # also used to connect to a voice server in the first place. (Sending this is never necessary for a gateway client
+    # to behave correctly)
+    VOICE_STATE = 4
+
+    # **Sent**: This opcode is used to ping a voice server, whatever that means. The functionality of this opcode isn't
+    # known well but non-user clients should never send it.
+    VOICE_PING = 5
+
+    # **Sent**: This is the other of two possible ways to initiate a gateway session (other than {IDENTIFY}). Rather
+    # than starting an entirely new session, it resumes an existing session by replaying all events from a given
+    # sequence number. It should be used to recover from a connection error or anything like that when the session is
+    # still valid - sending this with an invalid session will cause an error to occur.
+    RESUME = 6
+
+    # **Received**: Discord sends this opcode to indicate that the client should reconnect to a different gateway
+    # server because the old one is currently being decommissioned. Counterintuitively, this opcode also invalidates the
+    # session - the client has to create an entirely new session with the new gateway instead of resuming the old one.
+    RECONNECT = 7
+
+    # **Sent**: This opcode identifies packets used to retrieve a list of members from a particular server. There is
+    # also a REST endpoint available for this, but it is inconvenient to use because the client has to implement
+    # pagination itself, whereas sending this opcode lets Discord handle the pagination and the client can just add
+    # members when it receives them. (Sending this is never necessary for a gateway client to behave correctly)
+    REQUEST_MEMBERS = 8
+
+    # **Received**: Sent by Discord when the session becomes invalid for any reason. This may include improperly
+    # resuming existing sessions, attempting to start sessions with invalid data, or something else entirely. The client
+    # should handle this by simply starting a new session.
+    INVALIDATE_SESSION = 9
+
+    # **Received**: Sent immediately for any opened connection; tells the client to start heartbeating early on, so the
+    # server can safely search for a session server to handle the connection without the connection being terminated.
+    # As a side-effect, large bots are less likely to disconnect because of very large READY parse times.
+    HELLO = 10
+
+    # **Received**: Returned after a heartbeat was sent to the server. This allows clients to identify and deal with
+    # zombie connections that don't dispatch any events anymore.
+    HEARTBEAT_ACK = 11
+  end
+
+  # This class stores the data of an active gateway session. Note that this is different from a websocket connection -
+  # there may be multiple sessions per connection or one session may persist over multiple connections.
+  class Session
+    attr_reader :session_id
+    attr_accessor :sequence
+
+    def initialize(session_id)
+      @session_id = session_id
+      @sequence = 0
+      @suspended = false
+      @invalid = false
+    end
+
+    # Flags this session as suspended, so we know not to try and send heartbeats, etc. to the gateway until we've reconnected
+    def suspend
+      @suspended = true
+    end
+
+    def suspended?
+      @suspended
+    end
+
+    # Flags this session as no longer being suspended, so we can resume
+    def resume
+      @suspended = false
+    end
+
+    # Flags this session as being invalid
+    def invalidate
+      @invalid = true
+    end
+
+    def invalid?
+      @invalid
+    end
+
+    def should_resume?
+      suspended? && !invalid?
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Client for the Discord gateway protocol
+  class Gateway
+    # How many members there need to be in a server for it to count as "large"
+    LARGE_THRESHOLD = 100
+
+    # The version of the gateway that's supposed to be used.
+    GATEWAY_VERSION = 9
+
+    # Heartbeat ACKs are Discord's way of verifying on the client side whether the connection is still alive. If this is
+    # set to true (default value) the gateway client will use that functionality to detect zombie connections and
+    # reconnect in such a case; however it may lead to instability if there's some problem with the ACKs. If this occurs
+    # it can simply be set to false.
+    # @return [true, false] whether or not this gateway should check for heartbeat ACKs.
+    attr_accessor :check_heartbeat_acks
+
+    # @return [Integer] the intent parameter sent to the gateway server.
