ruby-oci8 2.2.10-x64-mingw-ucrt

data/lib/oci8/metadata.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,2148 @@
+# oci8.rb -- implements OCI8::Metadata.
+#
+# Copyright (C) 2006-2013 Kubo Takehiro <kubo@jiubao.org>
+#
+# See {'Describing Schema Metadata' in Oracle Call Interface Programmer's Guide}
+# [http://download-west.oracle.com/docs/cd/B19306_01/appdev.102/b14250/oci06des.htm]
+
+#
+class OCI8
+
+  # OCI8 has methods to obtain information about database objects such
+  # as tables, views, procedures, functions ans so on. The obtained
+  # data are called metadata and retrived as an instance of
+  # OCI8::Metadata::Base's subclass.
+  #
+  # List of methods which return OCI8::Metadata::Base.
+  # * {OCI8#describe_any OCI8#describe_any(object_name)}
+  # * {OCI8#describe_table OCI8#describe_table(table_name, table_only = false)}
+  # * {OCI8#describe_view OCI8#describe_view(view_name)}
+  # * {OCI8#describe_procedure OCI8#describe_procedure(procedure_name)}
+  # * {OCI8#describe_function OCI8#describe_function(function_name)}
+  # * {OCI8#describe_package OCI8#describe_package(package_name)}
+  # * {OCI8#describe_type OCI8#describe_type(type_name)}
+  # * {OCI8#describe_synonym OCI8#describe_synonym(synonym_name, check_public_also = true)}
+  # * {OCI8#describe_sequence OCI8#describe_sequence(sequence_name)}
+  # * {OCI8#describe_schema OCI8#describe_schema(schema_name)}
+  # * {OCI8#describe_database OCI8#describe_database(database_name)}
+  # * {OCI8::Metadata::Type#map_method OCI8::Metadata::Type#map_method}
+  # * {OCI8::Metadata::Type#order_method OCI8::Metadata::Type#order_method}
+  # * {OCI8::Metadata::Type#collection_element OCI8::Metadata::Type#collection_element}
+  #
+  # List of methods which return an array of OCI8::Metadata::Base.
+  # * {OCI8::Cursor#column_metadata OCI8::Cursor#column_metadata}
+  # * {OCI8::Metadata::Database#schemas OCI8::Metadata::Database#schemas}
+  # * {OCI8::Metadata::Schema#all_objects OCI8::Metadata::Schema#all_objects}
+  # * {OCI8::Metadata::Schema#objects OCI8::Metadata::Schema#objects}
+  # * {OCI8::Metadata::Table#columns OCI8::Metadata::Table#columns}
+  # * {OCI8::Metadata::Package#subprograms OCI8::Metadata::Package#subprograms}
+  # * {OCI8::Metadata::Subprogram#arguments OCI8::Metadata::Procedure#arguments}
+  # * {OCI8::Metadata::Subprogram#arguments OCI8::Metadata::Function#arguments}
+  # * {OCI8::Metadata::Type#type_attrs OCI8::Metadata::Type#type_attrs}
+  # * {OCI8::Metadata::Type#type_methods OCI8::Metadata::Type#type_methods}
+  # * {OCI8::Metadata::TypeMethod#arguments OCI8::Metadata::TypeMethod#arguments}
+  #
+  # Example:
+  #   conn = OCI8.new('username/passord')
+  #   table = conn.describe_table('scott.emp')
+  #   table.columns.each do |col|
+  #     puts "#{col.name} #{col.data_type_string}"
+  #   end
+  module Metadata
+    # Abstract super class of Metadata classes.
+    class Base
+      # Table 6-1 Attributes Belonging to All Parameters
+
+      # Returns the number of parameters.
+      def num_params
+        attr_get_ub2(OCI_ATTR_NUM_PARAMS)
+      end
+      private :num_params
+
+      # Returns the object ID which corresponds to the data dictionary
+      # view column ALL_OBJECTS.OBJECT_ID.
+      #
+      # @return [Integer or nil]
+      def obj_id
+        attr_get_ub4(OCI_ATTR_OBJ_ID, false)
+      end
+
+      # Returns the object name which corresponds to the data dictionary view column ALL_OBJECTS.OBJECT_NAME.
+      #
+      # @return [String or nil] object name
+      def obj_name
+        attr_get_string(OCI_ATTR_OBJ_NAME, false)
+      end
+
+      # Returns the schema name which corresponds to the data dictionary view column ALL_OBJECTS.OWNER.
+      #
+      # @return [String or nil] schema name
+      def obj_schema
+        attr_get_string(OCI_ATTR_OBJ_SCHEMA, false)
+      end
+
+      # The timestamp of the object
+      #-
+      # As far as I checked, it is current timestamp, not the object's timestamp. Why?
+      #+
+      #def timestamp
+      #  attr_get_oradate(OCI_ATTR_TIMESTAMP)
+      #end
+
+      # Returns the database link name if the object is at the remote host.
+      # Note that this is available only when the object is returned by OCI8#describe_* methods.
+      #
+      # @return [String or nil] database link name
+      # @since 2.1.7
+      def obj_link
+        @obj_link
+      end
+
+      # @private
+      def inspect
+        "#<#{self.class.name}:(#{obj_id}) #{obj_schema}.#{obj_name}>"
+      end
+      private
+
+      def __boolean(idx)
+        attr_get_ub1(idx) == 0 ? false : true
+      end
+      alias __word attr_get_sb4
+      def __anydata(idx); raise NotImplementedError; end
+
+      # Mapping from SQLT values to names
+      # @private
+      DATA_TYPE_MAP = {}
+
+      # SQLT_CHR
+      DATA_TYPE_MAP[1] = [:varchar2,
+                          Proc.new do |p|
+                            if p.charset_form == :nchar
+                              "NVARCHAR2(#{p.char_size})"
+                            elsif p.respond_to?(:char_used?) && p.char_used?
+                              "VARCHAR2(#{p.char_size} CHAR)"
+                            else
+                              "VARCHAR2(#{p.data_size})"
+                            end
+                          end]
+      # SQLT_NUM
+      DATA_TYPE_MAP[2] = [:number,
+                          Proc.new do |p|
+                            begin
+                              case p.scale
+                              when -127
+                                case p.precision
+                                when 0
+                                  "NUMBER"
+                                when 126
+                                  "FLOAT"
+                                else
+                                  "FLOAT(#{p.precision})"
+                                end
+                              when 0
+                                case p.precision
+                                when 0
+                                  "NUMBER"
+                                else
+                                  "NUMBER(#{p.precision})"
+                                end
+                              else
+                                "NUMBER(#{p.precision},#{p.scale})"
+                              end
+                            rescue OCIError
+                              "NUMBER"
+                            end
+                          end]
+      # SQLT_LNG
+      DATA_TYPE_MAP[8] = [:long, "LONG"]
+      # SQLT_DAT
+      DATA_TYPE_MAP[12] = [:date, "DATE"]
+      # SQLT_BIN
+      DATA_TYPE_MAP[23] = [:raw,
+                           Proc.new do |p|
+                             "RAW(#{p.data_size})"
+                           end]
+      # SQLT_LBI
+      DATA_TYPE_MAP[24] = [:long_raw, "LONG RAW"]
+      # SQLT_AFC
+      DATA_TYPE_MAP[96] = [:char,
+                           Proc.new do |p|
+                             if p.charset_form == :nchar
+                               "NCHAR(#{p.char_size})"
+                             elsif p.char_used?
