ruby-postgres 0.7.1.2005.11.23

data/postgres.c

@@ -0,0 +1,2433 @@
+/************************************************
+
+  postgres.c -
+
+  Author: matz 
+  created at: Tue May 13 20:07:35 JST 1997
+
+  Author: ematsu
+  modified at: Wed Jan 20 16:41:51 1999
+
+  $Author: noboru $
+  $Date: 2003/01/06 01:38:20 $
+************************************************/
+
+#include "ruby.h"
+#include "rubyio.h"
+#include "st.h"
+
+/* grep '^#define' $(pg_config --includedir)/server/catalog/pg_type.h | grep OID */
+#include "type-oids.h"
+#include <libpq-fe.h>
+#include <libpq/libpq-fs.h>              /* large-object interface */
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+
+#ifndef HAVE_PG_ENCODING_TO_CHAR
+#define pg_encoding_to_char(x) "SQL_ASCII"
+#endif
+
+#ifndef HAVE_PQFREEMEM
+#define PQfreemem(ptr) free(ptr)
+#endif
+
+#ifndef StringValuePtr
+#define StringValuePtr(x) STR2CSTR(x)
+#endif
+
+#define AssignCheckedStringValue(cstring, rstring) do { \
+    if (!NIL_P(temp = rstring)) { \
+        Check_Type(temp, T_STRING); \
+        cstring = StringValuePtr(temp); \
+    } \
+} while (0)
+
+#if RUBY_VERSION_CODE < 180
+#define rb_check_string_type(x) rb_check_convert_type(x, T_STRING, "String", "to_str")
+#endif
+
+#define rb_check_hash_type(x) rb_check_convert_type(x, T_HASH, "Hash", "to_hash")
+
+#define Data_Set_Struct(obj,ptr) do { \
+    Check_Type(obj, T_DATA); \
+    DATA_PTR(obj) = ptr; \
+} while (0)
+
+#define RUBY_CLASS(name) rb_const_get(rb_cObject, rb_intern(name))
+
+#define SINGLE_QUOTE '\''
+
+EXTERN VALUE rb_mEnumerable;
+EXTERN VALUE rb_mKernel;
+EXTERN VALUE rb_cTime;
+
+static VALUE rb_cDate;
+static VALUE rb_cDateTime;
+
+static VALUE rb_cPGconn;
+static VALUE rb_cPGresult;
+static VALUE rb_ePGError;
+static VALUE rb_cPGlarge; 
+static VALUE rb_cPGrow;
+
+static VALUE pgresult_result_with_clear _((VALUE));
+static VALUE pgresult_new _((PGresult*));
+
+/* Large Object support */
+typedef struct pglarge_object
+{
+    PGconn *pgconn;
+    Oid lo_oid;
+    int lo_fd;
+} PGlarge;
+
+static VALUE pglarge_new _((PGconn*, Oid, int));
+/* Large Object support */
+
+static void free_pgconn(PGconn *);
+
+static VALUE
+pgconn_alloc(klass)
+    VALUE klass;
+{
+    return Data_Wrap_Struct(klass, 0, free_pgconn, NULL);
+}
+
+static int build_key_value_string_i(VALUE key, VALUE value, VALUE result);
+
+static PGconn *
+try_connectdb(arg)
+    VALUE arg;
+{
+    VALUE conninfo;
+
+    if (!NIL_P(conninfo = rb_check_string_type(arg))) {
+        /* do nothing */
+    }
+    else if (!NIL_P(conninfo = rb_check_hash_type(arg))) {
+        VALUE key_values = rb_ary_new2(RHASH(conninfo)->tbl->num_entries);
+        rb_hash_foreach(conninfo, build_key_value_string_i, key_values);
+        conninfo = rb_ary_join(key_values, rb_str_new2(" "));
+    }
+    else {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    return PQconnectdb(StringValuePtr(conninfo));
+}
+
+static PGconn *
+try_setdbLogin(args)
+    VALUE args;
+{
+    VALUE temp;
+    char *host, *port, *opt, *tty, *dbname, *login, *pwd;
+    host=port=opt=tty=dbname=login=pwd=NULL;
+
+    rb_funcall(args, rb_intern("flatten!"), 0);
+
+    AssignCheckedStringValue(host, rb_ary_entry(args, 0));
+    if (!NIL_P(temp = rb_ary_entry(args, 1)) && NUM2INT(temp) != -1) {
+        temp = rb_obj_as_string(temp);
+        port = StringValuePtr(temp);
+    }
+    AssignCheckedStringValue(opt, rb_ary_entry(args, 2));
+    AssignCheckedStringValue(tty, rb_ary_entry(args, 3));
+    AssignCheckedStringValue(dbname, rb_ary_entry(args, 4));
+    AssignCheckedStringValue(login, rb_ary_entry(args, 5));
+    AssignCheckedStringValue(pwd, rb_ary_entry(args, 6));
+
+    return PQsetdbLogin(host, port, opt, tty, dbname, login, pwd);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+pgconn_connect(argc, argv, self)
+    int argc;
+    VALUE *argv;
+    VALUE self;
+{
+    VALUE args;
+    PGconn *conn = NULL;
+
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "0*", &args); 
+    if (RARRAY(args)->len == 1) { 
+        conn = try_connectdb(rb_ary_entry(args, 0));
+    }
+    if (conn == NULL) {
+        conn = try_setdbLogin(args);
+    }
+
+    if (PQstatus(conn) == CONNECTION_BAD) {
+        VALUE message = rb_str_new2(PQerrorMessage(conn));
+        PQfinish(conn);
+        rb_raise(rb_ePGError, StringValuePtr(message));
+    }
+
+    Data_Set_Struct(self, conn);
+    return self;
+}
+
+/*
+ * See #new.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_s_connect(argc, argv, klass)
+    int argc;
+    VALUE *argv;
+    VALUE klass;
+{
+    return rb_class_new_instance(argc, argv, klass);
+}
+
+static VALUE format_array_element(VALUE obj);
+
+static VALUE
+pgconn_s_format(self, obj)
+    VALUE self;
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    VALUE result;
+    int tainted;
+    long i;
+
+    switch(TYPE(obj)) {
+    case T_STRING:
+      return obj;
+
+    case T_TRUE:
+    case T_FALSE:
+    case T_FIXNUM:
+    case T_BIGNUM:
+    case T_FLOAT:
+      return rb_obj_as_string(obj);
+
+    case T_NIL:
+      return rb_str_new2("NULL");
+
+    case T_ARRAY:
+      result = rb_str_buf_new2("{");
+      tainted = OBJ_TAINTED(obj);
+      i;
+      for (i = 0; i < RARRAY(obj)->len; i++) {
+          VALUE element = format_array_element(RARRAY(obj)->ptr[i]);
+          if (OBJ_TAINTED(RARRAY(obj)->ptr[i])) tainted = Qtrue;
+          if (i > 0) rb_str_buf_cat2(result, ", ");
+          rb_str_buf_append(result, element);
+      }
+      rb_str_buf_cat2(result, "}");
+      if (tainted) OBJ_TAINT(result);
+      return result;
+
+    default:
+      if (rb_block_given_p()) {
+          return rb_yield(obj);
+      } else {
+          rb_raise(rb_ePGError, "can't format");
+      }
+    }
+}
+
+static VALUE
+format_array_element(obj)
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    if (TYPE(obj) == T_STRING) {
+        obj = rb_funcall(obj, rb_intern("gsub"), 2, rb_reg_new("(?=[\\\\\"])", 9, 0), "\\");
+        return rb_funcall(obj, rb_intern("gsub!"), 2, rb_reg_new("^|$", 3, 0), "\"");
+    }
+    else {
+        return pgconn_s_format(NULL, obj);
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    PGconn.quote( obj )
+ *    PGconn.quote( obj ) { |obj| ... }
+ *    PGconn.format( obj )
+ *    PGconn.format( obj ) { |obj| ... }
+ * 
+ * If _obj_ is a Number, String, Array, +nil+, +true+, or +false+ then
+ * #quote returns a String representation of that object safe for use in PostgreSQL.
+ * 
+ * If _obj_ is not one of the above classes and a block is supplied to #quote,
+ * the block is invoked, passing along the object. The return value from the
+ * block is returned as a string.