+    attr_reader :intents
+
+    def initialize(bot, token, shard_key = nil, compress_mode = :stream, intents = ALL_INTENTS)
+      @token = token
+      @bot = bot
+
+      @shard_key = shard_key
+
+      # Whether the connection to the gateway has succeeded yet
+      @ws_success = false
+
+      @check_heartbeat_acks = true
+
+      @compress_mode = compress_mode
+      @intents = intents
+    end
+
+    # Connect to the gateway server in a separate thread
+    def run_async
+      @ws_thread = Thread.new do
+        Thread.current[:rubycord_name] = "websocket"
+        connect_loop
+        LOGGER.warn("The WS loop exited! Not sure if this is a good thing")
+      end
+
+      LOGGER.debug("WS thread created! Now waiting for confirmation that everything worked")
+      loop do
+        sleep(0.5)
+
+        if @ws_success
+          LOGGER.debug("Confirmation received! Exiting run.")
+          break
+        end
+
+        if @should_reconnect == false
+          LOGGER.debug("Reconnection flag was unset. Exiting run.")
+          break
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Prevents all further execution until the websocket thread stops (e.g. through a closed connection).
+    def sync
+      @ws_thread.join
+    end
+
+    # Whether the WebSocket connection to the gateway is currently open
+    def open?
+      @handshake&.finished? && !@closed
+    end
+
+    # Stops the bot gracefully, disconnecting the websocket without immediately killing the thread. This means that
+    # Discord is immediately aware of the closed connection and makes the bot appear offline instantly.
+    #
+    # If this method doesn't work or you're looking for something more drastic, use {#kill} instead.
+    def stop
+      @should_reconnect = false
+      close
+
+      # Return nil so command bots don't send a message
+      nil
+    end
+
+    # Kills the websocket thread, stopping all connections to Discord.
+    def kill
+      @ws_thread.kill
+    end
+
+    # Notifies the {#run_async} method that everything is ready and the caller can now continue (i.e. with syncing,
+    # or with doing processing and then syncing)
+    def notify_ready
+      @ws_success = true
+    end
+
+    # Injects a reconnect event (op 7) into the event processor, causing Discord to reconnect to the given gateway URL.
+    # If the URL is set to nil, it will reconnect and get an entirely new gateway URL. This method has not much use
+    # outside of testing and implementing highly custom reconnect logic.
+    # @param url [String, nil] the URL to connect to or nil if one should be obtained from Discord.
+    def inject_reconnect(url = nil)
+      # When no URL is specified, the data should be nil, as is the case with Discord-sent packets.
+      data = url ? {url: url} : nil
+
+      handle_message({
+        op: Opcodes::RECONNECT,
+        d: data
+      }.to_json)
+    end
+
+    # Injects a resume packet (op 6) into the gateway. If this is done with a running connection, it will cause an
+    # error. It has no use outside of testing stuff that I know of, but if you want to use it anyway for some reason,
+    # here it is.
+    # @param seq [Integer, nil] The sequence ID to inject, or nil if the currently tracked one should be used.
+    def inject_resume(seq)
+      send_resume(raw_token, @session_id, seq || @sequence)
+    end
+
+    # Injects a terminal gateway error into the handler. Useful for testing the reconnect logic.
+    # @param e [Exception] The exception object to inject.
+    def inject_error(e)
+      handle_internal_close(e)
+    end
+
+    # Sends a heartbeat with the last received packet's seq (to acknowledge that we have received it and all packets
+    # before it), or if none have been received yet, with 0.
+    # @see #send_heartbeat
+    def heartbeat
+      if check_heartbeat_acks
+        unless @last_heartbeat_acked
+          # We're in a bad situation - apparently the last heartbeat wasn't ACK'd, which means the connection is likely
+          # a zombie. Reconnect
+          LOGGER.warn("Last heartbeat was not acked, so this is a zombie connection! Reconnecting")
+
+          # We can't send anything on zombie connections
+          @pipe_broken = true
+          reconnect
+          return
+        end
+
+        @last_heartbeat_acked = false
+      end
+
+      send_heartbeat(@session ? @session.sequence : 0)
+    end
+
+    # Sends a heartbeat packet (op 1). This tells Discord that the current connection is still active and that the last
+    # packets until the given sequence have been processed (in case of a resume).
+    # @param sequence [Integer] The sequence number for which to send a heartbeat.
