ruby_dsp 0.0.8 → 0.0.9

data/ext/ruby_dsp/vendor/pocketfft_hdronly.h

@@ -0,0 +1,3760 @@
+/*
+This file is part of pocketfft.
+
+Copyright (C) 2010-2024 Max-Planck-Society
+Copyright (C) 2019-2020 Peter Bell
+
+For the odd-sized DCT-IV transforms:
+  Copyright (C) 2003, 2007-14 Matteo Frigo
+  Copyright (C) 2003, 2007-14 Massachusetts Institute of Technology
+
+For the prev_good_size search:
+  Copyright (C) 2024 Tan Ping Liang, Peter Bell
+
+For the safeguards against integer overflow in good_size search:
+  Copyright (C) 2024 Cris Luengo
+
+Authors: Martin Reinecke, Peter Bell
+
+All rights reserved.
+
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification,
+are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
+
+* Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
+  list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+* Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this
+  list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or
+  other materials provided with the distribution.
+* Neither the name of the copyright holder nor the names of its contributors may
+  be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without
+  specific prior written permission.
+
+THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
+ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
+WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
+DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR
+ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
+(INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
+LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON
+ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+(INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
+SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+*/
+
+#ifndef POCKETFFT_HDRONLY_H
+#define POCKETFFT_HDRONLY_H
+
+#ifndef __cplusplus
+#error This file is C++ and requires a C++ compiler.
+#endif
+
+#if !(__cplusplus >= 201103L || (defined(_MSVC_LANG) && _MSVC_LANG >= 201103L))
+#error This file requires at least C++11 support.
+#endif
+
+#ifndef POCKETFFT_CACHE_SIZE
+#define POCKETFFT_CACHE_SIZE 0
+#endif
+
+#include <cmath>
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <exception>
+#include <stdexcept>
+#include <memory>
+#include <vector>
+#include <complex>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <limits>
+#if POCKETFFT_CACHE_SIZE!=0
+#include <array>
+#include <mutex>
+#endif
+
+#ifndef POCKETFFT_NO_MULTITHREADING
+#include <mutex>
+#include <condition_variable>
+#include <thread>
+#include <queue>
+#include <atomic>
+#include <functional>
+#include <new>
+
+#ifdef POCKETFFT_PTHREADS
+#  include <pthread.h>
+#endif
+#endif
+
+#if defined(__GNUC__)
+#define POCKETFFT_NOINLINE __attribute__((noinline))
+#define POCKETFFT_RESTRICT __restrict__
+#elif defined(_MSC_VER)
+#define POCKETFFT_NOINLINE __declspec(noinline)
+#define POCKETFFT_RESTRICT __restrict
+#else
+#define POCKETFFT_NOINLINE
+#define POCKETFFT_RESTRICT
+#endif
+
+namespace pocketfft {
+
+namespace detail {
+using std::size_t;
+using std::ptrdiff_t;
+
+// Always use std:: for <cmath> functions
+template <typename T> T cos(T) = delete;
+template <typename T> T sin(T) = delete;
+template <typename T> T sqrt(T) = delete;
+
+using shape_t = std::vector<size_t>;
+using stride_t = std::vector<ptrdiff_t>;
+
+constexpr bool FORWARD  = true,
+               BACKWARD = false;
+
+// only enable vector support for gcc>=5.0 and clang>=5.0
+#ifndef POCKETFFT_NO_VECTORS
+#define POCKETFFT_NO_VECTORS
+#if defined(__INTEL_COMPILER)
+// do nothing. This is necessary because this compiler also sets __GNUC__.
+#elif defined(__clang__)
+// AppleClang has their own version numbering
+#ifdef __apple_build_version__
+#  if (__clang_major__ > 9) || (__clang_major__ == 9 && __clang_minor__ >= 1)
+#     undef POCKETFFT_NO_VECTORS
+#  endif
+#elif __clang_major__ >= 5
+#  undef POCKETFFT_NO_VECTORS
+#endif
+#elif defined(__GNUC__)
+#if __GNUC__>=5
+#undef POCKETFFT_NO_VECTORS
+#endif
+#endif
+#endif
+
+template<typename T> struct VLEN { static constexpr size_t val=1; };
+
+#ifndef POCKETFFT_NO_VECTORS
+#if (defined(__AVX512F__))
+template<> struct VLEN<float> { static constexpr size_t val=16; };
+template<> struct VLEN<double> { static constexpr size_t val=8; };
+#elif (defined(__AVX__))
+template<> struct VLEN<float> { static constexpr size_t val=8; };
+template<> struct VLEN<double> { static constexpr size_t val=4; };
+#elif (defined(__SSE2__))
+template<> struct VLEN<float> { static constexpr size_t val=4; };
+template<> struct VLEN<double> { static constexpr size_t val=2; };
+#elif (defined(__VSX__))
+template<> struct VLEN<float> { static constexpr size_t val=4; };
+template<> struct VLEN<double> { static constexpr size_t val=2; };
+#elif (defined(__ARM_NEON__) || defined(__ARM_NEON))
+template<> struct VLEN<float> { static constexpr size_t val=4; };
+template<> struct VLEN<double> { static constexpr size_t val=2; };
+#else
+#define POCKETFFT_NO_VECTORS
+#endif
+#endif
+
+// std::aligned_alloc is a bit cursed ... it doesn't exist on MacOS < 10.15
+// and in musl, and other OSes seem to have even more peculiarities.
+// Let's unconditionally work around it for now.
+#if defined(POCKETFFT_USE_POSIX_MEMALIGN) && (defined(__APPLE__) || defined(__unix__))
+// Use posix_memalign on POSIX systems when explicitly enabled.
+// The portable aligned_alloc below stores metadata at ptr[-1], which conflicts
+// with ASAN's heap redzone and causes intermittent bus errors.
+inline void *aligned_alloc(size_t align, size_t size)
+  {
+  align = std::max(align, sizeof(void*)); // posix_memalign requires align >= sizeof(void*)
+  void *ptr = nullptr;
+  if (posix_memalign(&ptr, align, size) != 0)
+    throw std::bad_alloc();
+  return ptr;
+  }
+inline void aligned_dealloc(void *ptr)
+    { free(ptr); }
+#else
+# if 0
+//#if (__cplusplus >= 201703L) && (!defined(__MINGW32__)) && (!defined(_MSC_VER)) && (__MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED >= MAC_OS_X_VERSION_10_15)
+inline void *aligned_alloc(size_t align, size_t size)
+  {
+  // aligned_alloc() requires that the requested size is a multiple of "align"
+  void *ptr = ::aligned_alloc(align,(size+align-1)&(~(align-1)));
+  if (!ptr) throw std::bad_alloc();
+  return ptr;
+  }
+inline void aligned_dealloc(void *ptr)
+    { free(ptr); }
+#else // portable emulation
+inline void *aligned_alloc(size_t align, size_t size)
+  {
+  align = std::max(align, alignof(max_align_t));
+  void *ptr = malloc(size+align);
+  if (!ptr) throw std::bad_alloc();
+  void *res = reinterpret_cast<void *>
+    ((reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(ptr) & ~(uintptr_t(align-1))) + uintptr_t(align));
+  (reinterpret_cast<void**>(res))[-1] = ptr;
+  return res;
+  }
+inline void aligned_dealloc(void *ptr)
+  { if (ptr) free((reinterpret_cast<void**>(ptr))[-1]); }
+# endif
+#endif
+
+template<typename T> class arr
+  {
+  private:
+    T *p;
+    size_t sz;
+
+#if defined(POCKETFFT_NO_VECTORS)
+    static T *ralloc(size_t num)
+      {
+      if (num==0) return nullptr;
+      void *res = malloc(num*sizeof(T));
+      if (!res) throw std::bad_alloc();
+      return reinterpret_cast<T *>(res);
+      }
+    static void dealloc(T *ptr)
+      { free(ptr); }
+#else
+    static T *ralloc(size_t num)
+      {
+      if (num==0) return nullptr;
+      void *ptr = aligned_alloc(64, num*sizeof(T));
+      return static_cast<T*>(ptr);
+      }
+    static void dealloc(T *ptr)
+      { aligned_dealloc(ptr); }
+#endif
+
+  public:
+    arr() : p(0), sz(0) {}
+    explicit arr(size_t n) : p(ralloc(n)), sz(n) {}
+    arr(arr &&other) noexcept
+      : p(other.p), sz(other.sz)
+      { other.p=nullptr; other.sz=0; }
+    ~arr() { dealloc(p); }
+
+    void resize(size_t n)
+      {
+      if (n==sz) return;
+      dealloc(p);
+      p = ralloc(n);
+      sz = n;
+      }
+
+    T &operator[](size_t idx) { return p[idx]; }
+    const T &operator[](size_t idx) const { return p[idx]; }
+
+    T *data() { return p; }
+    const T *data() const { return p; }
+
+    size_t size() const { return sz; }
+  };
+
+template<typename T> struct cmplx {
+  T r, i;
+  cmplx() = default;
+  cmplx(T r_, T i_) : r(r_), i(i_) {}
+  void Set(T r_, T i_) { r=r_; i=i_; }
+  void Set(T r_) { r=r_; i=T(0); }
+  cmplx &operator+= (const cmplx &other)
+    { r+=other.r; i+=other.i; return *this; }
+  template<typename T2>cmplx &operator*= (T2 other)
+    { r*=other; i*=other; return *this; }
+  template<typename T2>cmplx &operator*= (const cmplx<T2> &other)
+    {
+    T tmp = r*other.r - i*other.i;
+    i = r*other.i + i*other.r;
+    r = tmp;
+    return *this;
+    }
+  template<typename T2>cmplx &operator+= (const cmplx<T2> &other)
+    { r+=other.r; i+=other.i; return *this; }
+  template<typename T2>cmplx &operator-= (const cmplx<T2> &other)
+    { r-=other.r; i-=other.i; return *this; }
+  template<typename T2> auto operator* (const T2 &other) const
+    -> cmplx<decltype(r*other)>
+    { return {r*other, i*other}; }
+  template<typename T2> auto operator+ (const cmplx<T2> &other) const
+    -> cmplx<decltype(r+other.r)>
+    { return {r+other.r, i+other.i}; }
+  template<typename T2> auto operator- (const cmplx<T2> &other) const
+    -> cmplx<decltype(r+other.r)>
+    { return {r-other.r, i-other.i}; }
+  template<typename T2> auto operator* (const cmplx<T2> &other) const
+    -> cmplx<decltype(r+other.r)>
+    { return {r*other.r-i*other.i, r*other.i + i*other.r}; }
+  template<bool fwd, typename T2> auto special_mul (const cmplx<T2> &other) const
+    -> cmplx<decltype(r+other.r)>
+    {
+    using Tres = cmplx<decltype(r+other.r)>;
+    return fwd ? Tres(r*other.r+i*other.i, i*other.r-r*other.i)
+               : Tres(r*other.r-i*other.i, r*other.i+i*other.r);
+    }
+};
+template<typename T> inline void PM(T &a, T &b, T c, T d)
+  { a=c+d; b=c-d; }
+template<typename T> inline void PMINPLACE(T &a, T &b)
+  { T t = a; a+=b; b=t-b; }
+template<typename T> inline void MPINPLACE(T &a, T &b)
+  { T t = a; a-=b; b=t+b; }
+template<typename T> cmplx<T> conj(const cmplx<T> &a)
+  { return {a.r, -a.i}; }
+template<bool fwd, typename T, typename T2> void special_mul (const cmplx<T> &v1, const cmplx<T2> &v2, cmplx<T> &res)
+  {
+  res = fwd ? cmplx<T>(v1.r*v2.r+v1.i*v2.i, v1.i*v2.r-v1.r*v2.i)
+            : cmplx<T>(v1.r*v2.r-v1.i*v2.i, v1.r*v2.i+v1.i*v2.r);
+  }
+
+template<typename T> void ROT90(cmplx<T> &a)
+  { auto tmp_=a.r; a.r=-a.i; a.i=tmp_; }
+template<bool fwd, typename T> void ROTX90(cmplx<T> &a)
+  { auto tmp_= fwd ? -a.r : a.r; a.r = fwd ? a.i : -a.i; a.i=tmp_; }
+
+//
+// twiddle factor section
+//
+template<typename T> class sincos_2pibyn
+  {
+  private:
+    using Thigh = typename std::conditional<(sizeof(T)>sizeof(double)), T, double>::type;
+    size_t N, mask, shift;
+    arr<cmplx<Thigh>> v1, v2;
+
+    static cmplx<Thigh> calc(size_t x, size_t n, Thigh ang)
+      {
+      x<<=3;
+      if (x<4*n) // first half
+        {
+        if (x<2*n) // first quadrant
+          {
+          if (x<n) return cmplx<Thigh>(std::cos(Thigh(x)*ang), std::sin(Thigh(x)*ang));
+          return cmplx<Thigh>(std::sin(Thigh(2*n-x)*ang), std::cos(Thigh(2*n-x)*ang));
+          }
+        else // second quadrant
+          {
+          x-=2*n;
+          if (x<n) return cmplx<Thigh>(-std::sin(Thigh(x)*ang), std::cos(Thigh(x)*ang));
+          return cmplx<Thigh>(-std::cos(Thigh(2*n-x)*ang), std::sin(Thigh(2*n-x)*ang));
+          }
+        }
+      else
+        {
+        x=8*n-x;
+        if (x<2*n) // third quadrant
+          {
+          if (x<n) return cmplx<Thigh>(std::cos(Thigh(x)*ang), -std::sin(Thigh(x)*ang));
+          return cmplx<Thigh>(std::sin(Thigh(2*n-x)*ang), -std::cos(Thigh(2*n-x)*ang));
+          }
+        else // fourth quadrant
+          {
+          x-=2*n;
+          if (x<n) return cmplx<Thigh>(-std::sin(Thigh(x)*ang), -std::cos(Thigh(x)*ang));
+          return cmplx<Thigh>(-std::cos(Thigh(2*n-x)*ang), -std::sin(Thigh(2*n-x)*ang));
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+  public:
+    POCKETFFT_NOINLINE explicit sincos_2pibyn(size_t n)
+      : N(n)
+      {
+      constexpr auto pi = 3.141592653589793238462643383279502884197L;
+      Thigh ang = Thigh(0.25L*pi/n);
+      size_t nval = (n+2)/2;
+      shift = 1;
+      while((size_t(1)<<shift)*(size_t(1)<<shift) < nval) ++shift;
+      mask = (size_t(1)<<shift)-1;
+      v1.resize(mask+1);
+      v1[0].Set(Thigh(1), Thigh(0));
+      for (size_t i=1; i<v1.size(); ++i)
+        v1[i]=calc(i,n,ang);
+      v2.resize((nval+mask)/(mask+1));
+      v2[0].Set(Thigh(1), Thigh(0));
+      for (size_t i=1; i<v2.size(); ++i)
+        v2[i]=calc(i*(mask+1),n,ang);
+      }
+
+    cmplx<T> operator[](size_t idx) const
+      {
+      if (2*idx<=N)
+        {
+        auto x1=v1[idx&mask], x2=v2[idx>>shift];
+        return cmplx<T>(T(x1.r*x2.r-x1.i*x2.i), T(x1.r*x2.i+x1.i*x2.r));
+        }
+      idx = N-idx;
+      auto x1=v1[idx&mask], x2=v2[idx>>shift];
+      return cmplx<T>(T(x1.r*x2.r-x1.i*x2.i), -T(x1.r*x2.i+x1.i*x2.r));
+      }
+  };
+
+struct util // hack to avoid duplicate symbols
+  {
+  static POCKETFFT_NOINLINE size_t largest_prime_factor (size_t n)
+    {
+    size_t res=1;
+    while ((n&1)==0)
+      { res=2; n>>=1; }
+    for (size_t x=3; x*x<=n; x+=2)
+      while ((n%x)==0)
+        { res=x; n/=x; }
+    if (n>1) res=n;
+    return res;
+    }
+
+  static POCKETFFT_NOINLINE double cost_guess (size_t n)
+    {
+    constexpr double lfp=1.1; // penalty for non-hardcoded larger factors
+    size_t ni=n;
+    double result=0.;
+    while ((n&1)==0)
+      { result+=2; n>>=1; }
+    for (size_t x=3; x*x<=n; x+=2)
+      while ((n%x)==0)
+        {
+        result+= (x<=5) ? double(x) : lfp*double(x); // penalize larger prime factors
+        n/=x;
+        }
+    if (n>1) result+=(n<=5) ? double(n) : lfp*double(n);
+    return result*double(ni);
+    }
+
+  /* inner workings of good_size_cmplx() */
+  template<typename UIntT>
+  static POCKETFFT_NOINLINE UIntT good_size_cmplx_typed(UIntT n)
+    {
+    static_assert(std::numeric_limits<UIntT>::is_integer && (!std::numeric_limits<UIntT>::is_signed),
+      "type must be unsigned integer");
+    if (n<=12) return n;
+    if (n>std::numeric_limits<UIntT>::max()/11/2)
+      {
+      // The algorithm below doesn't work for this value, the multiplication can overflow.
+      if (sizeof(UIntT)<sizeof(std::uint64_t))
+        {
+        // We can try using this algorithm with 64-bit integers:
+        auto res = good_size_cmplx_typed<std::uint64_t>(n);
+        if (res<=std::numeric_limits<UIntT>::max())
+          return static_cast<UIntT>(res);
+        }
+      // Otherwise, this size is ridiculously large, people shouldn't be computing FFTs this large.
+      throw std::runtime_error("FFT size is too large.");
+      }
+
+    UIntT bestfac=2*n;
+    for (UIntT f11=1; f11<bestfac; f11*=11)
+      for (UIntT f117=f11; f117<bestfac; f117*=7)
+        for (UIntT f1175=f117; f1175<bestfac; f1175*=5)
+          {
+          UIntT x=f1175;
+          while (x<n) x*=2;
+          for (;;)
+            {
+            if (x<n)
+              x*=3;
+            else if (x>n)
+              {
+              if (x<bestfac) bestfac=x;
+              if (x&1) break;
+              x>>=1;
+              }
+            else
+              return n;
+            }
+          }
+    return bestfac;
+    }
+  /* returns the smallest composite of 2, 3, 5, 7 and 11 which is >= n */
+  static POCKETFFT_NOINLINE size_t good_size_cmplx(size_t n)
+    {
+    return good_size_cmplx_typed(n);
+    }
+  /* returns the smallest composite of 2, 3, 5, 7 and 11 which is >= n
+     and a multiple of required_factor. */
+  static POCKETFFT_NOINLINE size_t good_size_cmplx(size_t n,
+    size_t required_factor)
+    {
+    if (required_factor<1)
+      throw std::runtime_error("required factor must not be 0");
+    return good_size_cmplx((n+required_factor-1)/required_factor) * required_factor;
+    }
+
+  /* inner workings of good_size_real() */
+  template<typename UIntT>
+  static POCKETFFT_NOINLINE UIntT good_size_real_typed(UIntT n)
+    {
+    static_assert(std::numeric_limits<UIntT>::is_integer && (!std::numeric_limits<UIntT>::is_signed),
+      "type must be unsigned integer");
+    if (n<=6) return n;
+    if (n>std::numeric_limits<UIntT>::max()/5/2)
+    {
+      // The algorithm below doesn't work for this value, the multiplication can overflow.
+      if (sizeof(UIntT)<sizeof(std::uint64_t))
+        {
+        // We can try using this algorithm with 64-bit integers:
+        std::uint64_t res = good_size_real_typed<std::uint64_t>(n);
+        if (res<=std::numeric_limits<UIntT>::max())
+          return static_cast<UIntT>(res);
+        }
+      // Otherwise, this size is ridiculously large, people shouldn't be computing FFTs this large.
+      throw std::runtime_error("FFT size is too large.");
+    }
+
+    UIntT bestfac=2*n;
+    for (UIntT f5=1; f5<bestfac; f5*=5)
+      {
+      UIntT x = f5;
+      while (x<n) x *= 2;
+      for (;;)
+        {
+        if (x<n)
+          x*=3;
+        else if (x>n)
+          {
+          if (x<bestfac) bestfac=x;
+          if (x&1) break;
+          x>>=1;
+          }
+        else
+          return n;
+        }
+      }
+    return bestfac;
+    }
+  /* returns the smallest composite of 2, 3, 5 which is >= n */
+  static POCKETFFT_NOINLINE size_t good_size_real(size_t n)
+    {
+    return good_size_real_typed(n);
+    }
+  /* returns the smallest composite of 2, 3, 5 which is >= n
+     and a multiple of required_factor. */
+  static POCKETFFT_NOINLINE size_t good_size_real(size_t n,
+    size_t required_factor)
+    {
+    if (required_factor<1)
+      throw std::runtime_error("required factor must not be 0");
+    return good_size_real((n+required_factor-1)/required_factor) * required_factor;
+    }
+
+  /* inner workings of prev_good_size_cmplx() */
+  template<typename UIntT>
+  static POCKETFFT_NOINLINE UIntT prev_good_size_cmplx_typed(UIntT n)
+    {
+    static_assert(std::numeric_limits<UIntT>::is_integer && (!std::numeric_limits<UIntT>::is_signed),
+      "type must be unsigned integer");
+    if (n<=12) return n;
+    if (n>std::numeric_limits<UIntT>::max()/11)
+    {
+      // The algorithm below doesn't work for this value, the multiplication can overflow.