+                               "CHAR(#{p.char_size} CHAR)"
+                             else
+                               "CHAR(#{p.data_size})"
+                             end
+                           end]
+      # SQLT_IBFLOAT
+      DATA_TYPE_MAP[100] = [:binary_float, "BINARY_FLOAT"]
+      # SQLT_IBDOUBLE
+      DATA_TYPE_MAP[101] = [:binary_double, "BINARY_DOUBLE"]
+      # SQLT_RDD
+      DATA_TYPE_MAP[104] = [:rowid, "ROWID"]
+      # SQLT_NTY
+      DATA_TYPE_MAP[108] = [:named_type,
+                            Proc.new do |p|
+                              "#{p.schema_name}.#{p.type_name}"
+                            end]
+      # SQLT_REF
+      DATA_TYPE_MAP[110] = [:ref,
+                            Proc.new do |p|
+                              "REF #{p.schema_name}.#{p.type_name}"
+                            end]
+      # SQLT_CLOB
+      DATA_TYPE_MAP[112] = [:clob,
+                            Proc.new do |p|
+                              if p.charset_form == :nchar
+                                "NCLOB"
+                              else
+                                "CLOB"
+                              end
+                            end]
+      # SQLT_BLOB
+      DATA_TYPE_MAP[113] = [:blob, "BLOB"]
+      # SQLT_BFILE
+      DATA_TYPE_MAP[114] = [:bfile, "BFILE"]
+      # SQLT_RSET
+      DATA_TYPE_MAP[116] = [:cursor, "CURSOR"]
+      # SQLT_TIMESTAMP
+      DATA_TYPE_MAP[187] = [:timestamp,
+                            Proc.new do |p|
+                              fsprecision = p.fsprecision
+                              if fsprecision == 6
+                                "TIMESTAMP"
+                              else
+                                "TIMESTAMP(#{fsprecision})"
+                              end
+                            end]
+      # SQLT_TIMESTAMP_TZ
+      DATA_TYPE_MAP[188] = [:timestamp_tz,
+                            Proc.new do |p|
+                              fsprecision = p.fsprecision
+                              if fsprecision == 6
+                                "TIMESTAMP WITH TIME ZONE"
+                              else
+                                "TIMESTAMP(#{fsprecision}) WITH TIME ZONE"
+                              end
+                            end]
+      # SQLT_INTERVAL_YM
+      DATA_TYPE_MAP[189] = [:interval_ym,
+                            Proc.new do |p|
+                              lfprecision = p.lfprecision
+                              if lfprecision == 2
+                                "INTERVAL YEAR TO MONTH"
+                              else
+                                "INTERVAL YEAR(#{lfprecision}) TO MONTH"
+                              end
+                            end]
+      # SQLT_INTERVAL_DS
+      DATA_TYPE_MAP[190] = [:interval_ds,
+                            Proc.new do |p|
+                              lfprecision = p.lfprecision
+                              fsprecision = p.fsprecision
+                              if lfprecision == 2 && fsprecision == 6
+                                "INTERVAL DAY TO SECOND"
+                              else
+                                "INTERVAL DAY(#{lfprecision}) TO SECOND(#{fsprecision})"
+                              end
+                            end]
+      # SQLT_TIMESTAMP_LTZ
+      DATA_TYPE_MAP[232] = [:timestamp_ltz,
+                            Proc.new do |p|
+                              fsprecision = p.fsprecision
+                              if fsprecision == 6
+                                "TIMESTAMP WITH LOCAL TIME ZONE"
+                              else
+                                "TIMESTAMP(#{fsprecision}) WITH LOCAL TIME ZONE"
+                              end
+                            end]
+      DATA_TYPE_MAP[245] = [:record,
+                            Proc.new do |p|
+                              "#{p.schema_name}.#{p.type_name}"
+                            end]
+      DATA_TYPE_MAP[252] = [:boolean, "BOOLEAN"]
+      DATA_TYPE_MAP[266] = [:pls_integer, "PLS_INTEGER"]
+
+      def __data_type # :nodoc:
+        return @data_type if defined? @data_type
+        entry = DATA_TYPE_MAP[attr_get_ub2(OCI_ATTR_DATA_TYPE)]
+        type = entry.nil? ? attr_get_ub2(OCI_ATTR_DATA_TYPE) : entry[0]
+        type = type.call(self) if type.is_a? Proc
+        @data_type = type
+      end
+
+      def __duration # :nodoc:
+        case attr_get_ub2(OCI_ATTR_DURATION)
+        when OCI_DURATION_SESSION
+          :session
+        when OCI_DURATION_TRANS
+          :transaction
+        when OCI_DURATION_NULL
+          nil
+        end
+      end
+
+      def __charset_form # :nodoc:
+        case attr_get_ub1(OCI_ATTR_CHARSET_FORM)
+        when 1; :implicit # for CHAR, VARCHAR2, CLOB w/o a specified set
+        when 2; :nchar    # for NCHAR, NCHAR VARYING, NCLOB
+        when 3; :explicit # for CHAR, etc, with "CHARACTER SET ..." syntax
+        when 4; :flexible # for PL/SQL "flexible" parameters
+        when 5; :lit_null # for typecheck of NULL and empty_clob() lits
+        end
+      end
+
+      def __data_type_string # :nodoc:
+        entry = DATA_TYPE_MAP[attr_get_ub2(OCI_ATTR_DATA_TYPE)]
+        type = entry.nil? ? "unknown(#{attr_get_ub2(OCI_ATTR_DATA_TYPE)})" : entry[1]
+        type = type.call(self) if type.is_a? Proc
+        if respond_to?(:nullable?) && !nullable?