+    def send_heartbeat(sequence)
+      send_packet(Opcodes::HEARTBEAT, sequence)
+    end
+
+    # Identifies to Discord with the default parameters.
+    # @see #send_identify
+    def identify
+      compress = @compress_mode == :large
+      send_identify(@token, {
+        os: RUBY_PLATFORM,
+        browser: "rubycord",
+        device: "rubycord",
+        referrer: "",
+        referring_domain: ""
+      }, compress, LARGE_THRESHOLD, @shard_key, @intents)
+    end
+
+    # Sends an identify packet (op 2). This starts a new session on the current connection and tells Discord who we are.
+    # This can only be done once a connection.
+    # @param token [String] The token with which to authorise the session. If it belongs to a bot account, it must be
+    #   prefixed with "Bot ".
+    # @param properties [Hash<Symbol => String>] A list of properties for Discord to use in analytics. The following
+    #   keys are recognised:
+    #
+    #    - "os" (recommended value: the operating system the bot is running on)
+    #    - "browser" (recommended value: library name)
+    #    - "device" (recommended value: library name)
+    #    - "referrer" (recommended value: empty)
+    #    - "referring_domain" (recommended value: empty)
+    #
+    # @param compress [true, false] Whether certain large packets should be compressed using zlib.
+    # @param large_threshold [Integer] The member threshold after which a server counts as large and will have to have
+    #   its member list chunked.
+    # @param shard_key [Array(Integer, Integer), nil] The shard key to use for sharding, represented as
+    #   [shard_id, num_shards], or nil if the bot should not be sharded.
+    def send_identify(token, properties, compress, large_threshold, shard_key = nil, intents = ALL_INTENTS)
+      data = {
+        # Don't send a v anymore as it's entirely determined by the URL now
+        token: token,
+        properties: properties,
+        compress: compress,
+        large_threshold: large_threshold,
+        intents: intents
+      }
+
+      # Don't include the shard key at all if it is nil as Discord checks for its mere existence
+      data[:shard] = shard_key if shard_key
+
+      send_packet(Opcodes::IDENTIFY, data)
+    end
+
+    # Sends a status update packet (op 3). This sets the bot user's status (online/idle/...) and game playing/streaming.
+    # @param status [String] The status that should be set (`online`, `idle`, `dnd`, `invisible`).
+    # @param since [Integer] The Unix timestamp in milliseconds when the status was set. Should only be provided when
+    #   `afk` is true.
+    # @param game [Hash<Symbol => Object>, nil] `nil` if no game should be played, or a hash of `:game => "name"` if a
+    #   game should be played. The hash can also contain additional attributes for streaming statuses.
+    # @param afk [true, false] Whether the status was set due to inactivity on the user's part.
+    def send_status_update(status, since, game, afk)
+      data = {
+        status: status,
+        since: since,
+        game: game,
+        afk: afk
+      }
+
+      send_packet(Opcodes::PRESENCE, data)
+    end
+
+    # Sends a voice state update packet (op 4). This packet can connect a user to a voice channel, update self mute/deaf
+    # status in an existing voice connection, move the user to a new voice channel on the same server or disconnect an
+    # existing voice connection.
+    # @param server_id [Integer] The ID of the server on which this action should occur.
+    # @param channel_id [Integer, nil] The channel ID to connect/move to, or `nil` to disconnect.
+    # @param self_mute [true, false] Whether the user should itself be muted to everyone else.
+    # @param self_deaf [true, false] Whether the user should be deaf towards other users.
+    def send_voice_state_update(server_id, channel_id, self_mute, self_deaf)
+      data = {
+        guild_id: server_id,
+        channel_id: channel_id,
+        self_mute: self_mute,
+        self_deaf: self_deaf
+      }
+
+      send_packet(Opcodes::VOICE_STATE, data)
+    end
+
+    # Resumes the session from the last recorded point.
+    # @see #send_resume
+    def resume
+      send_resume(@token, @session.session_id, @session.sequence)
+    end
+
+    # Reconnects the gateway connection in a controlled manner.
