ruby-units 1.0.1 → 1.0.2

data/lib/ruby-units.rb

@@ -1,1414 +1,11 @@
-require 'mathn'
-require 'rational'
-require 'date'
-require 'parsedate'
-# = Ruby Units 1.0.1
-#
-# Copyright 2006 by Kevin C. Olbrich, Ph.D.
-# 
-# See http://rubyforge.org/ruby-units/
-#
-# http://www.sciwerks.org
-#
-# mailto://kevin.olbrich+ruby-units@gmail.com
-#
-# See README for detailed usage instructions and examples
-#
-# ==Unit Definition Format
-#
-#  '<name>'  => [%w{prefered_name synonyms}, conversion_to_base, :classification, %w{<base> <units> <in> <numerator>} , %w{<base> <units> <in> <denominator>} ],
-#
-# Prefixes (e.g., a :prefix classification) get special handling
-# Note: The accuracy of unit conversions depends on the precision of the conversion factor.
-# If you have more accurate estimates for particular conversion factors, please send them 
-# to me and I will incorporate them into the next release.  It is also incumbent on the end-user
-# to ensure that the accuracy of any conversions is sufficient for their intended application.
-#
-# While there are a large number of unit specified in the base package, 
-# there are also a large number of units that are not included.
-# This package covers nearly all SI, Imperial, and units commonly used
-# in the United States. If your favorite units are not listed here, send me an email
-#
-# To add / override a unit definition, add a code block like this..
-#
-#  class Unit < Numeric
-#   UNIT_DEFINITIONS = {
-#    <name>'  => [%w{prefered_name synonyms}, conversion_to_base, :classification, %w{<base> <units> <in> <numerator>} , %w{<base> <units> <in> <denominator>} ]
-#    }
-#  end
-#  Unit.setup
-class Unit < Numeric
-  require 'units'
-  # pre-generate hashes from unit definitions for performance.  
-  VERSION = '1.0.1'
-  @@USER_DEFINITIONS = {}
-  @@PREFIX_VALUES = {}
-  @@PREFIX_MAP = {}
-  @@UNIT_MAP = {}
-  @@UNIT_VALUES = {}
-  @@OUTPUT_MAP = {}
-  @@BASE_UNITS = ['<meter>','<kilogram>','<second>','<mole>', '<farad>', '<ampere>','<radian>','<kelvin>','<byte>','<dollar>','<candela>','<each>','<steradian>','<decibel>']
-  UNITY = '<1>'
-  UNITY_ARRAY= [UNITY]
-  FEET_INCH_REGEX = /(\d+)\s*(?:'|ft|feet)\s*(\d+)\s*(?:"|in|inches)/
-  TIME_REGEX = /(\d+)*:(\d+)*:*(\d+)*[:,]*(\d+)*/
-  LBS_OZ_REGEX = /(\d+)\s*(?:#|lbs|pounds)+[\s,]*(\d+)\s*(?:oz|ounces)/
-  SCI_NUMBER = %r{([+-]?\d*[.]?\d+(?:[Ee][+-]?)?\d*)}
-  RATIONAL_NUMBER = /(\d+)\/(\d+)/
-  COMPLEX_NUMBER = /#{SCI_NUMBER}?#{SCI_NUMBER}i\b/
-  NUMBER_REGEX = /#{SCI_NUMBER}*\s*(.+)?/
-  UNIT_STRING_REGEX = /#{SCI_NUMBER}*\s*([^\/]*)\/*(.+)*/
-  TOP_REGEX = /([^ \*]+)(?:\^|\*\*)([\d-]+)/
-  BOTTOM_REGEX = /([^* ]+)(?:\^|\*\*)(\d+)/
-  UNCERTAIN_REGEX = /#{SCI_NUMBER}\s*\+\/-\s*#{SCI_NUMBER}\s(.+)/
-  COMPLEX_REGEX = /#{COMPLEX_NUMBER}\s?(.+)?/
-  RATIONAL_REGEX = /#{RATIONAL_NUMBER}\s?(.+)?/
-  KELVIN = ['<kelvin>']
-  FARENHEIT = ['<farenheit>']
-  RANKINE = ['<rankine>']
-  CELCIUS = ['<celcius>']
+require 'ruby_units/array'
+require 'ruby_units/date'
+require 'ruby_units/time'
+require 'ruby_units/math'
+require 'ruby_units/numeric'
+require 'ruby_units/object'
+require 'ruby_units/string'
+require 'ruby_units/complex'
+require 'ruby_units/units'
+require 'ruby_units/ruby-units'
 
-  SIGNATURE_VECTOR = [:length, :time, :temperature, :mass, :current, :substance, :luminosity, :currency, :memory, :angle, :capacitance]
-  @@KINDS = {
-    -312058=>:resistance, 
-    -312038=>:inductance, 
-    -152040=>:magnetism, 
-    -152038=>:magnetism, 
-    -152058=>:potential, 
-    -39=>:acceleration,
-    -38=>:radiation, 
-    -20=>:frequency, 
-    -19=>:speed, 
-    -18=>:viscosity, 
-    0=>:unitless, 
-    1=>:length, 
-    2=>:area, 
-    3=>:volume, 
-    20=>:time, 
-    400=>:temperature, 
-    7942=>:power, 
-    7959=>:pressure, 
-    7962=>:energy, 
-    7979=>:viscosity, 
-    7981=>:force, 
-    7997=>:mass_concentration,
-    8000=>:mass, 
-    159999=>:magnetism, 
-    160000=>:current, 
-    160020=>:charge, 
-    312058=>:resistance, 
-    3199980=>:activity, 
-    3199997=>:molar_concentration, 
-    3200000=>:substance, 
-    63999998=>:illuminance, 
-    64000000=>:luminous_power, 
-    1280000000=>:currency, 
-    25600000000=>:memory,
-    511999999980=>:angular_velocity, 
-    512000000000=>:angle, 
-    10240000000000=>:capacitance, 
-    }
-  
-  @@cached_units = {}
-  @@base_unit_cache = {}
-  
-  def self.setup
-    @@ALL_UNIT_DEFINITIONS = UNIT_DEFINITIONS.merge!(@@USER_DEFINITIONS)
-    for unit in (@@ALL_UNIT_DEFINITIONS) do
-      key, value = unit
-      if value[2] == :prefix then
-        @@PREFIX_VALUES[key]=value[1]
-        for name in value[0] do
-          @@PREFIX_MAP[name]=key
-        end    
-      else
-        @@UNIT_VALUES[key]={}
-        @@UNIT_VALUES[key][:scalar]=value[1]
-        @@UNIT_VALUES[key][:numerator]=value[3] if value[3]
-        @@UNIT_VALUES[key][:denominator]=value[4] if value[4]
-        for name in value[0] do
-          @@UNIT_MAP[name]=key
-        end
-      end
-      @@OUTPUT_MAP[key]=value[0][0]        
-    end
-    @@PREFIX_REGEX = @@PREFIX_MAP.keys.sort_by {|prefix| prefix.length}.reverse.join('|')
-    @@UNIT_REGEX = @@UNIT_MAP.keys.sort_by {|unit| unit.length}.reverse.join('|')
-    @@UNIT_MATCH_REGEX = /(#{@@PREFIX_REGEX})*?(#{@@UNIT_REGEX})\b/    
-    Unit.new(1)
-  end
-  
-  
-  include Comparable
-  attr_accessor :scalar, :numerator, :denominator, :signature, :base_scalar, :base_numerator, :base_denominator, :output, :unit_name
-
-  def to_yaml_properties
-    %w{@scalar @numerator @denominator @signature @base_scalar}
-  end
-
-  def copy(from)
-    @scalar = from.scalar
-    @numerator = from.numerator
-    @denominator = from.denominator
-    @is_base = from.is_base?