+ *
+ * If _obj_ is not one of the recognized classes andno block is supplied,
+ * a PGError is raised.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_s_quote(self, obj)
+    VALUE self;
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    char* quoted;
+    int size;
+    VALUE result;
+
+    if (TYPE(obj) == T_STRING) {
+        quoted = ALLOCA_N(char, RSTRING(obj)->len * 2 + 1 + 2);
+        size = PQescapeString(quoted + 1, RSTRING(obj)->ptr, RSTRING(obj)->len);
+        *quoted = *(quoted + size + 1) = SINGLE_QUOTE;
+        result = rb_str_new(quoted, size + 2);
+        OBJ_INFECT(result, obj);
+        return result;
+    }
+    else {
+        return pgconn_s_format(self, obj);
+    }
+}
+
+static int
+build_key_value_string_i(key, value, result)
+    VALUE key, value, result;
+{
+    VALUE key_value;
+    if (key == Qundef) return ST_CONTINUE;
+    key_value = rb_str_dup(key);
+    rb_str_cat(key_value, "=", 1);
+    rb_str_concat(key_value, pgconn_s_quote(NULL, value));
+    rb_ary_push(result, key_value);
+    return ST_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    PGconn.escape( str )
+ *
+ * Returns a SQL-safe version of the String _str_. Unlike #quote, does not wrap the String in '...'.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_s_escape(self, string)
+    VALUE self;
+    VALUE string;
+{
+    char* escaped;
+    int size;
+    VALUE result;
+
+    Check_Type(string, T_STRING);
+    
+    escaped = ALLOCA_N(char, RSTRING(string)->len * 2 + 1);
+    size = PQescapeString(escaped, RSTRING(string)->ptr, RSTRING(string)->len);
+    result = rb_str_new(escaped, size);
+    OBJ_INFECT(result, string);
+    return result;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   PGconn.escape_bytea( obj )
+ *
+ * Escapes binary data for use within an SQL command with the type +bytea+.
+ * 
+ * Certain byte values must be escaped (but all byte values may be escaped)
+ * when used as part of a +bytea+ literal in an SQL statement. In general, to
+ * escape a byte, it is converted into the three digit octal number equal to
+ * the octet value, and preceded by two backslashes. The single quote (') and
+ * backslash (\) characters have special alternative escape sequences.
+ * #escape_bytea performs this operation, escaping only the minimally required bytes.
+ * 
+ * See the PostgreSQL documentation on PQescapeBytea[http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/interactive/libpq-exec.html#LIBPQ-EXEC-ESCAPE-BYTEA] for more information.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_s_escape_bytea(self, obj)
+    VALUE self;
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    unsigned char c;
+    char *from, *to;
+    long idx;
+    size_t from_len, to_len;
+    VALUE ret;
+    
+    Check_Type(obj, T_STRING);
+    from      = RSTRING(obj)->ptr;
+    from_len  = RSTRING(obj)->len;
+    
+    to = (char *)PQescapeBytea(from, from_len, &to_len);
+    
+    ret = rb_str_new(to, to_len - 1);
+    OBJ_INFECT(ret, obj);
+    
+    PQfreemem(to);
+    
+    return ret;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   PGconn.unescape_bytea( obj )
+ *
+ * Converts an escaped string representation of binary data into binary data --- the
+ * reverse of #escape_bytea. This is needed when retrieving +bytea+ data in text format,
+ * but not when retrieving it in binary format.
+ *
+ * See the PostgreSQL documentation on PQunescapeBytea[http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/interactive/libpq-exec.html#LIBPQ-EXEC-ESCAPE-BYTEA] for more information.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_s_unescape_bytea(self, obj)
+    VALUE self;
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    char *from, *to;
+    size_t to_len;
+    VALUE ret;
+    
+    Check_Type(obj, T_STRING);
+    from = StringValuePtr(obj);
+    
+    to = (char *)PQunescapeBytea(from, &to_len);
+    
+    ret = rb_str_new(to, to_len);
+    OBJ_INFECT(ret, obj);
+    
+    PQfreemem(to);
+    
+    return ret;
+}
+
+#ifndef HAVE_RB_DEFINE_ALLOC_FUNC
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *     PGconn.connect(host,  port, options, tty, dbname, login, passwd)  =>  conn
+ *     PGconn.open(   host,  port, options, tty, dbname, login, passwd)  =>  conn
+ *     PGconn.new(    host,  port, options, tty, dbname, login, passwd)  =>  conn
+ *  
+ *  _host_::     server hostname (String)
+ *  _port_::     server port number (Integer)
+ *  _options_::  backend options (String)
+ *  _tty_::      tty to print backend debug message <i>(ignored in newer versions of PostgreSQL)</i> (String)
+ *  _dbname_::     connecting database name (String)
+ *  _login_::      login user name (String)
+ *  _passwd_::     login password (String)
+ *  
+ *  On failure, it raises a PGError exception.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_s_new(argc, argv, klass)
+    int argc;
+    VALUE *argv;
+    VALUE klass;
+{
+    VALUE obj = rb_obj_alloc(klass);
+    rb_obj_call_init(obj, argc, argv);
+    return obj;
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * See #new.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_init(argc, argv, self)
+    int argc;
+    VALUE *argv;
+    VALUE self;
+{
+    return pgconn_connect(argc, argv, self);
+}
+
+static PGconn*
+get_pgconn(obj)
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    PGconn *conn;
+
+    Data_Get_Struct(obj, PGconn, conn);
+    if (conn == 0) rb_raise(rb_ePGError, "closed connection");
+    return conn;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.close()
+ *
+ * Closes the backend connection.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_close(obj)
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    PQfinish(get_pgconn(obj));
+    DATA_PTR(obj) = NULL;
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.reset()
+ *
+ * Resets the backend connection. This method closes the backend  connection and tries to re-connect.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_reset(obj)
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    PQreset(get_pgconn(obj));
+    return obj;
+}
+
+static PGresult*
+get_pgresult(obj)
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    PGresult *result;
+    Data_Get_Struct(obj, PGresult, result);
+    if (result == NULL) rb_raise(rb_ePGError, "query not performed");
+    return result;
+}
+
+#ifndef HAVE_PQEXECPARAMS
+PGresult *PQexecParams_compat(PGconn *conn, VALUE command, VALUE values);
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.exec( sql )
+ *
+ * Sends SQL query request specified by _sql_ to the PostgreSQL.
+ * Returns a PGresult instance on success.
+ * On failure, it raises a PGError exception.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_exec(argc, argv, obj)
+    int argc;
+    VALUE *argv;
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    PGconn *conn = get_pgconn(obj);
+    PGresult *result = NULL;
+    VALUE command, params;
+    char *msg;
+
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "1*", &command, &params);
+
+    Check_Type(command, T_STRING);
+
+    if (RARRAY(params)->len <= 0) {
+        result = PQexec(conn, StringValuePtr(command));
+    }
+    else {
+        int len = RARRAY(params)->len;
+        int i;
+#ifdef HAVE_PQEXECPARAMS
+        VALUE* ptr = RARRAY(params)->ptr;
+        const char ** values = ALLOCA_N(const char *, len);
+        VALUE formatted;
+        for (i = 0; i < len; i++, ptr++) {
+            if (*ptr == Qnil) {
+                values[i] = NULL;
+            }
+            else {
+                formatted = pgconn_s_format(NULL, *ptr);
+                values[i] = StringValuePtr(formatted);
+            }
+        }
+        result = PQexecParams(conn, StringValuePtr(command), len, NULL, values, NULL, NULL, 0);
+#else
+        for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
+            rb_ary_store(params, i, pgconn_s_quote(NULL, rb_ary_entry(params, i)));
+        }
+        result = PQexecParams_compat(conn, command, params);
+#endif
+    }
+
+    if (!result) {
+        rb_raise(rb_ePGError, PQerrorMessage(conn));
+    }
+
+    switch (PQresultStatus(result)) {
+    case PGRES_TUPLES_OK:
+    case PGRES_COPY_OUT:
+    case PGRES_COPY_IN:
+    case PGRES_EMPTY_QUERY:
+    case PGRES_COMMAND_OK:      /* no data will be received */
+      return pgresult_new(result);
+
+    case PGRES_BAD_RESPONSE:
+    case PGRES_FATAL_ERROR:
+    case PGRES_NONFATAL_ERROR:
+      msg = RSTRING(rb_str_new2(PQresultErrorMessage(result)))->ptr;
+      break;
+    default:
+      msg = "internal error : unknown result status.";
+      break;
+    }
+    PQclear(result);
+    rb_raise(rb_ePGError, msg);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.async_exec( sql )
+ *
+ * Sends an asyncrhonous SQL query request specified by _sql_ to the PostgreSQL.
+ * Returns a PGresult instance on success.