+          type + " NOT NULL"
+        else
+          type
+        end
+      end
+
+      def __typecode(idx) # :nodoc:
+        case attr_get_ub2(idx)
+        when 110; :ref         # OCI_TYPECODE_REF
+        when  12; :date        # OCI_TYPECODE_DATE
+        when  27; :signed8     # OCI_TYPECODE_SIGNED8
+        when  28; :signed16    # OCI_TYPECODE_SIGNED16
+        when  29; :signed32    # OCI_TYPECODE_SIGNED32
+        when  21; :real        # OCI_TYPECODE_REAL
+        when  22; :double      # OCI_TYPECODE_DOUBLE
+        when 100; :binary_float  # OCI_TYPECODE_BFLOAT
+        when 101; :binary_double # OCI_TYPECODE_BDOUBLE
+        when   4; :float       # OCI_TYPECODE_FLOAT
+        when   2; :number      # OCI_TYPECODE_NUMBER
+        when   7; :decimal     # OCI_TYPECODE_DECIMAL
+        when  23; :unsigned8   # OCI_TYPECODE_UNSIGNED8
+        when  25; :unsigned16  # OCI_TYPECODE_UNSIGNED16
+        when  26; :unsigned32  # OCI_TYPECODE_UNSIGNED32
+        when 245; :octet       # OCI_TYPECODE_OCTET
+        when 246; :smallint    # OCI_TYPECODE_SMALLINT
+        when   3; :integer     # OCI_TYPECODE_INTEGER
+        when  95; :raw         # OCI_TYPECODE_RAW
+        when  32; :ptr         # OCI_TYPECODE_PTR
+        when   9; :varchar2    # OCI_TYPECODE_VARCHAR2
+        when  96; :char        # OCI_TYPECODE_CHAR
+        when   1; :varchar     # OCI_TYPECODE_VARCHAR
+        when 105; :mlslabel    # OCI_TYPECODE_MLSLABEL
+        when 247; :varray      # OCI_TYPECODE_VARRAY
+        when 248; :table       # OCI_TYPECODE_TABLE
+        when 108; :named_type  # OCI_TYPECODE_OBJECT
+        when  58; :opaque      # OCI_TYPECODE_OPAQUE
+        when 122; :named_collection # OCI_TYPECODE_NAMEDCOLLECTION
+        when 113; :blob        # OCI_TYPECODE_BLOB
+        when 114; :bfile       # OCI_TYPECODE_BFILE
+        when 112; :clob        # OCI_TYPECODE_CLOB
+        when 115; :cfile       # OCI_TYPECODE_CFILE
+        when 185; :time        # OCI_TYPECODE_TIME
+        when 186; :time_tz     # OCI_TYPECODE_TIME_TZ
+        when 187; :timestamp   # OCI_TYPECODE_TIMESTAMP
+        when 188; :timestamp_tz # OCI_TYPECODE_TIMESTAMP_TZ
+        when 232; :timestamp_ltz # OCI_TYPECODE_TIMESTAMP_LTZ
+        when 189; :interval_ym # OCI_TYPECODE_INTERVAL_YM
+        when 190; :interval_ds # OCI_TYPECODE_INTERVAL_DS
+        when 104; :urowid      # OCI_TYPECODE_UROWID
+        #when 228; :otmfirst   # OCI_TYPECODE_OTMFIRST
+        #when 320; :otmlast    # OCI_TYPECODE_OTMLAST
+        #when 228; :sysfirst   # OCI_TYPECODE_SYSFIRST
+        #when 235; :syslast    # OCI_TYPECODE_SYSLAST
+        when 266; :pls_integer # OCI_TYPECODE_PLS_INTEGER
+        when 250; :record      # OCI_TYPECODE_RECORD
+        when 251; :itable      # OCI_TYPECODE_ITABLE
+        when 252; :boolean     # OCI_TYPECODE_BOOLEAN
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Information about database objects which cannot be classified
+    # into other metadata classes.
+    #
+    # An instance of this class is returned by:
+    # * {OCI8::Metadata::Schema#all_objects OCI8::Metadata::Schema#all_objects}
+    class Unknown < Base
+      register_ptype OCI_PTYPE_UNK
+    end
+
+    # Information about tables
+    #
+    # An instance of this class is returned by:
+    # * {OCI8#describe_any OCI8#describe_any(name)}
+    # * {OCI8#describe_table OCI8#describe_table(name)}
+    # * {OCI8::Metadata::Schema#all_objects OCI8::Metadata::Schema#all_objects}
+    # * {OCI8::Metadata::Schema#objects OCI8::Metadata::Schema#objects}
+    class Table < Base
+      register_ptype OCI_PTYPE_TABLE
+
+      ## Table 6-2 Attributes Belonging to Tables or Views
+
+      # Returns number of columns
+      #
+      # @return [Integer]
+      def num_cols
+        attr_get_ub2(OCI_ATTR_NUM_COLS)
+      end
+
+      # column list
+      def list_columns # :nodoc:
+        __param(OCI_ATTR_LIST_COLUMNS)
+      end
+      private :list_columns
+
+      # Retruns an instance of OCI8::Metadata::Type if the table is an
+      # {object table}[http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B28359_01/appdev.111/b28371/adobjint.htm#sthref61].
+      # Otherwise, +nil+.
+      #
+      # @return [OCI8::Metadata::Type or nil]
+      def type_metadata
+        __type_metadata(OCI8::Metadata::Type) if is_typed?
+      end
+
+      # Returns +true+ if the table is a
+      # {temporary table}[http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B28359_01/server.111/b28318/schema.htm#i16096].
+      # Otherwise, +false+.
+      def is_temporary?
+        attr_get_ub1(OCI_ATTR_IS_TEMPORARY) != 0
+      end
+
+      # Returns +true+ if the table is a object table. Otherwise, +false+.
+      def is_typed?
+        attr_get_ub1(OCI_ATTR_IS_TYPED) != 0
+      end
+
+      # Retruns +:transaction+ if the table is a
+      # {transaction-specific temporary table}[http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B28359_01/server.111/b28286/statements_7002.htm#i2189569].
+      # +:session+ if it is a
+      # {session-specific temporary table}[http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B28359_01/server.111/b28286/statements_7002.htm#i2189569].
+      # Otherwise, +nil+.
+      #
+      # @return [:transaction, :session or nil]
+      def duration
+        __duration
+      end
+
+      ## Table 6-3 Attributes Specific to Tables
+
+      # Returns a Data Block Address(DBA) of the segment header.
+      #
+      # The dba is converted to the file number and the block number
+      # by DBMS_UTILITY.DATA_BLOCK_ADDRESS_FILE and
+      # DBMS_UTILITY.DATA_BLOCK_ADDRESS_BLOCK respectively.
+      #
+      # @return [Integer]
+      def dba
+        attr_get_ub4(OCI_ATTR_RDBA)
+      end
+
+      # Returns a tablespace number the table resides in.
+      #
+      # @return [Integer]
+      def tablespace
+        __word(OCI_ATTR_TABLESPACE)
+      end
+
+      # Returns +true+ if the table is part of a 
+      # cluster[http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B28359_01/server.111/b28318/schema.htm#CNCPT608].
+      # Otherwise, +false+.
+      def clustered?
+        attr_get_ub1(OCI_ATTR_CLUSTERED) != 0
+      end
+
+      # Returns +true+ if the table is a
+      # {partitioned table}[http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B28359_01/server.111/b28318/partconc.htm#i449863].
+      # Otherwise, +false+.
+      def partitioned?
+        attr_get_ub1(OCI_ATTR_PARTITIONED) != 0
+      end
+
+      # Returns +true+ if the table is an
+      # {index-organized table}[http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B28359_01/server.111/b28318/schema.htm#i23877]
+      # Otherwise, +false+.
+      def index_only?
+        attr_get_ub1(OCI_ATTR_INDEX_ONLY) != 0
+      end
+
+      # Returns column information of the table.
+      #
+      # @return [array of OCI8::Metadata::Column]
+      def columns
+        @columns ||= list_columns.to_a
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Information about views
+    #
+    # An instance of this class is returned by:
+    # * {OCI8#describe_any OCI8#describe_any(name)}
+    # * {OCI8#describe_table OCI8#describe_table(name, false)}
+    # * {OCI8#describe_view OCI8#describe_view(name)}
+    # * {OCI8::Metadata::Schema#all_objects OCI8::Metadata::Schema#all_objects}
+    # * {OCI8::Metadata::Schema#objects OCI8::Metadata::Schema#objects}
+    class View < Base
+      register_ptype OCI_PTYPE_VIEW
+
+      ## Table 6-2 Attributes Belonging to Tables or Views
+
+      # Returns number of columns
+      #
+      # @return [Integer]
+      def num_cols
+        attr_get_ub2(OCI_ATTR_NUM_COLS)
+      end
+
+      # column list
+      def list_columns # :nodoc:
+        __param(OCI_ATTR_LIST_COLUMNS)
+      end
+      private :list_columns
+
+      # This does't work for view.