+    # @param attempt_resume [true, false] Whether a resume should be attempted after the reconnection.
+    def reconnect(attempt_resume = true)
+      @session.suspend if @session && attempt_resume
+
+      @instant_reconnect = true
+      @should_reconnect = true
+
+      close(4000)
+    end
+
+    # Sends a resume packet (op 6). This replays all events from a previous point specified by its packet sequence. This
+    # will not work if the packet to resume from has already been acknowledged using a heartbeat, or if the session ID
+    # belongs to a now invalid session.
+    #
+    # If this packet is sent at the beginning of a connection, it will act similarly to an {#identify} in that it
+    # creates a session on the current connection. Unlike identify however, this packet can also be sent in an existing
+    # session and will just replay some of the events.
+    # @param token [String] The token that was used to identify the session to resume.
+    # @param session_id [String] The session ID of the session to resume.
+    # @param seq [Integer] The packet sequence of the packet after which the events should be replayed.
+    def send_resume(token, session_id, seq)
+      data = {
+        token: token,
+        session_id: session_id,
+        seq: seq
+      }
+
+      send_packet(Opcodes::RESUME, data)
+    end
+
+    # Sends a request members packet (op 8). This will order Discord to gradually sent all requested members as dispatch
+    # events with type `GUILD_MEMBERS_CHUNK`. It is necessary to use this method in order to get all members of a large
+    # server (see `large_threshold` in {#send_identify}), however it can also be used for other purposes.
+    # @param server_id [Integer] The ID of the server whose members to query.
+    # @param query [String] If this string is not empty, only members whose username starts with this string will be
+    #   returned.
+    # @param limit [Integer] How many members to send at maximum, or `0` to send all members.
+    def send_request_members(server_id, query, limit)
+      data = {
+        guild_id: server_id,
+        query: query,
+        limit: limit
+      }
+
+      send_packet(Opcodes::REQUEST_MEMBERS, data)
+    end
+
+    # Sends a custom packet over the connection. This can be useful to implement future yet unimplemented functionality
+    # or for testing. You probably shouldn't use this unless you know what you're doing.
+    # @param opcode [Integer] The opcode the packet should be sent as. Can be one of {Opcodes} or a custom value if
+    #   necessary.
+    # @param packet [Object] Some arbitrary JSON-serializable data that should be sent as the `d` field.
+    def send_packet(opcode, packet)
+      data = {
+        op: opcode,
+        d: packet
+      }
+
+      send(data.to_json)
+    end
+
+    # Sends custom raw data over the connection. Only useful for testing; even if you know what you're doing you
+    # probably want to use {#send_packet} instead.
+    # @param data [String] The data to send.
+    # @param type [Symbol] The type the WebSocket frame should have; either `:text`, `:binary`, `:ping`, `:pong`, or
+    #   `:close`.
+    def send_raw(data, type = :text)
+      send(data, type)
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def setup_heartbeats(interval)
+      # Make sure to reset ACK handling, so we don't keep reconnecting
+      @last_heartbeat_acked = true
+
+      # We don't want to have redundant heartbeat threads, so if one already exists, don't start a new one
+      return if @heartbeat_thread
+
+      @heartbeat_interval = interval
+      @heartbeat_thread = Thread.new do
+        Thread.current[:rubycord_name] = "heartbeat"
+        loop do
+          # Send a heartbeat if heartbeats are active and either no session exists yet, or an existing session is
+          # suspended (e.g. after op7)
+          if (@session && !@session.suspended?) || !@session
+            sleep @heartbeat_interval
+            @bot.raise_heartbeat_event
+            heartbeat
+          else
+            sleep 1
+          end
+        rescue => e
+          LOGGER.error("An error occurred while heartbeating!")
+          LOGGER.log_exception(e)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def connect_loop
+      # Initialize falloff so we wait for more time before reconnecting each time
+      @falloff = 1.0
+
+      @should_reconnect = true
+      loop do
+        connect
+
+        break unless @should_reconnect
+
+        if @instant_reconnect
+          LOGGER.info("Instant reconnection flag was set - reconnecting right away")
+          @instant_reconnect = false
+        else
+          wait_for_reconnect
+        end
+
+        # Restart the loop, i.e. reconnect
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Separate method to wait an ever-increasing amount of time before reconnecting after being disconnected in an
+    # unexpected way
+    def wait_for_reconnect
+      # We disconnected in an unexpected way! Wait before reconnecting so we don't spam Discord's servers.