+ * On failure, it raises a PGError exception.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_async_exec(obj, str)
+    VALUE obj, str;
+{
+    PGconn *conn = get_pgconn(obj);
+    PGresult *result;
+    char *msg;
+
+    int cs;
+    int ret;
+    fd_set rset;
+
+    Check_Type(str, T_STRING);
+        
+    while (result = PQgetResult(conn)) {
+        PQclear(result);
+    }
+
+    if (!PQsendQuery(conn, RSTRING(str)->ptr)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_ePGError, PQerrorMessage(conn));
+    }
+
+    cs = PQsocket(conn);
+    for(;;) {
+        FD_ZERO(&rset);
+        FD_SET(cs, &rset);
+        ret = rb_thread_select(cs + 1, &rset, NULL, NULL, NULL);
+        if (ret < 0) {
+            rb_sys_fail(0);
+        }
+                
+        if (ret == 0) {
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        if (PQconsumeInput(conn) == 0) {
+            rb_raise(rb_ePGError, PQerrorMessage(conn));
+        }
+
+        if (PQisBusy(conn) == 0) {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    result = PQgetResult(conn);
+
+    if (!result) {
+        rb_raise(rb_ePGError, PQerrorMessage(conn));
+    }
+
+    switch (PQresultStatus(result)) {
+    case PGRES_TUPLES_OK:
+    case PGRES_COPY_OUT:
+    case PGRES_COPY_IN:
+    case PGRES_EMPTY_QUERY:
+    case PGRES_COMMAND_OK:      /* no data will be received */
+      return pgresult_new(result);
+
+    case PGRES_BAD_RESPONSE:
+    case PGRES_FATAL_ERROR:
+    case PGRES_NONFATAL_ERROR:
+      msg = RSTRING(rb_str_new2(PQresultErrorMessage(result)))->ptr;
+      break;
+    default:
+      msg = "internal error : unknown result status.";
+      break;
+    }
+    PQclear(result);
+    rb_raise(rb_ePGError, msg);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.query( sql )
+ *
+ * Sends SQL query request specified by _sql_ to the PostgreSQL.
+ * Returns an Array as the resulting tuple on success.
+ * On failure, it returns +nil+, and the error details can be obtained by #error.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_query(argc, argv, obj)
+    int argc;
+    VALUE *argv;
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    return pgresult_result_with_clear(pgconn_exec(argc, argv, obj));
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.async_query( sql )
+ *
+ * Sends an asynchronous SQL query request specified by _sql_ to the PostgreSQL.
+ * Returns an Array as the resulting tuple on success.
+ * On failure, it returns +nil+, and the error details can be obtained by #error.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_async_query(obj, str)
+    VALUE obj, str;
+{
+    return pgresult_result_with_clear(pgconn_async_exec(obj, str));
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.get_notify()
+ *
+ * Returns an array of the unprocessed notifiers.
+ * If there is no unprocessed notifier, it returns +nil+.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_get_notify(obj)
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    PGconn* conn = get_pgconn(obj);
+    PGnotify *notify;
+    VALUE ary;
+
+    if (PQconsumeInput(conn) == 0) {
+        rb_raise(rb_ePGError, PQerrorMessage(conn));
+    }
+    /* gets notify and builds result */
+    notify = PQnotifies(conn);
+    if (notify == NULL) {
+        /* there are no unhandled notifications */
+        return Qnil;
+    }
+    ary = rb_ary_new3(2, rb_tainted_str_new2(notify->relname), INT2NUM(notify->be_pid));
+    PQfreemem(notify);
+
+    /* returns result */
+    return ary;
+}
+
+static VALUE pg_escape_regex;
+static VALUE pg_escape_str;
+static ID    pg_gsub_bang_id;
+
+static void
+free_pgconn(ptr)
+    PGconn *ptr;
+{
+    PQfinish(ptr);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.insert_table( table, values )
+ *
+ * Inserts contents of the _values_ Array into the _table_.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_insert_table(obj, table, values)
+    VALUE obj, table, values;
+{
+    PGconn *conn = get_pgconn(obj);
+    PGresult *result;
+    VALUE s, buffer;
+    int i, j;
+    int res = 0;
+
+    Check_Type(table, T_STRING);
+    Check_Type(values, T_ARRAY);
+    i = RARRAY(values)->len;
+    while (i--) {
+        if (TYPE(RARRAY(RARRAY(values)->ptr[i])) != T_ARRAY) {
+            rb_raise(rb_ePGError, "second arg must contain some kind of arrays.");
+        }
+    }
+    
+    buffer = rb_str_new(0, RSTRING(table)->len + 17 + 1);
+    /* starts query */
+    snprintf(RSTRING(buffer)->ptr, RSTRING(buffer)->len, "copy %s from stdin ", StringValuePtr(table));
+    
+    result = PQexec(conn, StringValuePtr(buffer));
+    if (!result){
+        rb_raise(rb_ePGError, PQerrorMessage(conn));
+    }
+    PQclear(result);
+
+    for (i = 0; i < RARRAY(values)->len; i++) {
+        struct RArray *row = RARRAY(RARRAY(values)->ptr[i]);
+        buffer = rb_tainted_str_new(0,0);
+        for (j = 0; j < row->len; j++) {
+            if (j > 0) rb_str_cat(buffer, "\t", 1);
+            if (NIL_P(row->ptr[j])) {
+                rb_str_cat(buffer, "\\N",2);
+            } else {
+                s = rb_obj_as_string(row->ptr[j]);
+                rb_funcall(s,pg_gsub_bang_id,2,pg_escape_regex,pg_escape_str);
+                rb_str_cat(buffer, StringValuePtr(s), RSTRING(s)->len);
+            }
+        }
+        rb_str_cat(buffer, "\n\0", 2);
+        /* sends data */
+        PQputline(conn, StringValuePtr(buffer));
+    }
+    PQputline(conn, "\\.\n");
+    res = PQendcopy(conn);
+
+    return obj;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.putline()
+ *
+ * Sends the string to the backend server.
+ * Users must send a single "." to denote the end of data transmission.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_putline(obj, str)
+    VALUE obj, str;
+{
+    Check_Type(str, T_STRING);
+    PQputline(get_pgconn(obj), StringValuePtr(str));
+    return obj;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.getline()
+ *
+ * Reads a line from the backend server into internal buffer.
+ * Returns +nil+ for EOF, +0+ for success, +1+ for buffer overflowed.
+ * You need to ensure single "." from backend to confirm  transmission completion.
+ * The sample program <tt>psql.rb</tt> (see source for postgres) treats this copy protocol right.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_getline(obj)
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    PGconn *conn = get_pgconn(obj);
+    VALUE str;
+    long size = BUFSIZ;
+    long bytes = 0;
+    int  ret;
+    
+    str = rb_tainted_str_new(0, size);
+
+    for (;;) {
+        ret = PQgetline(conn, RSTRING(str)->ptr + bytes, size - bytes);
+        switch (ret) {
+        case EOF:
+          return Qnil;
+        case 0:
+          rb_str_resize(str, strlen(StringValuePtr(str)));
+          return str;
+        }
+        bytes += BUFSIZ;
+        size += BUFSIZ;
+        rb_str_resize(str, size);
+    }
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.endcopy()
+ *
+ * Waits until the backend completes the copying.
+ * You should call this method after #putline or #getline.