+      #def type_metadata
+      #  __type_metadata(OCI8::Metadata::Type)
+      #end
+
+      # This does't work for view.
+      #def is_temporary?
+      #  attr_get_ub1(OCI_ATTR_IS_TEMPORARY) != 0
+      #end
+
+      # This does't work for view.
+      #def is_typed?
+      #  attr_get_ub1(OCI_ATTR_IS_TYPED) != 0
+      #end
+
+      # This does't work for view.
+      #def duration
+      #  __duration
+      #end
+
+      # Returns column information of the view.
+      #
+      # @return [array of OCI8::Metadata::Column]
+      def columns
+        @columns ||= list_columns.to_a
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Information about PL/SQL subprograms
+    #
+    # A PL/SQL subprogram is a named PL/SQL block that can be invoked
+    # with a set of parameters. A subprogram can be either a procedure
+    # or a function.
+    #
+    # This is the abstract base class of {OCI8::Metadata::Procedure OCI8::Metadata::Procedure} and
+    # {OCI8::Metadata::Function OCI8::Metadata::Function}.
+    class Subprogram < Base
+      ## Table 6-4 Attribute Belonging to Procedures or Functions
+
+      # Argument list
+      def list_arguments # :nodoc:
+        __param(OCI_ATTR_LIST_ARGUMENTS)
+      end
+      private :list_arguments
+
+      def obj_id # :nodoc:
+        super if is_standalone?
+      end
+
+      def obj_name # :nodoc:
+        is_standalone? ? super : attr_get_string(OCI_ATTR_NAME)
+      end
+
+      def obj_schema # :nodoc:
+        super if is_standalone?
+      end
+
+      # Returns +true+ if the subprogram has
+      # {invoker's rights}[http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B28359_01/appdev.111/b28370/subprograms.htm#i18574].
+      # Otherwise, +false+.
+      def is_invoker_rights?
+        attr_get_ub1(OCI_ATTR_IS_INVOKER_RIGHTS) != 0
+      end
+
+      ## Table 6-5 Attributes Specific to Package Subprograms
+
+      # name of the subprogram
+      #
+      #def name
+      #  attr_get_string(OCI_ATTR_NAME)
+      #end
+      alias name obj_name # :nodoc: for backward compatibility
+
+      # Returns +nil+ for a standalone stored subprogram,
+      # positive integer for an
+      # {overloaded packaged subprogram}[http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B28359_01/appdev.111/b28370/subprograms.htm#i12352],
+      # otherwise zero.
+      #
+      # @return [Integer or nil]
+      def overload_id
+        attr_get_ub2(OCI_ATTR_OVERLOAD_ID) unless is_standalone?
+      end
+
+      # Returns argument information of the subprogram.
+      # If it is a function, the first array element is information of its return type.
+      #
+      # @return [array of OCI8::Metadata::Argument]
+      def arguments
+        @arguments ||= list_arguments.to_a
+      end
+
+      # Returns +true+ if the subprogram is standalone, +false+
+      # if packaged.
+      def is_standalone?
+        @is_standalone = true unless defined? @is_standalone
+        @is_standalone
+      end
+
+      # @private
+      def inspect
+        "#<#{self.class.name}: #{name}>"
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Information about procedures
+    #
+    # An instance of this class is returned by:
+    # * OCI8#describe_any(name)
+    # * OCI8#describe_procedure(name)
+    # * OCI8::Metadata::Schema#all_objects
+    # * OCI8::Metadata::Schema#objects
+    # * OCI8::Metadata::Package#subprograms
+    #
+    # See OCI8::Metadata::Subprogram.
+    class Procedure < Subprogram
+      register_ptype OCI_PTYPE_PROC
+    end
+
+    # Information about functions
+    #
+    # An instance of this class is returned by:
+    # * OCI8#describe_any(name)
+    # * OCI8#describe_function(name)
+    # * OCI8::Metadata::Schema#all_objects
+    # * OCI8::Metadata::Schema#objects
+    # * OCI8::Metadata::Package#subprograms
+    #
+    # See OCI8::Metadata::Subprogram.
+    class Function < Subprogram
+      register_ptype OCI_PTYPE_FUNC
+    end
+
+    # Information about packages.
+    #
+    # An instance of this class is returned by:
+    # * OCI8#describe_any(name)
+    # * OCI8#describe_package(name)
+    # * OCI8::Metadata::Schema#all_objects
+    # * OCI8::Metadata::Schema#objects
+    class Package < Base
+      register_ptype OCI_PTYPE_PKG
+
+      ## Table 6-6 Attributes Belonging to Packages
+
+      # subprogram list
+      def list_subprograms # :nodoc:
+        __param(OCI_ATTR_LIST_SUBPROGRAMS)
+      end
+      private :list_subprograms
+
+      # package type list
+      def list_types # :nodoc:
+        __param(137) # OCI_ATTR_LIST_PKG_TYPES
+      end
+      private :list_types
+
+      # Returns +true+ if the package subprograms have
+      # {invoker's rights}[http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B28359_01/appdev.111/b28370/subprograms.htm#i18574].
+      # Otherwise, +false+.
+      def is_invoker_rights?
+        attr_get_ub1(OCI_ATTR_IS_INVOKER_RIGHTS) != 0
+      end
+
+      # Returns an array of Function and Procedure defined within the Package.
+      #
+      # @return [array of OCI8::Metadata::Function and OCI8::Metadata::Procedure]
+      def subprograms
+        @subprograms ||= list_subprograms.to_a.each do |prog|
+          prog.instance_variable_set(:@is_standalone, false)
+        end
+      end
+
+      if OCI8.oracle_client_version < ORAVER_12_1
+        def types
+          raise "This version of the Oracle client does not support PL/SQL package type descriptions."
+        end
+      else
+        # Returns an array of types defined within the Package.
+        #
+        # @return [array of OCI8::Metadata::Type]
+        # @since 2.1.6
+        def types
+          @types ||= list_types.to_a.each do |type|
+            type.instance_variable_set(:@is_standalone, false)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Information about types
+    #
+    # An instance of this class is returned by:
+    # * OCI8#describe_any(name)
+    # * OCI8#describe_type(name)
+    # * OCI8::Metadata::Schema#all_objects
+    # * OCI8::Metadata::Schema#objects
+    class Type < Base
+      register_ptype OCI_PTYPE_TYPE
+
+      ## Table 6-7 Attributes Belonging to Types
+
+      # to type metadata if possible
+      def type_metadata
+        self
+      end
+
+      # Returns +:named_type+ if the type is an object type,
+      # +:named_collection+ if it is a nested table or a varray.
+      #
+      # @return [:named_type or :named_collection]
+      def typecode
+        __typecode(OCI_ATTR_TYPECODE)
+      end
+
+      # Returns +:table+ if the type is a nested table,
+      # +:varray+ if it is a varray. Otherwise, +nil+.
+      #
+      # @return [:table, :varray or nil]
+      def collection_typecode
+        __typecode(OCI_ATTR_COLLECTION_TYPECODE) if typecode == :named_collection
+      end
+
+      # Returns +true+ if the type is an
+      # {incomplete type}[http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B28359_01/appdev.111/b28371/adobjmng.htm#i1003083],
+      # which is used for {forward declaration}[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_declaration].