-    @signature = from.signature
-    @base_scalar = from.base_scalar
-    @output = from.output rescue nil
-    @unit_name = from.unit_name rescue nil
-  end
-  
-  # basically a copy of the basic to_yaml.  Needed because otherwise it ends up coercing the object to a string
-  # before YAML'izing it.
-  def to_yaml( opts = {} )
-    YAML::quick_emit( object_id, opts ) do |out|
-      out.map( taguri, to_yaml_style ) do |map|
-        for m in to_yaml_properties do 
-          map.add( m[1..-1], instance_variable_get( m ) )
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-  
-  # Create a new Unit object.  Can be initialized using a string, or a hash
-  # Valid formats include:
-  #  "5.6 kg*m/s^2"
-  #  "5.6 kg*m*s^-2"
-  #  "5.6 kilogram*meter*second^-2"
-  #  "2.2 kPa"
-  #  "37 degC"
-  #  "1"  -- creates a unitless constant with value 1
-  #  "GPa"  -- creates a unit with scalar 1 with units 'GPa'
-  #  6'4"  -- recognized as 6 feet + 4 inches 
-  #  8 lbs 8 oz -- recognized as 8 lbs + 8 ounces
-  #
-  def initialize(*options)
-    @scalar = nil
-    @base_scalar = nil
-    @unit_name = nil
-    @signature = nil
-    @output = nil
-    if options.size == 2
-      begin
-        cached = @@cached_units[options[1]] * options[0] 
-        copy(cached)
-      rescue 
-        initialize("#{options[0]} #{(options[1].units rescue options[1])}")
-      end
-      return
-    end
-    if options.size == 3
-      begin
-        cached = @@cached_units["#{options[1]}/#{options[2]}"] * options[0] 
-        copy(cached)
-      rescue 
-        initialize("#{options[0]} #{options[1]}/#{options[2]}")
-      end
-      return
-    end
-    
-    
-    case options[0]
-    when Hash:
-      @scalar = options[0][:scalar] || 1
-      @numerator = options[0][:numerator] || UNITY_ARRAY
-      @denominator = options[0][:denominator] || UNITY_ARRAY
-      @signature = options[0][:signature]
-    when Array:
-      initialize(*options[0])
-      return
-    when Numeric:
-      @scalar = options[0]
-      @numerator = @denominator = UNITY_ARRAY
-    when Time:
-      @scalar = options[0].to_f
-      @numerator = ['<second>']
-      @denominator = UNITY_ARRAY
-    when DateTime:
-      @scalar = options[0].ajd
-      @numerator = ['<day>']
-      @denominator = UNITY_ARRAY
-    when "": raise ArgumentError, "No Unit Specified"
-    when String: parse(options[0])   
-    else
-      raise ArgumentError, "Invalid Unit Format"
-    end
-    self.update_base_scalar
-    self.replace_temperature
-
-    unary_unit = self.units || ""
-    opt_units = options[0].scan(NUMBER_REGEX)[0][1] if String === options[0]
-    unless @@cached_units.keys.include?(opt_units) || (opt_units =~ /(temp|deg(C|K|R|F))|(pounds|lbs[ ,]\d+ ounces|oz)|('\d+")|(ft|feet[ ,]\d+ in|inch|inches)|%|(#{TIME_REGEX})|i\s?(.+)?/)
-      @@cached_units[opt_units] = (self.scalar == 1 ? self : opt_units.unit) if opt_units && !opt_units.empty?
-    end
-    unless @@cached_units.keys.include?(unary_unit) || (unary_unit =~ /(temp|deg)(C|K|R|F)/) then
-      @@cached_units[unary_unit] = (self.scalar == 1 ? self : unary_unit.unit)
-    end
-    [@scalar, @numerator, @denominator, @base_scalar, @signature, @is_base].each {|x| x.freeze}
-    self
-  end
-
-  def kind
-    return @@KINDS[self.signature]
-  end
-  
-  def self.cached
-    return @@cached_units
-  end
-  
-  def self.clear_cache
-    @@cached_units = {}
-    @@base_unit_cache = {}
-  end
-    
-  def self.base_unit_cache
-    return @@base_unit_cache
-  end
-  
-  def to_unit
-    self
-  end
-  alias :unit :to_unit
-  
-  # Returns 'true' if the Unit is represented in base units
-  def is_base?
-    return @is_base if defined? @is_base
-    return @is_base=true if @signature == 400 && @numerator.size == 1 && @numerator[0] =~ /(celcius|kelvin|farenheit|rankine)/
-    n = @numerator + @denominator
-    for x in n.compact do 
-      return @is_base=false unless x == UNITY || (@@BASE_UNITS.include?((x)))
-    end
-    return @is_base = true
-  end  
-  
-  # convert to base SI units
-  # results of the conversion are cached so subsequent calls to this will be fast
-  def to_base
-    return self if self.is_base?