+ * Returns +nil+ on success; raises an exception otherwise.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_endcopy(obj)
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    if (PQendcopy(get_pgconn(obj)) == 1) {
+        rb_raise(rb_ePGError, "cannot complete copying");
+    }
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+static void
+notice_proxy(self, message)
+    VALUE self;
+    const char *message;
+{
+    VALUE block;
+    if ((block = rb_iv_get(self, "@on_notice")) != Qnil) {
+        rb_funcall(block, rb_intern("call"), 1, rb_str_new2(message));
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   conn.on_notice {|message| ... }
+ *
+ * Notice and warning messages generated by the server are not returned
+ * by the query execution functions, since they do not imply failure of
+ * the query. Instead they are passed to a notice handling function, and
+ * execution continues normally after the handler returns. The default
+ * notice handling function prints the message on <tt>stderr</tt>, but the
+ * application can override this behavior by supplying its own handling
+ * function.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_on_notice(self)
+    VALUE self;
+{
+    VALUE block = rb_block_proc();
+    PGconn *conn = get_pgconn(self);
+    if (PQsetNoticeProcessor(conn, NULL, NULL) != notice_proxy) {
+        PQsetNoticeProcessor(conn, notice_proxy, (void *) self);
+    }
+    rb_iv_set(self, "@on_notice", block);
+    return self;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.host()
+ *
+ * Returns the connected server name.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_host(obj)
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    char *host = PQhost(get_pgconn(obj));
+    if (!host) return Qnil;
+    return rb_tainted_str_new2(host);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.port()
+ *
+ * Returns the connected server port number.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_port(obj)
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    char* port = PQport(get_pgconn(obj));
+    return INT2NUM(atol(port));
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.db()
+ *
+ * Returns the connected database name.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_db(obj)
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    char *db = PQdb(get_pgconn(obj));
+    if (!db) return Qnil;
+    return rb_tainted_str_new2(db);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.options()
+ *
+ * Returns backend option string.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_options(obj)
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    char *options = PQoptions(get_pgconn(obj));
+    if (!options) return Qnil;
+    return rb_tainted_str_new2(options);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.tty()
+ *
+ * Returns the connected pgtty.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_tty(obj)
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    char *tty = PQtty(get_pgconn(obj));
+    if (!tty) return Qnil;
+    return rb_tainted_str_new2(tty);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.user()
+ *
+ * Returns the authenticated user name.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_user(obj)
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    char *user = PQuser(get_pgconn(obj));
+    if (!user) return Qnil;
+    return rb_tainted_str_new2(user);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.status()
+ *
+ * MISSING: documentation
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_status(obj)
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    return INT2NUM(PQstatus(get_pgconn(obj)));
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.error()
+ *
+ * Returns the error message about connection.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_error(obj)
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    char *error = PQerrorMessage(get_pgconn(obj));
+    if (!error) return Qnil;
+    return rb_tainted_str_new2(error);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.trace( port )
+ * 
+ * Enables tracing message passing between backend.
+ * The trace message will be written to the _port_ object,
+ * which is an instance of the class +File+.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_trace(obj, port)
+    VALUE obj, port;
+{
+    OpenFile* fp;
+
+    Check_Type(port, T_FILE);
+    GetOpenFile(port, fp);
+
+    PQtrace(get_pgconn(obj), fp->f2?fp->f2:fp->f);
+
+    return obj;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.untrace()
+ * 
+ * Disables the message tracing.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_untrace(obj)
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    PQuntrace(get_pgconn(obj));
+    return obj;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.transaction_status()
+ *
+ * returns one of the following statuses:
+ *   PQTRANS_IDLE    = 0 (connection idle)
+ *   PQTRANS_ACTIVE  = 1 (command in progress)
+ *   PQTRANS_INTRANS = 2 (idle, within transaction block)
+ *   PQTRANS_INERROR = 3 (idle, within failed transaction)
+ *   PQTRANS_UNKNOWN = 4 (cannot determine status)
+ *
+ * See the PostgreSQL documentation on PQtransactionStatus[http://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/interactive/libpq-status.html#AEN24919] for more information.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_transaction_status(obj)
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    return INT2NUM(PQtransactionStatus(get_pgconn(obj)));
+}
+
+#ifdef HAVE_PQSETCLIENTENCODING
+
+static VALUE
+pgconn_protocol_version(obj)
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    return INT2NUM(PQprotocolVersion(get_pgconn(obj)));
+}
+
+static VALUE
+pgconn_server_version(obj)
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    return INT2NUM(PQserverVersion(get_pgconn(obj)));
+}
+
+static VALUE
+pgconn_lastval(obj)
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    PGconn *conn = get_pgconn(obj);
+    PGresult *result;
+    VALUE lastval, error;
+
+    if (PQserverVersion(conn) < 80100) return Qnil;
+
+    result = PQexec(conn, "select lastval()");
+    if (!result) rb_raise(rb_ePGError, PQerrorMessage(conn));
+
+    switch (PQresultStatus(result)) {
+    case PGRES_TUPLES_OK:
+      lastval = rb_cstr2inum(PQgetvalue(result, 0, 0), 10);
+      PQclear(result);
+      return lastval;
+
+    case PGRES_BAD_RESPONSE:
+    case PGRES_FATAL_ERROR:
+    case PGRES_NONFATAL_ERROR:
+      error = rb_str_new2(PQresultErrorMessage(result));
+      PQclear(result);
+      rb_raise(rb_ePGError, StringValuePtr(error));
+
+    default:
+      PQclear(result);
+      rb_raise(rb_ePGError, "unknown lastval");
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.client_encoding() => String
+ * 
+ * Returns the client encoding as a String.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_client_encoding(obj)
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    char *encoding = (char *)pg_encoding_to_char(PQclientEncoding(get_pgconn(obj)));
+    return rb_tainted_str_new2(encoding);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.set_client_encoding( encoding )
+ * 
+ * Sets the client encoding to the _encoding_ String.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_set_client_encoding(obj, str)
+    VALUE obj, str;
+{
+    Check_Type(str, T_STRING);
+    if ((PQsetClientEncoding(get_pgconn(obj), StringValuePtr(str))) == -1){
+        rb_raise(rb_ePGError, "invalid encoding name %s",str);
+    }
+    return Qnil;
+}
+#endif
+
+static void
+free_pgresult(ptr)
+    PGresult *ptr;
+{
+    PQclear(ptr);
+}
+
+#define PARSE(klass, string) rb_funcall(klass, rb_intern("parse"), 1, rb_tainted_str_new2(string));
+
+static VALUE
+fetch_pgresult(result, row, column)
+    PGresult *result;
+    int row;
+    int column;
+{
+    if (PQgetisnull(result, row, column)) {
+        return Qnil;
+    }
+
+    char* string = PQgetvalue(result, row, column);
+    switch (PQftype(result, column)) {
+
+    case BOOLOID:
+      return *string == 't' ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+
+    case BYTEAOID:
+      return pgconn_s_unescape_bytea(rb_tainted_str_new2(string));
+
+    case INT8OID:
+    case INT4OID:
+    case INT2OID:
+      return rb_cstr2inum(string, 10);
+
+    case NUMERICOID:
+      return rb_funcall(rb_mKernel, rb_intern("BigDecimal"), 1, rb_tainted_str_new2(string));
+
+    case FLOAT8OID:
+    case FLOAT4OID:
+      return rb_float(rb_cstr_to_dbl(string, Qfalse));
+
+    case DATEOID:
+      return PARSE(rb_cDate, string);
+    case TIMEOID:
+    case TIMETZOID:
+      return PARSE(rb_cTime, string);
+    case TIMESTAMPOID:
+    case TIMESTAMPTZOID:
+      return PARSE(rb_cDateTime, string);
+
+    default:
+      return rb_tainted_str_new2(string);
+    }
+}
+
+
+static VALUE
+pgresult_new(ptr)
+    PGresult *ptr;
+{
+    return Data_Wrap_Struct(rb_cPGresult, 0, free_pgresult, ptr);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    res.status()
+ *
+ * Returns the status of the query. The status value is one of:
+ * * +EMPTY_QUERY+
+ * * +COMMAND_OK+
+ * * +TUPLES_OK+
+ * * +COPY_OUT+
+ * * +COPY_IN+
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgresult_status(obj)
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    return INT2NUM(PQresultStatus(get_pgresult(obj)));
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    res.result()
+ *
+ * Returns an array of tuples (rows, which are themselves arrays) that represent the query result.
+ */
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    res.each{ |tuple| ... }
+ *
+ * Invokes the block for each tuple (row) in the result.
+ *
+ * Equivalent to <tt>res.result.each{ |tuple| ... }</tt>.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgresult_each(self)
+    VALUE self;
+{
+    int i, j;
+
+    PGresult *result = get_pgresult(self);
+    int nt = PQntuples(result);
+    int nf = PQnfields(result);
+    VALUE fields[1] = { rb_ary_new2(nf) };
+
+    for (i = 0; i < nf; i++)
+        rb_ary_push(fields[0], rb_tainted_str_new2(PQfname(result, i)));
+
+    for (i=0; i<nt; i++) {
+        VALUE row = rb_funcall2(rb_cPGrow, rb_intern("new"), 1, fields);
+        for (j=0; j<nf; j++) {
+            rb_ary_store(row, j, fetch_pgresult(result, i, j));
+        }
+        rb_yield(row);
+    }
+
+    return self;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    res[ n ]
+ *
+ * Returns the tuple (row) corresponding to _n_. Returns +nil+ if <tt>_n_ >= res.num_tuples</tt>.