+      LOGGER.debug("Attempting to reconnect in #{@falloff} seconds.")
+      sleep @falloff
+
+      # Calculate new falloff
+      @falloff *= 1.5
+      @falloff = 115 + (rand * 10) if @falloff > 120 # Cap the falloff at 120 seconds and then add some random jitter
+    end
+
+    # Create and connect a socket using a URI
+    def obtain_socket(uri)
+      socket = TCPSocket.new(uri.host, uri.port || socket_port(uri))
+
+      if secure_uri?(uri)
+        ctx = OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext.new
+
+        if ENV["RUBYCORD_SSL_VERIFY_NONE"]
+          ctx.ssl_version = "SSLv23"
+          ctx.verify_mode = OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_NONE # use VERIFY_PEER for verification
+
+          cert_store = OpenSSL::X509::Store.new
+          cert_store.set_default_paths
+          ctx.cert_store = cert_store
+        else
+          ctx.set_params ssl_version: :TLSv1_2
+        end
+
+        socket = OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket.new(socket, ctx)
+        socket.connect
+      end
+
+      socket
+    end
+
+    # Whether the URI is secure (connection should be encrypted)
+    def secure_uri?(uri)
+      %w[https wss].include? uri.scheme
+    end
+
+    # The port we should connect to, if the URI doesn't have one set.
+    def socket_port(uri)
+      secure_uri?(uri) ? 443 : 80
+    end
+
+    def find_gateway
+      response = API.gateway(@token)
+      JSON.parse(response)["url"]
+    end
+
+    def process_gateway
+      raw_url = find_gateway
+
+      # Append a slash in case it's not there (I'm not sure how well WSCS handles it otherwise)
+      raw_url += "/" unless raw_url.end_with? "/"
+
+      query = if @compress_mode == :stream
+        "?encoding=json&v=#{GATEWAY_VERSION}&compress=zlib-stream"
+      else
+        "?encoding=json&v=#{GATEWAY_VERSION}"
+      end
+
+      raw_url + query
+    end
+
+    def connect
+      LOGGER.debug("Connecting")
+
+      # Get the URI we should connect to
+      url = process_gateway
+      LOGGER.debug("Gateway URL: #{url}")
+
+      # Parse it
+      gateway_uri = URI.parse(url)
+
+      # Zlib context for this gateway connection
+      @zlib_reader = Zlib::Inflate.new
+
+      # Connect to the obtained URI with a socket
+      @socket = obtain_socket(gateway_uri)
+      LOGGER.debug("Obtained socket")
+
+      # Initialise some properties
+      @handshake = ::WebSocket::Handshake::Client.new(url: url) # Represents the handshake between us and the server
+      @handshaked = false # Whether the handshake has finished yet
+      @pipe_broken = false # Whether we've received an EPIPE at any time
+      @closed = false # Whether the websocket is currently closed
+
+      # We're done! Delegate to the websocket loop
+      websocket_loop
+    rescue => e
+      LOGGER.error("An error occurred while connecting to the websocket!")