-    cached = @@base_unit_cache[self.units] * self.scalar rescue nil
-    return cached if cached
-    
-    num = []
-    den = []
-    q = 1
-    for unit in @numerator.compact do
-        if @@PREFIX_VALUES[unit]
-          q *= @@PREFIX_VALUES[unit]
-        else
-          q *= @@UNIT_VALUES[unit][:scalar] if @@UNIT_VALUES[unit]
-          num << @@UNIT_VALUES[unit][:numerator] if @@UNIT_VALUES[unit] && @@UNIT_VALUES[unit][:numerator]
-          den << @@UNIT_VALUES[unit][:denominator] if @@UNIT_VALUES[unit] && @@UNIT_VALUES[unit][:denominator]
-        end
-    end
-    for unit in @denominator.compact do
-        if @@PREFIX_VALUES[unit]
-          q /= @@PREFIX_VALUES[unit]
-        else
-          q /= @@UNIT_VALUES[unit][:scalar] if @@UNIT_VALUES[unit]
-          den << @@UNIT_VALUES[unit][:numerator] if @@UNIT_VALUES[unit] && @@UNIT_VALUES[unit][:numerator]
-          num << @@UNIT_VALUES[unit][:denominator] if @@UNIT_VALUES[unit] && @@UNIT_VALUES[unit][:denominator]
-        end
-    end
-    
-    num = num.flatten.compact
-    den = den.flatten.compact
-    num = UNITY_ARRAY if num.empty?
-    base= Unit.new(Unit.eliminate_terms(q,num,den))
-    @@base_unit_cache[self.units]=base
-    return base * @scalar
-  end
-  
-  # Generate human readable output.
-  # If the name of a unit is passed, the unit will first be converted to the target unit before output.
-  # some named conversions are available
-  #
-  #  :ft - outputs in feet and inches (e.g., 6'4")
-  #  :lbs - outputs in pounds and ounces (e.g, 8 lbs, 8 oz)
-  #  
-  # You can also pass a standard format string (i.e., '%0.2f')
-  # or a strftime format string.
-  #
-  # output is cached so subsequent calls for the same format will be fast
-  #
-  def to_s(target_units=nil)
-    out = @output[target_units] rescue nil
-    if out
-      return out
-    else
-      case target_units
-      when :ft:
-        inches = self.to("in").scalar.to_int
-        out = "#{(inches / 12).truncate}\'#{(inches % 12).round}\""
-      when :lbs:
-        ounces = self.to("oz").scalar.to_int
-        out = "#{(ounces / 16).truncate} lbs, #{(ounces % 16).round} oz"
-      when String
-        begin #first try a standard format string
-          target_units =~ /(%[\w\d#+-.]*)*\s*(.+)*/
-          out = $2 ? self.to($2).to_s($1) : "#{($1 || '%g') % @scalar || 0} #{self.units}".strip
-        rescue #if that is malformed, try a time string
-          out = (Time.gm(0) + self).strftime(target_units)
-        end
-      else
-        out = case @scalar
-        when Rational : 
-          "#{@scalar} #{self.units}"
-        else
-          "#{'%g' % @scalar} #{self.units}"
-        end.strip
-      end
-      @output = {target_units => out}
-      return out
-    end    
-  end
-  
-  # Normally pretty prints the unit, but if you really want to see the guts of it, pass ':dump'
-  def inspect(option=nil)
-    return super() if option == :dump
-    self.to_s
-  end
-  
-  # returns true if no associated units
-  # false, even if the units are "unitless" like 'radians, each, etc'
-  def unitless?
-    (@numerator == UNITY_ARRAY && @denominator == UNITY_ARRAY)
-  end
-  
-  # Compare two Unit objects. Throws an exception if they are not of compatible types.
-  # Comparisons are done based on the value of the unit in base SI units.
-  def <=>(other)
-    case other
-    when Unit:
-      raise ArgumentError, "Incompatible Units" unless self =~ other
-      self.base_scalar <=> other.base_scalar
-    else
-      x,y = coerce(other)
-      x <=> y
-    end
-  end
-  
-  # check to see if units are compatible, but not the scalar part
-  # this check is done by comparing signatures for performance reasons
-  # if passed a string, it will create a unit object with the string and then do the comparison
-  # this permits a syntax like:  
-  #  unit =~ "mm"
-  # if you want to do a regexp on the unit string do this ...
-  #  unit.units =~ /regexp/
-  def =~(other)
-    case other
-    when Unit : self.signature == other.signature
-    else
-      x,y = coerce(other)
-      x =~ y
-    end 
-  end
-  
-  alias :compatible? :=~
-  alias :compatible_with? :=~
-  
-  # Compare two units.  Returns true if quantities and units match
-  #
-  # Unit("100 cm") === Unit("100 cm")   # => true
-  # Unit("100 cm") === Unit("1 m")      # => false
-  def ===(other)
-    case other
-    when Unit: (self.scalar == other.scalar) && (self.units == other.units)
-    else
-      x,y = coerce(other)
-      x === y
-    end
-  end
-  
-  alias :same? :===
-  alias :same_as? :===
-  
-  # Add two units together.  Result is same units as receiver and scalar and base_scalar are updated appropriately
-  # throws an exception if the units are not compatible.
-  # It is possible to add Time objects to units of time
-  def +(other)   
-    if Unit === other 
-      if self =~ other then
-        @q ||= @@cached_units[self.units].scalar / @@cached_units[self.units].base_scalar
-        Unit.new(:scalar=>(self.base_scalar + other.base_scalar)*@q, :numerator=>@numerator, :denominator=>@denominator, :signature => @signature)
-      else
-         raise ArgumentError,  "Incompatible Units"
-      end
-    elsif Time === other
-      other + self
-    else
-        x,y = coerce(other)
-        y + x
-    end
-  end
-  
-  # Subtract two units. Result is same units as receiver and scalar and base_scalar are updated appropriately
-  # throws an exception if the units are not compatible.
-  def -(other)
-    if Unit === other 
-      if self =~ other then
-        @q ||= @@cached_units[self.units].scalar / @@cached_units[self.units].base_scalar
-        Unit.new(:scalar=>(self.base_scalar - other.base_scalar)*@q, :numerator=>@numerator, :denominator=>@denominator, :signature=>@signature)
-      else
-         raise ArgumentError,  "Incompatible Units"
-      end
-    elsif Time === other
-      other - self
-    else
-        x,y = coerce(other)
-        y-x
-    end
-  end
-  
-  # Multiply two units.
-  def *(other)
-    case other
-    when Unit
-      opts = Unit.eliminate_terms(@scalar*other.scalar, @numerator + other.numerator ,@denominator + other.denominator)
-      opts.merge!(:signature => @signature + other.signature)
-      Unit.new(opts)      
-    when Numeric
-      Unit.new(:scalar=>@scalar*other, :numerator=>@numerator, :denominator=>@denominator, :signature => @signature)
-    else
-      x,y = coerce(other)
-      x * y
-    end
-  end
-  
-  # Divide two units.
-  # Throws an exception if divisor is 0
-  def /(other)
-    case other
-    when Unit 
-      raise ZeroDivisionError if other.zero?
-      opts = Unit.eliminate_terms(@scalar/other.scalar, @numerator + other.denominator ,@denominator + other.numerator)
-      opts.merge!(:signature=> @signature - other.signature)
-      Unit.new(opts)      
-    when Numeric
-      raise ZeroDivisionError if other.zero?