+      if (sizeof(UIntT)<sizeof(std::uint64_t))
+      {
+        // We can try using this algorithm with 64-bit integers:
+        auto res = prev_good_size_cmplx_typed<std::uint64_t>(n);
+        if (res<=std::numeric_limits<UIntT>::max())
+          return static_cast<UIntT>(res);
+      }
+      // Otherwise, this size is ridiculously large, people shouldn't be computing FFTs this large.
+      throw std::runtime_error("FFT size is too large.");
+    }
+
+    UIntT bestfound = 1;
+    for (UIntT f11 = 1;f11 <= n; f11 *= 11)
+      for (UIntT f117 = f11; f117 <= n; f117 *= 7)
+        for (UIntT f1175 = f117; f1175 <= n; f1175 *= 5)
+          {
+          UIntT x = f1175;
+          while (x*2 <= n) x *= 2;
+          if (x > bestfound) bestfound = x;
+          while (true)
+            {
+            if (x * 3 <= n) x *= 3;
+            else if (x % 2 == 0) x /= 2;
+            else break;
+
+            if (x > bestfound) bestfound = x;
+            }
+          }
+    return bestfound;
+    }
+  /* returns the largest composite of 2, 3, 5, 7 and 11 which is <= n */
+  static POCKETFFT_NOINLINE size_t prev_good_size_cmplx(size_t n)
+    {
+    return prev_good_size_cmplx_typed(n);
+    }
+
+  /* inner workings of prev_good_size_real() */
+  template<typename UIntT>
+  static POCKETFFT_NOINLINE UIntT prev_good_size_real_typed(UIntT n)
+    {
+    static_assert(std::numeric_limits<UIntT>::is_integer && (!std::numeric_limits<UIntT>::is_signed),
+      "type must be unsigned integer");
+    if (n<=6) return n;
+    if (n>std::numeric_limits<UIntT>::max()/5)
+    {
+      // The algorithm below doesn't work for this value, the multiplication can overflow.
+      if (sizeof(UIntT)<sizeof(std::uint64_t))
+      {
+        // We can try using this algorithm with 64-bit integers:
+        auto res = prev_good_size_real_typed<std::uint64_t>(n);
+        if (res<=std::numeric_limits<UIntT>::max())
+          return static_cast<UIntT>(res);
+      }
+      // Otherwise, this size is ridiculously large, people shouldn't be computing FFTs this large.
+      throw std::runtime_error("FFT size is too large.");
+    }
+
+    UIntT bestfound = 1;
+    for (UIntT f5 = 1; f5 <= n; f5 *= 5)
+      {
+      UIntT x = f5;
+      while (x*2 <= n) x *= 2;
+      if (x > bestfound) bestfound = x;
+      while (true)
+        {
+        if (x * 3 <= n) x *= 3;
+        else if (x % 2 == 0) x /= 2;
+        else break;
+
+        if (x > bestfound) bestfound = x;
+        }
+      }
+    return bestfound;
+    }
+  /* returns the largest composite of 2, 3, 5 which is <= n */
+  static POCKETFFT_NOINLINE size_t prev_good_size_real(size_t n)
+    {
+    return prev_good_size_real_typed(n);
+    }
+
+  static size_t prod(const shape_t &shape)
+    {
+    size_t res=1;
+    for (auto sz: shape)
+      res*=sz;
+    return res;
+    }
+
+  static POCKETFFT_NOINLINE void sanity_check(const shape_t &shape,
+    const stride_t &stride_in, const stride_t &stride_out, bool inplace)
+    {
+    auto ndim = shape.size();
+    if (ndim<1) throw std::runtime_error("ndim must be >= 1");
+    if ((stride_in.size()!=ndim) || (stride_out.size()!=ndim))
+      throw std::runtime_error("stride dimension mismatch");
+    if (inplace && (stride_in!=stride_out))
+      throw std::runtime_error("stride mismatch");
+    }
+
+  static POCKETFFT_NOINLINE void sanity_check(const shape_t &shape,
+    const stride_t &stride_in, const stride_t &stride_out, bool inplace,
+    const shape_t &axes)
+    {
+    sanity_check(shape, stride_in, stride_out, inplace);
+    auto ndim = shape.size();
+    shape_t tmp(ndim,0);
+    for (auto ax : axes)
+      {
+      if (ax>=ndim) throw std::invalid_argument("bad axis number");
+      if (++tmp[ax]>1) throw std::invalid_argument("axis specified repeatedly");
+      }
+    }
+
+  static POCKETFFT_NOINLINE void sanity_check(const shape_t &shape,
+    const stride_t &stride_in, const stride_t &stride_out, bool inplace,
+    size_t axis)
+    {
+    sanity_check(shape, stride_in, stride_out, inplace);
+    if (axis>=shape.size()) throw std::invalid_argument("bad axis number");
+    }
+
+#ifdef POCKETFFT_NO_MULTITHREADING
+  static size_t thread_count (size_t /*nthreads*/, const shape_t &/*shape*/,
+    size_t /*axis*/, size_t /*vlen*/)
+    { return 1; }
+#else
+  static size_t thread_count (size_t nthreads, const shape_t &shape,
+    size_t axis, size_t vlen)
+    {
+    if (nthreads==1) return 1;
+    size_t size = prod(shape);
+    size_t parallel = size / (shape[axis] * vlen);
+    if (shape[axis] < 1000)
+      parallel /= 4;
+    size_t max_threads = nthreads == 0 ?
+      std::thread::hardware_concurrency() : nthreads;
+    return std::max(size_t(1), std::min(parallel, max_threads));
+    }
+#endif
+  };
+
+namespace threading {
+
+#ifdef POCKETFFT_NO_MULTITHREADING
+
+constexpr inline size_t thread_id() { return 0; }
+constexpr inline size_t num_threads() { return 1; }
+
+template <typename Func>
+void thread_map(size_t /* nthreads */, Func f)
+  { f(); }
+
+#else
+
+inline size_t &thread_id()
+  {
+  static thread_local size_t thread_id_=0;
+  return thread_id_;
+  }
+inline size_t &num_threads()
+  {
+  static thread_local size_t num_threads_=1;
+  return num_threads_;
+  }
+static const size_t max_threads = std::max(1u, std::thread::hardware_concurrency());
+
+class latch
+  {
+    std::atomic<size_t> num_left_;
+    std::mutex mut_;
+    std::condition_variable completed_;
+    using lock_t = std::unique_lock<std::mutex>;
+
+  public:
+    explicit latch(size_t n): num_left_(n) {}
+
+    void count_down()
+      {
+      lock_t lock(mut_);
+      if (--num_left_)
+        return;
+      completed_.notify_all();
+      }
+
+    void wait()
+      {
+      lock_t lock(mut_);
+      completed_.wait(lock, [this]{ return is_ready(); });
+      }
+    bool is_ready() { return num_left_ == 0; }
+  };
+
+template <typename T> class concurrent_queue
+  {
+    std::queue<T> q_;
+    std::mutex mut_;
+    std::atomic<size_t> size_;
+    using lock_t = std::lock_guard<std::mutex>;
+
+  public:
+
+    void push(T val)
+      {
+      lock_t lock(mut_);
+      ++size_;
+      q_.push(std::move(val));
+      }
+
+    bool try_pop(T &val)
+      {
+      if (size_ == 0) return false;
+      lock_t lock(mut_);
+      // Queue might have been emptied while we acquired the lock
+      if (q_.empty()) return false;
+
+      val = std::move(q_.front());
+      --size_;
+      q_.pop();
+      return true;
+      }
+
+    bool empty() const { return size_==0; }
+  };
+
+// C++ allocator with support for over-aligned types
+template <typename T> struct aligned_allocator
+  {
+  using value_type = T;
+  template <class U>
+  explicit aligned_allocator(const aligned_allocator<U>&) {}
+  aligned_allocator() = default;
+
+  T *allocate(size_t n)
+    {
+    void* mem = aligned_alloc(alignof(T), n*sizeof(T));
+    return static_cast<T*>(mem);
+    }
+
+  void deallocate(T *p, size_t /*n*/)
+    { aligned_dealloc(p); }
+  };
+
+class thread_pool
+  {
+    // A reasonable guess, probably close enough for most hardware
+    static constexpr size_t cache_line_size = 64;
+    struct alignas(cache_line_size) worker
+      {
+      std::thread thread;
+      std::condition_variable work_ready;
+      std::mutex mut;
+      std::atomic_flag busy_flag = ATOMIC_FLAG_INIT;
+      std::function<void()> work;
+
+      void worker_main(
+        std::atomic<bool> &shutdown_flag,
+        std::atomic<size_t> &unscheduled_tasks,
+        concurrent_queue<std::function<void()>> &overflow_work)
+        {
+        using lock_t_inner = std::unique_lock<std::mutex>;
+        bool expect_work = true;
+        while (!shutdown_flag || expect_work)
+          {
+          std::function<void()> local_work;
+          if (expect_work || unscheduled_tasks == 0)
+            {
+            lock_t_inner lock(mut);
+            // Wait until there is work to be executed
+            work_ready.wait(lock, [&]{ return (work || shutdown_flag); });
+            local_work.swap(work);
+            expect_work = false;
+            }
+
+          bool marked_busy = false;
+          if (local_work)
+            {
+            marked_busy = true;
+            local_work();
+            }
+
+          if (!overflow_work.empty())
+            {
+            if (!marked_busy && busy_flag.test_and_set())
+              {
+              expect_work = true;
+              continue;
+              }
+            marked_busy = true;
+
+            while (overflow_work.try_pop(local_work))
+              {
+              --unscheduled_tasks;
+              local_work();
+              }
+            }
+
+          if (marked_busy) busy_flag.clear();
+          }
+        }
+      };
+
+    concurrent_queue<std::function<void()>> overflow_work_;
+    std::mutex mut_;
+    std::vector<worker, aligned_allocator<worker>> workers_;
+    std::atomic<bool> shutdown_;
+    std::atomic<size_t> unscheduled_tasks_;
+    using lock_t = std::lock_guard<std::mutex>;
+
+    void create_threads()
+      {
+      lock_t lock(mut_);
+      size_t nthreads=workers_.size();
+      for (size_t i=0; i<nthreads; ++i)
+        {
+        try
+          {
+          auto *worker_i = &workers_[i];
+          worker_i->busy_flag.clear();
+          worker_i->work = nullptr;
+          worker_i->thread = std::thread([worker_i, this]
+            {
+            worker_i->worker_main(shutdown_, unscheduled_tasks_, overflow_work_);
+            });
+          }
+        catch (...)
+          {
+          shutdown_locked();
+          throw;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+    void shutdown_locked()
+      {
+      shutdown_ = true;
+      for (auto &worker_i : workers_)
+        worker_i.work_ready.notify_all();
+
+      for (auto &worker_i : workers_)
+        if (worker_i.thread.joinable())
+          worker_i.thread.join();
+      }
+
+  public:
+    explicit thread_pool(size_t nthreads):
+      workers_(nthreads)
+      { create_threads(); }
+
+    thread_pool(): thread_pool(max_threads) {}
+
+    ~thread_pool() { shutdown(); }
+
+    void submit(std::function<void()> work)
+      {
+      lock_t lock(mut_);
+      if (shutdown_)
+        throw std::runtime_error("Work item submitted after shutdown");
+
+      ++unscheduled_tasks_;
+
+      // First check for any idle workers and wake those
+      for (auto &worker_i : workers_)
+        if (!worker_i.busy_flag.test_and_set())
+          {
+          --unscheduled_tasks_;
+          {
+          lock_t lock_inner(worker_i.mut);
+          worker_i.work = std::move(work);
+          }
+          worker_i.work_ready.notify_one();
+          return;
+          }
+
+      // If no workers were idle, push onto the overflow queue for later
+      overflow_work_.push(std::move(work));
+      }
+
+    void shutdown()
+      {
+      lock_t lock(mut_);
+      shutdown_locked();
+      }
+
+    void restart()
+      {
+      shutdown_ = false;
+      create_threads();
+      }
+  };
+
+inline thread_pool & get_pool()
+  {
+  static thread_pool pool;
+#ifdef POCKETFFT_PTHREADS
+  static std::once_flag f;
+  std::call_once(f,
+    []{
+    pthread_atfork(
+      +[]{ get_pool().shutdown(); },  // prepare
+      +[]{ get_pool().restart(); },   // parent
+      +[]{ get_pool().restart(); }    // child
+      );
+    });
+#endif
+
+  return pool;
+  }
+
+/** Map a function f over nthreads */
+template <typename Func>
+void thread_map(size_t nthreads, Func f)
+  {
+  if (nthreads == 0)
+    nthreads = max_threads;
+
+  if (nthreads == 1)
+    { f(); return; }
+
+  auto & pool = get_pool();
+  latch counter(nthreads);
+  std::exception_ptr ex;
+  std::mutex ex_mut;
+  for (size_t i=0; i<nthreads; ++i)
+    {
+    pool.submit(
+      [&f, &counter, &ex, &ex_mut, i, nthreads] {
+      thread_id() = i;
+      num_threads() = nthreads;
+      try { f(); }
+      catch (...)
+        {
+        std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(ex_mut);
+        ex = std::current_exception();
+        }
+      counter.count_down();
+      });
+    }
+  counter.wait();
+  if (ex)
+    std::rethrow_exception(ex);
+  }
+
+#endif
+
+}
+
+//
+// complex FFTPACK transforms
+//
+
+template<typename T0> class cfftp
+  {
+  private:
+    struct fctdata
+      {
+      size_t fct;
+      cmplx<T0> *tw, *tws;
+      };
+
+    size_t length;
+    arr<cmplx<T0>> mem;
+    std::vector<fctdata> fact;
+
+    void add_factor(size_t factor)
+      { fact.push_back({factor, nullptr, nullptr}); }
+
+template<bool fwd, typename T> void pass2 (size_t ido, size_t l1,
+  const T * POCKETFFT_RESTRICT cc, T * POCKETFFT_RESTRICT ch,
+  const cmplx<T0> * POCKETFFT_RESTRICT wa) const
+  {
+  auto CH = [ch,ido,l1](size_t a, size_t b, size_t c) -> T&
+    { return ch[a+ido*(b+l1*c)]; };
+  auto CC = [cc,ido](size_t a, size_t b, size_t c) -> const T&
+    { return cc[a+ido*(b+2*c)]; };
+  auto WA = [wa, ido](size_t x, size_t i)
+    { return wa[i-1+x*(ido-1)]; };
+
+  if (ido==1)
+    for (size_t k=0; k<l1; ++k)
+      {