+      LOGGER.log_exception(e)
+    end
+
+    def websocket_loop
+      # Send the handshake data that we have so far
+      @socket.write(@handshake.to_s)
+
+      # Create a frame to handle received data
+      frame = ::WebSocket::Frame::Incoming::Client.new
+
+      until @closed
+        begin
+          unless @socket
+            LOGGER.warn("Socket is nil in websocket_loop! Reconnecting")
+            handle_internal_close("Socket is nil in websocket_loop")
+            next
+          end
+
+          # Get some data from the socket
+          begin
+            recv_data = @socket.readpartial(4096)
+          rescue EOFError
+            @pipe_broken = true
+            handle_internal_close("Socket EOF in websocket_loop")
+            next
+          end
+
+          # Check if we actually got data
+          unless recv_data
+            # If we didn't, wait
+            sleep 1
+            next
+          end
+
+          # Check whether the handshake has finished yet
+          if @handshaked
+            # If it hasn't, add the received data to the current frame
+            frame << recv_data
+
+            # Try to parse a message from the frame
+            msg = frame.next
+            while msg
+              # Check whether the message is a close frame, and if it is, handle accordingly
+              if msg.respond_to?(:code) && msg.code
+                handle_internal_close(msg)
+                break
+              end
+
+              # If there is one, handle it and try again
+              handle_message(msg.data)
+              msg = frame.next
+            end
+          else
+            # If the handshake hasn't finished, handle it
+            handle_handshake_data(recv_data)
+          end
+        rescue => e
+          handle_error(e)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def handle_handshake_data(recv_data)
+      @handshake << recv_data
+      return unless @handshake.finished?
+
+      @handshaked = true
+      handle_open
+    end
+
+    def handle_open
+    end
+
+    def handle_error(e)
+      LOGGER.error("An error occurred in the main websocket loop!")
+      LOGGER.log_exception(e)
+    end
+
+    ZLIB_SUFFIX = "\x00\x00\xFF\xFF".b.freeze
+
+    def handle_message(msg)
+      case @compress_mode
+      when :large
+        if msg.byteslice(0) == "x"
+          # The message is compressed, inflate it
+          msg = Zlib::Inflate.inflate(msg)
+        end
+      when :stream
+        # Write deflated string to buffer
+        @zlib_reader << msg
+
+        # Check if message ends in `ZLIB_SUFFIX`
+        return if msg.bytesize < 4 || msg.byteslice(-4, 4) != ZLIB_SUFFIX
+
+        # Inflate the deflated buffer
+        msg = @zlib_reader.inflate("")
+      end
+
+      # Parse packet
+      packet = JSON.parse(msg)
+      op = packet["op"].to_i
+
+      LOGGER.in(packet)
+
+      # If the packet has a sequence defined (all dispatch packets have one), make sure to update that in the
+      # session so it will be acknowledged next heartbeat.
+      # Only do this, of course, if a session has been created already; for a READY dispatch (which has s=0 set but is
+      # the packet that starts the session in the first place) we need not do any handling since initialising the
+      # session will set it to 0 by default.
+      @session.sequence = packet["s"] if packet["s"] && @session
+
+      case op
+      when Opcodes::DISPATCH
+        handle_dispatch(packet)
+      when Opcodes::HELLO
+        handle_hello(packet)
+      when Opcodes::RECONNECT
+        handle_reconnect
+      when Opcodes::INVALIDATE_SESSION
+        handle_invalidate_session
+      when Opcodes::HEARTBEAT_ACK
+        handle_heartbeat_ack(packet)
+      when Opcodes::HEARTBEAT
+        handle_heartbeat(packet)
+      else
+        LOGGER.warn("Received invalid opcode #{op} - please report with this information: #{msg}")
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Op 0
+    def handle_dispatch(packet)
+      data = packet["d"]
+      type = packet["t"].intern
+
+      case type
+      when :READY
+        LOGGER.info("Discord using gateway protocol version: #{data["v"]}, requested: #{GATEWAY_VERSION}")
+
+        @session = Session.new(data["session_id"])
+        @session.sequence = 0
+        @bot.__send__(:notify_ready) if @intents && (@intents & INTENTS[:servers]).zero?
+      when :RESUMED
+        # The RESUMED event is received after a successful op 6 (resume). It does nothing except tell the bot the
+        # connection is initiated (like READY would). Starting with v5, it doesn't set a new heartbeat interval anymore
+        # since that is handled by op 10 (HELLO).
+        LOGGER.info "Resumed"
+        return
+      end
+
+      @bot.dispatch(type, data)
+    end
+
+    # Op 1
+    def handle_heartbeat(packet)
+      # If we receive a heartbeat, we have to resend one with the same sequence
+      send_heartbeat(packet["s"])
+    end
+
+    # Op 7
+    def handle_reconnect
+      LOGGER.debug("Received op 7, reconnecting and attempting resume")
+      reconnect
+    end
+
+    # Op 9
+    def handle_invalidate_session
+      LOGGER.debug("Received op 9, invalidating session and re-identifying.")