-      Unit.new(:scalar=>@scalar/other, :numerator=>@numerator, :denominator=>@denominator, :signature => @signature)      
-    else
-      x,y = coerce(other)
-      y / x
-    end
-  end
-    
-  # Exponentiate.  Only takes integer powers. 
-  # Note that anything raised to the power of 0 results in a Unit object with a scalar of 1, and no units.
-  # Throws an exception if exponent is not an integer.
-  # Ideally this routine should accept a float for the exponent
-  # It should then convert the float to a rational and raise the unit by the numerator and root it by the denominator
-  # but, sadly, floats can't be converted to rationals.
-  #
-  # For now, if a rational is passed in, it will be used, otherwise we are stuck with integers and certain floats < 1
-  def **(other)
-    if Numeric === other
-      return Unit("1") if other.zero?
-      return self if other == 1
-      return self.inverse if other == -1
-    end
-    case other
-    when Rational:
-      self.power(other.numerator).root(other.denominator)
-    when Integer:
-      self.power(other)
-    when Float:
-      return self**(other.to_i) if other == other.to_i
-      valid = (1..9).map {|x| 1/x}
-      raise ArgumentError, "Not a n-th root (1..9), use 1/n" unless valid.include? other.abs
-      self.root((1/other).to_int)
-    else
-      raise ArgumentError, "Invalid Exponent"
-    end
-  end
-  
-  def real
-    return Unit.new(self.scalar.real,self.units)
-  end
-  
-  def imag
-    return Unit.new(self.scalar.imag, self.units)
-  end
-
-  # returns the unit raised to the n-th power.  Integers only
-  def power(n)
-    raise ArgumentError, "Can only use Integer exponenents" unless Integer === n
-    return self if n == 1
-    return Unit("1") if n == 0
-    return self.inverse if n == -1
-    if n > 0 then 
-      (1..n.to_i).inject(Unit.new("1")) {|product, x| product * self}
-    else
-      (1..-n.to_i).inject(Unit.new("1")) {|product, x| product / self}
-    end
-  end
-  
-  # Calculates the n-th root of a unit, where n = (1..9)
-  # if n < 0, returns 1/unit^(1/n)
-  def root(n)
-    raise ArgumentError, "Exponent must an Integer" unless Integer === n
-    raise ArgumentError, "0th root undefined" if n == 0
-    return self if n == 1
-    return self.root(n.abs).inverse if n < 0
-    
-    vec = self.unit_signature_vector
-    vec=vec.map {|x| x % n}      
-    raise ArgumentError, "Illegal root" unless vec.max == 0
-    num = @numerator.dup
-    den = @denominator.dup
-      
-    for item in @numerator.uniq do
-      x = num.find_all {|i| i==item}.size
-      r = ((x/n)*(n-1)).to_int
-      r.times {|x| num.delete_at(num.index(item))}
-    end
-    
-    for item in @denominator.uniq do 
-      x = den.find_all {|i| i==item}.size
-      r = ((x/n)*(n-1)).to_int
-      r.times {|x| den.delete_at(den.index(item))}
-    end
-    q = @scalar < 0 ? (-1)**Rational(1,n) * (@scalar.abs)**Rational(1,n) : @scalar**Rational(1,n)
-    Unit.new(:scalar=>q,:numerator=>num,:denominator=>den)    
-  end
-  
-  # returns inverse of Unit (1/unit)
-  def inverse
-    Unit("1") / self
-  end
-  
-  # convert to a specified unit string or to the same units as another Unit
-  # 
-  #  unit >> "kg"  will covert to kilograms
-  #  unit1 >> unit2 converts to same units as unit2 object
-  # 
-  # To convert a Unit object to match another Unit object, use:
-  #  unit1 >>= unit2
-  # Throws an exception if the requested target units are incompatible with current Unit.
-  #
-  # Special handling for temperature conversions is supported.  If the Unit object is converted
-  # from one temperature unit to another, the proper temperature offsets will be used.
-  # Supports Kelvin, Celcius, Farenheit, and Rankine scales.
-  #
-  # Note that if temperature is part of a compound unit, the temperature will be treated as a differential
-  # and the units will be scaled appropriately.
-  def to(other)
-    return self if other.nil? 
-    return self if TrueClass === other
-    return self if FalseClass === other
-    if (Unit === other && other.units =~ /temp(K|C|R|F)/) || (String === other && other =~ /temp(K|C|R|F)/) 
-      raise ArgumentError, "Receiver is not a temperature unit" unless self.signature==400 
-      start_unit = self.units
-      target_unit = other.units rescue other
-      q=case start_unit
-         when 'degC':
-          case target_unit
-            when 'tempC'  : @scalar
-            when 'tempK'  : @scalar + 273.15
-            when 'tempF'  : @scalar * (9.0/5.0) + 32.0
-            when 'tempR'  : @scalar * (9.0/5.0) + 491.67
-          end
-        when 'degK':
-          case target_unit
-            when 'tempC'  : @scalar - 273.15
-            when 'tempK'  : @scalar 
-            when 'tempF'  : @scalar * (9.0/5.0) - 459.67
-            when 'tempR'  : @scalar * (9.0/5.0) 
-          end
-        when 'degF':
-          case target_unit
-            when 'tempC'  : (@scalar-32)*(5.0/9.0)
-            when 'tempK'  : (@scalar+459.67)*(5.0/9.0)
-            when 'tempF'  : @scalar 
-            when 'tempR'  : @scalar  + 459.67
-          end
-        when 'degR':
-          case target_unit
-            when 'tempC'  : @scalar*(5.0/9.0) -273.15
-            when 'tempK'  : @scalar*(5.0/9.0)
-            when 'tempF'  : @scalar - 459.67
-            when 'tempR'  : @scalar
-          end
-        else
-          return self.to_base.to(other) unless self.is_base?