+      CH(0,k,0) = CC(0,0,k)+CC(0,1,k);
+      CH(0,k,1) = CC(0,0,k)-CC(0,1,k);
+      }
+  else
+    for (size_t k=0; k<l1; ++k)
+      {
+      CH(0,k,0) = CC(0,0,k)+CC(0,1,k);
+      CH(0,k,1) = CC(0,0,k)-CC(0,1,k);
+      for (size_t i=1; i<ido; ++i)
+        {
+        CH(i,k,0) = CC(i,0,k)+CC(i,1,k);
+        special_mul<fwd>(CC(i,0,k)-CC(i,1,k),WA(0,i),CH(i,k,1));
+        }
+      }
+  }
+
+#define POCKETFFT_PREP3(idx) \
+        T t0 = CC(idx,0,k), t1, t2; \
+        PM (t1,t2,CC(idx,1,k),CC(idx,2,k)); \
+        CH(idx,k,0)=t0+t1;
+#define POCKETFFT_PARTSTEP3a(u1,u2,twr,twi) \
+        { \
+        T ca=t0+t1*twr; \
+        T cb{-t2.i*twi, t2.r*twi}; \
+        PM(CH(0,k,u1),CH(0,k,u2),ca,cb) ;\
+        }
+#define POCKETFFT_PARTSTEP3b(u1,u2,twr,twi) \
+        { \
+        T ca=t0+t1*twr; \
+        T cb{-t2.i*twi, t2.r*twi}; \
+        special_mul<fwd>(ca+cb,WA(u1-1,i),CH(i,k,u1)); \
+        special_mul<fwd>(ca-cb,WA(u2-1,i),CH(i,k,u2)); \
+        }
+template<bool fwd, typename T> void pass3 (size_t ido, size_t l1,
+  const T * POCKETFFT_RESTRICT cc, T * POCKETFFT_RESTRICT ch,
+  const cmplx<T0> * POCKETFFT_RESTRICT wa) const
+  {
+  constexpr T0 tw1r=-0.5,
+               tw1i= (fwd ? -1: 1) * T0(0.8660254037844386467637231707529362L);
+
+  auto CH = [ch,ido,l1](size_t a, size_t b, size_t c) -> T&
+    { return ch[a+ido*(b+l1*c)]; };
+  auto CC = [cc,ido](size_t a, size_t b, size_t c) -> const T&
+    { return cc[a+ido*(b+3*c)]; };
+  auto WA = [wa, ido](size_t x, size_t i)
+    { return wa[i-1+x*(ido-1)]; };
+
+  if (ido==1)
+    for (size_t k=0; k<l1; ++k)
+      {
+      POCKETFFT_PREP3(0)
+      POCKETFFT_PARTSTEP3a(1,2,tw1r,tw1i)
+      }
+  else
+    for (size_t k=0; k<l1; ++k)
+      {
+      {
+      POCKETFFT_PREP3(0)
+      POCKETFFT_PARTSTEP3a(1,2,tw1r,tw1i)
+      }
+      for (size_t i=1; i<ido; ++i)
+        {
+        POCKETFFT_PREP3(i)
+        POCKETFFT_PARTSTEP3b(1,2,tw1r,tw1i)
+        }
+      }
+  }
+
+#undef POCKETFFT_PARTSTEP3b
+#undef POCKETFFT_PARTSTEP3a
+#undef POCKETFFT_PREP3
+
+template<bool fwd, typename T> void pass4 (size_t ido, size_t l1,
+  const T * POCKETFFT_RESTRICT cc, T * POCKETFFT_RESTRICT ch,
+  const cmplx<T0> * POCKETFFT_RESTRICT wa) const
+  {
+  auto CH = [ch,ido,l1](size_t a, size_t b, size_t c) -> T&
+    { return ch[a+ido*(b+l1*c)]; };
+  auto CC = [cc,ido](size_t a, size_t b, size_t c) -> const T&
+    { return cc[a+ido*(b+4*c)]; };
+  auto WA = [wa, ido](size_t x, size_t i)
+    { return wa[i-1+x*(ido-1)]; };
+
+  if (ido==1)
+    for (size_t k=0; k<l1; ++k)
+      {
+      T t1, t2, t3, t4;
+      PM(t2,t1,CC(0,0,k),CC(0,2,k));
+      PM(t3,t4,CC(0,1,k),CC(0,3,k));
+      ROTX90<fwd>(t4);
+      PM(CH(0,k,0),CH(0,k,2),t2,t3);
+      PM(CH(0,k,1),CH(0,k,3),t1,t4);
+      }
+  else
+    for (size_t k=0; k<l1; ++k)
+      {
+      {
+      T t1, t2, t3, t4;
+      PM(t2,t1,CC(0,0,k),CC(0,2,k));
+      PM(t3,t4,CC(0,1,k),CC(0,3,k));
+      ROTX90<fwd>(t4);
+      PM(CH(0,k,0),CH(0,k,2),t2,t3);
+      PM(CH(0,k,1),CH(0,k,3),t1,t4);
+      }
+      for (size_t i=1; i<ido; ++i)
+        {
+        T t1, t2, t3, t4;
+        T cc0=CC(i,0,k), cc1=CC(i,1,k),cc2=CC(i,2,k),cc3=CC(i,3,k);
+        PM(t2,t1,cc0,cc2);
+        PM(t3,t4,cc1,cc3);
+        ROTX90<fwd>(t4);
+        CH(i,k,0) = t2+t3;
+        special_mul<fwd>(t1+t4,WA(0,i),CH(i,k,1));
+        special_mul<fwd>(t2-t3,WA(1,i),CH(i,k,2));
+        special_mul<fwd>(t1-t4,WA(2,i),CH(i,k,3));
+        }
+      }
+  }
+
+#define POCKETFFT_PREP5(idx) \
+        T t0 = CC(idx,0,k), t1, t2, t3, t4; \
+        PM (t1,t4,CC(idx,1,k),CC(idx,4,k)); \
+        PM (t2,t3,CC(idx,2,k),CC(idx,3,k)); \
+        CH(idx,k,0).r=t0.r+t1.r+t2.r; \
+        CH(idx,k,0).i=t0.i+t1.i+t2.i;
+
+#define POCKETFFT_PARTSTEP5a(u1,u2,twar,twbr,twai,twbi) \
+        { \
+        T ca,cb; \
+        ca.r=t0.r+twar*t1.r+twbr*t2.r; \
+        ca.i=t0.i+twar*t1.i+twbr*t2.i; \
+        cb.i=twai*t4.r twbi*t3.r; \
+        cb.r=-(twai*t4.i twbi*t3.i); \
+        PM(CH(0,k,u1),CH(0,k,u2),ca,cb); \
+        }
+
+#define POCKETFFT_PARTSTEP5b(u1,u2,twar,twbr,twai,twbi) \
+        { \
+        T ca,cb; \
+        ca.r=t0.r+twar*t1.r+twbr*t2.r; \
+        ca.i=t0.i+twar*t1.i+twbr*t2.i; \
+        cb.i=twai*t4.r twbi*t3.r; \
+        cb.r=-(twai*t4.i twbi*t3.i); \
+        special_mul<fwd>(ca+cb,WA(u1-1,i),CH(i,k,u1)); \
+        special_mul<fwd>(ca-cb,WA(u2-1,i),CH(i,k,u2)); \
+        }
+template<bool fwd, typename T> void pass5 (size_t ido, size_t l1,
+  const T * POCKETFFT_RESTRICT cc, T * POCKETFFT_RESTRICT ch,
+  const cmplx<T0> * POCKETFFT_RESTRICT wa) const
+  {
+  constexpr T0 tw1r= T0(0.3090169943749474241022934171828191L),
+               tw1i= (fwd ? -1: 1) * T0(0.9510565162951535721164393333793821L),
+               tw2r= T0(-0.8090169943749474241022934171828191L),
+               tw2i= (fwd ? -1: 1) * T0(0.5877852522924731291687059546390728L);
+
+  auto CH = [ch,ido,l1](size_t a, size_t b, size_t c) -> T&
+    { return ch[a+ido*(b+l1*c)]; };
+  auto CC = [cc,ido](size_t a, size_t b, size_t c) -> const T&
+    { return cc[a+ido*(b+5*c)]; };
+  auto WA = [wa, ido](size_t x, size_t i)
+    { return wa[i-1+x*(ido-1)]; };
+
+  if (ido==1)
+    for (size_t k=0; k<l1; ++k)
+      {
+      POCKETFFT_PREP5(0)
+      POCKETFFT_PARTSTEP5a(1,4,tw1r,tw2r,+tw1i,+tw2i)
+      POCKETFFT_PARTSTEP5a(2,3,tw2r,tw1r,+tw2i,-tw1i)
+      }
+  else
+    for (size_t k=0; k<l1; ++k)
+      {
+      {
+      POCKETFFT_PREP5(0)
+      POCKETFFT_PARTSTEP5a(1,4,tw1r,tw2r,+tw1i,+tw2i)
+      POCKETFFT_PARTSTEP5a(2,3,tw2r,tw1r,+tw2i,-tw1i)
+      }
+      for (size_t i=1; i<ido; ++i)
+        {
+        POCKETFFT_PREP5(i)
+        POCKETFFT_PARTSTEP5b(1,4,tw1r,tw2r,+tw1i,+tw2i)
+        POCKETFFT_PARTSTEP5b(2,3,tw2r,tw1r,+tw2i,-tw1i)
+        }
+      }
+  }
+
+#undef POCKETFFT_PARTSTEP5b
+#undef POCKETFFT_PARTSTEP5a
+#undef POCKETFFT_PREP5
+
+#define POCKETFFT_PREP7(idx) \
+        T t1 = CC(idx,0,k), t2, t3, t4, t5, t6, t7; \
+        PM (t2,t7,CC(idx,1,k),CC(idx,6,k)); \
+        PM (t3,t6,CC(idx,2,k),CC(idx,5,k)); \
+        PM (t4,t5,CC(idx,3,k),CC(idx,4,k)); \
+        CH(idx,k,0).r=t1.r+t2.r+t3.r+t4.r; \
+        CH(idx,k,0).i=t1.i+t2.i+t3.i+t4.i;
+
+#define POCKETFFT_PARTSTEP7a0(u1,u2,x1,x2,x3,y1,y2,y3,out1,out2) \
+        { \
+        T ca,cb; \
+        ca.r=t1.r+x1*t2.r+x2*t3.r+x3*t4.r; \
+        ca.i=t1.i+x1*t2.i+x2*t3.i+x3*t4.i; \
+        cb.i=y1*t7.r y2*t6.r y3*t5.r; \
+        cb.r=-(y1*t7.i y2*t6.i y3*t5.i); \
+        PM(out1,out2,ca,cb); \
+        }
+#define POCKETFFT_PARTSTEP7a(u1,u2,x1,x2,x3,y1,y2,y3) \
+        POCKETFFT_PARTSTEP7a0(u1,u2,x1,x2,x3,y1,y2,y3,CH(0,k,u1),CH(0,k,u2))
+#define POCKETFFT_PARTSTEP7(u1,u2,x1,x2,x3,y1,y2,y3) \
+        { \
+        T da,db; \
+        POCKETFFT_PARTSTEP7a0(u1,u2,x1,x2,x3,y1,y2,y3,da,db) \
+        special_mul<fwd>(da,WA(u1-1,i),CH(i,k,u1)); \
+        special_mul<fwd>(db,WA(u2-1,i),CH(i,k,u2)); \
+        }
+
+template<bool fwd, typename T> void pass7(size_t ido, size_t l1,
+  const T * POCKETFFT_RESTRICT cc, T * POCKETFFT_RESTRICT ch,
+  const cmplx<T0> * POCKETFFT_RESTRICT wa) const
+  {
+  constexpr T0 tw1r= T0(0.6234898018587335305250048840042398L),
+               tw1i= (fwd ? -1 : 1) * T0(0.7818314824680298087084445266740578L),
+               tw2r= T0(-0.2225209339563144042889025644967948L),
+               tw2i= (fwd ? -1 : 1) * T0(0.9749279121818236070181316829939312L),
+               tw3r= T0(-0.9009688679024191262361023195074451L),
+               tw3i= (fwd ? -1 : 1) * T0(0.433883739117558120475768332848359L);
+
+  auto CH = [ch,ido,l1](size_t a, size_t b, size_t c) -> T&
+    { return ch[a+ido*(b+l1*c)]; };
+  auto CC = [cc,ido](size_t a, size_t b, size_t c) -> const T&
+    { return cc[a+ido*(b+7*c)]; };
+  auto WA = [wa, ido](size_t x, size_t i)
+    { return wa[i-1+x*(ido-1)]; };
+
+  if (ido==1)
+    for (size_t k=0; k<l1; ++k)
+      {
+      POCKETFFT_PREP7(0)
+      POCKETFFT_PARTSTEP7a(1,6,tw1r,tw2r,tw3r,+tw1i,+tw2i,+tw3i)
+      POCKETFFT_PARTSTEP7a(2,5,tw2r,tw3r,tw1r,+tw2i,-tw3i,-tw1i)
+      POCKETFFT_PARTSTEP7a(3,4,tw3r,tw1r,tw2r,+tw3i,-tw1i,+tw2i)
+      }
+  else
+    for (size_t k=0; k<l1; ++k)
+      {
+      {
+      POCKETFFT_PREP7(0)
+      POCKETFFT_PARTSTEP7a(1,6,tw1r,tw2r,tw3r,+tw1i,+tw2i,+tw3i)
+      POCKETFFT_PARTSTEP7a(2,5,tw2r,tw3r,tw1r,+tw2i,-tw3i,-tw1i)
+      POCKETFFT_PARTSTEP7a(3,4,tw3r,tw1r,tw2r,+tw3i,-tw1i,+tw2i)
+      }
+      for (size_t i=1; i<ido; ++i)
+        {
+        POCKETFFT_PREP7(i)
+        POCKETFFT_PARTSTEP7(1,6,tw1r,tw2r,tw3r,+tw1i,+tw2i,+tw3i)
+        POCKETFFT_PARTSTEP7(2,5,tw2r,tw3r,tw1r,+tw2i,-tw3i,-tw1i)
+        POCKETFFT_PARTSTEP7(3,4,tw3r,tw1r,tw2r,+tw3i,-tw1i,+tw2i)
+        }
+      }
+  }
+
+#undef POCKETFFT_PARTSTEP7
+#undef POCKETFFT_PARTSTEP7a0
+#undef POCKETFFT_PARTSTEP7a
+#undef POCKETFFT_PREP7
+
+template <bool fwd, typename T> void ROTX45(T &a) const
+  {
+  constexpr T0 hsqt2=T0(0.707106781186547524400844362104849L);
+  if (fwd)
+    { auto tmp_=a.r; a.r=hsqt2*(a.r+a.i); a.i=hsqt2*(a.i-tmp_); }
+  else
+    { auto tmp_=a.r; a.r=hsqt2*(a.r-a.i); a.i=hsqt2*(a.i+tmp_); }
+  }
+template <bool fwd, typename T> void ROTX135(T &a) const
+  {
+  constexpr T0 hsqt2=T0(0.707106781186547524400844362104849L);
+  if (fwd)
+    { auto tmp_=a.r; a.r=hsqt2*(a.i-a.r); a.i=hsqt2*(-tmp_-a.i); }
+  else
+    { auto tmp_=a.r; a.r=hsqt2*(-a.r-a.i); a.i=hsqt2*(tmp_-a.i); }
+  }
+
+template<bool fwd, typename T> void pass8 (size_t ido, size_t l1,
+  const T * POCKETFFT_RESTRICT cc, T * POCKETFFT_RESTRICT ch,
+  const cmplx<T0> * POCKETFFT_RESTRICT wa) const
+  {
+  auto CH = [ch,ido,l1](size_t a, size_t b, size_t c) -> T&
+    { return ch[a+ido*(b+l1*c)]; };
+  auto CC = [cc,ido](size_t a, size_t b, size_t c) -> const T&
+    { return cc[a+ido*(b+8*c)]; };
+  auto WA = [wa, ido](size_t x, size_t i)
+    { return wa[i-1+x*(ido-1)]; };
+
+  if (ido==1)
+    for (size_t k=0; k<l1; ++k)
+      {
+      T a0, a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6, a7;
+      PM(a1,a5,CC(0,1,k),CC(0,5,k));
+      PM(a3,a7,CC(0,3,k),CC(0,7,k));
+      PMINPLACE(a1,a3);
+      ROTX90<fwd>(a3);
+
+      ROTX90<fwd>(a7);
+      PMINPLACE(a5,a7);
+      ROTX45<fwd>(a5);
+      ROTX135<fwd>(a7);
+
+      PM(a0,a4,CC(0,0,k),CC(0,4,k));
+      PM(a2,a6,CC(0,2,k),CC(0,6,k));
+      PM(CH(0,k,0),CH(0,k,4),a0+a2,a1);
+      PM(CH(0,k,2),CH(0,k,6),a0-a2,a3);
+      ROTX90<fwd>(a6);
+      PM(CH(0,k,1),CH(0,k,5),a4+a6,a5);
+      PM(CH(0,k,3),CH(0,k,7),a4-a6,a7);
+      }
+  else
+    for (size_t k=0; k<l1; ++k)
+      {
+      {
+      T a0, a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6, a7;
+      PM(a1,a5,CC(0,1,k),CC(0,5,k));
+      PM(a3,a7,CC(0,3,k),CC(0,7,k));
+      PMINPLACE(a1,a3);
+      ROTX90<fwd>(a3);
+
+      ROTX90<fwd>(a7);
+      PMINPLACE(a5,a7);
+      ROTX45<fwd>(a5);
+      ROTX135<fwd>(a7);
+
+      PM(a0,a4,CC(0,0,k),CC(0,4,k));
+      PM(a2,a6,CC(0,2,k),CC(0,6,k));
+      PM(CH(0,k,0),CH(0,k,4),a0+a2,a1);
+      PM(CH(0,k,2),CH(0,k,6),a0-a2,a3);
+      ROTX90<fwd>(a6);
+      PM(CH(0,k,1),CH(0,k,5),a4+a6,a5);
+      PM(CH(0,k,3),CH(0,k,7),a4-a6,a7);
+      }
+      for (size_t i=1; i<ido; ++i)
+        {
+        T a0, a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6, a7;
+        PM(a1,a5,CC(i,1,k),CC(i,5,k));
+        PM(a3,a7,CC(i,3,k),CC(i,7,k));
+        ROTX90<fwd>(a7);
+        PMINPLACE(a1,a3);
+        ROTX90<fwd>(a3);
+        PMINPLACE(a5,a7);
+        ROTX45<fwd>(a5);
+        ROTX135<fwd>(a7);
+        PM(a0,a4,CC(i,0,k),CC(i,4,k));
+        PM(a2,a6,CC(i,2,k),CC(i,6,k));
+        PMINPLACE(a0,a2);
+        CH(i,k,0) = a0+a1;
+        special_mul<fwd>(a0-a1,WA(3,i),CH(i,k,4));
+        special_mul<fwd>(a2+a3,WA(1,i),CH(i,k,2));
+        special_mul<fwd>(a2-a3,WA(5,i),CH(i,k,6));
+        ROTX90<fwd>(a6);
+        PMINPLACE(a4,a6);
+        special_mul<fwd>(a4+a5,WA(0,i),CH(i,k,1));
+        special_mul<fwd>(a4-a5,WA(4,i),CH(i,k,5));
+        special_mul<fwd>(a6+a7,WA(2,i),CH(i,k,3));
+        special_mul<fwd>(a6-a7,WA(6,i),CH(i,k,7));
+        }
+      }
+   }
+
+
+#define POCKETFFT_PREP11(idx) \
+        T t1 = CC(idx,0,k), t2, t3, t4, t5, t6, t7, t8, t9, t10, t11; \
+        PM (t2,t11,CC(idx,1,k),CC(idx,10,k)); \
+        PM (t3,t10,CC(idx,2,k),CC(idx, 9,k)); \
+        PM (t4,t9 ,CC(idx,3,k),CC(idx, 8,k)); \
+        PM (t5,t8 ,CC(idx,4,k),CC(idx, 7,k)); \
+        PM (t6,t7 ,CC(idx,5,k),CC(idx, 6,k)); \
+        CH(idx,k,0).r=t1.r+t2.r+t3.r+t4.r+t5.r+t6.r; \
+        CH(idx,k,0).i=t1.i+t2.i+t3.i+t4.i+t5.i+t6.i;
+
+#define POCKETFFT_PARTSTEP11a0(u1,u2,x1,x2,x3,x4,x5,y1,y2,y3,y4,y5,out1,out2) \
+        { \
+        T ca = t1 + t2*x1 + t3*x2 + t4*x3 + t5*x4 +t6*x5, \
+          cb; \
+        cb.i=y1*t11.r y2*t10.r y3*t9.r y4*t8.r y5*t7.r; \
+        cb.r=-(y1*t11.i y2*t10.i y3*t9.i y4*t8.i y5*t7.i ); \
+        PM(out1,out2,ca,cb); \
+        }
+#define POCKETFFT_PARTSTEP11a(u1,u2,x1,x2,x3,x4,x5,y1,y2,y3,y4,y5) \
+        POCKETFFT_PARTSTEP11a0(u1,u2,x1,x2,x3,x4,x5,y1,y2,y3,y4,y5,CH(0,k,u1),CH(0,k,u2))