+      # Otherwise, +false+.
+      def is_incomplete_type?
+        attr_get_ub1(OCI_ATTR_IS_INCOMPLETE_TYPE) != 0
+      end
+
+      # Always returns +false+ because there is no way to create
+      # a type metadata object for a system type such as +NUMBER+,
+      # +CHAR+ and +VARCHAR+.
+      def is_system_type? # :nodoc:
+        attr_get_ub1(OCI_ATTR_IS_SYSTEM_TYPE) != 0
+      end
+
+      # Always returns +false+.
+      #--
+      # I don't know the definition of predefined type...
+      def is_predefined_type? # :nodoc:
+        attr_get_ub1(OCI_ATTR_IS_PREDEFINED_TYPE) != 0
+      end
+
+      # Always returns +false+ because there is no way to create
+      # a type metadata object for a transient type, which is a type
+      # dynamically created by C API.
+      def is_transient_type? # :nodoc:
+        attr_get_ub1(OCI_ATTR_IS_TRANSIENT_TYPE) != 0
+      end
+
+      # Always returns +false+.
+      #--
+      # I don't know the definition of system generated type.
+      # What is different with system type and predefined type.
+      def is_system_generated_type? # :nodoc:
+        attr_get_ub1(OCI_ATTR_IS_SYSTEM_GENERATED_TYPE) != 0
+      end
+
+      # Returns +true+ if the type is a nested table or
+      # has a nested table attribute.
+      # Otherwise, +false+.
+      def has_nested_table?
+        attr_get_ub1(OCI_ATTR_HAS_NESTED_TABLE) != 0
+      end
+
+      # Returns +true+ if the type has a CLOB, NCLOB or BLOB
+      # attribute.
+      # Otherwise, +false+.
+      def has_lob?
+        attr_get_ub1(OCI_ATTR_HAS_LOB) != 0
+      end
+
+      # Returns +true+ if the type has a BFILE attribute.
+      # Otherwise, +false+.
+      def has_file?
+        attr_get_ub1(OCI_ATTR_HAS_FILE) != 0
+      end
+
+      # Returns element information of the collection type if the type is a nested
+      # table or a varray.
+      # Otherwise, +nil+.
+      #
+      # @return [OCI8::Metadata::Collection or nil]
+      def collection_element
+        __param(OCI_ATTR_COLLECTION_ELEMENT) if typecode == :named_collection
+      end
+
+      # Returns number of type attributes.
+      #
+      # @return [Integer]
+      def num_type_attrs
+        attr_get_ub2(OCI_ATTR_NUM_TYPE_ATTRS)
+      end
+
+      # list of type attributes
+      def list_type_attrs # :nodoc:
+        __param(OCI_ATTR_LIST_TYPE_ATTRS)
+      end
+      private :list_type_attrs
+
+      # Returns number of type methods.
+      #
+      # @return [Integer]
+      def num_type_methods
+        attr_get_ub2(OCI_ATTR_NUM_TYPE_METHODS)
+      end
+
+      # list of type methods
+      def list_type_methods # :nodoc:
+        __param(OCI_ATTR_LIST_TYPE_METHODS)
+      end
+      private :list_type_methods
+
+      # Returns information of the
+      # {map method}[http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B28359_01/appdev.111/b28371/adobjbas.htm#sthref180]
+      # if it is defined in the type. Otherwise, +nil+.
+      #
+      # @return [OCI8::Metadata::TypeMethod or nil]
+      def map_method
+        __param(OCI_ATTR_MAP_METHOD)
+      end
+
+      # Returns information of the
+      # {order method}[http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B28359_01/appdev.111/b28371/adobjbas.htm#sthref185]
+      # if it is defined in the type. Otherwise, +nil+.
+      #
+      # @return [OCI8::Metadata::TypeMethod or nil]
+      def order_method
+        __param(OCI_ATTR_ORDER_METHOD)
+      end
+
+      # Returns +true+ if the type has
+      # {invoker's rights}[http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B28359_01/appdev.111/appdev.111/b28371/adobjdes.htm#ADOBJ00810].
+      # Otherwise, +false+.
+      def is_invoker_rights?
+        attr_get_ub1(OCI_ATTR_IS_INVOKER_RIGHTS) != 0
+      end
+
+      # Returns the type name.
+      #
+      # @return [String]
+      def name
+        attr_get_string(OCI_ATTR_NAME)
+      end
+
+      # Returns the schema name where the type has been created.
+      #
+      # @return [String]
+      def schema_name
+        attr_get_string(OCI_ATTR_SCHEMA_NAME)
+      end
+
+      # Returns +true+ if the type is a
+      # {final type}[http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B28359_01/appdev.111/b28371/adobjbas.htm#CIHFBHFC];
+      # in other words, subtypes cannot be derived from the type.
+      # Otherwise, +false+.
+      def is_final_type?
+        attr_get_ub1(OCI_ATTR_IS_FINAL_TYPE) != 0
+      end
+
+      # Returns +true+ if the type is not declared without
+      # {<tt>NOT INSTANTIABLE</tt>}[http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B28359_01/appdev.111/b28371/adobjbas.htm#i456586].
+      # Otherwise, +false+.
+      def is_instantiable_type?
+        attr_get_ub1(OCI_ATTR_IS_INSTANTIABLE_TYPE) != 0
+      end
+
+      # Returns +true+ if the type is a
+      # {subtype}[http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B28359_01/appdev.111/b28371/adobjbas.htm#BCFJJADG].
+      # Otherwise, +false+.
+      def is_subtype?
+        attr_get_ub1(OCI_ATTR_IS_SUBTYPE) != 0
+      end
+
+      # Returns the supertype's schema name if the type is a subtype.
+      # Otherwise, +nil+.
+      #
+      # @return [String or nil]
+      def supertype_schema_name
+        attr_get_string(OCI_ATTR_SUPERTYPE_SCHEMA_NAME) if is_subtype?
+      end
+
+      # Returns the supertype's name if the type is a subtype.
+      # Otherwise, +nil+.
+      #
+      # @return [String or nil]
+      def supertype_name
+        attr_get_string(OCI_ATTR_SUPERTYPE_NAME) if is_subtype?
+      end
+
+      # Returns the package name if the type is a package type.
+      # Otherwise, +nil+.
+      #
+      # @return [String or nil]
+      # @since 2.1.6
+      def package_name
+        attr_get_string(12, false) # OCI_ATTR_PACKAGE_NAME
+      end
+
+      # Returns attribute information of the type.
+      #
+      # @return [array of OCI8::Metadata::TypeAttr]
+      def type_attrs
+        @type_attrs ||= list_type_attrs.to_a
+      end
+
+      # Returns method information of the type.
+      #
+      # @return [array of OCI8::Metadata::TypeMethod]
+      def type_methods
+        @type_methods ||= list_type_methods.to_a
+      end
+
+      def inspect # :nodoc:
+        "#<#{self.class.name}:(#{obj_id}) #{schema_name}.#{name}>"
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Metadata for a type attribute.
+    #
+    # This is returned by:
+    # * OCI8::Metadata::Type#type_attrs
+    class TypeAttr < Base
+      register_ptype OCI_PTYPE_TYPE_ATTR
+
+      ## Table 6-8 Attributes Belonging to Type Attributes
+
+      # The maximum size of the type attribute. This length is
+      # returned in bytes and not characters for strings and raws. It
+      # returns 22 for NUMBERs.