-          #raise ArgumentError, "Unknown temperature conversion requested #{self.numerator}"
-      end
-      target_unit =~ /temp(C|K|F|R)/
-      Unit.new("#{q} deg#{$1}")
-    else
-       case other
-          when Unit: 
-            return self if other.units == self.units
-            target = other
-          when String: target = Unit.new(other)
-          else
-            raise ArgumentError, "Unknown target units"
-        end
-      raise ArgumentError,  "Incompatible Units" unless self =~ target
-      one = @numerator.map {|x| @@PREFIX_VALUES[x] ? @@PREFIX_VALUES[x] : x}.map {|i| i.kind_of?(Numeric) ? i : @@UNIT_VALUES[i][:scalar] }.compact
-      two = @denominator.map {|x| @@PREFIX_VALUES[x] ? @@PREFIX_VALUES[x] : x}.map {|i| i.kind_of?(Numeric) ? i : @@UNIT_VALUES[i][:scalar] }.compact
-      v = one.inject(1) {|product,n| product*n} / two.inject(1) {|product,n| product*n}
-      one = target.numerator.map {|x| @@PREFIX_VALUES[x] ? @@PREFIX_VALUES[x] : x}.map {|x| x.kind_of?(Numeric) ? x : @@UNIT_VALUES[x][:scalar] }.compact
-      two = target.denominator.map {|x| @@PREFIX_VALUES[x] ? @@PREFIX_VALUES[x] : x}.map {|x| x.kind_of?(Numeric) ? x : @@UNIT_VALUES[x][:scalar] }.compact
-      y = one.inject(1) {|product,n| product*n} / two.inject(1) {|product,n| product*n}
-      q = @scalar * v/y
-      Unit.new(:scalar=>q, :numerator=>target.numerator, :denominator=>target.denominator, :signature => target.signature)
-    end
-  end  
-  alias :>> :to
-  alias :convert_to :to
-    
-  # converts the unit back to a float if it is unitless.  Otherwise raises an exception
-  def to_f
-    return @scalar.to_f if self.unitless?
-    raise RuntimeError, "Can't convert to Float unless unitless.  Use Unit#scalar"
-  end
-  
-  # converts the unit back to a complex if it is unitless.  Otherwise raises an exception
-  
-  def to_c
-    return Complex(@scalar) if self.unitless?
-    raise RuntimeError, "Can't convert to Complex unless unitless.  Use Unit#scalar"
-  end
-  
-  # returns the 'unit' part of the Unit object without the scalar
-  def units
-    return "" if @numerator == UNITY_ARRAY && @denominator == UNITY_ARRAY
-    return @unit_name unless @unit_name.nil?
-    output_n = []
-    output_d =[] 
-    num = @numerator.clone.compact
-    den = @denominator.clone.compact
-    if @numerator == UNITY_ARRAY
-      output_n << "1"
-    else
-      num.each_with_index do |token,index|
-        if token && @@PREFIX_VALUES[token] then
-          output_n << "#{@@OUTPUT_MAP[token]}#{@@OUTPUT_MAP[num[index+1]]}"
-          num[index+1]=nil
-        else
-          output_n << "#{@@OUTPUT_MAP[token]}" if token
-        end
-      end
-    end
-    if @denominator == UNITY_ARRAY
-      output_d = ['1']
-    else
-      den.each_with_index do |token,index|
-          if token && @@PREFIX_VALUES[token] then
-            output_d << "#{@@OUTPUT_MAP[token]}#{@@OUTPUT_MAP[den[index+1]]}"
-            den[index+1]=nil
-          else
-            output_d << "#{@@OUTPUT_MAP[token]}" if token
-          end
-        end
-    end
-    on = output_n.reject {|x| x.empty?}.map {|x| [x, output_n.find_all {|z| z==x}.size]}.uniq.map {|x| ("#{x[0]}".strip+ (x[1] > 1 ? "^#{x[1]}" : ''))}
-    od = output_d.reject {|x| x.empty?}.map {|x| [x, output_d.find_all {|z| z==x}.size]}.uniq.map {|x| ("#{x[0]}".strip+ (x[1] > 1 ? "^#{x[1]}" : ''))}
-    out = "#{on.join('*')}#{od == ['1'] ? '': '/'+od.join('*')}".strip    
-    @unit_name = out unless self.kind == :temperature
-    return out
-  end
-  
-  # negates the scalar of the Unit
-  def -@
-    return -@scalar if self.unitless?
-    #Unit.new(-@scalar,@numerator,@denominator)    
-    -1 * self.dup
-  end
-  
-  # returns abs of scalar, without the units
-  def abs
-    return @scalar.abs
-  end
-  
-  def ceil
-    return @scalar.ceil if self.unitless?
-    Unit.new(@scalar.ceil, @numerator, @denominator)    
-  end
-  
-  def floor
-    return @scalar.floor if self.unitless?
-    Unit.new(@scalar.floor, @numerator, @denominator)    
-  end
-
-  # if unitless, returns an int, otherwise raises an error
-  def to_i
-    return @scalar.to_int if self.unitless?
-    raise RuntimeError, 'Cannot convert to Integer unless unitless'
-  end
-  alias :to_int :to_i
-  
-  # Tries to make a Time object from current unit.  Assumes the current unit hold the duration in seconds from the epoch.
-  def to_time
-    Time.at(self)
-  end
-  alias :time :to_time
-
-  def truncate
-    return @scalar.truncate if self.unitless?
-    Unit.new(@scalar.truncate, @numerator, @denominator)    
-  end
-
-  # convert a duration to a DateTime.  This will work so long as the duration is the duration from the zero date
-  # defined by DateTime
-  def to_datetime
-    DateTime.new(self.to('d').scalar)
-  end
-  
-  def round
-    return @scalar.round if self.unitless?
-    Unit.new(@scalar.round, @numerator, @denominator)    
-  end
-   
-  # true if scalar is zero
-  def zero?
-    return @scalar.zero?
-  end
-  
-  # '5 min'.unit.ago 
-  def ago
-    self.before
-  end
-  
-  # '5 min'.before(time)
-  def before(time_point = ::Time.now)
-    raise ArgumentError, "Must specify a Time" unless time_point
-    if String === time_point
-      time_point.time - self rescue time_point.datetime - self
-    else
-      time_point - self rescue time_point.to_datetime - self
-    end
-  end
-  alias :before_now :before
-  
-  # 'min'.since(time)
-  def since(time_point = ::Time.now)
-    case time_point
-    when Time:      (Time.now - time_point).unit('s').to(self)
-    when DateTime, Date:  (DateTime.now - time_point).unit('d').to(self)
-    when String:    
-      (DateTime.now - time_point.time(:context=>:past)).unit('d').to(self)
-    else
-      raise ArgumentError, "Must specify a Time, DateTime, or String" 
-    end
-  end
-  
-  # 'min'.until(time)
-  def until(time_point = ::Time.now)
-    case time_point
-    when Time:      (time_point - Time.now).unit('s').to(self)
-    when DateTime, Date:  (time_point - DateTime.now).unit('d').to(self)
-    when String:
-      r = (time_point.time(:context=>:future) - DateTime.now)
-      Time === time_point.time ? r.unit('s').to(self) : r.unit('d').to(self)
-    else
-      raise ArgumentError, "Must specify a Time, DateTime, or String" 
-    end
-  end
-  
-  # '5 min'.from(time)
-  def from(time_point = ::Time.now)
-    raise ArgumentError, "Must specify a Time" unless time_point
-    if String === time_point
-      time_point.time + self rescue time_point.datetime + self
-    else
-      time_point + self rescue time_point.to_datetime + self
-    end
-  end
-  alias :after :from
-  alias :from_now :from
-  
-  # returns next unit in a range.  '1 mm'.unit.succ #=> '2 mm'.unit
-  # only works when the scalar is an integer    
-  def succ
-    raise ArgumentError, "Non Integer Scalar" unless @scalar == @scalar.to_i
-    q = @scalar.to_i.succ
-    Unit.new(q, @numerator, @denominator)
-  end
-
-  # automatically coerce objects to units when possible
-  # if an object defines a 'to_unit' method, it will be coerced using that method
-  def coerce(other)
-    if other.respond_to? :to_unit
-      return [other.to_unit, self]
-    end
-    case other
-    when Unit : [other, self]
-    else 
-      [Unit.new(other), self]
-    end
-  end
-      
-  # Protected and Private Functions that should only be called from this class
-  protected
-  
-  
-  def update_base_scalar
-    return @base_scalar unless @base_scalar.nil?