+#define POCKETFFT_PARTSTEP11(u1,u2,x1,x2,x3,x4,x5,y1,y2,y3,y4,y5) \
+        { \
+        T da,db; \
+        POCKETFFT_PARTSTEP11a0(u1,u2,x1,x2,x3,x4,x5,y1,y2,y3,y4,y5,da,db) \
+        special_mul<fwd>(da,WA(u1-1,i),CH(i,k,u1)); \
+        special_mul<fwd>(db,WA(u2-1,i),CH(i,k,u2)); \
+        }
+
+template<bool fwd, typename T> void pass11 (size_t ido, size_t l1,
+  const T * POCKETFFT_RESTRICT cc, T * POCKETFFT_RESTRICT ch,
+  const cmplx<T0> * POCKETFFT_RESTRICT wa) const
+  {
+  constexpr T0 tw1r= T0(0.8412535328311811688618116489193677L),
+               tw1i= (fwd ? -1 : 1) * T0(0.5406408174555975821076359543186917L),
+               tw2r= T0(0.4154150130018864255292741492296232L),
+               tw2i= (fwd ? -1 : 1) * T0(0.9096319953545183714117153830790285L),
+               tw3r= T0(-0.1423148382732851404437926686163697L),
+               tw3i= (fwd ? -1 : 1) * T0(0.9898214418809327323760920377767188L),
+               tw4r= T0(-0.6548607339452850640569250724662936L),
+               tw4i= (fwd ? -1 : 1) * T0(0.7557495743542582837740358439723444L),
+               tw5r= T0(-0.9594929736144973898903680570663277L),
+               tw5i= (fwd ? -1 : 1) * T0(0.2817325568414296977114179153466169L);
+
+  auto CH = [ch,ido,l1](size_t a, size_t b, size_t c) -> T&
+    { return ch[a+ido*(b+l1*c)]; };
+  auto CC = [cc,ido](size_t a, size_t b, size_t c) -> const T&
+    { return cc[a+ido*(b+11*c)]; };
+  auto WA = [wa, ido](size_t x, size_t i)
+    { return wa[i-1+x*(ido-1)]; };
+
+  if (ido==1)
+    for (size_t k=0; k<l1; ++k)
+      {
+      POCKETFFT_PREP11(0)
+      POCKETFFT_PARTSTEP11a(1,10,tw1r,tw2r,tw3r,tw4r,tw5r,+tw1i,+tw2i,+tw3i,+tw4i,+tw5i)
+      POCKETFFT_PARTSTEP11a(2, 9,tw2r,tw4r,tw5r,tw3r,tw1r,+tw2i,+tw4i,-tw5i,-tw3i,-tw1i)
+      POCKETFFT_PARTSTEP11a(3, 8,tw3r,tw5r,tw2r,tw1r,tw4r,+tw3i,-tw5i,-tw2i,+tw1i,+tw4i)
+      POCKETFFT_PARTSTEP11a(4, 7,tw4r,tw3r,tw1r,tw5r,tw2r,+tw4i,-tw3i,+tw1i,+tw5i,-tw2i)
+      POCKETFFT_PARTSTEP11a(5, 6,tw5r,tw1r,tw4r,tw2r,tw3r,+tw5i,-tw1i,+tw4i,-tw2i,+tw3i)
+      }
+  else
+    for (size_t k=0; k<l1; ++k)
+      {
+      {
+      POCKETFFT_PREP11(0)
+      POCKETFFT_PARTSTEP11a(1,10,tw1r,tw2r,tw3r,tw4r,tw5r,+tw1i,+tw2i,+tw3i,+tw4i,+tw5i)
+      POCKETFFT_PARTSTEP11a(2, 9,tw2r,tw4r,tw5r,tw3r,tw1r,+tw2i,+tw4i,-tw5i,-tw3i,-tw1i)
+      POCKETFFT_PARTSTEP11a(3, 8,tw3r,tw5r,tw2r,tw1r,tw4r,+tw3i,-tw5i,-tw2i,+tw1i,+tw4i)
+      POCKETFFT_PARTSTEP11a(4, 7,tw4r,tw3r,tw1r,tw5r,tw2r,+tw4i,-tw3i,+tw1i,+tw5i,-tw2i)
+      POCKETFFT_PARTSTEP11a(5, 6,tw5r,tw1r,tw4r,tw2r,tw3r,+tw5i,-tw1i,+tw4i,-tw2i,+tw3i)
+      }
+      for (size_t i=1; i<ido; ++i)
+        {
+        POCKETFFT_PREP11(i)
+        POCKETFFT_PARTSTEP11(1,10,tw1r,tw2r,tw3r,tw4r,tw5r,+tw1i,+tw2i,+tw3i,+tw4i,+tw5i)
+        POCKETFFT_PARTSTEP11(2, 9,tw2r,tw4r,tw5r,tw3r,tw1r,+tw2i,+tw4i,-tw5i,-tw3i,-tw1i)
+        POCKETFFT_PARTSTEP11(3, 8,tw3r,tw5r,tw2r,tw1r,tw4r,+tw3i,-tw5i,-tw2i,+tw1i,+tw4i)
+        POCKETFFT_PARTSTEP11(4, 7,tw4r,tw3r,tw1r,tw5r,tw2r,+tw4i,-tw3i,+tw1i,+tw5i,-tw2i)
+        POCKETFFT_PARTSTEP11(5, 6,tw5r,tw1r,tw4r,tw2r,tw3r,+tw5i,-tw1i,+tw4i,-tw2i,+tw3i)
+        }
+      }
+  }
+
+#undef POCKETFFT_PARTSTEP11
+#undef POCKETFFT_PARTSTEP11a0
+#undef POCKETFFT_PARTSTEP11a
+#undef POCKETFFT_PREP11
+
+template<bool fwd, typename T> void passg (size_t ido, size_t ip,
+  size_t l1, T * POCKETFFT_RESTRICT cc, T * POCKETFFT_RESTRICT ch,
+  const cmplx<T0> * POCKETFFT_RESTRICT wa,
+  const cmplx<T0> * POCKETFFT_RESTRICT csarr) const
+  {
+  const size_t cdim=ip;
+  size_t ipph = (ip+1)/2;
+  size_t idl1 = ido*l1;
+
+  auto CH = [ch,ido,l1](size_t a, size_t b, size_t c) -> T&
+    { return ch[a+ido*(b+l1*c)]; };
+  auto CC = [cc,ido,cdim](size_t a, size_t b, size_t c) -> const T&
+    { return cc[a+ido*(b+cdim*c)]; };
+  auto CX = [cc, ido, l1](size_t a, size_t b, size_t c) -> T&
+    { return cc[a+ido*(b+l1*c)]; };
+  auto CX2 = [cc, idl1](size_t a, size_t b) -> T&
+    { return cc[a+idl1*b]; };
+  auto CH2 = [ch, idl1](size_t a, size_t b) -> const T&
+    { return ch[a+idl1*b]; };
+
+  arr<cmplx<T0>> wal(ip);
+  wal[0] = cmplx<T0>(1., 0.);
+  for (size_t i=1; i<ip; ++i)
+    wal[i]=cmplx<T0>(csarr[i].r,fwd ? -csarr[i].i : csarr[i].i);
+
+  for (size_t k=0; k<l1; ++k)
+    for (size_t i=0; i<ido; ++i)
+      CH(i,k,0) = CC(i,0,k);
+  for (size_t j=1, jc=ip-1; j<ipph; ++j, --jc)
+    for (size_t k=0; k<l1; ++k)
+      for (size_t i=0; i<ido; ++i)
+        PM(CH(i,k,j),CH(i,k,jc),CC(i,j,k),CC(i,jc,k));
+  for (size_t k=0; k<l1; ++k)
+    for (size_t i=0; i<ido; ++i)
+      {
+      T tmp = CH(i,k,0);
+      for (size_t j=1; j<ipph; ++j)
+        tmp+=CH(i,k,j);
+      CX(i,k,0) = tmp;
+      }
+  for (size_t l=1, lc=ip-1; l<ipph; ++l, --lc)
+    {
+    // j=0
+    for (size_t ik=0; ik<idl1; ++ik)
+      {
+      CX2(ik,l).r = CH2(ik,0).r+wal[l].r*CH2(ik,1).r+wal[2*l].r*CH2(ik,2).r;
+      CX2(ik,l).i = CH2(ik,0).i+wal[l].r*CH2(ik,1).i+wal[2*l].r*CH2(ik,2).i;
+      CX2(ik,lc).r=-wal[l].i*CH2(ik,ip-1).i-wal[2*l].i*CH2(ik,ip-2).i;
+      CX2(ik,lc).i=wal[l].i*CH2(ik,ip-1).r+wal[2*l].i*CH2(ik,ip-2).r;
+      }
+
+    size_t iwal=2*l;
+    size_t j=3, jc=ip-3;
+    for (; j<ipph-1; j+=2, jc-=2)
+      {
+      iwal+=l; if (iwal>ip) iwal-=ip;
+      cmplx<T0> xwal=wal[iwal];
+      iwal+=l; if (iwal>ip) iwal-=ip;
+      cmplx<T0> xwal2=wal[iwal];
+      for (size_t ik=0; ik<idl1; ++ik)
+        {
+        CX2(ik,l).r += CH2(ik,j).r*xwal.r+CH2(ik,j+1).r*xwal2.r;
+        CX2(ik,l).i += CH2(ik,j).i*xwal.r+CH2(ik,j+1).i*xwal2.r;
+        CX2(ik,lc).r -= CH2(ik,jc).i*xwal.i+CH2(ik,jc-1).i*xwal2.i;
+        CX2(ik,lc).i += CH2(ik,jc).r*xwal.i+CH2(ik,jc-1).r*xwal2.i;
+        }
+      }
+    for (; j<ipph; ++j, --jc)
+      {
+      iwal+=l; if (iwal>ip) iwal-=ip;
+      cmplx<T0> xwal=wal[iwal];
+      for (size_t ik=0; ik<idl1; ++ik)
+        {
+        CX2(ik,l).r += CH2(ik,j).r*xwal.r;
+        CX2(ik,l).i += CH2(ik,j).i*xwal.r;
+        CX2(ik,lc).r -= CH2(ik,jc).i*xwal.i;
+        CX2(ik,lc).i += CH2(ik,jc).r*xwal.i;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+  // shuffling and twiddling
+  if (ido==1)
+    for (size_t j=1, jc=ip-1; j<ipph; ++j, --jc)
+      for (size_t ik=0; ik<idl1; ++ik)
+        {
+        T t1=CX2(ik,j), t2=CX2(ik,jc);
+        PM(CX2(ik,j),CX2(ik,jc),t1,t2);
+        }
+  else
+    {
+    for (size_t j=1, jc=ip-1; j<ipph; ++j,--jc)
+      for (size_t k=0; k<l1; ++k)
+        {
+        T t1=CX(0,k,j), t2=CX(0,k,jc);
+        PM(CX(0,k,j),CX(0,k,jc),t1,t2);
+        for (size_t i=1; i<ido; ++i)
+          {
+          T x1, x2;
+          PM(x1,x2,CX(i,k,j),CX(i,k,jc));
+          size_t idij=(j-1)*(ido-1)+i-1;
+          special_mul<fwd>(x1,wa[idij],CX(i,k,j));
+          idij=(jc-1)*(ido-1)+i-1;
+          special_mul<fwd>(x2,wa[idij],CX(i,k,jc));
+          }
+        }
+    }
+  }
+
+template<bool fwd, typename T> void pass_all(T c[], T0 fct) const
+  {
+  if (length==1) { c[0]*=fct; return; }
+  size_t l1=1;
+  arr<T> ch(length);
+  T *p1=c, *p2=ch.data();
+
+  for(size_t k1=0; k1<fact.size(); k1++)
+    {
+    size_t ip=fact[k1].fct;
+    size_t l2=ip*l1;
+    size_t ido = length/l2;
+    if     (ip==4)
+      pass4<fwd> (ido, l1, p1, p2, fact[k1].tw);
+    else if(ip==8)
+      pass8<fwd>(ido, l1, p1, p2, fact[k1].tw);
+    else if(ip==2)
+      pass2<fwd>(ido, l1, p1, p2, fact[k1].tw);
+    else if(ip==3)
+      pass3<fwd> (ido, l1, p1, p2, fact[k1].tw);
+    else if(ip==5)
+      pass5<fwd> (ido, l1, p1, p2, fact[k1].tw);
+    else if(ip==7)
+      pass7<fwd> (ido, l1, p1, p2, fact[k1].tw);
+    else if(ip==11)
+      pass11<fwd> (ido, l1, p1, p2, fact[k1].tw);
+    else
+      {
+      passg<fwd>(ido, ip, l1, p1, p2, fact[k1].tw, fact[k1].tws);
+      std::swap(p1,p2);
+      }
+    std::swap(p1,p2);
+    l1=l2;
+    }
+  if (p1!=c)
+    {
+    if (fct!=1.)
+      for (size_t i=0; i<length; ++i)
+        c[i] = ch[i]*fct;
+    else
+      std::copy_n (p1, length, c);
+    }
+  else
+    if (fct!=1.)
+      for (size_t i=0; i<length; ++i)
+        c[i] *= fct;
+  }
+
+  public:
+    template<typename T> void exec(T c[], T0 fct, bool fwd) const
+      { fwd ? pass_all<true>(c, fct) : pass_all<false>(c, fct); }
+
+  private:
+    POCKETFFT_NOINLINE void factorize()
+      {
+      size_t len=length;
+      while ((len&7)==0)
+        { add_factor(8); len>>=3; }
+      while ((len&3)==0)
+        { add_factor(4); len>>=2; }
+      if ((len&1)==0)
+        {
+        len>>=1;
+        // factor 2 should be at the front of the factor list
+        add_factor(2);
+        std::swap(fact[0].fct, fact.back().fct);
+        }
+      for (size_t divisor=3; divisor*divisor<=len; divisor+=2)
+        while ((len%divisor)==0)
+          {
+          add_factor(divisor);
+          len/=divisor;
+          }
+      if (len>1) add_factor(len);
+      }
+
+    size_t twsize() const
+      {
+      size_t twsize=0, l1=1;
+      for (size_t k=0; k<fact.size(); ++k)
+        {
+        size_t ip=fact[k].fct, ido= length/(l1*ip);
+        twsize+=(ip-1)*(ido-1);
+        if (ip>11)
+          twsize+=ip;
+        l1*=ip;
+        }
+      return twsize;
+      }
+
+    void comp_twiddle()
+      {
+      sincos_2pibyn<T0> twiddle(length);
+      size_t l1=1;
+      size_t memofs=0;
+      for (size_t k=0; k<fact.size(); ++k)
+        {
+        size_t ip=fact[k].fct, ido=length/(l1*ip);
+        fact[k].tw=mem.data()+memofs;
+        memofs+=(ip-1)*(ido-1);
+        for (size_t j=1; j<ip; ++j)
+          for (size_t i=1; i<ido; ++i)
+            fact[k].tw[(j-1)*(ido-1)+i-1] = twiddle[j*l1*i];
+        if (ip>11)
+          {
+          fact[k].tws=mem.data()+memofs;
+          memofs+=ip;
+          for (size_t j=0; j<ip; ++j)
+            fact[k].tws[j] = twiddle[j*l1*ido];
+          }
+        l1*=ip;
+        }
+      }
+
+  public:
+    POCKETFFT_NOINLINE explicit cfftp(size_t length_)
+      : length(length_)
+      {
+      if (length==0) throw std::runtime_error("zero-length FFT requested");
+      if (length==1) return;
+      factorize();
+      mem.resize(twsize());
+      comp_twiddle();
+      }
+  };
+
+//
+// real-valued FFTPACK transforms
+//
+
+template<typename T0> class rfftp
+  {
+  private:
+    struct fctdata
+      {
+      size_t fct;
+      T0 *tw, *tws;
+      };
+
+    size_t length;
+    arr<T0> mem;
+    std::vector<fctdata> fact;
+
+    void add_factor(size_t factor)
+      { fact.push_back({factor, nullptr, nullptr}); }
+
+/* (a+ib) = conj(c+id) * (e+if) */
+template<typename T1, typename T2, typename T3> inline void MULPM
+  (T1 &a, T1 &b, T2 c, T2 d, T3 e, T3 f) const
+  {  a=c*e+d*f; b=c*f-d*e; }
+
+template<typename T> void radf2 (size_t ido, size_t l1,
+  const T * POCKETFFT_RESTRICT cc, T * POCKETFFT_RESTRICT ch,
+  const T0 * POCKETFFT_RESTRICT wa) const
+  {
+  auto WA = [wa,ido](size_t x, size_t i) { return wa[i+x*(ido-1)]; };
+  auto CC = [cc,ido,l1](size_t a, size_t b, size_t c) -> const T&
+    { return cc[a+ido*(b+l1*c)]; };
+  auto CH = [ch,ido](size_t a, size_t b, size_t c) -> T&
+    { return ch[a+ido*(b+2*c)]; };
+
+  for (size_t k=0; k<l1; k++)
+    PM (CH(0,0,k),CH(ido-1,1,k),CC(0,k,0),CC(0,k,1));
+  if ((ido&1)==0)
+    for (size_t k=0; k<l1; k++)
+      {
+      CH(    0,1,k) = -CC(ido-1,k,1);
+      CH(ido-1,0,k) =  CC(ido-1,k,0);
+      }
+  if (ido<=2) return;
+  for (size_t k=0; k<l1; k++)
+    for (size_t i=2; i<ido; i+=2)
+      {
+      size_t ic=ido-i;
+      T tr2, ti2;
+      MULPM (tr2,ti2,WA(0,i-2),WA(0,i-1),CC(i-1,k,1),CC(i,k,1));
+      PM (CH(i-1,0,k),CH(ic-1,1,k),CC(i-1,k,0),tr2);
+      PM (CH(i  ,0,k),CH(ic  ,1,k),ti2,CC(i  ,k,0));
+      }
+  }
+
+// a2=a+b; b2=i*(b-a);
+#define POCKETFFT_REARRANGE(rx, ix, ry, iy) \
+  {\
+  auto t1=rx+ry, t2=ry-rx, t3=ix+iy, t4=ix-iy; \
+  rx=t1; ix=t3; ry=t4; iy=t2; \
+  }
+
+template<typename T> void radf3(size_t ido, size_t l1,
+  const T * POCKETFFT_RESTRICT cc, T * POCKETFFT_RESTRICT ch,
+  const T0 * POCKETFFT_RESTRICT wa) const
+  {
+  constexpr T0 taur=-0.5, taui=T0(0.8660254037844386467637231707529362L);
+
+  auto WA = [wa,ido](size_t x, size_t i) { return wa[i+x*(ido-1)]; };
+  auto CC = [cc,ido,l1](size_t a, size_t b, size_t c) -> const T&
+    { return cc[a+ido*(b+l1*c)]; };
+  auto CH = [ch,ido](size_t a, size_t b, size_t c) -> T&
+    { return ch[a+ido*(b+3*c)]; };
+
+  for (size_t k=0; k<l1; k++)
+    {
+    T cr2=CC(0,k,1)+CC(0,k,2);
+    CH(0,0,k) = CC(0,k,0)+cr2;
+    CH(0,2,k) = taui*(CC(0,k,2)-CC(0,k,1));
+    CH(ido-1,1,k) = CC(0,k,0)+taur*cr2;
+    }
+  if (ido==1) return;
+  for (size_t k=0; k<l1; k++)
+    for (size_t i=2; i<ido; i+=2)
+      {
+      size_t ic=ido-i;
+      T di2, di3, dr2, dr3;
+      MULPM (dr2,di2,WA(0,i-2),WA(0,i-1),CC(i-1,k,1),CC(i,k,1)); // d2=conj(WA0)*CC1
+      MULPM (dr3,di3,WA(1,i-2),WA(1,i-1),CC(i-1,k,2),CC(i,k,2)); // d3=conj(WA1)*CC2
+      POCKETFFT_REARRANGE(dr2, di2, dr3, di3);
+      CH(i-1,0,k) = CC(i-1,k,0)+dr2; // c add
+      CH(i  ,0,k) = CC(i  ,k,0)+di2;
+      T tr2 = CC(i-1,k,0)+taur*dr2; // c add
+      T ti2 = CC(i  ,k,0)+taur*di2;
+      T tr3 = taui*dr3;  // t3 = taui*i*(d3-d2)?