+ *
+ * Equivalent to <tt>res.result[n]</tt>.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgresult_aref(argc, argv, obj)
+    int argc;
+    VALUE *argv;
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    PGresult *result;
+    VALUE a1, a2, val;
+    int i, j, nf, nt;
+
+    result = get_pgresult(obj);
+    nt = PQntuples(result);
+    nf = PQnfields(result);
+    switch (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &a1, &a2)) {
+    case 1:
+      i = NUM2INT(a1);
+      if( i >= nt ) return Qnil;
+
+      val = rb_ary_new();
+      for (j=0; j<nf; j++) {
+          VALUE value = fetch_pgresult(result, i, j);
+          rb_ary_push(val, value);
+      }
+      return val;
+
+    case 2:
+      i = NUM2INT(a1);
+      if( i >= nt ) return Qnil;
+      j = NUM2INT(a2);
+      if( j >= nf ) return Qnil;
+      return fetch_pgresult(result, i, j);
+
+    default:
+      return Qnil;            /* not reached */
+    }
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    res.fields()
+ *
+ * Returns an array of Strings representing the names of the fields in the result.
+ *
+ *   res=conn.exec("SELECT foo,bar AS biggles,jim,jam FROM mytable;")
+ *   res.fields => [ 'foo' , 'biggles' , 'jim' , 'jam' ]
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgresult_fields(obj)
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    PGresult *result;
+    VALUE ary;
+    int n, i;
+
+    result = get_pgresult(obj);
+    n = PQnfields(result);
+    ary = rb_ary_new2(n);
+    for (i=0;i<n;i++) {
+        rb_ary_push(ary, rb_tainted_str_new2(PQfname(result, i)));
+    }
+    return ary;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    res.num_tuples()
+ *
+ * Returns the number of tuples (rows) in the query result.
+ *
+ * Similar to <tt>res.result.length</tt> (but faster).
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgresult_num_tuples(obj)
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    int n;
+
+    n = PQntuples(get_pgresult(obj));
+    return INT2NUM(n);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    res.num_fields()
+ *
+ * Returns the number of fields (columns) in the query result.
+ *
+ * Similar to <tt>res.result[0].length</tt> (but faster).
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgresult_num_fields(obj)
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    int n;
+
+    n = PQnfields(get_pgresult(obj));
+    return INT2NUM(n);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    res.fieldname( index )
+ *
+ * Returns the name of the field (column) corresponding to the index.
+ *
+ *   res=conn.exec("SELECT foo,bar AS biggles,jim,jam FROM mytable;")
+ *   puts res.fieldname(2) => 'jim'
+ *   puts res.fieldname(1) => 'biggles'
+ *
+ * Equivalent to <tt>res.fields[_index_]</tt>.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgresult_fieldname(obj, index)
+    VALUE obj, index;
+{
+    PGresult *result;
+    int i = NUM2INT(index);
+    char *name;
+
+    result = get_pgresult(obj);
+    if (i < 0 || i >= PQnfields(result)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError,"invalid field number %d", i);
+    }
+    name = PQfname(result, i);
+    return rb_tainted_str_new2(name);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    res.fieldnum( name )
+ *
+ * Returns the index of the field specified by the string _name_.
+ *
+ *   res=conn.exec("SELECT foo,bar AS biggles,jim,jam FROM mytable;")
+ *   puts res.fieldnum('foo') => 0
+ *
+ * Raises an ArgumentError if the specified _name_ isn't one of the field names;
+ * raises a TypeError if _name_ is not a String.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgresult_fieldnum(obj, name)
+    VALUE obj, name;
+{
+    int n;
+    
+    Check_Type(name, T_STRING);
+    
+    n = PQfnumber(get_pgresult(obj), StringValuePtr(name));
+    if (n == -1) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError,"Unknown field: %s", StringValuePtr(name));
+    }
+    return INT2NUM(n);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    res.type( index )
+ *
+ * Returns the data type associated with the given column number.
+ *
+ * The integer returned is the internal +OID+ number (in PostgreSQL) of the type.
+ * If you have the PostgreSQL source available, you can see the OIDs for every column type in the file <tt>src/include/catalog/pg_type.h</tt>.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgresult_type(obj, index)
+    VALUE obj, index;
+{
+    PGresult* result = get_pgresult(obj);
+    int i = NUM2INT(index);
+    if (i < 0 || i >= PQnfields(result)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "invalid field number %d", i);
+    }
+    return INT2NUM(PQftype(result, i));
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    res.size( index )
+ *
+ * Returns the size of the field type in bytes.  Returns <tt>-1</tt> if the field is variable sized.
+ *
+ *   res = conn.exec("SELECT myInt, myVarChar50 FROM foo;")
+ *   res.size(0) => 4
+ *   res.size(1) => -1
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgresult_size(obj, index)
+    VALUE obj, index;
+{
+    PGresult *result;
+    int i = NUM2INT(index);
+    int size;
+
+    result = get_pgresult(obj);
+    if (i < 0 || i >= PQnfields(result)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError,"invalid field number %d", i);
+    }
+    size = PQfsize(result, i);
+    return INT2NUM(size);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    res.value( tup_num, field_num )
+ *
+ * Returns the value in tuple number <i>tup_num</i>, field number <i>field_num</i>. (Row <i>tup_num</i>, column <i>field_num</i>.)
+ *
+ * Equivalent to <tt>res.result[<i>tup_num</i>][<i>field_num</i>]</tt> (but faster).
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgresult_getvalue(obj, tup_num, field_num)
+    VALUE obj, tup_num, field_num;
+{
+    PGresult *result;
+    int i = NUM2INT(tup_num);
+    int j = NUM2INT(field_num);
+
+    result = get_pgresult(obj);
+    if (i < 0 || i >= PQntuples(result)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError,"invalid tuple number %d", i);
+    }
+    if (j < 0 || j >= PQnfields(result)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError,"invalid field number %d", j);
+    }
+
+    return fetch_pgresult(result, i, j);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    res.value_byname( tup_num, field_name )
+ *
+ * Returns the value in tuple number <i>tup_num</i>, for the field named <i>field_name</i>.
+ *
+ * Equivalent to (but faster than) either of:
+ *    res.result[<i>tup_num</i>][ res.fieldnum(<i>field_name</i>) ]
+ *    res.value( <i>tup_num</i>, res.fieldnum(<i>field_name</i>) )
+ *
+ * <i>(This method internally calls #value as like the second example above; it is slower than using the field index directly.)</i>
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgresult_getvalue_byname(obj, tup_num, field_name)
+    VALUE obj, tup_num, field_name;
+{
+    return pgresult_getvalue(obj, tup_num, pgresult_fieldnum(obj, field_name));
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    res.getlength( tup_num, field_num )
+ *
+ * Returns the (String) length of the field in bytes.
+ *
+ * Equivalent to <tt>res.value(<i>tup_num</i>,<i>field_num</i>).length</tt>.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgresult_getlength(obj, tup_num, field_num)
+    VALUE obj, tup_num, field_num;
+{
+    PGresult *result;
+    int i = NUM2INT(tup_num);
+    int j = NUM2INT(field_num);
+
+    result = get_pgresult(obj);
+    if (i < 0 || i >= PQntuples(result)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError,"invalid tuple number %d", i);
+    }
+    if (j < 0 || j >= PQnfields(result)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError,"invalid field number %d", j);
+    }
+    return INT2FIX(PQgetlength(result, i, j));
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    res.getisnull( tup_num, field_num ) => true or false
+ *
+ * Returns +true+ if the specified value is +nil+; +false+ otherwise.