+      def data_size
+        attr_get_ub2(OCI_ATTR_DATA_SIZE)
+      end
+
+      # typecode
+      def typecode
+        __typecode(OCI_ATTR_TYPECODE)
+      end
+
+      # the datatype of the type
+      def data_type
+        __data_type
+      end
+
+      # the type attribute name
+      def name
+        attr_get_string(OCI_ATTR_NAME)
+      end
+
+      # The precision of numeric type attributes. If the precision is
+      # nonzero and scale is -127, then it is a FLOAT, else it is a
+      # NUMBER(precision, scale). For the case when precision is 0,
+      # NUMBER(precision, scale) can be represented simply as NUMBER.
+      def precision
+        __is_implicit? ? attr_get_sb2(OCI_ATTR_PRECISION) : attr_get_ub1(OCI_ATTR_PRECISION)
+      end
+
+      # The scale of numeric type attributes. If the precision is
+      # nonzero and scale is -127, then it is a FLOAT, else it is a
+      # NUMBER(precision, scale). For the case when precision is 0,
+      # NUMBER(precision, scale) can be represented simply as NUMBER.
+      def scale
+        attr_get_sb1(OCI_ATTR_SCALE)
+      end
+
+      # A string which is the type name. The returned value will
+      # contain the type name if the datatype is <tt>:named_type</tt>
+      # or <tt>:ref</tt>. If the datatype is <tt>:named_type</tt>, the
+      # name of the named datatype's type is returned. If the datatype
+      # is <tt>:ref</tt>, the type name of the named datatype pointed
+      # to by the REF is returned.
+      def type_name
+        attr_get_string(OCI_ATTR_TYPE_NAME)
+      end
+
+      # schema name where the type has been created.
+      def schema_name
+        attr_get_string(OCI_ATTR_SCHEMA_NAME)
+      end
+
+      # to type metadata if possible
+      def type_metadata
+        __type_metadata(OCI8::Metadata::Type)
+      end
+
+      # character set id if the type attribute is of a string/character type.
+      def charset_id
+        attr_get_ub2(OCI_ATTR_CHARSET_ID)
+      end
+
+      # character set form, if the type attribute is of a string/character type.
+      def charset_form
+        __charset_form
+      end
+
+      # The fractional seconds precision of a datetime or interval.
+      def fsprecision
+        attr_get_ub1(OCI_ATTR_FSPRECISION)
+      end
+
+      # The leading field precision of an interval
+      def lfprecision
+        attr_get_ub1(OCI_ATTR_LFPRECISION)
+      end
+
+      # character set name if the type attribute is of a string/character type.
+      def charset_name
+        __con.charset_id2name(charset_id)
+      end
+
+      def inspect # :nodoc:
+        "#<#{self.class.name}: #{name} #{__data_type_string}>"
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Metadata for a type method.
+    #
+    # This is returned by:
+    # * OCI8::Metadata::Type#type_methods
+    # * OCI8::Metadata::Type#map_method
+    # * OCI8::Metadata::Type#order_method
+    #
+    #--
+    # How can I know whether FUNCTION or PROCEDURE?
+    #++
+    class TypeMethod < Base
+      register_ptype OCI_PTYPE_TYPE_METHOD
+
+      ## Table 6-9 Attributes Belonging to Type Methods
+
+      # Name of method (procedure or function)
+      def name
+        attr_get_string(OCI_ATTR_NAME)
+      end
+
+      # encapsulation level of the method. Values are <tt>:public</tt>
+      # or <tt>:private</tt>.
+      def encapsulation
+        case attr_get_ub4(OCI_ATTR_ENCAPSULATION)
+        when 0; :private
+        when 1; :public
+        end
+      end
+
+      # argument list
+      def list_arguments
+        __param(OCI_ATTR_LIST_ARGUMENTS)
+      end
+      private :list_arguments
+
+      # indicates method is has rsult
+      def has_result?
+        __boolean(OCI_ATTR_HAS_RESULT)
+      end
+
+      # indicates method is a constructor
+      def is_constructor?
+        __boolean(OCI_ATTR_IS_CONSTRUCTOR)
+      end
+
+      # indicates method is a destructor
+      def is_destructor?
+        __boolean(OCI_ATTR_IS_DESTRUCTOR)
+      end
+
+      # indicates method is an operator
+      def is_operator?
+        __boolean(OCI_ATTR_IS_OPERATOR)
+      end
+
+      # indicates method is selfish
+      def is_selfish?
+        __boolean(OCI_ATTR_IS_SELFISH)
+      end
+
+      # indicates method is a map method
+      def is_map?
+        __boolean(OCI_ATTR_IS_MAP)
+      end
+
+      # Indicates method is an order method
+      def is_order?
+        __boolean(OCI_ATTR_IS_ORDER)
+      end
+
+      # indicates "Read No Data State"(does not query database tables) is set.
+      def is_rnds?
+        __boolean(OCI_ATTR_IS_RNDS)
+      end
+
+      # Indicates "Read No Package State"(does not reference the values of packaged variables) is set.
+      def is_rnps?
+        __boolean(OCI_ATTR_IS_RNPS)
+      end
+
+      # indicates "Write No Data State"(does not modify tables) is set.
+      def is_wnds?
+        __boolean(OCI_ATTR_IS_WNDS)
+      end
+
+      # indicates "Write No Package State"(does not change the values of packaged variables) is set.
+      def is_wnps?
+        __boolean(OCI_ATTR_IS_WNPS)
+      end
+
+      # indicates this is a final method
+      def is_final_method?
+        __boolean(OCI_ATTR_IS_FINAL_METHOD)
+      end
+
+      # indicates this is an instantiable method
+      def is_instantiable_method?
+        __boolean(OCI_ATTR_IS_INSTANTIABLE_METHOD)
+      end
+
+      # indicates this is an overriding method
+      def is_overriding_method?
+        __boolean(OCI_ATTR_IS_OVERRIDING_METHOD)
+      end
+
+      # Returns argument information of the type method.
+      #
+      # The first element is the return type in case of Function.
+      #
+      # @return [array of OCI8::Metadata::Argument]
+      def arguments
+        @arguments ||= list_arguments.to_a
+      end
+
+      def inspect # :nodoc:
+        "#<#{self.class.name}: #{name}>"
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Metadata for a collection.
+    #
+    # This is returned by:
+    # * OCI8::Metadata::Type.collection_element
+    class Collection < Base
+      register_ptype OCI_PTYPE_TYPE_COLL
+
+      ## Table 6-10 Attributes Belonging to Collection Types 
+
+      # The maximum size of the type attribute. This length is
+      # returned in bytes and not characters for strings and raws. It
+      # returns 22 for NUMBERs.
+      def data_size
+        attr_get_ub2(OCI_ATTR_DATA_SIZE)
+      end
+
+      # typecode
+      def typecode
+        __typecode(OCI_ATTR_TYPECODE)
+      end
+
+      # the datatype of the type
+      def data_type
+        __data_type
+      end
+
+      # the number of elements in an array. It is only valid for
+      # collections that are arrays.