+      T ti3 = taui*di3;
+      PM(CH(i-1,2,k),CH(ic-1,1,k),tr2,tr3); // PM(i) = t2+t3
+      PM(CH(i  ,2,k),CH(ic  ,1,k),ti3,ti2); // PM(ic) = conj(t2-t3)
+      }
+  }
+
+template<typename T> void radf4(size_t ido, size_t l1,
+  const T * POCKETFFT_RESTRICT cc, T * POCKETFFT_RESTRICT ch,
+  const T0 * POCKETFFT_RESTRICT wa) const
+  {
+  constexpr T0 hsqt2=T0(0.707106781186547524400844362104849L);
+
+  auto WA = [wa,ido](size_t x, size_t i) { return wa[i+x*(ido-1)]; };
+  auto CC = [cc,ido,l1](size_t a, size_t b, size_t c) -> const T&
+    { return cc[a+ido*(b+l1*c)]; };
+  auto CH = [ch,ido](size_t a, size_t b, size_t c) -> T&
+    { return ch[a+ido*(b+4*c)]; };
+
+  for (size_t k=0; k<l1; k++)
+    {
+    T tr1,tr2;
+    PM (tr1,CH(0,2,k),CC(0,k,3),CC(0,k,1));
+    PM (tr2,CH(ido-1,1,k),CC(0,k,0),CC(0,k,2));
+    PM (CH(0,0,k),CH(ido-1,3,k),tr2,tr1);
+    }
+  if ((ido&1)==0)
+    for (size_t k=0; k<l1; k++)
+      {
+      T ti1=-hsqt2*(CC(ido-1,k,1)+CC(ido-1,k,3));
+      T tr1= hsqt2*(CC(ido-1,k,1)-CC(ido-1,k,3));
+      PM (CH(ido-1,0,k),CH(ido-1,2,k),CC(ido-1,k,0),tr1);
+      PM (CH(    0,3,k),CH(    0,1,k),ti1,CC(ido-1,k,2));
+      }
+  if (ido<=2) return;
+  for (size_t k=0; k<l1; k++)
+    for (size_t i=2; i<ido; i+=2)
+      {
+      size_t ic=ido-i;
+      T ci2, ci3, ci4, cr2, cr3, cr4, ti1, ti2, ti3, ti4, tr1, tr2, tr3, tr4;
+      MULPM(cr2,ci2,WA(0,i-2),WA(0,i-1),CC(i-1,k,1),CC(i,k,1));
+      MULPM(cr3,ci3,WA(1,i-2),WA(1,i-1),CC(i-1,k,2),CC(i,k,2));
+      MULPM(cr4,ci4,WA(2,i-2),WA(2,i-1),CC(i-1,k,3),CC(i,k,3));
+      PM(tr1,tr4,cr4,cr2);
+      PM(ti1,ti4,ci2,ci4);
+      PM(tr2,tr3,CC(i-1,k,0),cr3);
+      PM(ti2,ti3,CC(i  ,k,0),ci3);
+      PM(CH(i-1,0,k),CH(ic-1,3,k),tr2,tr1);
+      PM(CH(i  ,0,k),CH(ic  ,3,k),ti1,ti2);
+      PM(CH(i-1,2,k),CH(ic-1,1,k),tr3,ti4);
+      PM(CH(i  ,2,k),CH(ic  ,1,k),tr4,ti3);
+      }
+  }
+
+template<typename T> void radf5(size_t ido, size_t l1,
+  const T * POCKETFFT_RESTRICT cc, T * POCKETFFT_RESTRICT ch,
+  const T0 * POCKETFFT_RESTRICT wa) const
+  {
+  constexpr T0 tr11= T0(0.3090169943749474241022934171828191L),
+               ti11= T0(0.9510565162951535721164393333793821L),
+               tr12= T0(-0.8090169943749474241022934171828191L),
+               ti12= T0(0.5877852522924731291687059546390728L);
+
+  auto WA = [wa,ido](size_t x, size_t i) { return wa[i+x*(ido-1)]; };
+  auto CC = [cc,ido,l1](size_t a, size_t b, size_t c) -> const T&
+    { return cc[a+ido*(b+l1*c)]; };
+  auto CH = [ch,ido](size_t a, size_t b, size_t c) -> T&
+    { return ch[a+ido*(b+5*c)]; };
+
+  for (size_t k=0; k<l1; k++)
+    {
+    T cr2, cr3, ci4, ci5;
+    PM (cr2,ci5,CC(0,k,4),CC(0,k,1));
+    PM (cr3,ci4,CC(0,k,3),CC(0,k,2));
+    CH(0,0,k)=CC(0,k,0)+cr2+cr3;
+    CH(ido-1,1,k)=CC(0,k,0)+tr11*cr2+tr12*cr3;
+    CH(0,2,k)=ti11*ci5+ti12*ci4;
+    CH(ido-1,3,k)=CC(0,k,0)+tr12*cr2+tr11*cr3;
+    CH(0,4,k)=ti12*ci5-ti11*ci4;
+    }
+  if (ido==1) return;
+  for (size_t k=0; k<l1;++k)
+    for (size_t i=2, ic=ido-2; i<ido; i+=2, ic-=2)
+      {
+      T di2, di3, di4, di5, dr2, dr3, dr4, dr5;
+      MULPM (dr2,di2,WA(0,i-2),WA(0,i-1),CC(i-1,k,1),CC(i,k,1));
+      MULPM (dr3,di3,WA(1,i-2),WA(1,i-1),CC(i-1,k,2),CC(i,k,2));
+      MULPM (dr4,di4,WA(2,i-2),WA(2,i-1),CC(i-1,k,3),CC(i,k,3));
+      MULPM (dr5,di5,WA(3,i-2),WA(3,i-1),CC(i-1,k,4),CC(i,k,4));
+      POCKETFFT_REARRANGE(dr2, di2, dr5, di5);
+      POCKETFFT_REARRANGE(dr3, di3, dr4, di4);
+      CH(i-1,0,k)=CC(i-1,k,0)+dr2+dr3;
+      CH(i  ,0,k)=CC(i  ,k,0)+di2+di3;
+      T tr2=CC(i-1,k,0)+tr11*dr2+tr12*dr3;
+      T ti2=CC(i  ,k,0)+tr11*di2+tr12*di3;
+      T tr3=CC(i-1,k,0)+tr12*dr2+tr11*dr3;
+      T ti3=CC(i  ,k,0)+tr12*di2+tr11*di3;
+      T tr5 = ti11*dr5 + ti12*dr4;
+      T ti5 = ti11*di5 + ti12*di4;
+      T tr4 = ti12*dr5 - ti11*dr4;
+      T ti4 = ti12*di5 - ti11*di4;
+      PM(CH(i-1,2,k),CH(ic-1,1,k),tr2,tr5);
+      PM(CH(i  ,2,k),CH(ic  ,1,k),ti5,ti2);
+      PM(CH(i-1,4,k),CH(ic-1,3,k),tr3,tr4);
+      PM(CH(i  ,4,k),CH(ic  ,3,k),ti4,ti3);
+      }
+  }
+
+#undef POCKETFFT_REARRANGE
+
+template<typename T> void radfg(size_t ido, size_t ip, size_t l1,
+  T * POCKETFFT_RESTRICT cc, T * POCKETFFT_RESTRICT ch,
+  const T0 * POCKETFFT_RESTRICT wa, const T0 * POCKETFFT_RESTRICT csarr) const
+  {
+  const size_t cdim=ip;
+  size_t ipph=(ip+1)/2;
+  size_t idl1 = ido*l1;
+
+  auto CC = [cc,ido,cdim](size_t a, size_t b, size_t c) -> T&
+    { return cc[a+ido*(b+cdim*c)]; };
+  auto CH = [ch,ido,l1](size_t a, size_t b, size_t c) -> const T&
+    { return ch[a+ido*(b+l1*c)]; };
+  auto C1 = [cc,ido,l1] (size_t a, size_t b, size_t c) -> T&
+    { return cc[a+ido*(b+l1*c)]; };
+  auto C2 = [cc,idl1] (size_t a, size_t b) -> T&
+    { return cc[a+idl1*b]; };
+  auto CH2 = [ch,idl1] (size_t a, size_t b) -> T&
+    { return ch[a+idl1*b]; };
+
+  if (ido>1)
+    {
+    for (size_t j=1, jc=ip-1; j<ipph; ++j,--jc)              // 114
+      {
+      size_t is=(j-1)*(ido-1),
+             is2=(jc-1)*(ido-1);
+      for (size_t k=0; k<l1; ++k)                            // 113
+        {
+        size_t idij=is;
+        size_t idij2=is2;
+        for (size_t i=1; i<=ido-2; i+=2)                      // 112
+          {
+          T t1=C1(i,k,j ), t2=C1(i+1,k,j ),
+            t3=C1(i,k,jc), t4=C1(i+1,k,jc);
+          T x1=wa[idij]*t1 + wa[idij+1]*t2,
+            x2=wa[idij]*t2 - wa[idij+1]*t1,
+            x3=wa[idij2]*t3 + wa[idij2+1]*t4,
+            x4=wa[idij2]*t4 - wa[idij2+1]*t3;
+          PM(C1(i,k,j),C1(i+1,k,jc),x3,x1);
+          PM(C1(i+1,k,j),C1(i,k,jc),x2,x4);
+          idij+=2;
+          idij2+=2;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+  for (size_t j=1, jc=ip-1; j<ipph; ++j,--jc)                // 123
+    for (size_t k=0; k<l1; ++k)                              // 122
+      MPINPLACE(C1(0,k,jc), C1(0,k,j));
+
+//everything in C
+//memset(ch,0,ip*l1*ido*sizeof(double));
+
+  for (size_t l=1,lc=ip-1; l<ipph; ++l,--lc)                 // 127
+    {
+    for (size_t ik=0; ik<idl1; ++ik)                         // 124
+      {
+      CH2(ik,l ) = C2(ik,0)+csarr[2*l]*C2(ik,1)+csarr[4*l]*C2(ik,2);
+      CH2(ik,lc) = csarr[2*l+1]*C2(ik,ip-1)+csarr[4*l+1]*C2(ik,ip-2);
+      }
+    size_t iang = 2*l;
+    size_t j=3, jc=ip-3;
+    for (; j<ipph-3; j+=4,jc-=4)              // 126
+      {
+      iang+=l; if (iang>=ip) iang-=ip;
+      T0 ar1=csarr[2*iang], ai1=csarr[2*iang+1];
+      iang+=l; if (iang>=ip) iang-=ip;
+      T0 ar2=csarr[2*iang], ai2=csarr[2*iang+1];
+      iang+=l; if (iang>=ip) iang-=ip;
+      T0 ar3=csarr[2*iang], ai3=csarr[2*iang+1];
+      iang+=l; if (iang>=ip) iang-=ip;
+      T0 ar4=csarr[2*iang], ai4=csarr[2*iang+1];
+      for (size_t ik=0; ik<idl1; ++ik)                       // 125
+        {
+        CH2(ik,l ) += ar1*C2(ik,j )+ar2*C2(ik,j +1)
+                     +ar3*C2(ik,j +2)+ar4*C2(ik,j +3);
+        CH2(ik,lc) += ai1*C2(ik,jc)+ai2*C2(ik,jc-1)
+                     +ai3*C2(ik,jc-2)+ai4*C2(ik,jc-3);
+        }
+      }
+    for (; j<ipph-1; j+=2,jc-=2)              // 126
+      {
+      iang+=l; if (iang>=ip) iang-=ip;
+      T0 ar1=csarr[2*iang], ai1=csarr[2*iang+1];
+      iang+=l; if (iang>=ip) iang-=ip;
+      T0 ar2=csarr[2*iang], ai2=csarr[2*iang+1];
+      for (size_t ik=0; ik<idl1; ++ik)                       // 125
+        {
+        CH2(ik,l ) += ar1*C2(ik,j )+ar2*C2(ik,j +1);
+        CH2(ik,lc) += ai1*C2(ik,jc)+ai2*C2(ik,jc-1);
+        }
+      }
+    for (; j<ipph; ++j,--jc)              // 126
+      {
+      iang+=l; if (iang>=ip) iang-=ip;
+      T0 ar=csarr[2*iang], ai=csarr[2*iang+1];
+      for (size_t ik=0; ik<idl1; ++ik)                       // 125
+        {
+        CH2(ik,l ) += ar*C2(ik,j );
+        CH2(ik,lc) += ai*C2(ik,jc);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  for (size_t ik=0; ik<idl1; ++ik)                         // 101
+    CH2(ik,0) = C2(ik,0);
+  for (size_t j=1; j<ipph; ++j)                              // 129
+    for (size_t ik=0; ik<idl1; ++ik)                         // 128
+      CH2(ik,0) += C2(ik,j);
+
+// everything in CH at this point!
+//memset(cc,0,ip*l1*ido*sizeof(double));
+
+  for (size_t k=0; k<l1; ++k)                                // 131
+    for (size_t i=0; i<ido; ++i)                             // 130
+      CC(i,0,k) = CH(i,k,0);
+
+  for (size_t j=1, jc=ip-1; j<ipph; ++j,--jc)                // 137
+    {
+    size_t j2=2*j-1;
+    for (size_t k=0; k<l1; ++k)                              // 136
+      {
+      CC(ido-1,j2,k) = CH(0,k,j);
+      CC(0,j2+1,k) = CH(0,k,jc);
+      }
+    }
+
+  if (ido==1) return;
+
+  for (size_t j=1, jc=ip-1; j<ipph; ++j,--jc)                // 140
+    {
+    size_t j2=2*j-1;
+    for(size_t k=0; k<l1; ++k)                               // 139
+      for(size_t i=1, ic=ido-i-2; i<=ido-2; i+=2, ic-=2)      // 138
+        {
+        CC(i   ,j2+1,k) = CH(i  ,k,j )+CH(i  ,k,jc);
+        CC(ic  ,j2  ,k) = CH(i  ,k,j )-CH(i  ,k,jc);
+        CC(i+1 ,j2+1,k) = CH(i+1,k,j )+CH(i+1,k,jc);
+        CC(ic+1,j2  ,k) = CH(i+1,k,jc)-CH(i+1,k,j );
+        }
+    }
+  }
+
+template<typename T> void radb2(size_t ido, size_t l1,
+  const T * POCKETFFT_RESTRICT cc, T * POCKETFFT_RESTRICT ch,
+  const T0 * POCKETFFT_RESTRICT wa) const
+  {
+  auto WA = [wa,ido](size_t x, size_t i) { return wa[i+x*(ido-1)]; };
+  auto CC = [cc,ido](size_t a, size_t b, size_t c) -> const T&
+    { return cc[a+ido*(b+2*c)]; };
+  auto CH = [ch,ido,l1](size_t a, size_t b, size_t c) -> T&
+    { return ch[a+ido*(b+l1*c)]; };
+
+  for (size_t k=0; k<l1; k++)
+    PM (CH(0,k,0),CH(0,k,1),CC(0,0,k),CC(ido-1,1,k));
+  if ((ido&1)==0)
+    for (size_t k=0; k<l1; k++)
+      {
+      CH(ido-1,k,0) = 2*CC(ido-1,0,k);
+      CH(ido-1,k,1) =-2*CC(0    ,1,k);
+      }
+  if (ido<=2) return;
+  for (size_t k=0; k<l1;++k)
+    for (size_t i=2; i<ido; i+=2)
+      {
+      size_t ic=ido-i;
+      T ti2, tr2;
+      PM (CH(i-1,k,0),tr2,CC(i-1,0,k),CC(ic-1,1,k));
+      PM (ti2,CH(i  ,k,0),CC(i  ,0,k),CC(ic  ,1,k));
+      MULPM (CH(i,k,1),CH(i-1,k,1),WA(0,i-2),WA(0,i-1),ti2,tr2);
+      }
+  }
+
+template<typename T> void radb3(size_t ido, size_t l1,
+  const T * POCKETFFT_RESTRICT cc, T * POCKETFFT_RESTRICT ch,
+  const T0 * POCKETFFT_RESTRICT wa) const
+  {
+  constexpr T0 taur=-0.5, taui=T0(0.8660254037844386467637231707529362L);
+
+  auto WA = [wa,ido](size_t x, size_t i) { return wa[i+x*(ido-1)]; };
+  auto CC = [cc,ido](size_t a, size_t b, size_t c) -> const T&
+    { return cc[a+ido*(b+3*c)]; };
+  auto CH = [ch,ido,l1](size_t a, size_t b, size_t c) -> T&
+    { return ch[a+ido*(b+l1*c)]; };
+
+  for (size_t k=0; k<l1; k++)
+    {
+    T tr2=2*CC(ido-1,1,k);
+    T cr2=CC(0,0,k)+taur*tr2;
+    CH(0,k,0)=CC(0,0,k)+tr2;
+    T ci3=2*taui*CC(0,2,k);
+    PM (CH(0,k,2),CH(0,k,1),cr2,ci3);
+    }
+  if (ido==1) return;
+  for (size_t k=0; k<l1; k++)
+    for (size_t i=2, ic=ido-2; i<ido; i+=2, ic-=2)
+      {
+      T tr2=CC(i-1,2,k)+CC(ic-1,1,k); // t2=CC(I) + conj(CC(ic))
+      T ti2=CC(i  ,2,k)-CC(ic  ,1,k);
+      T cr2=CC(i-1,0,k)+taur*tr2;     // c2=CC +taur*t2
+      T ci2=CC(i  ,0,k)+taur*ti2;
+      CH(i-1,k,0)=CC(i-1,0,k)+tr2;         // CH=CC+t2
+      CH(i  ,k,0)=CC(i  ,0,k)+ti2;
+      T cr3=taui*(CC(i-1,2,k)-CC(ic-1,1,k));// c3=taui*(CC(i)-conj(CC(ic)))
+      T ci3=taui*(CC(i  ,2,k)+CC(ic  ,1,k));
+      T di2, di3, dr2, dr3;
+      PM(dr3,dr2,cr2,ci3); // d2= (cr2-ci3, ci2+cr3) = c2+i*c3
+      PM(di2,di3,ci2,cr3); // d3= (cr2+ci3, ci2-cr3) = c2-i*c3
+      MULPM(CH(i,k,1),CH(i-1,k,1),WA(0,i-2),WA(0,i-1),di2,dr2); // ch = WA*d2
+      MULPM(CH(i,k,2),CH(i-1,k,2),WA(1,i-2),WA(1,i-1),di3,dr3);
+      }
+  }
+
+template<typename T> void radb4(size_t ido, size_t l1,
+  const T * POCKETFFT_RESTRICT cc, T * POCKETFFT_RESTRICT ch,
+  const T0 * POCKETFFT_RESTRICT wa) const
+  {
+  constexpr T0 sqrt2=T0(1.414213562373095048801688724209698L);
+
+  auto WA = [wa,ido](size_t x, size_t i) { return wa[i+x*(ido-1)]; };
+  auto CC = [cc,ido](size_t a, size_t b, size_t c) -> const T&
+    { return cc[a+ido*(b+4*c)]; };
+  auto CH = [ch,ido,l1](size_t a, size_t b, size_t c) -> T&
+    { return ch[a+ido*(b+l1*c)]; };
+
+  for (size_t k=0; k<l1; k++)
+    {
+    T tr1, tr2;
+    PM (tr2,tr1,CC(0,0,k),CC(ido-1,3,k));
+    T tr3=2*CC(ido-1,1,k);
+    T tr4=2*CC(0,2,k);
+    PM (CH(0,k,0),CH(0,k,2),tr2,tr3);
+    PM (CH(0,k,3),CH(0,k,1),tr1,tr4);
+    }
+  if ((ido&1)==0)
+    for (size_t k=0; k<l1; k++)
+      {
+      T tr1,tr2,ti1,ti2;
+      PM (ti1,ti2,CC(0    ,3,k),CC(0    ,1,k));
+      PM (tr2,tr1,CC(ido-1,0,k),CC(ido-1,2,k));
+      CH(ido-1,k,0)=tr2+tr2;
+      CH(ido-1,k,1)=sqrt2*(tr1-ti1);
+      CH(ido-1,k,2)=ti2+ti2;
+      CH(ido-1,k,3)=-sqrt2*(tr1+ti1);
+      }
+  if (ido<=2) return;
+  for (size_t k=0; k<l1;++k)
+    for (size_t i=2; i<ido; i+=2)
+      {
+      T ci2, ci3, ci4, cr2, cr3, cr4, ti1, ti2, ti3, ti4, tr1, tr2, tr3, tr4;
+      size_t ic=ido-i;
+      PM (tr2,tr1,CC(i-1,0,k),CC(ic-1,3,k));
+      PM (ti1,ti2,CC(i  ,0,k),CC(ic  ,3,k));
+      PM (tr4,ti3,CC(i  ,2,k),CC(ic  ,1,k));
+      PM (tr3,ti4,CC(i-1,2,k),CC(ic-1,1,k));
+      PM (CH(i-1,k,0),cr3,tr2,tr3);
+      PM (CH(i  ,k,0),ci3,ti2,ti3);
+      PM (cr4,cr2,tr1,tr4);
+      PM (ci2,ci4,ti1,ti4);
+      MULPM (CH(i,k,1),CH(i-1,k,1),WA(0,i-2),WA(0,i-1),ci2,cr2);
+      MULPM (CH(i,k,2),CH(i-1,k,2),WA(1,i-2),WA(1,i-1),ci3,cr3);
+      MULPM (CH(i,k,3),CH(i-1,k,3),WA(2,i-2),WA(2,i-1),ci4,cr4);
+      }
+  }
+
+template<typename T> void radb5(size_t ido, size_t l1,
+  const T * POCKETFFT_RESTRICT cc, T * POCKETFFT_RESTRICT ch,
+  const T0 * POCKETFFT_RESTRICT wa) const
+  {
+  constexpr T0 tr11= T0(0.3090169943749474241022934171828191L),
+               ti11= T0(0.9510565162951535721164393333793821L),
+               tr12= T0(-0.8090169943749474241022934171828191L),
+               ti12= T0(0.5877852522924731291687059546390728L);
+
+  auto WA = [wa,ido](size_t x, size_t i) { return wa[i+x*(ido-1)]; };
+  auto CC = [cc,ido](size_t a, size_t b, size_t c) -> const T&
+    { return cc[a+ido*(b+5*c)]; };
+  auto CH = [ch,ido,l1](size_t a, size_t b, size_t c) -> T&
+    { return ch[a+ido*(b+l1*c)]; };
+
+  for (size_t k=0; k<l1; k++)
+    {
+    T ti5=CC(0,2,k)+CC(0,2,k);
+    T ti4=CC(0,4,k)+CC(0,4,k);
+    T tr2=CC(ido-1,1,k)+CC(ido-1,1,k);
+    T tr3=CC(ido-1,3,k)+CC(ido-1,3,k);
+    CH(0,k,0)=CC(0,0,k)+tr2+tr3;
+    T cr2=CC(0,0,k)+tr11*tr2+tr12*tr3;
+    T cr3=CC(0,0,k)+tr12*tr2+tr11*tr3;
+    T ci4, ci5;
+    MULPM(ci5,ci4,ti5,ti4,ti11,ti12);
+    PM(CH(0,k,4),CH(0,k,1),cr2,ci5);
+    PM(CH(0,k,3),CH(0,k,2),cr3,ci4);
+    }
+  if (ido==1) return;
+  for (size_t k=0; k<l1;++k)
+    for (size_t i=2, ic=ido-2; i<ido; i+=2, ic-=2)
+      {
+      T tr2, tr3, tr4, tr5, ti2, ti3, ti4, ti5;
+      PM(tr2,tr5,CC(i-1,2,k),CC(ic-1,1,k));
+      PM(ti5,ti2,CC(i  ,2,k),CC(ic  ,1,k));
+      PM(tr3,tr4,CC(i-1,4,k),CC(ic-1,3,k));
+      PM(ti4,ti3,CC(i  ,4,k),CC(ic  ,3,k));
+      CH(i-1,k,0)=CC(i-1,0,k)+tr2+tr3;
+      CH(i  ,k,0)=CC(i  ,0,k)+ti2+ti3;
+      T cr2=CC(i-1,0,k)+tr11*tr2+tr12*tr3;
+      T ci2=CC(i  ,0,k)+tr11*ti2+tr12*ti3;
+      T cr3=CC(i-1,0,k)+tr12*tr2+tr11*tr3;
+      T ci3=CC(i  ,0,k)+tr12*ti2+tr11*ti3;
+      T ci4, ci5, cr5, cr4;
+      MULPM(cr5,cr4,tr5,tr4,ti11,ti12);
+      MULPM(ci5,ci4,ti5,ti4,ti11,ti12);
+      T dr2, dr3, dr4, dr5, di2, di3, di4, di5;
+      PM(dr4,dr3,cr3,ci4);
+      PM(di3,di4,ci3,cr4);
+      PM(dr5,dr2,cr2,ci5);
+      PM(di2,di5,ci2,cr5);
+      MULPM(CH(i,k,1),CH(i-1,k,1),WA(0,i-2),WA(0,i-1),di2,dr2);
+      MULPM(CH(i,k,2),CH(i-1,k,2),WA(1,i-2),WA(1,i-1),di3,dr3);
+      MULPM(CH(i,k,3),CH(i-1,k,3),WA(2,i-2),WA(2,i-1),di4,dr4);
+      MULPM(CH(i,k,4),CH(i-1,k,4),WA(3,i-2),WA(3,i-1),di5,dr5);
+      }
+  }
+
+template<typename T> void radbg(size_t ido, size_t ip, size_t l1,
+  T * POCKETFFT_RESTRICT cc, T * POCKETFFT_RESTRICT ch,
+  const T0 * POCKETFFT_RESTRICT wa, const T0 * POCKETFFT_RESTRICT csarr) const
+  {
+  const size_t cdim=ip;
+  size_t ipph=(ip+1)/ 2;
+  size_t idl1 = ido*l1;
+
+  auto CC = [cc,ido,cdim](size_t a, size_t b, size_t c) -> const T&
+    { return cc[a+ido*(b+cdim*c)]; };
+  auto CH = [ch,ido,l1](size_t a, size_t b, size_t c) -> T&
+    { return ch[a+ido*(b+l1*c)]; };
+  auto C1 = [cc,ido,l1](size_t a, size_t b, size_t c) -> const T&
+    { return cc[a+ido*(b+l1*c)]; };
+  auto C2 = [cc,idl1](size_t a, size_t b) -> T&
+    { return cc[a+idl1*b]; };
+  auto CH2 = [ch,idl1](size_t a, size_t b) -> T&
+    { return ch[a+idl1*b]; };
+
+  for (size_t k=0; k<l1; ++k)        // 102
+    for (size_t i=0; i<ido; ++i)     // 101
+      CH(i,k,0) = CC(i,0,k);
+  for (size_t j=1, jc=ip-1; j<ipph; ++j, --jc)   // 108
+    {
+    size_t j2=2*j-1;
+    for (size_t k=0; k<l1; ++k)
+      {
+      CH(0,k,j ) = 2*CC(ido-1,j2,k);
+      CH(0,k,jc) = 2*CC(0,j2+1,k);
+      }
+    }
+
+  if (ido!=1)
+    {
+    for (size_t j=1, jc=ip-1; j<ipph; ++j,--jc)   // 111
+      {
+      size_t j2=2*j-1;
+      for (size_t k=0; k<l1; ++k)
+        for (size_t i=1, ic=ido-i-2; i<=ido-2; i+=2, ic-=2)      // 109
+          {
+          CH(i  ,k,j ) = CC(i  ,j2+1,k)+CC(ic  ,j2,k);
+          CH(i  ,k,jc) = CC(i  ,j2+1,k)-CC(ic  ,j2,k);
+          CH(i+1,k,j ) = CC(i+1,j2+1,k)-CC(ic+1,j2,k);