-    if self.is_base?
-      @base_scalar = @scalar
-      @signature = unit_signature
-    else
-      base = self.to_base
-      @base_scalar = base.scalar
-      @signature = base.signature
-    end
-  end
-  
-  
-  
-  
-  # calculates the unit signature vector used by unit_signature
-  def unit_signature_vector
-      return self.to_base.unit_signature_vector unless self.is_base?
-      result = self
-      vector = Array.new(SIGNATURE_VECTOR.size,0)
-      for element in @numerator
-        if r=@@ALL_UNIT_DEFINITIONS[element]
-            n = SIGNATURE_VECTOR.index(r[2])
-           vector[n] = vector[n] + 1 if n
-        end
-      end
-      for element in @denominator
-        if r=@@ALL_UNIT_DEFINITIONS[element]
-          n = SIGNATURE_VECTOR.index(r[2])
-          vector[n] = vector[n] - 1 if n
-        end
-      end
-      vector
-  end
-  
-  def replace_temperature
-    return self unless self.kind == :temperature && self.units =~ /temp(R|K|F|C)/
-    un = $1
-    @numerator = case un
-      when 'R' : RANKINE
-      when 'C' : CELCIUS
-      when 'F' : FARENHEIT
-      when 'K' : KELVIN
-    end
-    @unit_name = nil
-    r= self.to("tempK")
-    copy(r)
-  end
-    
-  private
-  
-  def initialize_copy(other)
-    @numerator = other.numerator.dup
-    @denominator = other.denominator.dup
-    
-  end
-  
-  # calculates the unit signature id for use in comparing compatible units and simplification
-  # the signature is based on a simple classification of units and is based on the following publication
-  #  
-  #  Novak, G.S., Jr. "Conversion of units of measurement", IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering,
-  #  21(8), Aug 1995, pp.651-661
-  #  doi://10.1109/32.403789
-  #  http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplore/login.jsp?url=/iel1/32/9079/00403789.pdf?isnumber=9079&prod=JNL&arnumber=403789&arSt=651&ared=661&arAuthor=Novak%2C+G.S.%2C+Jr.
-  #
-  def unit_signature
-    return @signature unless @signature.nil?
-    vector = unit_signature_vector
-    vector.each_with_index {|item,index| vector[index] = item * 20**index}
-    @signature=vector.inject(0) {|sum,n| sum+n}
-  end
-  
-  def self.eliminate_terms(q, n, d)
-    num = n.dup
-    den = d.dup
-    
-    num.delete_if {|v| v == UNITY}
-    den.delete_if {|v| v == UNITY}
-    combined = Hash.new(0)
- 
-    i = 0
-    loop do 
-      break if i > num.size
-      if @@PREFIX_VALUES.has_key? num[i]
-        k = [num[i],num[i+1]]
-        i += 2
-      else
-        k = num[i]
-        i += 1
-      end
-      combined[k] += 1 unless k.nil? || k == UNITY
-    end
-    
-    j = 0
-    loop do
-      break if j > den.size
-        if @@PREFIX_VALUES.has_key? den[j]
-          k = [den[j],den[j+1]]
-          j += 2
-        else
-          k = den[j]
-          j += 1
-        end
-      combined[k] -= 1 unless k.nil? || k == UNITY
-    end
- 
-    num = []
-    den = []
-    for key, value in combined do 
-      case 
-      when value > 0 : value.times {num << key}
-      when value < 0 : value.abs.times {den << key}
-      end
-    end
-    num = UNITY_ARRAY if num.empty?
-    den = UNITY_ARRAY if den.empty?
-    {:scalar=>q, :numerator=>num.flatten.compact, :denominator=>den.flatten.compact}
-  end
-      
-  
-  # parse a string into a unit object.