+ *
+ * Equivalent to <tt>res.value(<i>tup_num</i>,<i>field_num</i>)==+nil+</tt>.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgresult_getisnull(obj, tup_num, field_num)
+    VALUE obj, tup_num, field_num;
+{
+    PGresult *result;
+    int i = NUM2INT(tup_num);
+    int j = NUM2INT(field_num);
+
+    result = get_pgresult(obj);
+    if (i < 0 || i >= PQntuples(result)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError,"invalid tuple number %d", i);
+    }
+    if (j < 0 || j >= PQnfields(result)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError,"invalid field number %d", j);
+    }
+    return PQgetisnull(result, i, j) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    res.print( file, opt )
+ *
+ * MISSING: Documentation
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgresult_print(obj, file, opt)
+    VALUE obj, file, opt;
+{
+    VALUE value;
+    ID mem;
+    OpenFile* fp;
+    PQprintOpt po;
+
+    Check_Type(file, T_FILE);
+    Check_Type(opt,  T_STRUCT);
+    GetOpenFile(file, fp);
+
+    memset(&po, 0, sizeof(po));
+
+    mem = rb_intern("header");
+    value = rb_struct_getmember(opt, mem);
+    po.header = value == Qtrue ? 1 : 0;
+
+    mem = rb_intern("align");
+    value = rb_struct_getmember(opt, mem);
+    po.align = value == Qtrue ? 1 : 0;
+
+    mem = rb_intern("standard");
+    value = rb_struct_getmember(opt, mem);
+    po.standard = value == Qtrue ? 1 : 0;
+
+    mem = rb_intern("html3");
+    value = rb_struct_getmember(opt, mem);
+    po.html3 = value == Qtrue ? 1 : 0;
+
+    mem = rb_intern("expanded");
+    value = rb_struct_getmember(opt, mem);
+    po.expanded = value == Qtrue ? 1 : 0;
+
+    mem = rb_intern("pager");
+    value = rb_struct_getmember(opt, mem);
+    po.pager = value == Qtrue ? 1 : 0;
+
+    mem = rb_intern("fieldSep");
+    value = rb_struct_getmember(opt, mem);
+    if (!NIL_P(value)) {
+        Check_Type(value, T_STRING);
+        po.fieldSep = StringValuePtr(value);
+    }
+
+    mem = rb_intern("tableOpt");
+    value = rb_struct_getmember(opt, mem);
+    if (!NIL_P(value)) {
+        Check_Type(value, T_STRING);
+        po.tableOpt = StringValuePtr(value);
+    }
+
+    mem = rb_intern("caption");
+    value = rb_struct_getmember(opt, mem);
+    if (!NIL_P(value)) {
+        Check_Type(value, T_STRING);
+        po.caption = StringValuePtr(value);
+    }
+
+    PQprint(fp->f2?fp->f2:fp->f, get_pgresult(obj), &po);
+    return obj;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    res.cmdtuples()
+ *
+ * Returns the number of tuples (rows) affected by the SQL command.
+ *
+ * If the SQL command that generated the PGresult was not one of +INSERT+, +UPDATE+, +DELETE+, +MOVE+, or +FETCH+, or if no tuples (rows) were affected, +0+ is returned.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgresult_cmdtuples(obj)
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    long n;
+    n = strtol(PQcmdTuples(get_pgresult(obj)),NULL, 10);
+    return INT2NUM(n);
+}
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    res.cmdstatus()
+ *
+ * Returns the status string of the last query command.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgresult_cmdstatus(obj)
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    return rb_tainted_str_new2(PQcmdStatus(get_pgresult(obj)));
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    res.oid()
+ *
+ * Returns the +oid+.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgresult_oid(obj)
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    Oid n = PQoidValue(get_pgresult(obj));
+    if (n == InvalidOid)
+        return Qnil;
+    else
+        return INT2NUM(n);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    res.clear()
+ *
+ * Clears the PGresult object as the result of the query.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgresult_clear(obj)
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    PQclear(get_pgresult(obj));
+    DATA_PTR(obj) = 0;
+
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+pgresult_result_with_clear(self)
+    VALUE self;
+{
+    VALUE rows = rb_funcall(self, rb_intern("rows"), 0);
+    pgresult_clear(self);
+    return rows;
+}
+
+/* Large Object support */
+static PGlarge*
+get_pglarge(obj)
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    PGlarge *pglarge;
+    Data_Get_Struct(obj, PGlarge, pglarge);
+    if (pglarge == 0) rb_raise(rb_ePGError, "invalid large object");
+    return pglarge;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.lo_import( file ) => pglarge
+ *
+ * Import a file to a large object. Returns a PGlarge instance on success. On failure, it raises a PGError exception.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_loimport(obj, filename)
+    VALUE obj, filename;
+{
+    Oid lo_oid;
+
+    PGconn *conn = get_pgconn(obj);
+
+    Check_Type(filename, T_STRING);
+
+    lo_oid = lo_import(conn, StringValuePtr(filename));
+    if (lo_oid == 0) {
+        rb_raise(rb_ePGError, PQerrorMessage(conn));
+    }
+    return pglarge_new(conn, lo_oid, -1);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.lo_export( oid, file )
+ *
+ * Saves a large object of _oid_ to a _file_.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_loexport(obj, lo_oid,filename)
+    VALUE obj, lo_oid, filename;
+{
+    PGconn *conn = get_pgconn(obj);
+    int oid;
+    Check_Type(filename, T_STRING);
+
+    oid = NUM2INT(lo_oid);
+    if (oid < 0) {
+        rb_raise(rb_ePGError, "invalid large object oid %d",oid);
+    }
+
+    if (!lo_export(conn, oid, StringValuePtr(filename))) {
+        rb_raise(rb_ePGError, PQerrorMessage(conn));
+    }
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.lo_create( [mode] ) => pglarge
+ *
+ * Returns a PGlarge instance on success. On failure, it raises PGError exception.
+ * <i>(See #lo_open for information on _mode_.)</i>
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_locreate(argc, argv, obj)
+    int argc;
+    VALUE *argv;
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    Oid lo_oid;
+    int mode;
+    VALUE nmode;
+    PGconn *conn;
+    
+    if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &nmode) == 0) {
+        mode = INV_READ;
+    }
+    else {
+        mode = FIX2INT(nmode);
+    }
+  
+    conn = get_pgconn(obj);
+    lo_oid = lo_creat(conn, mode);
+    if (lo_oid == 0){
+        rb_raise(rb_ePGError, "can't creat large object");
+    }
+
+    return pglarge_new(conn, lo_oid, -1);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.lo_open( oid, [mode] ) => pglarge
+ *
+ * Open a large object of _oid_. Returns a PGlarge instance on success.
+ * The _mode_ argument specifies the mode for the opened large object,
+ * which is either +INV_READ+, or +INV_WRITE+.
+ * * If _mode_ On failure, it raises a PGError exception.
+ * * If _mode_ is omitted, the default is +INV_READ+.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_loopen(argc, argv, obj)
+    int argc;
+    VALUE *argv;
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    Oid lo_oid;
+    int fd, mode;
+    VALUE nmode, objid;
+    PGconn *conn = get_pgconn(obj);
+
+    switch (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "02", &objid, &nmode)) {
+    case 1:
+      lo_oid = NUM2INT(objid);
+      mode = INV_READ;
+      break;
+    case 2:
+      lo_oid = NUM2INT(objid);
+      mode = FIX2INT(nmode);
+      break;
+    default:
+      mode = INV_READ;
+      lo_oid = lo_creat(conn, mode);
+      if (lo_oid == 0){
+          rb_raise(rb_ePGError, "can't creat large object");
+      }
+    }
+    if((fd = lo_open(conn, lo_oid, mode)) < 0) {
+        rb_raise(rb_ePGError, "can't open large object");
+    }
+    return pglarge_new(conn, lo_oid, fd);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.lo_unlink( oid )
+ *
+ * Unlinks (deletes) the postgres large object of _oid_.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_lounlink(obj, lo_oid)
+    VALUE obj, lo_oid;
+{
+    PGconn *conn;
+    int oid = NUM2INT(lo_oid);
+    int result;
+    
+    if (oid < 0){
+        rb_raise(rb_ePGError, "invalid oid %d",oid);
+    }
+    conn = get_pgconn(obj);
+    result = lo_unlink(conn,oid);
+
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+static void
+free_pglarge(ptr)
+    PGlarge *ptr;
+{
+    if ((ptr->lo_fd) > 0) {
+        lo_close(ptr->pgconn,ptr->lo_fd);
+    }
+    free(ptr);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+pglarge_new(conn, lo_oid ,lo_fd)
+    PGconn *conn;
+    Oid lo_oid;
+    int lo_fd;
+{
+    VALUE obj;
+    PGlarge *pglarge;
+
+    obj = Data_Make_Struct(rb_cPGlarge, PGlarge, 0, free_pglarge, pglarge);
+    pglarge->pgconn = conn;
+    pglarge->lo_oid = lo_oid;
+    pglarge->lo_fd = lo_fd;
+
+    return obj;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    lrg.oid()
+ *
+ * Returns the large object's +oid+.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pglarge_oid(obj)
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    PGlarge *pglarge = get_pglarge(obj);
+
+    return INT2NUM(pglarge->lo_oid);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    lrg.open( [mode] )
+ *
+ * Opens a large object.