+
+      if @session
+        @session.invalidate
+      else
+        LOGGER.warn("Received op 9 without a running session! Not invalidating, we *should* be fine though.")
+      end
+
+      identify
+    end
+
+    # Op 10
+    def handle_hello(packet)
+      LOGGER.debug("Hello!")
+
+      # The heartbeat interval is given in ms, so divide it by 1000 to get seconds
+      interval = packet["d"]["heartbeat_interval"].to_f / 1000.0
+      setup_heartbeats(interval)
+
+      LOGGER.debug("Trace: #{packet["d"]["_trace"]}")
+      LOGGER.debug("Session: #{@session.inspect}")
+
+      if @session&.should_resume?
+        # Make sure we're sending heartbeats again
+        @session.resume
+
+        # Send the actual resume packet to get the missing events
+        resume
+      else
+        identify
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Op 11
+    def handle_heartbeat_ack(packet)
+      LOGGER.debug("Received heartbeat ack for packet: #{packet.inspect}")
+      @last_heartbeat_acked = true if @check_heartbeat_acks
+    end
+
+    # Called when the websocket has been disconnected in some way - say due to a pipe error while sending
+    def handle_internal_close(e)
+      close
+      handle_close(e)
+    end
+
+    # Close codes that are unrecoverable, after which we should not try to reconnect.
+    # - 4003: Not authenticated. How did this happen?
+    # - 4004: Authentication failed. Token was wrong, nothing we can do.
+    # - 4011: Sharding required. Currently requires developer intervention.
+    # - 4014: Use of disabled privileged intents.
+    FATAL_CLOSE_CODES = [4003, 4004, 4011, 4014].freeze
+
+    def handle_close(e)
+      @bot.__send__(:raise_event, Events::DisconnectEvent.new(@bot))
+
+      if e.respond_to? :code
+        # It is a proper close frame we're dealing with, print reason and message to console
+        LOGGER.error("Websocket close frame received!")
+        LOGGER.error("Code: #{e.code}")
+        LOGGER.error("Message: #{e.data}")
+
+        if e.code == 4014
+          LOGGER.error(<<~ERROR)
+            You attempted to identify with privileged intents that your bot is not authorized to use
+            Please enable the privileged intents on the bot page of your application on the discord developer page.
+            Read more here https://discord.com/developers/docs/topics/gateway#privileged-intents
+          ERROR
+        end
+
+        @should_reconnect = false if FATAL_CLOSE_CODES.include?(e.code)
+      elsif e.is_a? Exception
+        # Log the exception
+        LOGGER.error("The websocket connection has closed due to an error!")
+        LOGGER.log_exception(e)
+      else
+        LOGGER.error("The websocket connection has closed: #{e&.inspect || "(no information)"}")
+      end
+    end
+
+    def send(data, type = :text, code = nil)
+      LOGGER.out(data)
+
+      unless @handshaked && !@closed
+        # If we're not handshaked or closed, it means there's no connection to send anything to
+        raise "Tried to send something to the websocket while not being connected!"
+      end
+
+      # Create the frame we're going to send
+      frame = ::WebSocket::Frame::Outgoing::Client.new(data: data, type: type, version: @handshake.version, code: code)
+
+      # Try to send it
+      begin
+        @socket.write frame.to_s
+      rescue => e
+        # There has been an error!
+        @pipe_broken = true
+        handle_internal_close(e)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def close(code = 1000)
+      # If we're already closed, there's no need to do anything - return
+      return if @closed
+
+      # Suspend the session so we don't send heartbeats
+      @session&.suspend
+
+      # Send a close frame (if we can)
+      send nil, :close, code unless @pipe_broken
+
+      # We're officially closed, notify the main loop.
+      @closed = true
+
+      # Close the socket if possible
+      @socket&.close
+      @socket = nil
+
+      # Make sure we do necessary things as soon as we're closed
+      handle_close(nil)
+    end
+  end
+end