-  # Typical formats like : 
-  #  "5.6 kg*m/s^2"
-  #  "5.6 kg*m*s^-2"
-  #  "5.6 kilogram*meter*second^-2"
-  #  "2.2 kPa"
-  #  "37 degC"
-  #  "1"  -- creates a unitless constant with value 1
-  #  "GPa"  -- creates a unit with scalar 1 with units 'GPa'
-  #  6'4"  -- recognized as 6 feet + 4 inches
-  #  8 lbs 8 oz -- recognized as 8 lbs + 8 ounces 
-  def parse(passed_unit_string="0")
-    unit_string = passed_unit_string.dup
-    if unit_string =~ /\$\s*(#{NUMBER_REGEX})/
-      unit_string = "#{$1} USD"
-    end
-    
-
-    unit_string.gsub!(/%/,'percent')
-    unit_string.gsub!(/'/,'feet')
-    unit_string.gsub!(/"/,'inch')
-    unit_string.gsub!(/#/,'pound')
-    if defined?(Uncertain) && unit_string =~ /(\+\/-|&plusmn;)/
-      value, uncertainty, unit_s = unit_string.scan(UNCERTAIN_REGEX)[0]
-      result = unit_s.unit * Uncertain(value.to_f,uncertainty.to_f)
-      copy(result)
-      return  
-    end
-    
-    if defined?(Complex) && unit_string =~ COMPLEX_NUMBER
-      real, imaginary, unit_s = unit_string.scan(COMPLEX_REGEX)[0]
-      result = Unit(unit_s || '1') * Complex(real.to_f,imaginary.to_f)
-      copy(result)
-      return 
-    end
-    
-    if defined?(Rational) && unit_string =~ RATIONAL_NUMBER
-        numerator, denominator, unit_s = unit_string.scan(RATIONAL_REGEX)[0]
-        result = Unit(unit_s || '1') * Rational(numerator.to_i,denominator.to_i)
-        copy(result)
-        return 
-    end
-    
-    unit_string =~ NUMBER_REGEX
-    unit = @@cached_units[$2] 
-    mult = ($1.empty? ? 1.0 : $1.to_f) rescue 1.0
-    if unit
-      copy(unit)
-      @scalar *= mult
-      @base_scalar *= mult
-      return self
-    end
-  
-    unit_string.gsub!(/[<>]/,"")
-    
-    if unit_string =~ /:/
-      hours, minutes, seconds, microseconds = unit_string.scan(TIME_REGEX)[0]
-      raise ArgumentError, "Invalid Duration" if [hours, minutes, seconds, microseconds].all? {|x| x.nil?}
-      result = "#{hours || 0} h".unit + 
-               "#{minutes || 0} minutes".unit + 
-               "#{seconds || 0} seconds".unit +
-               "#{microseconds || 0} usec".unit
-      copy(result)
-      return
-    end
-    
-    
-    # Special processing for unusual unit strings
-    # feet -- 6'5"
-    feet, inches = unit_string.scan(FEET_INCH_REGEX)[0]
-    if (feet && inches)
-      result = Unit.new("#{feet} ft") + Unit.new("#{inches} inches")
-      copy(result)
-      return 
-    end
-
-    # weight -- 8 lbs 12 oz    
-    pounds, oz = unit_string.scan(LBS_OZ_REGEX)[0]
-    if (pounds && oz)
-      result = Unit.new("#{pounds} lbs") + Unit.new("#{oz} oz")
-      copy(result)
-      return 
-    end
-    
-    raise( ArgumentError, "'#{passed_unit_string}' Unit not recognized") if unit_string.count('/') > 1
-    raise( ArgumentError, "'#{passed_unit_string}' Unit not recognized") if unit_string.scan(/\s\d+\S*/).size > 0
-    
-    @scalar, top, bottom = unit_string.scan(UNIT_STRING_REGEX)[0]  #parse the string into parts
-    
-    top.scan(TOP_REGEX).each do |item|
-      n = item[1].to_i
-      x = "#{item[0]} "
-      case 
-        when n>=0 : top.gsub!(/#{item[0]}(\^|\*\*)#{n}/) {|s| x * n}
-        when n<0 : bottom = "#{bottom} #{x * -n}"; top.gsub!(/#{item[0]}(\^|\*\*)#{n}/,"")
-      end
-    end 
-    bottom.gsub!(BOTTOM_REGEX) {|s| "#{$1} " * $2.to_i} if bottom
-    @scalar = @scalar.to_f unless @scalar.nil? || @scalar.empty?
-    @scalar = 1 unless @scalar.kind_of? Numeric 
-        
-    @numerator ||= UNITY_ARRAY
-    @denominator ||= UNITY_ARRAY
-    @numerator = top.scan(@@UNIT_MATCH_REGEX).delete_if {|x| x.empty?}.compact if top
-    @denominator = bottom.scan(@@UNIT_MATCH_REGEX).delete_if {|x| x.empty?}.compact if bottom
-    us = "#{(top || '' + bottom || '')}".to_s.gsub(@@UNIT_MATCH_REGEX,'').gsub(/[\d\*, "'_^\/\$]/,'')
-    
-    raise( ArgumentError, "'#{passed_unit_string}' Unit not recognized") unless us.empty?
-
-    @numerator = @numerator.map do |item|
-       @@PREFIX_MAP[item[0]] ? [@@PREFIX_MAP[item[0]], @@UNIT_MAP[item[1]]] : [@@UNIT_MAP[item[1]]]
-    end.flatten.compact.delete_if {|x| x.empty?}
-
-    @denominator = @denominator.map do |item|
-       @@PREFIX_MAP[item[0]] ? [@@PREFIX_MAP[item[0]], @@UNIT_MAP[item[1]]] : [@@UNIT_MAP[item[1]]]
-    end.flatten.compact.delete_if {|x| x.empty?}
-
-    @numerator = UNITY_ARRAY if @numerator.empty? 
-    @denominator = UNITY_ARRAY if @denominator.empty?
-    self
-  end 
-end
-
-
-# Allow date objects to do offsets by a time unit
-# Date.today + U"1 week" => gives today+1 week
-class Date
-  alias :unit_date_add :+
-  def +(unit)
-    case unit
-    when Unit:
-      unit = unit.to('d').round if ['y', 'decade', 'century'].include? unit.units 
-      unit_date_add(unit.to('day').scalar)
-    when Time: unit_date_add(unit.to_datetime)
-    else
-      unit_date_add(unit)
-    end
-  end
-
-  alias :unit_date_sub :-    
-  def -(unit)
-    case unit
-    when Unit: 
-      unit = unit.to('d').round if ['y', 'decade', 'century'].include? unit.units 
-      unit_date_sub(unit.to('day').scalar)
-    when Time: unit_date_sub(unit.to_datetime)
-    else
-      unit_date_sub(unit)
-    end
-  end
-  
-  def to_unit(other = nil)
-    other ? Unit.new(self).to(other) : Unit.new(self)
-  end
-  alias :unit :to_unit
-  
-  def to_time
-    Time.local(*ParseDate.parsedate(self.to_s))
-  end
-  
-  alias :units_datetime_inspect :inspect
-  def inspect(raw = false)
-    return self.units_datetime_inspect if raw
-    self.to_s
-  end
-  
-  def to_date
-    Date.civil(self.year, self.month, self.day)
-  end
-  
-end
-
-class Object
-  def Unit(*other)
-    other.to_unit
-  end
-  
-  alias :U :Unit
-  alias :u :Unit
-end
-
-# make a unitless unit with a given scalar
-class Numeric
-  def to_unit(other = nil)
-    other ? Unit.new(self, other) : Unit.new(self)
-  end
-  alias :unit :to_unit
-  alias :u :to_unit
-end
-
-# make a unit from an array
-# [1, 'mm'].unit => 1 mm
-class Array
-  def to_unit(other = nil)
-    other ? Unit.new(self).to(other) : Unit.new(self)
-  end