+ * The _mode_ argument specifies the mode for the opened large object,
+ * which is either +INV_READ+ or +INV_WRITE+.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pglarge_open(argc, argv, obj)
+    int argc;
+    VALUE *argv;
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    PGlarge *pglarge = get_pglarge(obj);
+    VALUE nmode;
+    int fd;
+    int mode;
+
+    if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &nmode) == 0) {
+        mode = INV_READ;
+    }
+    else {
+        mode = FIX2INT(nmode);
+    }
+  
+    if((fd = lo_open(pglarge->pgconn, pglarge->lo_oid, mode)) < 0) {
+        rb_raise(rb_ePGError, "can't open large object");
+    }
+    pglarge->lo_fd = fd;
+
+    return INT2FIX(pglarge->lo_fd);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    lrg.close()
+ *
+ * Closes a large object. Closed when they are garbage-collected.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pglarge_close(obj)
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    PGlarge *pglarge = get_pglarge(obj);
+
+    if((lo_close(pglarge->pgconn, pglarge->lo_fd)) < 0) {
+        rb_raise(rb_ePGError, "can't closed large object");
+    }
+    DATA_PTR(obj) = 0;
+  
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    lrg.tell()
+ *
+ * Returns the current position of the large object pointer.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pglarge_tell(obj)
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    int start;
+    PGlarge *pglarge = get_pglarge(obj);
+
+    if ((start = lo_tell(pglarge->pgconn,pglarge->lo_fd)) == -1) {
+        rb_raise(rb_ePGError, "error while getting position");
+    }
+    return INT2NUM(start);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+loread_all(obj)
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    PGlarge *pglarge = get_pglarge(obj);
+    VALUE str;
+    long siz = BUFSIZ;
+    long bytes = 0;
+    int n;
+
+    str = rb_tainted_str_new(0,siz);
+    for (;;) {
+        n = lo_read(pglarge->pgconn, pglarge->lo_fd, RSTRING(str)->ptr + bytes,siz - bytes);
+        if (n == 0 && bytes == 0) return Qnil;
+        bytes += n;
+        if (bytes < siz ) break;
+        siz += BUFSIZ;
+        rb_str_resize(str,siz);
+    }
+    if (bytes == 0) return rb_tainted_str_new(0,0);
+    if (bytes != siz) rb_str_resize(str, bytes);
+    return str;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    lrg.read( [length] )
+ *
+ * Attempts to read _length_ bytes from large object.
+ * If no _length_ is given, reads all data.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pglarge_read(argc, argv, obj)
+    int argc;
+    VALUE *argv;
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    int len;
+    PGlarge *pglarge = get_pglarge(obj);
+    VALUE str;
+    VALUE length;
+    
+    rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &length);
+    if (NIL_P(length)) {
+        return loread_all(obj);
+    }
+    
+    len = NUM2INT(length);
+    if (len < 0){
+        rb_raise(rb_ePGError,"nagative length %d given", len);
+    }
+    str = rb_tainted_str_new(0,len);
+
+    if((len = lo_read(pglarge->pgconn, pglarge->lo_fd, StringValuePtr(str), len)) < 0) {
+        rb_raise(rb_ePGError, "error while reading");
+    }
+    if (len == 0) return Qnil;
+    RSTRING(str)->len = len;
+    return str;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    lrg.write( str )
+ *
+ * Writes the string _str_ to the large object.
+ * Returns the number of bytes written.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pglarge_write(obj, buffer)
+    VALUE obj, buffer;
+{
+    int n;
+    PGlarge *pglarge = get_pglarge(obj);
+
+    Check_Type(buffer, T_STRING);
+
+    if( RSTRING(buffer)->len < 0) {
+        rb_raise(rb_ePGError, "write buffer zero string");
+    }
+    if((n = lo_write(pglarge->pgconn, pglarge->lo_fd, StringValuePtr(buffer), RSTRING(buffer)->len)) == -1) {
+        rb_raise(rb_ePGError, "buffer truncated during write");
+    }
+  
+    return INT2FIX(n);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    lrg.seek( offset, whence )
+ *
+ * Move the large object pointer to the _offset_.
+ * Valid values for _whence_ are +SEEK_SET+, +SEEK_CUR+, and +SEEK_END+.
+ * (Or 0, 1, or 2.)
+ */
+static VALUE
+pglarge_seek(obj, offset, whence)
+    VALUE obj, offset, whence;
+{
+    PGlarge *pglarge = get_pglarge(obj);
+    int ret;
+    
+    if((ret = lo_lseek(pglarge->pgconn, pglarge->lo_fd, NUM2INT(offset), NUM2INT(whence))) == -1) {
+        rb_raise(rb_ePGError, "error while moving cursor");
+    }
+
+    return INT2NUM(ret);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    lrg.size()
+ *
+ * Returns the size of the large object.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pglarge_size(obj)
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    PGlarge *pglarge = get_pglarge(obj);
+    int start, end;
+
+    if ((start = lo_tell(pglarge->pgconn,pglarge->lo_fd)) == -1) {
+        rb_raise(rb_ePGError, "error while getting position");
+    }
+
+    if ((end = lo_lseek(pglarge->pgconn, pglarge->lo_fd, 0, SEEK_END)) == -1) {
+        rb_raise(rb_ePGError, "error while moving cursor");
+    }
+
+    if ((start = lo_lseek(pglarge->pgconn, pglarge->lo_fd,start, SEEK_SET)) == -1) {
+        rb_raise(rb_ePGError, "error while moving back to posiion");
+    }
+        
+    return INT2NUM(end);
+}
+    
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    lrg.export( file )
+ *
+ * Saves the large object to a file.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pglarge_export(obj, filename)
+    VALUE obj, filename;
+{
+    PGlarge *pglarge = get_pglarge(obj);
+
+    Check_Type(filename, T_STRING);
+
+    if (!lo_export(pglarge->pgconn, pglarge->lo_oid, StringValuePtr(filename))){
+        rb_raise(rb_ePGError, PQerrorMessage(pglarge->pgconn));
+    }
+
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    lrg.unlink()
+ *
+ * Deletes the large object.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pglarge_unlink(obj)
+    VALUE obj;
+{
+    PGlarge *pglarge = get_pglarge(obj);
+
+    if (!lo_unlink(pglarge->pgconn,pglarge->lo_oid)) {
+        rb_raise(rb_ePGError, PQerrorMessage(pglarge->pgconn));
+    }
+    DATA_PTR(obj) = 0;
+
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+pgrow_init(self, keys)
+    VALUE self, keys;
+{
+    VALUE args[1] = { LONG2NUM(RARRAY(keys)->len) };
+    rb_call_super(1, args);
+    rb_iv_set(self, "@keys", keys);
+    return self;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+pgrow_keys(self)
+    VALUE self;
+{
+    return rb_iv_get(self, "@keys");
+}
+
+static VALUE
+pgrow_values(self)
+    VALUE self;
+{
+    return self;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+pgrow_aref(argc, argv, self)
+    int argc;
+    VALUE * argv;
+    VALUE self;
+{
+    if (TYPE(argv[0]) == T_STRING) {
+        VALUE keys = pgrow_keys(self);
+        int index = NUM2INT(rb_funcall(keys, rb_intern("index"), 1, argv[0]));
+        return rb_ary_entry(self, index);
+    }
+    else {
+        return rb_call_super(argc, argv);
+    }
+}
+
+static VALUE
+pgrow_each_value(self)
+    VALUE self;
+{
+    rb_ary_each(self);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+pgrow_each_pair(self)
+    VALUE self;
+{
+    VALUE keys = pgrow_keys(self);
+    int i;
+    for (i = 0; i < RARRAY(keys)->len; ++i) {
+        rb_yield(rb_assoc_new(rb_ary_entry(keys, i), rb_ary_entry(self, i)));
+    }
+    return self;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+pgrow_each(self)
+    VALUE self;
+{
+    int arity = NUM2INT(rb_funcall(rb_block_proc(), rb_intern("arity"), 0));
+    if (arity == 2) {
+        pgrow_each_pair(self);
+    }
+    else {
+        pgrow_each_value(self);
+    }
+    return self;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+pgrow_each_key(self)
+    VALUE self;
+{
+    rb_ary_each(pgrow_keys(self));
+}
+
+static VALUE
+pgrow_to_hash(self)
+    VALUE self;
+{
+    VALUE result = rb_hash_new();
+    VALUE keys = pgrow_keys(self);
+    int i;
+    for (i = 0; i < RARRAY(self)->len; ++i) {
+        rb_hash_aset(result, rb_ary_entry(keys, i), rb_ary_entry(self, i));
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+/* Large Object support */
+
+/********************************************************************
+ * 
+ * Document-class: PGconn
+ *
+ * The class to access PostgreSQL database.
+ * All other functionality of libpq save the large object to a file.
+ *
+ * For example, to send query to the database on the localhost:
+ *    require "postgres"
+ *    conn = PGconn.connect("localhost", 5432, "", "", "test1")
+ *    res  = conn.exec("select * from a;")
+ *
+ * See the PGresult class for information on working with the results of a query.