+          CH(i+1,k,jc) = CC(i+1,j2+1,k)+CC(ic+1,j2,k);
+          }
+      }
+    }
+  for (size_t l=1,lc=ip-1; l<ipph; ++l,--lc)
+    {
+    for (size_t ik=0; ik<idl1; ++ik)
+      {
+      C2(ik,l ) = CH2(ik,0)+csarr[2*l]*CH2(ik,1)+csarr[4*l]*CH2(ik,2);
+      C2(ik,lc) = csarr[2*l+1]*CH2(ik,ip-1)+csarr[4*l+1]*CH2(ik,ip-2);
+      }
+    size_t iang=2*l;
+    size_t j=3,jc=ip-3;
+    for(; j<ipph-3; j+=4,jc-=4)
+      {
+      iang+=l; if(iang>ip) iang-=ip;
+      T0 ar1=csarr[2*iang], ai1=csarr[2*iang+1];
+      iang+=l; if(iang>ip) iang-=ip;
+      T0 ar2=csarr[2*iang], ai2=csarr[2*iang+1];
+      iang+=l; if(iang>ip) iang-=ip;
+      T0 ar3=csarr[2*iang], ai3=csarr[2*iang+1];
+      iang+=l; if(iang>ip) iang-=ip;
+      T0 ar4=csarr[2*iang], ai4=csarr[2*iang+1];
+      for (size_t ik=0; ik<idl1; ++ik)
+        {
+        C2(ik,l ) += ar1*CH2(ik,j )+ar2*CH2(ik,j +1)
+                    +ar3*CH2(ik,j +2)+ar4*CH2(ik,j +3);
+        C2(ik,lc) += ai1*CH2(ik,jc)+ai2*CH2(ik,jc-1)
+                    +ai3*CH2(ik,jc-2)+ai4*CH2(ik,jc-3);
+        }
+      }
+    for(; j<ipph-1; j+=2,jc-=2)
+      {
+      iang+=l; if(iang>ip) iang-=ip;
+      T0 ar1=csarr[2*iang], ai1=csarr[2*iang+1];
+      iang+=l; if(iang>ip) iang-=ip;
+      T0 ar2=csarr[2*iang], ai2=csarr[2*iang+1];
+      for (size_t ik=0; ik<idl1; ++ik)
+        {
+        C2(ik,l ) += ar1*CH2(ik,j )+ar2*CH2(ik,j +1);
+        C2(ik,lc) += ai1*CH2(ik,jc)+ai2*CH2(ik,jc-1);
+        }
+      }
+    for(; j<ipph; ++j,--jc)
+      {
+      iang+=l; if(iang>ip) iang-=ip;
+      T0 war=csarr[2*iang], wai=csarr[2*iang+1];
+      for (size_t ik=0; ik<idl1; ++ik)
+        {
+        C2(ik,l ) += war*CH2(ik,j );
+        C2(ik,lc) += wai*CH2(ik,jc);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  for (size_t j=1; j<ipph; ++j)
+    for (size_t ik=0; ik<idl1; ++ik)
+      CH2(ik,0) += CH2(ik,j);
+  for (size_t j=1, jc=ip-1; j<ipph; ++j,--jc)   // 124
+    for (size_t k=0; k<l1; ++k)
+      PM(CH(0,k,jc),CH(0,k,j),C1(0,k,j),C1(0,k,jc));
+
+  if (ido==1) return;
+
+  for (size_t j=1, jc=ip-1; j<ipph; ++j, --jc)  // 127
+    for (size_t k=0; k<l1; ++k)
+      for (size_t i=1; i<=ido-2; i+=2)
+        {
+        CH(i  ,k,j ) = C1(i  ,k,j)-C1(i+1,k,jc);
+        CH(i  ,k,jc) = C1(i  ,k,j)+C1(i+1,k,jc);
+        CH(i+1,k,j ) = C1(i+1,k,j)+C1(i  ,k,jc);
+        CH(i+1,k,jc) = C1(i+1,k,j)-C1(i  ,k,jc);
+        }
+
+// All in CH
+
+  for (size_t j=1; j<ip; ++j)
+    {
+    size_t is = (j-1)*(ido-1);
+    for (size_t k=0; k<l1; ++k)
+      {
+      size_t idij = is;
+      for (size_t i=1; i<=ido-2; i+=2)
+        {
+        T t1=CH(i,k,j), t2=CH(i+1,k,j);
+        CH(i  ,k,j) = wa[idij]*t1-wa[idij+1]*t2;
+        CH(i+1,k,j) = wa[idij]*t2+wa[idij+1]*t1;
+        idij+=2;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+    template<typename T> void copy_and_norm(T *c, T *p1, T0 fct) const
+      {
+      if (p1!=c)
+        {
+        if (fct!=1.)
+          for (size_t i=0; i<length; ++i)
+            c[i] = fct*p1[i];
+        else
+          std::copy_n (p1, length, c);
+        }
+      else
+        if (fct!=1.)
+          for (size_t i=0; i<length; ++i)
+            c[i] *= fct;
+      }
+
+  public:
+    template<typename T> void exec(T c[], T0 fct, bool r2hc) const
+      {
+      if (length==1) { c[0]*=fct; return; }
+      size_t nf=fact.size();
+      arr<T> ch(length);
+      T *p1=c, *p2=ch.data();
+
+      if (r2hc)
+        for(size_t k1=0, l1=length; k1<nf;++k1)
+          {
+          size_t k=nf-k1-1;
+          size_t ip=fact[k].fct;
+          size_t ido=length / l1;
+          l1 /= ip;
+          if(ip==4)
+            radf4(ido, l1, p1, p2, fact[k].tw);
+          else if(ip==2)
+            radf2(ido, l1, p1, p2, fact[k].tw);
+          else if(ip==3)
+            radf3(ido, l1, p1, p2, fact[k].tw);
+          else if(ip==5)
+            radf5(ido, l1, p1, p2, fact[k].tw);
+          else
+            { radfg(ido, ip, l1, p1, p2, fact[k].tw, fact[k].tws); std::swap (p1,p2); }
+          std::swap (p1,p2);
+          }
+      else
+        for(size_t k=0, l1=1; k<nf; k++)
+          {
+          size_t ip = fact[k].fct,
+                 ido= length/(ip*l1);
+          if(ip==4)
+            radb4(ido, l1, p1, p2, fact[k].tw);
+          else if(ip==2)
+            radb2(ido, l1, p1, p2, fact[k].tw);
+          else if(ip==3)
+            radb3(ido, l1, p1, p2, fact[k].tw);
+          else if(ip==5)
+            radb5(ido, l1, p1, p2, fact[k].tw);
+          else
+            radbg(ido, ip, l1, p1, p2, fact[k].tw, fact[k].tws);
+          std::swap (p1,p2);
+          l1*=ip;
+          }
+
+      copy_and_norm(c,p1,fct);
+      }
+
+  private:
+    void factorize()
+      {
+      size_t len=length;
+      while ((len%4)==0)
+        { add_factor(4); len>>=2; }
+      if ((len%2)==0)
+        {
+        len>>=1;
+        // factor 2 should be at the front of the factor list
+        add_factor(2);
+        std::swap(fact[0].fct, fact.back().fct);
+        }
+      for (size_t divisor=3; divisor*divisor<=len; divisor+=2)
+        while ((len%divisor)==0)
+          {
+          add_factor(divisor);
+          len/=divisor;
+          }
+      if (len>1) add_factor(len);
+      }
+
+    size_t twsize() const
+      {
+      size_t twsz=0, l1=1;
+      for (size_t k=0; k<fact.size(); ++k)
+        {
+        size_t ip=fact[k].fct, ido=length/(l1*ip);
+        twsz+=(ip-1)*(ido-1);
+        if (ip>5) twsz+=2*ip;
+        l1*=ip;
+        }
+      return twsz;
+      }
+
+    void comp_twiddle()
+      {
+      sincos_2pibyn<T0> twid(length);
+      size_t l1=1;
+      T0 *ptr=mem.data();
+      for (size_t k=0; k<fact.size(); ++k)
+        {
+        size_t ip=fact[k].fct, ido=length/(l1*ip);
+        if (k<fact.size()-1) // last factor doesn't need twiddles
+          {
+          fact[k].tw=ptr; ptr+=(ip-1)*(ido-1);
+          for (size_t j=1; j<ip; ++j)
+            for (size_t i=1; i<=(ido-1)/2; ++i)
+              {
+              fact[k].tw[(j-1)*(ido-1)+2*i-2] = twid[j*l1*i].r;
+              fact[k].tw[(j-1)*(ido-1)+2*i-1] = twid[j*l1*i].i;
+              }
+          }
+        if (ip>5) // special factors required by *g functions
+          {
+          fact[k].tws=ptr; ptr+=2*ip;
+          fact[k].tws[0] = 1.;
+          fact[k].tws[1] = 0.;
+          for (size_t i=2, ic=2*ip-2; i<=ic; i+=2, ic-=2)
+            {
+            fact[k].tws[i  ] = twid[i/2*(length/ip)].r;
+            fact[k].tws[i+1] = twid[i/2*(length/ip)].i;
+            fact[k].tws[ic]   = twid[i/2*(length/ip)].r;
+            fact[k].tws[ic+1] = -twid[i/2*(length/ip)].i;
+            }
+          }
+        l1*=ip;
+        }
+      }
+
+  public:
+    POCKETFFT_NOINLINE explicit rfftp(size_t length_)
+      : length(length_)
+      {
+      if (length==0) throw std::runtime_error("zero-length FFT requested");
+      if (length==1) return;
+      factorize();
+      mem.resize(twsize());
+      comp_twiddle();
+      }
+};
+
+//
+// complex Bluestein transforms
+//
+
+template<typename T0> class fftblue
+  {
+  private:
+    size_t n, n2;
+    cfftp<T0> plan;
+    arr<cmplx<T0>> mem;
+    cmplx<T0> *bk, *bkf;
+
+    template<bool fwd, typename T> void fft(cmplx<T> c[], T0 fct) const
+      {
+      arr<cmplx<T>> akf(n2);
+
+      /* initialize a_k and FFT it */
+      for (size_t m=0; m<n; ++m)
+        special_mul<fwd>(c[m],bk[m],akf[m]);
+      auto zero = akf[0]*T0(0);
+      for (size_t m=n; m<n2; ++m)
+        akf[m]=zero;
+
+      plan.exec (akf.data(),1.,true);
+
+      /* do the convolution */
+      akf[0] = akf[0].template special_mul<!fwd>(bkf[0]);
+      for (size_t m=1; m<(n2+1)/2; ++m)
+        {
+        akf[m] = akf[m].template special_mul<!fwd>(bkf[m]);
+        akf[n2-m] = akf[n2-m].template special_mul<!fwd>(bkf[m]);
+        }
+      if ((n2&1)==0)
+        akf[n2/2] = akf[n2/2].template special_mul<!fwd>(bkf[n2/2]);
+
+      /* inverse FFT */
+      plan.exec (akf.data(),1.,false);
+
+      /* multiply by b_k */
+      for (size_t m=0; m<n; ++m)
+        c[m] = akf[m].template special_mul<fwd>(bk[m])*fct;
+      }
+
+  public:
+    POCKETFFT_NOINLINE explicit fftblue(size_t length)
+      : n(length), n2(util::good_size_cmplx(n*2-1)), plan(n2), mem(n+n2/2+1),
+        bk(mem.data()), bkf(mem.data()+n)
+      {
+      /* initialize b_k */
+      sincos_2pibyn<T0> tmp(2*n);
+      bk[0].Set(1, 0);
+
+      size_t coeff=0;
+      for (size_t m=1; m<n; ++m)
+        {
+        coeff+=2*m-1;
+        if (coeff>=2*n) coeff-=2*n;
+        bk[m] = tmp[coeff];
+        }
+
+      /* initialize the zero-padded, Fourier transformed b_k. Add normalisation. */
+      arr<cmplx<T0>> tbkf(n2);
+      T0 xn2 = T0(1)/T0(n2);
+      tbkf[0] = bk[0]*xn2;
+      for (size_t m=1; m<n; ++m)
+        tbkf[m] = tbkf[n2-m] = bk[m]*xn2;
+      for (size_t m=n;m<=(n2-n);++m)
+        tbkf[m].Set(0.,0.);
+      plan.exec(tbkf.data(),1.,true);
+      for (size_t i=0; i<n2/2+1; ++i)
+        bkf[i] = tbkf[i];
+      }
+
+    template<typename T> void exec(cmplx<T> c[], T0 fct, bool fwd) const
+      { fwd ? fft<true>(c,fct) : fft<false>(c,fct); }
+
+    template<typename T> void exec_r(T c[], T0 fct, bool fwd)
+      {
+      arr<cmplx<T>> tmp(n);
+      if (fwd)
+        {
+        auto zero = T0(0)*c[0];
+        for (size_t m=0; m<n; ++m)
+          tmp[m].Set(c[m], zero);
+        fft<true>(tmp.data(),fct);
+        c[0] = tmp[0].r;
+        std::copy_n (&tmp[1].r, n-1, &c[1]);
+        }
+      else
+        {
+        tmp[0].Set(c[0],c[0]*0);
+        std::copy_n (c+1, n-1, &tmp[1].r);
+        if ((n&1)==0) tmp[n/2].i=T0(0)*c[0];
+        for (size_t m=1; 2*m<n; ++m)
+          tmp[n-m].Set(tmp[m].r, -tmp[m].i);
+        fft<false>(tmp.data(),fct);
+        for (size_t m=0; m<n; ++m)
+          c[m] = tmp[m].r;
+        }
+      }
+  };
+
+//
+// flexible (FFTPACK/Bluestein) complex 1D transform
+//
+
+template<typename T0> class pocketfft_c
+  {
+  private:
+    std::unique_ptr<cfftp<T0>> packplan;
+    std::unique_ptr<fftblue<T0>> blueplan;
+    size_t len;
+
+  public:
+    POCKETFFT_NOINLINE explicit pocketfft_c(size_t length)
+      : len(length)
+      {
+      if (length==0) throw std::runtime_error("zero-length FFT requested");
+      size_t tmp = (length<50) ? 0 : util::largest_prime_factor(length);
+      if (tmp*tmp <= length)
+        {
+        packplan=std::unique_ptr<cfftp<T0>>(new cfftp<T0>(length));
+        return;
+        }
+      double comp1 = util::cost_guess(length);
+      double comp2 = 2*util::cost_guess(util::good_size_cmplx(2*length-1));
+      comp2*=1.5; /* fudge factor that appears to give good overall performance */
+      if (comp2<comp1) // use Bluestein
+        blueplan=std::unique_ptr<fftblue<T0>>(new fftblue<T0>(length));
+      else
+        packplan=std::unique_ptr<cfftp<T0>>(new cfftp<T0>(length));
+      }
+
+    template<typename T> POCKETFFT_NOINLINE void exec(cmplx<T> c[], T0 fct, bool fwd) const
+      { packplan ? packplan->exec(c,fct,fwd) : blueplan->exec(c,fct,fwd); }
+
+    size_t length() const { return len; }
+  };
+
+//
+// flexible (FFTPACK/Bluestein) real-valued 1D transform
+//
+
+template<typename T0> class pocketfft_r
+  {
+  private:
+    std::unique_ptr<rfftp<T0>> packplan;
+    std::unique_ptr<fftblue<T0>> blueplan;
+    size_t len;
+
+  public:
+    POCKETFFT_NOINLINE explicit pocketfft_r(size_t length)
+      : len(length)
+      {
+      if (length==0) throw std::runtime_error("zero-length FFT requested");
+      size_t tmp = (length<50) ? 0 : util::largest_prime_factor(length);
+      if (tmp*tmp <= length)
+        {
+        packplan=std::unique_ptr<rfftp<T0>>(new rfftp<T0>(length));
+        return;
+        }
+      double comp1 = 0.5*util::cost_guess(length);
+      double comp2 = 2*util::cost_guess(util::good_size_cmplx(2*length-1));
+      comp2*=1.5; /* fudge factor that appears to give good overall performance */
+      if (comp2<comp1) // use Bluestein
+        blueplan=std::unique_ptr<fftblue<T0>>(new fftblue<T0>(length));
+      else
+        packplan=std::unique_ptr<rfftp<T0>>(new rfftp<T0>(length));
+      }
+
+    template<typename T> POCKETFFT_NOINLINE void exec(T c[], T0 fct, bool fwd) const
+      { packplan ? packplan->exec(c,fct,fwd) : blueplan->exec_r(c,fct,fwd); }
+
+    size_t length() const { return len; }
+  };
+
+
+//
+// sine/cosine transforms
+//
+
+template<typename T0> class T_dct1
+  {
+  private:
+    pocketfft_r<T0> fftplan;
+
+  public:
+    POCKETFFT_NOINLINE explicit T_dct1(size_t length)
+      : fftplan(2*(length-1)) {}
+
+    template<typename T> POCKETFFT_NOINLINE void exec(T c[], T0 fct, bool ortho,
+      int /*type*/, bool /*cosine*/) const
+      {
+      constexpr T0 sqrt2=T0(1.414213562373095048801688724209698L);
+      size_t N=fftplan.length(), n=N/2+1;
+      if (ortho)
+        { c[0]*=sqrt2; c[n-1]*=sqrt2; }
+      arr<T> tmp(N);
+      tmp[0] = c[0];
+      for (size_t i=1; i<n; ++i)
+        tmp[i] = tmp[N-i] = c[i];
+      fftplan.exec(tmp.data(), fct, true);
+      c[0] = tmp[0];
+      for (size_t i=1; i<n; ++i)
+        c[i] = tmp[2*i-1];
+      if (ortho)
+        { c[0]*=sqrt2*T0(0.5); c[n-1]*=sqrt2*T0(0.5); }
+      }
+
+    size_t length() const { return fftplan.length()/2+1; }
+  };
+
+template<typename T0> class T_dst1
+  {
+  private:
+    pocketfft_r<T0> fftplan;
+
+  public:
+    POCKETFFT_NOINLINE explicit T_dst1(size_t length)
+      : fftplan(2*(length+1)) {}
+
+    template<typename T> POCKETFFT_NOINLINE void exec(T c[], T0 fct,
+      bool /*ortho*/, int /*type*/, bool /*cosine*/) const
+      {
+      size_t N=fftplan.length(), n=N/2-1;
+      arr<T> tmp(N);
+      tmp[0] = tmp[n+1] = c[0]*0;
+      for (size_t i=0; i<n; ++i)
+        { tmp[i+1]=c[i]; tmp[N-1-i]=-c[i]; }
+      fftplan.exec(tmp.data(), fct, true);
+      for (size_t i=0; i<n; ++i)
+        c[i] = -tmp[2*i+2];
+      }
+
+    size_t length() const { return fftplan.length()/2-1; }
+  };
+
+template<typename T0> class T_dcst23
+  {
+  private:
+    pocketfft_r<T0> fftplan;
+    std::vector<T0> twiddle;
+
+  public:
+    POCKETFFT_NOINLINE explicit T_dcst23(size_t length)
+      : fftplan(length), twiddle(length)
+      {
+      sincos_2pibyn<T0> tw(4*length);
+      for (size_t i=0; i<length; ++i)
+        twiddle[i] = tw[i+1].r;
+      }
+
+    template<typename T> POCKETFFT_NOINLINE void exec(T c[], T0 fct, bool ortho,
+      int type, bool cosine) const
+      {
+      constexpr T0 sqrt2=T0(1.414213562373095048801688724209698L);
+      size_t N=length();
+      size_t NS2 = (N+1)/2;
+      if (type==2)
+        {
+        if (!cosine)
+          for (size_t k=1; k<N; k+=2)
+            c[k] = -c[k];
+        c[0] *= 2;
+        if ((N&1)==0) c[N-1]*=2;
+        for (size_t k=1; k<N-1; k+=2)
+          MPINPLACE(c[k+1], c[k]);
+        fftplan.exec(c, fct, false);
+        for (size_t k=1, kc=N-1; k<NS2; ++k, --kc)
+          {
+          T t1 = twiddle[k-1]*c[kc]+twiddle[kc-1]*c[k];
+          T t2 = twiddle[k-1]*c[k]-twiddle[kc-1]*c[kc];
+          c[k] = T0(0.5)*(t1+t2); c[kc]=T0(0.5)*(t1-t2);
+          }
+        if ((N&1)==0)
+          c[NS2] *= twiddle[NS2-1];
+        if (!cosine)
+          for (size_t k=0, kc=N-1; k<kc; ++k, --kc)
+            std::swap(c[k], c[kc]);
+        if (ortho)
+          cosine ? c[0]*=sqrt2*T0(0.5) : c[N-1]*=sqrt2*T0(0.5);
+        }
+      else
+        {
+        if (ortho)
+          cosine ? c[0]*=sqrt2 : c[N-1]*=sqrt2;
+        if (!cosine)
+          for (size_t k=0, kc=N-1; k<NS2; ++k, --kc)
+            std::swap(c[k], c[kc]);
+        for (size_t k=1, kc=N-1; k<NS2; ++k, --kc)
+          {
+          T t1=c[k]+c[kc], t2=c[k]-c[kc];
+          c[k] = twiddle[k-1]*t2+twiddle[kc-1]*t1;
+          c[kc]= twiddle[k-1]*t1-twiddle[kc-1]*t2;
+          }
+        if ((N&1)==0)
+          c[NS2] *= 2*twiddle[NS2-1];
+        fftplan.exec(c, fct, true);
+        for (size_t k=1; k<N-1; k+=2)
+          MPINPLACE(c[k], c[k+1]);
+        if (!cosine)
+          for (size_t k=1; k<N; k+=2)
+            c[k] = -c[k];
+        }
+      }
+
+    size_t length() const { return fftplan.length(); }
+  };
+
+template<typename T0> class T_dcst4
+  {
+  private:
+    size_t N;
+    std::unique_ptr<pocketfft_c<T0>> fft;
+    std::unique_ptr<pocketfft_r<T0>> rfft;
+    arr<cmplx<T0>> C2;
+
+  public:
+    POCKETFFT_NOINLINE explicit T_dcst4(size_t length)
+      : N(length),
+        fft((N&1) ? nullptr : new pocketfft_c<T0>(N/2)),
+        rfft((N&1)? new pocketfft_r<T0>(N) : nullptr),
+        C2((N&1) ? 0 : N/2)
+      {
+      if ((N&1)==0)
+        {
+        sincos_2pibyn<T0> tw(16*N);
+        for (size_t i=0; i<N/2; ++i)
+          C2[i] = conj(tw[8*i+1]);
+        }
+      }
+
+    template<typename T> POCKETFFT_NOINLINE void exec(T c[], T0 fct,
+      bool /*ortho*/, int /*type*/, bool cosine) const
+      {
+      size_t n2 = N/2;
+      if (!cosine)
+        for (size_t k=0, kc=N-1; k<n2; ++k, --kc)
+          std::swap(c[k], c[kc]);
+      if (N&1)
+        {
+        // The following code is derived from the FFTW3 function apply_re11()
+        // and is released under the 3-clause BSD license with friendly
+        // permission of Matteo Frigo and Steven G. Johnson.