+      def num_elems
+        attr_get_ub4(OCI_ATTR_NUM_ELEMS)
+      end
+
+      # The precision of numeric type attributes. If the precision is
+      # nonzero and scale is -127, then it is a FLOAT, else it is a
+      # NUMBER(precision, scale). For the case when precision is 0,
+      # NUMBER(precision, scale) can be represented simply as NUMBER.
+      def precision
+        __is_implicit? ? attr_get_sb2(OCI_ATTR_PRECISION) : attr_get_ub1(OCI_ATTR_PRECISION)
+      end
+
+      # The scale of numeric type attributes. If the precision is
+      # nonzero and scale is -127, then it is a FLOAT, else it is a
+      # NUMBER(precision, scale). For the case when precision is 0,
+      # NUMBER(precision, scale) can be represented simply as NUMBER.
+      def scale
+        attr_get_sb1(OCI_ATTR_SCALE)
+      end
+
+      # A string which is the type name. The returned value will
+      # contain the type name if the datatype is <tt>:named_type</tt> or <tt>:ref</tt>.
+      # If the datatype is <tt>:named_type</tt>, the name of the named datatype's
+      # type is returned. If the datatype is <tt>:ref</tt>, the type name
+      # of the named datatype pointed to by the REF is returned.
+      def type_name
+        attr_get_string(OCI_ATTR_TYPE_NAME)
+      end
+
+      # schema name where the type has been created.
+      def schema_name
+        attr_get_string(OCI_ATTR_SCHEMA_NAME)
+      end
+
+      # to type metadata if possible
+      def type_metadata
+        __type_metadata(OCI8::Metadata::Type)
+      end
+
+      # character set id if the type attribute is of a string/character type.
+      def charset_id
+        attr_get_ub2(OCI_ATTR_CHARSET_ID)
+      end
+
+      # character set form, if the type attribute is of a string/character type.
+      def charset_form
+        __charset_form
+      end
+
+      # character set name if the type attribute is of a string/character type.
+      def charset_name
+        __charset_name(charset_id)
+      end
+
+      def inspect # :nodoc:
+        "#<#{self.class.name}: #{__data_type_string}>"
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Metadata for a synonym.
+    #
+    # This is returned by:
+    # * OCI8#describe_any(name)
+    # * OCI8#describe_synonym(name)
+    # * OCI8::Metadata::Schema#all_objects
+    # * OCI8::Metadata::Schema#objects
+    class Synonym < Base
+      register_ptype OCI_PTYPE_SYN
+
+      ## Table 6-11 Attributes Belonging to Synonyms
+
+      # object id
+      def objid
+        @objid ||= attr_get_ub4(OCI_ATTR_OBJID)
+      end
+
+      # schema name of the synonym translation
+      def schema_name
+        @schema_name ||= attr_get_string(OCI_ATTR_SCHEMA_NAME)
+        @schema_name.size == 0 ? nil : @schema_name
+      end
+
+      # object name of the synonym translation
+      def name
+        @name ||= attr_get_string(OCI_ATTR_NAME)
+      end
+
+      # database link name of the synonym translation or nil
+      def link
+        @link ||= attr_get_string(OCI_ATTR_LINK)
+        @link.size == 0 ? nil : @link
+      end
+
+      # full-qualified synonym translation name with schema, object and database link name.
+      def translated_name
+        (schema_name ? schema_name + '.' : '') + name + (link ? '@' + link : '')
+      end
+
+      def inspect # :nodoc:
+        "#<#{self.class.name}:(#{obj_id}) #{obj_schema}.#{obj_name} FOR #{translated_name}>"
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Metadata for a sequence.
+    #
+    # This is returned by:
+    # * OCI8#describe_any(name)
+    # * OCI8#describe_sequence(name)
+    # * OCI8::Metadata::Schema#all_objects
+    # * OCI8::Metadata::Schema#objects
+    class Sequence < Base
+      register_ptype OCI_PTYPE_SEQ
+
+      ## Table 6-12 Attributes Belonging to Sequences
+
+      # object id
+      def objid
+        attr_get_ub4(OCI_ATTR_OBJID)
+      end
+
+      # minimum value
+      #
+      # @return [Integer]
+      def min
+        attr_get_integer(OCI_ATTR_MIN)
+      end
+
+      # maximum value
+      #
+      # @return [Integer]
+      def max
+        attr_get_integer(OCI_ATTR_MAX)
+      end
+
+      # increment
+      #
+      # @return [Integer]
+      def incr
+        attr_get_integer(OCI_ATTR_INCR)
+      end
+
+      # number of sequence numbers cached; zero if the sequence is not a cached sequence.
+      #
+      # @return [Integer]
+      def cache
+        attr_get_integer(OCI_ATTR_CACHE)
+      end
+
+      # whether the sequence is ordered
+      def order?
+        __boolean(OCI_ATTR_ORDER)
+      end
+
+      # high-water mark
+      #
+      # @return [Integer]
+      def hw_mark
+        attr_get_integer(OCI_ATTR_HW_MARK)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Metadata for a sequence.
+    #
+    # This is returned by:
+    # * OCI8::Metadata::Table#columns
+    class Column < Base
+      register_ptype OCI_PTYPE_COL
+
+      ## Table 6-13 Attributes Belonging to Columns of Tables or Views
+
+      # returns the type of length semantics of the column.
+      # [<tt>:byte</tt>]  byte-length semantics
+      # [<tt>:char</tt>]  character-length semantics.
+      def char_used?
+        attr_get_ub1(OCI_ATTR_CHAR_USED) != 0
+      end
+
+      # returns the column character length which is the number of
+      # characters allowed in the column. It is the counterpart of
+      # OCI8::Metadata::Column#data_size which gets the byte length.
+      def char_size
+        attr_get_ub2(OCI_ATTR_CHAR_SIZE)
+      end
+
+      # The maximum size of the column. This length is
+      # returned in bytes and not characters for strings and raws.
+      # This returns character length multiplied by NLS ratio for
+      # character-length semantics columns when using Oracle 9i
+      # or upper.
+      def data_size
+        attr_get_ub2(OCI_ATTR_DATA_SIZE)
+      end
+
+      # the datatype of the column.
+      def data_type
+        __data_type
+      end
+
+      # column name
+      def name
+        attr_get_string(OCI_ATTR_NAME)
+      end
+
+      # The precision of numeric columns. If the precision is nonzero
+      # and scale is -127, then it is a FLOAT, else it is a
+      # NUMBER(precision, scale). For the case when precision is 0,
+      # NUMBER(precision, scale) can be represented simply as NUMBER.
+      def precision
+        __is_implicit? ? attr_get_sb2(OCI_ATTR_PRECISION) : attr_get_ub1(OCI_ATTR_PRECISION)
+      end
+
+      # The scale of numeric columns. If the precision is nonzero and
+      # scale is -127, then it is a FLOAT, else it is a
+      # NUMBER(precision, scale). For the case when precision is 0,
+      # NUMBER(precision, scale) can be represented simply as NUMBER.
+      def scale
+        attr_get_sb1(OCI_ATTR_SCALE)
+      end
+
+      # Returns 0 if null values are not permitted for the column
+      def nullable?