+ */
+
+
+/********************************************************************
+ * 
+ * Document-class: PGresult
+ *
+ * The class to represent the query result tuples (rows). 
+ * An instance of this class is created as the result of every query.
+ * You may need to invoke the #clear method of the instance when finished with
+ * the result for better memory performance.
+ */
+
+
+
+/********************************************************************
+ * 
+ * Document-class: PGlarge
+ *
+ * The class to access large objects.
+ * An instance of this class is created as the  result of
+ * PGconn#lo_import, PGconn#lo_create, and PGconn#lo_open.
+ */
+
+void
+Init_postgres()
+{
+    pg_gsub_bang_id = rb_intern("gsub!");
+    pg_escape_regex = rb_reg_new("([\\t\\n\\\\])", 10, 0);
+    rb_global_variable(&pg_escape_regex);
+    pg_escape_str = rb_str_new("\\\\\\1", 4);
+    rb_global_variable(&pg_escape_str);
+
+    rb_require("bigdecimal");
+    rb_require("date");
+    rb_require("time");
+    rb_cDate = RUBY_CLASS("Date");
+    rb_cDateTime = RUBY_CLASS("DateTime");
+
+    rb_ePGError = rb_define_class("PGError", rb_eStandardError);
+
+    rb_cPGconn = rb_define_class("PGconn", rb_cObject);
+#ifdef HAVE_RB_DEFINE_ALLOC_FUNC
+    rb_define_alloc_func(rb_cPGconn, pgconn_alloc);
+#else
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cPGconn, "new", pgconn_s_new, -1);
+#endif  
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cPGconn, "connect", pgconn_s_connect, -1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cPGconn, "open", pgconn_s_connect, -1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cPGconn, "setdb", pgconn_s_connect, -1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cPGconn, "setdblogin", pgconn_s_connect, -1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cPGconn, "escape", pgconn_s_escape, 1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cPGconn, "quote", pgconn_s_quote, 1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cPGconn, "escape_bytea", pgconn_s_escape_bytea, 1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cPGconn, "unescape_bytea", pgconn_s_unescape_bytea, 1);
+
+    rb_define_const(rb_cPGconn, "CONNECTION_OK", INT2FIX(CONNECTION_OK));
+    rb_define_const(rb_cPGconn, "CONNECTION_BAD", INT2FIX(CONNECTION_BAD));
+
+    rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "initialize", pgconn_init, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "db", pgconn_db, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "host", pgconn_host, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "options", pgconn_options, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "port", pgconn_port, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "tty", pgconn_tty, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "status", pgconn_status, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "error", pgconn_error, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "close", pgconn_close, 0);
+    rb_define_alias(rb_cPGconn, "finish", "close");
+    rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "reset", pgconn_reset, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "user", pgconn_user, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "trace", pgconn_trace, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "untrace", pgconn_untrace, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "exec", pgconn_exec, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "query", pgconn_query, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "async_exec", pgconn_async_exec, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "async_query", pgconn_async_query, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "get_notify", pgconn_get_notify, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "insert_table", pgconn_insert_table, 2);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "putline", pgconn_putline, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "getline", pgconn_getline, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "endcopy", pgconn_endcopy, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "on_notice", pgconn_on_notice, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "transaction_status", pgconn_transaction_status, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "protocol_version", pgconn_protocol_version, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "server_version", pgconn_server_version, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "lastval", pgconn_lastval, 0);
+
+#ifdef HAVE_PQSETCLIENTENCODING
+    rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "client_encoding", pgconn_client_encoding, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "set_client_encoding", pgconn_set_client_encoding, 1);
+#endif
+
+    /* Large Object support */
+    rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "lo_import", pgconn_loimport, 1);
+    rb_define_alias(rb_cPGconn, "loimport", "lo_import");
+    rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "lo_create", pgconn_locreate, -1);
+    rb_define_alias(rb_cPGconn, "locreate", "lo_create");
+    rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "lo_open", pgconn_loopen, -1);
+    rb_define_alias(rb_cPGconn, "loopen", "lo_open");
+    rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "lo_export", pgconn_loexport, 2);
+    rb_define_alias(rb_cPGconn, "loexport", "lo_export");
+    rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "lo_unlink", pgconn_lounlink, 1);
+    rb_define_alias(rb_cPGconn, "lounlink", "lo_unlink");
+    
+    rb_cPGlarge = rb_define_class("PGlarge", rb_cObject);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cPGlarge, "oid",pglarge_oid, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cPGlarge, "open",pglarge_open, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cPGlarge, "close",pglarge_close, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cPGlarge, "read",pglarge_read, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cPGlarge, "write",pglarge_write, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cPGlarge, "seek",pglarge_seek, 2);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cPGlarge, "tell",pglarge_tell, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cPGlarge, "size",pglarge_size, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cPGlarge, "export",pglarge_export, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cPGlarge, "unlink",pglarge_unlink, 0);
+
+    rb_define_const(rb_cPGlarge, "INV_WRITE", INT2FIX(INV_WRITE));
+    rb_define_const(rb_cPGlarge, "INV_READ", INT2FIX(INV_READ));
+    rb_define_const(rb_cPGlarge, "SEEK_SET", INT2FIX(SEEK_SET));
+    rb_define_const(rb_cPGlarge, "SEEK_CUR", INT2FIX(SEEK_CUR));
+    rb_define_const(rb_cPGlarge, "SEEK_END", INT2FIX(SEEK_END));
+    /* Large Object support */
+    
+    rb_cPGresult = rb_define_class("PGresult", rb_cObject);
+    rb_include_module(rb_cPGresult, rb_mEnumerable);
+
+    rb_define_const(rb_cPGresult, "EMPTY_QUERY", INT2FIX(PGRES_EMPTY_QUERY));
+    rb_define_const(rb_cPGresult, "COMMAND_OK", INT2FIX(PGRES_COMMAND_OK));
+    rb_define_const(rb_cPGresult, "TUPLES_OK", INT2FIX(PGRES_TUPLES_OK));
+    rb_define_const(rb_cPGresult, "COPY_OUT", INT2FIX(PGRES_COPY_OUT));
+    rb_define_const(rb_cPGresult, "COPY_IN", INT2FIX(PGRES_COPY_IN));
+    rb_define_const(rb_cPGresult, "BAD_RESPONSE", INT2FIX(PGRES_BAD_RESPONSE));
+    rb_define_const(rb_cPGresult, "NONFATAL_ERROR",INT2FIX(PGRES_NONFATAL_ERROR));
+    rb_define_const(rb_cPGresult, "FATAL_ERROR", INT2FIX(PGRES_FATAL_ERROR));
+
+    rb_define_method(rb_cPGresult, "status", pgresult_status, 0);
+    rb_define_alias(rb_cPGresult, "result", "entries");
+    rb_define_alias(rb_cPGresult, "rows", "entries");
+    rb_define_method(rb_cPGresult, "each", pgresult_each, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cPGresult, "[]", pgresult_aref, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cPGresult, "fields", pgresult_fields, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cPGresult, "num_tuples", pgresult_num_tuples, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cPGresult, "num_fields", pgresult_num_fields, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cPGresult, "fieldname", pgresult_fieldname, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cPGresult, "fieldnum", pgresult_fieldnum, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cPGresult, "type", pgresult_type, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cPGresult, "size", pgresult_size, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cPGresult, "getvalue", pgresult_getvalue, 2);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cPGresult, "getvalue_byname", pgresult_getvalue_byname, 2);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cPGresult, "getlength", pgresult_getlength, 2);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cPGresult, "getisnull", pgresult_getisnull, 2);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cPGresult, "cmdtuples", pgresult_cmdtuples, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cPGresult, "cmdstatus", pgresult_cmdstatus, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cPGresult, "oid", pgresult_oid, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cPGresult, "print", pgresult_print, 2);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cPGresult, "clear", pgresult_clear, 0);
+    rb_define_alias(rb_cPGresult, "close", "clear");
+
+    rb_cPGrow = rb_define_class("PGrow", rb_cArray);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cPGrow, "initialize", pgrow_init, 1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cPGrow, "[]", pgrow_aref, -1);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cPGrow, "keys", pgrow_keys, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cPGrow, "values", pgrow_values, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cPGrow, "each", pgrow_each, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cPGrow, "each_pair", pgrow_each_pair, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cPGrow, "each_key", pgrow_each_key, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cPGrow, "each_value", pgrow_each_value, 0);
+    rb_define_method(rb_cPGrow, "to_hash", pgrow_to_hash, 0); 
+}