+
+        arr<T> y(N);
+        {
+        size_t i=0, m=n2;
+        for (; m<N; ++i, m+=4)
+          y[i] = c[m];
+        for (; m<2*N; ++i, m+=4)
+          y[i] = -c[2*N-m-1];
+        for (; m<3*N; ++i, m+=4)
+          y[i] = -c[m-2*N];
+        for (; m<4*N; ++i, m+=4)
+          y[i] = c[4*N-m-1];
+        for (; i<N; ++i, m+=4)
+          y[i] = c[m-4*N];
+        }
+        rfft->exec(y.data(), fct, true);
+        {
+        auto SGN = [](size_t i)
+           {
+           constexpr T0 sqrt2=T0(1.414213562373095048801688724209698L);
+           return (i&2) ? -sqrt2 : sqrt2;
+           };
+        c[n2] = y[0]*SGN(n2+1);
+        size_t i=0, i1=1, k=1;
+        for (; k<n2; ++i, ++i1, k+=2)
+          {
+          c[i    ] = y[2*k-1]*SGN(i1)     + y[2*k  ]*SGN(i);
+          c[N -i1] = y[2*k-1]*SGN(N -i)   - y[2*k  ]*SGN(N -i1);
+          c[n2-i1] = y[2*k+1]*SGN(n2-i)   - y[2*k+2]*SGN(n2-i1);
+          c[n2+i1] = y[2*k+1]*SGN(n2+i+2) + y[2*k+2]*SGN(n2+i1);
+          }
+        if (k == n2)
+          {
+          c[i   ] = y[2*k-1]*SGN(i+1) + y[2*k]*SGN(i);
+          c[N-i1] = y[2*k-1]*SGN(i+2) + y[2*k]*SGN(i1);
+          }
+        }
+
+        // FFTW-derived code ends here
+        }
+      else
+        {
+        // even length algorithm from
+        // https://www.appletonaudio.com/blog/2013/derivation-of-fast-dct-4-algorithm-based-on-dft/
+        arr<cmplx<T>> y(n2);
+        for(size_t i=0; i<n2; ++i)
+          {
+          y[i].Set(c[2*i],c[N-1-2*i]);
+          y[i] *= C2[i];
+          }
+        fft->exec(y.data(), fct, true);
+        for(size_t i=0, ic=n2-1; i<n2; ++i, --ic)
+          {
+          c[2*i  ] =  2*(y[i ].r*C2[i ].r-y[i ].i*C2[i ].i);
+          c[2*i+1] = -2*(y[ic].i*C2[ic].r+y[ic].r*C2[ic].i);
+          }
+        }
+      if (!cosine)
+        for (size_t k=1; k<N; k+=2)
+          c[k] = -c[k];
+      }
+
+    size_t length() const { return N; }
+  };
+
+
+//
+// multi-D infrastructure
+//
+
+template<typename T> std::shared_ptr<T> get_plan(size_t length)
+  {
+#if POCKETFFT_CACHE_SIZE==0
+  return std::make_shared<T>(length);
+#else
+  constexpr size_t nmax=POCKETFFT_CACHE_SIZE;
+  static std::array<std::shared_ptr<T>, nmax> cache;
+  static std::array<size_t, nmax> last_access{{0}};
+  static size_t access_counter = 0;
+  static std::mutex mut;
+
+  auto find_in_cache = [&]() -> std::shared_ptr<T>
+    {
+    for (size_t i=0; i<nmax; ++i)
+      if (cache[i] && (cache[i]->length()==length))
+        {
+        // no need to update if this is already the most recent entry
+        if (last_access[i]!=access_counter)
+          {
+          last_access[i] = ++access_counter;
+          // Guard against overflow
+          if (access_counter == 0)
+            last_access.fill(0);
+          }
+        return cache[i];
+        }
+
+    return nullptr;
+    };
+
+  {
+  std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mut);
+  auto p = find_in_cache();
+  if (p) return p;
+  }
+  auto plan = std::make_shared<T>(length);
+  {
+  std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(mut);
+  auto p = find_in_cache();
+  if (p) return p;
+
+  size_t lru = 0;
+  for (size_t i=1; i<nmax; ++i)
+    if (last_access[i] < last_access[lru])
+      lru = i;
+
+  cache[lru] = plan;
+  last_access[lru] = ++access_counter;
+  }
+  return plan;
+#endif
+  }
+
+class arr_info
+  {
+  protected:
+    shape_t shp;
+    stride_t str;
+
+  public:
+    arr_info(shape_t shape_, stride_t stride_)
+      : shp(std::move(shape_)), str(std::move(stride_)) {}
+    size_t ndim() const { return shp.size(); }
+    size_t size() const { return util::prod(shp); }
+    const shape_t &shape() const { return shp; }
+    size_t shape(size_t i) const { return shp[i]; }
+    const stride_t &stride() const { return str; }
+    const ptrdiff_t &stride(size_t i) const { return str[i]; }
+  };
+
+template<typename T> class cndarr: public arr_info
+  {
+  protected:
+    const char *d;
+
+  public:
+    cndarr(const void *data_, const shape_t &shape_, const stride_t &stride_)
+      : arr_info(shape_, stride_),
+        d(reinterpret_cast<const char *>(data_)) {}
+    const T &operator[](ptrdiff_t ofs) const
+      { return *reinterpret_cast<const T *>(d+ofs); }
+  };
+
+template<typename T> class ndarr: public cndarr<T>
+  {
+  public:
+    ndarr(void *data_, const shape_t &shape_, const stride_t &stride_)
+      : cndarr<T>::cndarr(const_cast<const void *>(data_), shape_, stride_)
+      {}
+    T &operator[](ptrdiff_t ofs)
+      { return *reinterpret_cast<T *>(const_cast<char *>(cndarr<T>::d+ofs)); }
+  };
+
+template<size_t N> class multi_iter
+  {
+  private:
+    shape_t pos;
+    const arr_info &iarr, &oarr;
+    ptrdiff_t p_ii, p_i[N], str_i, p_oi, p_o[N], str_o;
+    size_t idim, rem;
+
+    void advance_i()
+      {
+      for (int i_=int(pos.size())-1; i_>=0; --i_)
+        {
+        auto i = size_t(i_);
+        if (i==idim) continue;
+        p_ii += iarr.stride(i);
+        p_oi += oarr.stride(i);
+        if (++pos[i] < iarr.shape(i))
+          return;
+        pos[i] = 0;
+        p_ii -= ptrdiff_t(iarr.shape(i))*iarr.stride(i);
+        p_oi -= ptrdiff_t(oarr.shape(i))*oarr.stride(i);
+        }
+      }
+
+  public:
+    multi_iter(const arr_info &iarr_, const arr_info &oarr_, size_t idim_)
+      : pos(iarr_.ndim(), 0), iarr(iarr_), oarr(oarr_), p_ii(0),
+        str_i(iarr.stride(idim_)), p_oi(0), str_o(oarr.stride(idim_)),
+        idim(idim_), rem(iarr.size()/iarr.shape(idim))
+      {
+      auto nshares = threading::num_threads();
+      if (nshares==1) return;
+      if (nshares==0) throw std::runtime_error("can't run with zero threads");
+      auto myshare = threading::thread_id();
+      if (myshare>=nshares) throw std::runtime_error("impossible share requested");
+      size_t nbase = rem/nshares;
+      size_t additional = rem%nshares;
+      size_t lo = myshare*nbase + ((myshare<additional) ? myshare : additional);
+      size_t hi = lo+nbase+(myshare<additional);
+      size_t todo = hi-lo;
+
+      size_t chunk = rem;
+      for (size_t i=0; i<pos.size(); ++i)
+        {
+        if (i==idim) continue;
+        chunk /= iarr.shape(i);
+        size_t n_advance = lo/chunk;
+        pos[i] += n_advance;
+        p_ii += ptrdiff_t(n_advance)*iarr.stride(i);
+        p_oi += ptrdiff_t(n_advance)*oarr.stride(i);
+        lo -= n_advance*chunk;
+        }
+      rem = todo;
+      }
+    void advance(size_t n)
+      {
+      if (rem<n) throw std::runtime_error("underrun");
+      for (size_t i=0; i<n; ++i)
+        {
+        p_i[i] = p_ii;
+        p_o[i] = p_oi;
+        advance_i();
+        }
+      rem -= n;
+      }
+    ptrdiff_t iofs(size_t i) const { return p_i[0] + ptrdiff_t(i)*str_i; }
+    ptrdiff_t iofs(size_t j, size_t i) const { return p_i[j] + ptrdiff_t(i)*str_i; }
+    ptrdiff_t oofs(size_t i) const { return p_o[0] + ptrdiff_t(i)*str_o; }
+    ptrdiff_t oofs(size_t j, size_t i) const { return p_o[j] + ptrdiff_t(i)*str_o; }
+    size_t length_in() const { return iarr.shape(idim); }
+    size_t length_out() const { return oarr.shape(idim); }
+    ptrdiff_t stride_in() const { return str_i; }
+    ptrdiff_t stride_out() const { return str_o; }
+    size_t remaining() const { return rem; }
+  };
+
+class simple_iter
+  {
+  private:
+    shape_t pos;
+    const arr_info &arr;
+    ptrdiff_t p;
+    size_t rem;
+
+  public:
+    explicit simple_iter(const arr_info &arr_)
+      : pos(arr_.ndim(), 0), arr(arr_), p(0), rem(arr_.size()) {}
+    void advance()
+      {
+      --rem;
+      for (int i_=int(pos.size())-1; i_>=0; --i_)
+        {
+        auto i = size_t(i_);
+        p += arr.stride(i);
+        if (++pos[i] < arr.shape(i))
+          return;
+        pos[i] = 0;
+        p -= ptrdiff_t(arr.shape(i))*arr.stride(i);
+        }
+      }
+    ptrdiff_t ofs() const { return p; }
+    size_t remaining() const { return rem; }
+  };
+
+class rev_iter
+  {
+  private:
+    shape_t pos;
+    const arr_info &arr;
+    std::vector<char> rev_axis;
+    std::vector<char> rev_jump;
+    size_t last_axis, last_size;
+    shape_t shp;
+    ptrdiff_t p, rp;
+    size_t rem;
+
+  public:
+    rev_iter(const arr_info &arr_, const shape_t &axes)
+      : pos(arr_.ndim(), 0), arr(arr_), rev_axis(arr_.ndim(), 0),
+        rev_jump(arr_.ndim(), 1), p(0), rp(0)
+      {
+      for (auto ax: axes)
+        rev_axis[ax]=1;
+      last_axis = axes.back();
+      last_size = arr.shape(last_axis)/2 + 1;
+      shp = arr.shape();
+      shp[last_axis] = last_size;
+      rem=1;
+      for (auto i: shp)
+        rem *= i;
+      }
+    void advance()
+      {
+      --rem;
+      for (int i_=int(pos.size())-1; i_>=0; --i_)
+        {
+        auto i = size_t(i_);
+        p += arr.stride(i);
+        if (!rev_axis[i])
+          rp += arr.stride(i);
+        else
+          {
+          rp -= arr.stride(i);
+          if (rev_jump[i])
+            {
+            rp += ptrdiff_t(arr.shape(i))*arr.stride(i);
+            rev_jump[i] = 0;
+            }
+          }
+        if (++pos[i] < shp[i])
+          return;
+        pos[i] = 0;
+        p -= ptrdiff_t(shp[i])*arr.stride(i);
+        if (rev_axis[i])
+          {
+          rp -= ptrdiff_t(arr.shape(i)-shp[i])*arr.stride(i);
+          rev_jump[i] = 1;
+          }
+        else
+          rp -= ptrdiff_t(shp[i])*arr.stride(i);
+        }
+      }
+    ptrdiff_t ofs() const { return p; }
+    ptrdiff_t rev_ofs() const { return rp; }
+    size_t remaining() const { return rem; }
+  };
+
+template<typename T> struct VTYPE {};
+template <typename T> using vtype_t = typename VTYPE<T>::type;
+
+#ifndef POCKETFFT_NO_VECTORS
+template<> struct VTYPE<float>
+  {
+  using type = float __attribute__ ((vector_size (VLEN<float>::val*sizeof(float))));
+  };
+template<> struct VTYPE<double>
+  {
+  using type = double __attribute__ ((vector_size (VLEN<double>::val*sizeof(double))));
+  };
+template<> struct VTYPE<long double>
+  {
+  using type = long double __attribute__ ((vector_size (VLEN<long double>::val*sizeof(long double))));
+  };
+#endif
+
+template<typename T> arr<char> alloc_tmp(const shape_t &shape,
+  size_t axsize, size_t elemsize)
+  {
+  auto othersize = util::prod(shape)/axsize;
+  auto tmpsize = axsize*((othersize>=VLEN<T>::val) ? VLEN<T>::val : 1);
+  return arr<char>(tmpsize*elemsize);
+  }
+template<typename T> arr<char> alloc_tmp(const shape_t &shape,
+  const shape_t &axes, size_t elemsize)
+  {
+  size_t fullsize=util::prod(shape);
+  size_t tmpsize=0;
+  for (size_t i=0; i<axes.size(); ++i)
+    {
+    auto axsize = shape[axes[i]];
+    auto othersize = fullsize/axsize;
+    auto sz = axsize*((othersize>=VLEN<T>::val) ? VLEN<T>::val : 1);
+    if (sz>tmpsize) tmpsize=sz;
+    }
+  return arr<char>(tmpsize*elemsize);
+  }
+
+template <typename T, size_t vlen> void copy_input(const multi_iter<vlen> &it,
+  const cndarr<cmplx<T>> &src, cmplx<vtype_t<T>> *POCKETFFT_RESTRICT dst)
+  {
+  for (size_t i=0; i<it.length_in(); ++i)
+    for (size_t j=0; j<vlen; ++j)
+      {
+      dst[i].r[j] = src[it.iofs(j,i)].r;
+      dst[i].i[j] = src[it.iofs(j,i)].i;
+      }
+  }
+
+template <typename T, size_t vlen> void copy_input(const multi_iter<vlen> &it,
+  const cndarr<T> &src, vtype_t<T> *POCKETFFT_RESTRICT dst)
+  {
+  for (size_t i=0; i<it.length_in(); ++i)
+    for (size_t j=0; j<vlen; ++j)
+      dst[i][j] = src[it.iofs(j,i)];
+  }
+
+template <typename T, size_t vlen> void copy_input(const multi_iter<vlen> &it,
+  const cndarr<T> &src, T *POCKETFFT_RESTRICT dst)
+  {
+  if (dst == &src[it.iofs(0)]) return;  // in-place
+  for (size_t i=0; i<it.length_in(); ++i)
+    dst[i] = src[it.iofs(i)];
+  }
+
+template<typename T, size_t vlen> void copy_output(const multi_iter<vlen> &it,
+  const cmplx<vtype_t<T>> *POCKETFFT_RESTRICT src, ndarr<cmplx<T>> &dst)
+  {
+  for (size_t i=0; i<it.length_out(); ++i)
+    for (size_t j=0; j<vlen; ++j)
+      dst[it.oofs(j,i)].Set(src[i].r[j],src[i].i[j]);
+  }
+
+template<typename T, size_t vlen> void copy_output(const multi_iter<vlen> &it,
+  const vtype_t<T> *POCKETFFT_RESTRICT src, ndarr<T> &dst)
+  {
+  for (size_t i=0; i<it.length_out(); ++i)
+    for (size_t j=0; j<vlen; ++j)
+      dst[it.oofs(j,i)] = src[i][j];
+  }
+
+template<typename T, size_t vlen> void copy_output(const multi_iter<vlen> &it,
+  const T *POCKETFFT_RESTRICT src, ndarr<T> &dst)
+  {
+  if (src == &dst[it.oofs(0)]) return;  // in-place
+  for (size_t i=0; i<it.length_out(); ++i)
+    dst[it.oofs(i)] = src[i];
+  }
+
+template <typename T> struct add_vec { using type = vtype_t<T>; };
+template <typename T> struct add_vec<cmplx<T>>
+  { using type = cmplx<vtype_t<T>>; };
+template <typename T> using add_vec_t = typename add_vec<T>::type;
+
+template<typename Tplan, typename T, typename T0, typename Exec>
+POCKETFFT_NOINLINE void general_nd(const cndarr<T> &in, ndarr<T> &out,
+  const shape_t &axes, T0 fct, size_t nthreads, const Exec & exec,
+  const bool allow_inplace=true)
+  {
+  std::shared_ptr<Tplan> plan;
+
+  for (size_t iax=0; iax<axes.size(); ++iax)
+    {
+    size_t len=in.shape(axes[iax]);
+    if ((!plan) || (len!=plan->length()))
+      plan = get_plan<Tplan>(len);
+
+    threading::thread_map(
+      util::thread_count(nthreads, in.shape(), axes[iax], VLEN<T>::val),
+      [&] {
+        constexpr auto vlen = VLEN<T0>::val;
+        auto storage = alloc_tmp<T0>(in.shape(), len, sizeof(T));
+        const auto &tin(iax==0? in : out);
+        multi_iter<vlen> it(tin, out, axes[iax]);
+#ifndef POCKETFFT_NO_VECTORS
+        if (vlen>1)
+          while (it.remaining()>=vlen)
+            {
+            it.advance(vlen);
+            auto tdatav = reinterpret_cast<add_vec_t<T> *>(storage.data());
+            exec(it, tin, out, tdatav, *plan, fct);
+            }
+#endif
+        while (it.remaining()>0)
+          {
+          it.advance(1);
+          auto buf = allow_inplace && it.stride_out() == sizeof(T) ?