-  alias :unit :to_unit
-  alias :u :to_unit
-end
-
-# make a string into a unit
-class String
-  def to_unit(other = nil)
-    other ? Unit.new(self).to(other) : Unit.new(self)
-  end
-  alias :unit :to_unit
-  alias :u :to_unit
-  alias :unit_format :%
-  
-  # format unit output using formating codes '%0.2f' % '1 mm'.unit => '1.00 mm'
-  def %(*args)
-    case args[0]
-    when Unit: args[0].to_s(self)
-    when Complex: args[0].to_s
-    else
-      unit_format(*args)
-    end
-  end
-  
-  #needed for compatibility with Rails, which defines a String.from method  
-  if self.public_instance_methods.include? 'from'
-    alias :old_from :from
-  end 
-  
-  def from(time_point = ::Time.now)
-    return old_from(time_point) if Integer === time_point
-    self.unit.from(time_point)
-  end
-  
-  alias :after :from
-  alias :from_now :from
-  
-  def ago
-    self.unit.ago
-  end
-  
-  def before(time_point = ::Time.now)
-    self.unit.before(time_point)
-  end
-  alias :before_now :before
-  
-  def since(time_point = ::Time.now)
-    self.unit.since(time_point)
-  end
-  
-  def until(time_point = ::Time.now)
-    self.unit.until(time_point)
-  end
-  
-  def to(other)
-    self.unit.to(other)
-  end
-  
-  def time(options = {})
-    self.to_time(options) rescue self.to_datetime(options)
-  end
-  
-  def to_time(options = {})
-    begin
-      #raises exception when Chronic not defined or when it returns a nil (i.e., can't parse the input)
-      r = Chronic.parse(self,options)
-      raise(ArgumentError, 'Invalid Time String') unless r
-      return r
-    rescue
-      Time.local(*ParseDate.parsedate(self))
-    end
-  end
-  
-  def to_datetime(options = {})
-    begin
-      # raises an exception if Chronic.parse = nil or if Chronic not defined
-      r = Chronic.parse(self,options).to_datetime
-    rescue
-      r=DateTime.civil(*ParseDate.parsedate(self)[0..5].compact)
-    end
-    raise RuntimeError, "Invalid Time String" if r == DateTime.new      
-    return r
-  end
-  
-  def to_date(options={})
-    begin
-      r = Chronic.parse(self,options).to_date
-    rescue
-      r = Date.civil(*ParseDate.parsedate(self)[0..5].compact)
-    end
-    raise RuntimeError, 'Invalid Date String' if r == Date.new
-    return r
-  end
-
-  def datetime(options = {})
-    self.to_datetime(options) rescue self.to_time(options)
-  end
-end
-
-
-#
-# Time math is handled slightly differently.  The difference is considered to be an exact duration if
-# the subtracted value is in hours, minutes, or seconds.  It is rounded to the nearest day if the offset
-# is in years, decades, or centuries.  This leads to less precise values, but ones that match the 
-# calendar better.
-class Time
-  
-  class << self
-    alias unit_time_at at
-  end
-  
-  def self.at(*args)
-    if Unit === args[0]
-      unit_time_at(args[0].to("s").scalar)
-    else
-      unit_time_at(*args)
-    end
-  end
-  
-  def to_unit(other = nil)
-    other ? Unit.new(self).to(other) : Unit.new(self)
-  end
-  alias :unit :to_unit
-  alias :u :to_unit
-  alias :unit_add :+
-  
-  def to_datetime
-    DateTime.civil(1970,1,1)+(self.to_f+self.gmt_offset)/86400
-  end
-  
-  def to_date
-    Date.civil(1970,1,1)+(self.to_f+self.gmt_offset)/86400
-  end
-  
-  def +(other)
-    case other
-    when Unit:
-      other = other.to('d').round.to('s') if ['y', 'decade', 'century'].include? other.units  
-      begin
-        unit_add(other.to('s').scalar)
-      rescue RangeError
-        self.to_datetime + other
-      end
-    when DateTime: unit_add(other.to_time)
-    else
-      unit_add(other)
-    end
-  end
-  
-  # usage: Time.in '5 min'
-  def self.in(duration)
-    Time.now + duration.to_unit
-  end
-  
-  alias :unit_sub :-
-  
-  def -(other)
-    case other
-    when Unit: 
-      other = other.to('d').round.to('s') if ['y', 'decade', 'century'].include? other.units  
-      begin
-        unit_sub(other.to('s').scalar)
-      rescue RangeError
-        self.to_datetime - other
-      end
-      
-    when DateTime: unit_sub(other.to_time)
-    else
-      unit_sub(other)
-    end
-  end
-end
-
-# Math will convert unit objects to radians and then attempt to use the value for 
-# trigonometric functions.  
-module Math
-  alias unit_sqrt sqrt
-  def sqrt(n)
-    Unit === n ? n**(1/2) : unit_sqrt(n)
-  end
-  
-  alias unit_sin sin
-  def sin(n)
-   Unit === n ? unit_sin(n.to('radian').scalar) : unit_sin(n)
-  end
-
-  alias unit_cos cos
-  def cos(n)
-    Unit === n ? unit_cos(n.to('radian').scalar) : unit_cos(n)
-  end
-    
-  alias unit_sinh sinh
-  def sinh(n)
-    Unit === n ? unit_sinh(n.to('radian').scalar) : unit_sinh(n)
-  end
-
-  alias unit_cosh cosh
-  def cosh(n)
-    Unit === n ? unit_cosh(n.to('radian').scalar) : unit_cosh(n)
-  end
-
-  alias unit_tan tan
-  def tan(n)
-   Unit === n ? unit_tan(n.to('radian').scalar) : unit_tan(n)
-  end
-
-  alias unit_tanh tanh
-  def tanh(n)
-    Unit === n ? unit_tanh(n.to('radian').scalar) : unit_tanh(n)
-  end
-
-  alias unit_hypot hypot
-  # Convert parameters to consistent units and perform the function
-  def hypot(x,y)
-    if Unit === x && Unit === y
-      (x**2 + y**2)**(1/2)
-    else
-      unit_hypot(x,y)
-    end
-  end
-  
-  alias unit_atan2 atan2
-  def atan2(x,y)
-    case
-    when (Unit === x && Unit === y) && (x !~ y)
-      raise ArgumentError, "Incompatible Units"
-    when (Unit === x && Unit === y) && (x =~ y)
-      unit_atan2(x.base_scalar, y.base_scalar)
-    else
-      unit_atan2(x,y)
-    end
-  end
-
-   module_function :unit_hypot
-   module_function :hypot
-   module_function :unit_sqrt
-   module_function :sqrt
-   module_function :unit_sin
-   module_function :sin
-   module_function :unit_cos
-   module_function :cos
-   module_function :unit_sinh
-   module_function :sinh
-   module_function :unit_cosh
-   module_function :cosh
-   module_function :unit_tan
-   module_function :tan
-   module_function :unit_tanh
-   module_function :tanh
-   module_function :unit_atan2
-   module_function :atan2
-   
-end
-
-Unit.setup