+            &out[it.oofs(0)] : reinterpret_cast<T *>(storage.data());
+          exec(it, tin, out, buf, *plan, fct);
+          }
+      });  // end of parallel region
+    fct = T0(1); // factor has been applied, use 1 for remaining axes
+    }
+  }
+
+struct ExecC2C
+  {
+  bool forward;
+
+  template <typename T0, typename T, size_t vlen> void operator () (
+    const multi_iter<vlen> &it, const cndarr<cmplx<T0>> &in,
+    ndarr<cmplx<T0>> &out, T * buf, const pocketfft_c<T0> &plan, T0 fct) const
+    {
+    copy_input(it, in, buf);
+    plan.exec(buf, fct, forward);
+    copy_output(it, buf, out);
+    }
+  };
+
+template <typename T, size_t vlen> void copy_hartley(const multi_iter<vlen> &it,
+  const vtype_t<T> *POCKETFFT_RESTRICT src, ndarr<T> &dst)
+  {
+  for (size_t j=0; j<vlen; ++j)
+    dst[it.oofs(j,0)] = src[0][j];
+  size_t i=1, i1=1, i2=it.length_out()-1;
+  for (i=1; i<it.length_out()-1; i+=2, ++i1, --i2)
+    for (size_t j=0; j<vlen; ++j)
+      {
+        dst[it.oofs(j,i1)] = src[i][j]+src[i+1][j];
+        dst[it.oofs(j,i2)] = src[i][j]-src[i+1][j];
+      }
+  if (i<it.length_out())
+    for (size_t j=0; j<vlen; ++j)
+      dst[it.oofs(j,i1)] = src[i][j];
+  }
+
+template <typename T, size_t vlen> void copy_hartley(const multi_iter<vlen> &it,
+  const T *POCKETFFT_RESTRICT src, ndarr<T> &dst)
+  {
+  dst[it.oofs(0)] = src[0];
+  size_t i=1, i1=1, i2=it.length_out()-1;
+  for (i=1; i<it.length_out()-1; i+=2, ++i1, --i2)
+    {
+    dst[it.oofs(i1)] = src[i]+src[i+1];
+    dst[it.oofs(i2)] = src[i]-src[i+1];
+    }
+  if (i<it.length_out())
+    dst[it.oofs(i1)] = src[i];
+  }
+
+struct ExecHartley
+  {
+  template <typename T0, typename T, size_t vlen> void operator () (
+    const multi_iter<vlen> &it, const cndarr<T0> &in, ndarr<T0> &out,
+    T * buf, const pocketfft_r<T0> &plan, T0 fct) const
+    {
+    copy_input(it, in, buf);
+    plan.exec(buf, fct, true);
+    copy_hartley(it, buf, out);
+    }
+  };
+
+struct ExecDcst
+  {
+  bool ortho;
+  int type;
+  bool cosine;
+
+  template <typename T0, typename T, typename Tplan, size_t vlen>
+  void operator () (const multi_iter<vlen> &it, const cndarr<T0> &in,
+    ndarr<T0> &out, T * buf, const Tplan &plan, T0 fct) const
+    {
+    copy_input(it, in, buf);
+    plan.exec(buf, fct, ortho, type, cosine);
+    copy_output(it, buf, out);
+    }
+  };
+
+template<typename T> POCKETFFT_NOINLINE void general_r2c(
+  const cndarr<T> &in, ndarr<cmplx<T>> &out, size_t axis, bool forward, T fct,
+  size_t nthreads)
+  {
+  auto plan = get_plan<pocketfft_r<T>>(in.shape(axis));
+  size_t len=in.shape(axis);
+  threading::thread_map(
+    util::thread_count(nthreads, in.shape(), axis, VLEN<T>::val),
+    [&] {
+    constexpr auto vlen = VLEN<T>::val;
+    auto storage = alloc_tmp<T>(in.shape(), len, sizeof(T));
+    multi_iter<vlen> it(in, out, axis);
+#ifndef POCKETFFT_NO_VECTORS
+    if (vlen>1)
+      while (it.remaining()>=vlen)
+        {
+        it.advance(vlen);
+        auto tdatav = reinterpret_cast<vtype_t<T> *>(storage.data());
+        copy_input(it, in, tdatav);
+        plan->exec(tdatav, fct, true);
+        for (size_t j=0; j<vlen; ++j)
+          out[it.oofs(j,0)].Set(tdatav[0][j]);
+        size_t i=1, ii=1;
+        if (forward)
+          for (; i<len-1; i+=2, ++ii)
+            for (size_t j=0; j<vlen; ++j)
+              out[it.oofs(j,ii)].Set(tdatav[i][j], tdatav[i+1][j]);
+        else
+          for (; i<len-1; i+=2, ++ii)
+            for (size_t j=0; j<vlen; ++j)
+              out[it.oofs(j,ii)].Set(tdatav[i][j], -tdatav[i+1][j]);
+        if (i<len)
+          for (size_t j=0; j<vlen; ++j)
+            out[it.oofs(j,ii)].Set(tdatav[i][j]);
+        }
+#endif
+    while (it.remaining()>0)
+      {
+      it.advance(1);
+      auto tdata = reinterpret_cast<T *>(storage.data());
+      copy_input(it, in, tdata);
+      plan->exec(tdata, fct, true);
+      out[it.oofs(0)].Set(tdata[0]);
+      size_t i=1, ii=1;
+      if (forward)
+        for (; i<len-1; i+=2, ++ii)
+          out[it.oofs(ii)].Set(tdata[i], tdata[i+1]);
+      else
+        for (; i<len-1; i+=2, ++ii)
+          out[it.oofs(ii)].Set(tdata[i], -tdata[i+1]);
+      if (i<len)
+        out[it.oofs(ii)].Set(tdata[i]);
+      }
+    });  // end of parallel region
+  }
+template<typename T> POCKETFFT_NOINLINE void general_c2r(
+  const cndarr<cmplx<T>> &in, ndarr<T> &out, size_t axis, bool forward, T fct,
+  size_t nthreads)
+  {
+  auto plan = get_plan<pocketfft_r<T>>(out.shape(axis));
+  size_t len=out.shape(axis);
+  threading::thread_map(
+    util::thread_count(nthreads, in.shape(), axis, VLEN<T>::val),
+    [&] {
+      constexpr auto vlen = VLEN<T>::val;
+      auto storage = alloc_tmp<T>(out.shape(), len, sizeof(T));
+      multi_iter<vlen> it(in, out, axis);
+#ifndef POCKETFFT_NO_VECTORS
+      if (vlen>1)
+        while (it.remaining()>=vlen)
+          {
+          it.advance(vlen);
+          auto tdatav = reinterpret_cast<vtype_t<T> *>(storage.data());
+          for (size_t j=0; j<vlen; ++j)
+            tdatav[0][j]=in[it.iofs(j,0)].r;
+          {
+          size_t i=1, ii=1;
+          if (forward)
+            for (; i<len-1; i+=2, ++ii)
+              for (size_t j=0; j<vlen; ++j)
+                {
+                tdatav[i  ][j] =  in[it.iofs(j,ii)].r;
+                tdatav[i+1][j] = -in[it.iofs(j,ii)].i;
+                }
+          else
+            for (; i<len-1; i+=2, ++ii)
+              for (size_t j=0; j<vlen; ++j)
+                {
+                tdatav[i  ][j] = in[it.iofs(j,ii)].r;
+                tdatav[i+1][j] = in[it.iofs(j,ii)].i;
+                }
+          if (i<len)
+            for (size_t j=0; j<vlen; ++j)
+              tdatav[i][j] = in[it.iofs(j,ii)].r;
+          }
+          plan->exec(tdatav, fct, false);
+          copy_output(it, tdatav, out);
+          }
+#endif
+      while (it.remaining()>0)
+        {
+        it.advance(1);
+        auto tdata = reinterpret_cast<T *>(storage.data());
+        tdata[0]=in[it.iofs(0)].r;
+        {
+        size_t i=1, ii=1;
+        if (forward)
+          for (; i<len-1; i+=2, ++ii)
+            {
+            tdata[i  ] =  in[it.iofs(ii)].r;
+            tdata[i+1] = -in[it.iofs(ii)].i;
+            }
+        else
+          for (; i<len-1; i+=2, ++ii)
+            {
+            tdata[i  ] = in[it.iofs(ii)].r;
+            tdata[i+1] = in[it.iofs(ii)].i;
+            }
+        if (i<len)
+          tdata[i] = in[it.iofs(ii)].r;
+        }
+        plan->exec(tdata, fct, false);
+        copy_output(it, tdata, out);
+        }
+    });  // end of parallel region
+  }
+
+struct ExecR2R
+  {
+  bool r2h, forward;
+
+  template <typename T0, typename T, size_t vlen> void operator () (
+    const multi_iter<vlen> &it, const cndarr<T0> &in, ndarr<T0> &out, T * buf,
+    const pocketfft_r<T0> &plan, T0 fct) const
+    {
+    copy_input(it, in, buf);
+    if ((!r2h) && forward)
+      for (size_t i=2; i<it.length_out(); i+=2)
+        buf[i] = -buf[i];
+    plan.exec(buf, fct, r2h);
+    if (r2h && (!forward))
+      for (size_t i=2; i<it.length_out(); i+=2)
+        buf[i] = -buf[i];
+    copy_output(it, buf, out);
+    }
+  };
+
+template<typename T> void c2c(const shape_t &shape, const stride_t &stride_in,
+  const stride_t &stride_out, const shape_t &axes, bool forward,
+  const std::complex<T> *data_in, std::complex<T> *data_out, T fct,
+  size_t nthreads=1)
+  {
+  if (util::prod(shape)==0) return;
+  util::sanity_check(shape, stride_in, stride_out, data_in==data_out, axes);
+  cndarr<cmplx<T>> ain(data_in, shape, stride_in);
+  ndarr<cmplx<T>> aout(data_out, shape, stride_out);
+  general_nd<pocketfft_c<T>>(ain, aout, axes, fct, nthreads, ExecC2C{forward});
+  }
+
+template<typename T> void dct(const shape_t &shape,
+  const stride_t &stride_in, const stride_t &stride_out, const shape_t &axes,
+  int type, const T *data_in, T *data_out, T fct, bool ortho, size_t nthreads=1)
+  {
+  if ((type<1) || (type>4)) throw std::invalid_argument("invalid DCT type");
+  if (util::prod(shape)==0) return;
+  util::sanity_check(shape, stride_in, stride_out, data_in==data_out, axes);
+  cndarr<T> ain(data_in, shape, stride_in);
+  ndarr<T> aout(data_out, shape, stride_out);
+  const ExecDcst exec{ortho, type, true};
+  if (type==1)
+    general_nd<T_dct1<T>>(ain, aout, axes, fct, nthreads, exec);
+  else if (type==4)
+    general_nd<T_dcst4<T>>(ain, aout, axes, fct, nthreads, exec);
+  else
+    general_nd<T_dcst23<T>>(ain, aout, axes, fct, nthreads, exec);
+  }
+
+template<typename T> void dst(const shape_t &shape,
+  const stride_t &stride_in, const stride_t &stride_out, const shape_t &axes,
+  int type, const T *data_in, T *data_out, T fct, bool ortho, size_t nthreads=1)
+  {
+  if ((type<1) || (type>4)) throw std::invalid_argument("invalid DST type");
+  if (util::prod(shape)==0) return;
+  util::sanity_check(shape, stride_in, stride_out, data_in==data_out, axes);
+  cndarr<T> ain(data_in, shape, stride_in);
+  ndarr<T> aout(data_out, shape, stride_out);
+  const ExecDcst exec{ortho, type, false};
+  if (type==1)
+    general_nd<T_dst1<T>>(ain, aout, axes, fct, nthreads, exec);
+  else if (type==4)
+    general_nd<T_dcst4<T>>(ain, aout, axes, fct, nthreads, exec);
+  else
+    general_nd<T_dcst23<T>>(ain, aout, axes, fct, nthreads, exec);
+  }
+
+template<typename T> void r2c(const shape_t &shape_in,
+  const stride_t &stride_in, const stride_t &stride_out, size_t axis,
+  bool forward, const T *data_in, std::complex<T> *data_out, T fct,
+  size_t nthreads=1)
+  {
+  if (util::prod(shape_in)==0) return;
+  util::sanity_check(shape_in, stride_in, stride_out, false, axis);
+  cndarr<T> ain(data_in, shape_in, stride_in);
+  shape_t shape_out(shape_in);
+  shape_out[axis] = shape_in[axis]/2 + 1;
+  ndarr<cmplx<T>> aout(data_out, shape_out, stride_out);
+  general_r2c(ain, aout, axis, forward, fct, nthreads);
+  }
+
+template<typename T> void r2c(const shape_t &shape_in,
+  const stride_t &stride_in, const stride_t &stride_out, const shape_t &axes,
+  bool forward, const T *data_in, std::complex<T> *data_out, T fct,
+  size_t nthreads=1)
+  {
+  if (util::prod(shape_in)==0) return;
+  util::sanity_check(shape_in, stride_in, stride_out, false, axes);
+  r2c(shape_in, stride_in, stride_out, axes.back(), forward, data_in, data_out,
+    fct, nthreads);
+  if (axes.size()==1) return;
+
+  shape_t shape_out(shape_in);
+  shape_out[axes.back()] = shape_in[axes.back()]/2 + 1;
+  auto newaxes = shape_t{axes.begin(), --axes.end()};
+  c2c(shape_out, stride_out, stride_out, newaxes, forward, data_out, data_out,
+    T(1), nthreads);
+  }
+
+template<typename T> void c2r(const shape_t &shape_out,
+  const stride_t &stride_in, const stride_t &stride_out, size_t axis,
+  bool forward, const std::complex<T> *data_in, T *data_out, T fct,
+  size_t nthreads=1)
+  {
+  if (util::prod(shape_out)==0) return;
+  util::sanity_check(shape_out, stride_in, stride_out, false, axis);
+  shape_t shape_in(shape_out);
+  shape_in[axis] = shape_out[axis]/2 + 1;
+  cndarr<cmplx<T>> ain(data_in, shape_in, stride_in);
+  ndarr<T> aout(data_out, shape_out, stride_out);
+  general_c2r(ain, aout, axis, forward, fct, nthreads);
+  }
+
+template<typename T> void c2r(const shape_t &shape_out,
+  const stride_t &stride_in, const stride_t &stride_out, const shape_t &axes,
+  bool forward, const std::complex<T> *data_in, T *data_out, T fct,
+  size_t nthreads=1)
+  {
+  if (util::prod(shape_out)==0) return;
+  if (axes.size()==1)
+    return c2r(shape_out, stride_in, stride_out, axes[0], forward,
+      data_in, data_out, fct, nthreads);
+  util::sanity_check(shape_out, stride_in, stride_out, false, axes);
+  auto shape_in = shape_out;
+  shape_in[axes.back()] = shape_out[axes.back()]/2 + 1;
+  auto nval = util::prod(shape_in);
+  stride_t stride_inter(shape_in.size());
+  stride_inter.back() = sizeof(cmplx<T>);
+  for (int i=int(shape_in.size())-2; i>=0; --i)
+    stride_inter[size_t(i)] =
+      stride_inter[size_t(i+1)]*ptrdiff_t(shape_in[size_t(i+1)]);
+  arr<std::complex<T>> tmp(nval);
+  auto newaxes = shape_t{axes.begin(), --axes.end()};
+  c2c(shape_in, stride_in, stride_inter, newaxes, forward, data_in, tmp.data(),
+    T(1), nthreads);
+  c2r(shape_out, stride_inter, stride_out, axes.back(), forward,
+    tmp.data(), data_out, fct, nthreads);
+  }
+
+template<typename T> void r2r_fftpack(const shape_t &shape,
+  const stride_t &stride_in, const stride_t &stride_out, const shape_t &axes,
+  bool real2hermitian, bool forward, const T *data_in, T *data_out, T fct,
+  size_t nthreads=1)
+  {
+  if (util::prod(shape)==0) return;
+  util::sanity_check(shape, stride_in, stride_out, data_in==data_out, axes);
+  cndarr<T> ain(data_in, shape, stride_in);
+  ndarr<T> aout(data_out, shape, stride_out);
+  general_nd<pocketfft_r<T>>(ain, aout, axes, fct, nthreads,
+    ExecR2R{real2hermitian, forward});
+  }
+
+template<typename T> void r2r_separable_hartley(const shape_t &shape,
+  const stride_t &stride_in, const stride_t &stride_out, const shape_t &axes,
+  const T *data_in, T *data_out, T fct, size_t nthreads=1)
+  {
+  if (util::prod(shape)==0) return;
+  util::sanity_check(shape, stride_in, stride_out, data_in==data_out, axes);
+  cndarr<T> ain(data_in, shape, stride_in);
+  ndarr<T> aout(data_out, shape, stride_out);
+  general_nd<pocketfft_r<T>>(ain, aout, axes, fct, nthreads, ExecHartley{},
+    false);
+  }
+
+template<typename T> void r2r_genuine_hartley(const shape_t &shape,
+  const stride_t &stride_in, const stride_t &stride_out, const shape_t &axes,
+  const T *data_in, T *data_out, T fct, size_t nthreads=1)
+  {
+  if (util::prod(shape)==0) return;
+  if (axes.size()==1)
+    return r2r_separable_hartley(shape, stride_in, stride_out, axes, data_in,
+      data_out, fct, nthreads);
+  util::sanity_check(shape, stride_in, stride_out, data_in==data_out, axes);
+  shape_t tshp(shape);
+  tshp[axes.back()] = tshp[axes.back()]/2+1;
+  arr<std::complex<T>> tdata(util::prod(tshp));
+  stride_t tstride(shape.size());
+  tstride.back()=sizeof(std::complex<T>);
+  for (size_t i=tstride.size()-1; i>0; --i)
+    tstride[i-1]=tstride[i]*ptrdiff_t(tshp[i]);
+  r2c(shape, stride_in, tstride, axes, true, data_in, tdata.data(), fct, nthreads);
+  cndarr<cmplx<T>> atmp(tdata.data(), tshp, tstride);
+  ndarr<T> aout(data_out, shape, stride_out);
+  simple_iter iin(atmp);
+  rev_iter iout(aout, axes);
+  while(iin.remaining()>0)
+    {
+    auto v = atmp[iin.ofs()];
+    aout[iout.ofs()] = v.r+v.i;
+    aout[iout.rev_ofs()] = v.r-v.i;
+    iin.advance(); iout.advance();
+    }
+  }
+
+} // namespace detail
+
+using detail::FORWARD;
+using detail::BACKWARD;
+using detail::shape_t;
+using detail::stride_t;
+using detail::c2c;
+using detail::c2r;
+using detail::r2c;
+using detail::r2r_fftpack;
+using detail::r2r_separable_hartley;
+using detail::r2r_genuine_hartley;
+using detail::dct;
+using detail::dst;
+
+} // namespace pocketfft
+
+#undef POCKETFFT_NOINLINE
+#undef POCKETFFT_RESTRICT
+
+#endif // POCKETFFT_HDRONLY_H