+        __boolean(OCI_ATTR_IS_NULL)
+      end
+
+      # Returns a string which is the type name. The returned value
+      # will contain the type name if the datatype is <tt>:named_type</tt> or
+      # <tt>:ref</tt>. If the datatype is <tt>:named_type</tt>, the name of the named
+      # datatype's type is returned. If the datatype is <tt>:ref</tt>, the
+      # type name of the named datatype pointed to by the REF is
+      # returned
+      def type_name
+        rv = attr_get_string(OCI_ATTR_TYPE_NAME)
+        rv.length == 0 ? nil : rv
+      end
+
+      # Returns a string with the schema name under which the type has been created
+      def schema_name
+        rv = attr_get_string(OCI_ATTR_SCHEMA_NAME)
+        rv.length == 0 ? nil : rv
+      end
+
+      # to type metadata if possible
+      def type_metadata
+        case attr_get_ub2(OCI_ATTR_DATA_TYPE)
+        when 108, 110 # named_type or ref
+          __type_metadata(OCI8::Metadata::Type)
+        else
+          nil
+        end
+      end
+
+      # The character set id, if the column is of a string/character type
+      def charset_id
+        attr_get_ub2(OCI_ATTR_CHARSET_ID)
+      end
+
+      # The character set form, if the column is of a string/character type
+      def charset_form
+        __charset_form
+      end
+
+      ## Table 6-8 Attributes Belonging to Type Attributes
+      ## But Column also have these.
+
+      # The fractional seconds precision of a datetime or interval.
+      def fsprecision
+        attr_get_ub1(OCI_ATTR_FSPRECISION)
+      end
+
+      # The leading field precision of an interval
+      def lfprecision
+        attr_get_ub1(OCI_ATTR_LFPRECISION)
+      end
+
+      # The character set name, if the column is of a string/character type
+      def charset_name
+        __charset_name(charset_id)
+      end
+
+      def data_type_string
+        __data_type_string
+      end
+      alias :type_string :data_type_string # :nodoc: old name of data_type_string
+
+      def to_s
+        %Q{"#{name}" #{__data_type_string}}
+      end
+
+      def inspect # :nodoc:
+        "#<#{self.class.name}: #{name} #{__data_type_string}>"
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Abstract super class of Argument, TypeArgument and TypeResult.
+    class ArgBase < Base
+      ## Table 6-14 Attributes Belonging to Arguments/Results
+
+      # the argument name
+      def name
+        attr_get_string(OCI_ATTR_NAME)
+      end
+
+      # the position of the argument in the argument list.
+      def position
+        attr_get_ub2(OCI_ATTR_POSITION)
+      end
+
+      # typecode
+      def typecode
+        __typecode(OCI_ATTR_TYPECODE)
+      end
+
+      # the datatype of the argument
+      def data_type
+        __data_type
+      end
+
+      # The size of the datatype of the argument. This length is
+      # returned in bytes and not characters for strings and raws. It
+      # returns 22 for NUMBERs.
+      def data_size
+        attr_get_ub2(OCI_ATTR_DATA_SIZE)
+      end
+
+      # The precision of numeric arguments. If the precision is
+      # nonzero and scale is -127, then it is a FLOAT, else it is a
+      # NUMBER(precision, scale). For the case when precision is 0,
+      # NUMBER(precision, scale) can be represented simply as NUMBER.
+      def precision
+        __is_implicit? ? attr_get_sb2(OCI_ATTR_PRECISION) : attr_get_ub1(OCI_ATTR_PRECISION)
+      end
+
+      # The scale of numeric arguments. If the precision is nonzero
+      # and scale is -127, then it is a FLOAT, else it is a
+      # NUMBER(precision, scale). For the case when precision is 0,
+      # NUMBER(precision, scale) can be represented simply as NUMBER.
+      def scale
+        attr_get_sb1(OCI_ATTR_SCALE)
+      end
+
+      # The nest level.
+      #
+      # Oracle manual says that it always returns zero. However it returns
+      # the depth of {OCI8::ArgBase#arguments} calls when #arguments returns
+      # a non-empty array.
+      def level
+        attr_get_ub2(OCI_ATTR_LEVEL)
+      end
+
+      # Indicates whether an argument has a default
+      #
+      # @return [1 or 0]
+      # @deprecated
+      def has_default
+        attr_get_ub1(OCI_ATTR_HAS_DEFAULT)
+      end
+
+      # Indicates whether an argument has a default
+      #
+      # @return [true or false]
+      # @since 2.1.6
+      def has_default?
+        __boolean(OCI_ATTR_HAS_DEFAULT)
+      end
+
+      # The list of arguments at the next level (when the argument is
+      # of a record or table type).
+      def list_arguments
+        __param(OCI_ATTR_LIST_ARGUMENTS)
+      end
+      private :list_arguments
+
+      # Indicates the argument mode. Values are <tt>:in</tt>,
+      # <tt>:out</tt> or <tt>:inout</tt>
+      def iomode
+        case attr_get_ub4(OCI_ATTR_IOMODE)
+        when 0; :in
+        when 1; :out
+        when 2; :inout
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Returns a radix (if number type)
+      def radix
+        attr_get_ub1(OCI_ATTR_RADIX)
+      end
+
+      # doesn't work.
+      # def nullable?
+      #   __boolean(OCI_ATTR_IS_NULL)
+      # end
+
+      # Returns a string which is the type name, or the package name
+      # in the case of package local types. The returned value will
+      # contain the type name if the datatype is <tt>:named_type</tt> or
+      # <tt>:ref</tt>. If the datatype is <tt>:named_type</tt>, the name of the named
+      # datatype's type is returned. If the datatype is <tt>:ref</tt>, the type
+      # name of the named datatype pointed to by the REF is returned.
+      def type_name
+        attr_get_string(OCI_ATTR_TYPE_NAME)
+      end
+
+      # For <tt>:named_type</tt> or <tt>:ref</tt>, returns a string with the schema name
+      # under which the type was created, or under which the package
+      # was created in the case of package local types
+      def schema_name
+        attr_get_string(OCI_ATTR_SCHEMA_NAME)
+      end
+
+      # For <tt>:named_type</tt> or <tt>:ref</tt>, returns a string with the type name,
+      # in the case of package local types
+      def sub_name
+        attr_get_string(OCI_ATTR_SUB_NAME)
+      end
+
+      # For <tt>:named_type</tt> or <tt>:ref</tt>, returns a string with the database
+      # link name of the database on which the type exists. This can
+      # happen only in the case of package local types, when the
+      # package is remote.
+      def link
+        attr_get_string(OCI_ATTR_LINK)
+      end
+
+      # to type metadata if possible
+      def type_metadata
+        __type_metadata(OCI8::Metadata::Type)
+      end
+
+      # Returns the character set ID if the argument is of a
+      # string/character type
+      def charset_id
+        attr_get_ub2(OCI_ATTR_CHARSET_ID)
+      end
+
+      # Returns the character set form if the argument is of a
+      # string/character type
+      def charset_form
+        __charset_form
+      end
+
+      # Returns the character set name if the argument is of a
+      # string/character type
+      def charset_name
+        __charset_name(charset_id)
+      end
+
+      # The list of arguments at the next level (when the argument is
+      # of a record or table type).
+      #
+      # This method returns an array containing type information when
+      # the type is a user-defined type and the Oracle server version
+      # is 12c or earlier. Otherwise, it returns an empty array.
+      def arguments
+        @arguments ||= list_arguments.to_a
+      end
+
+      def inspect # :nodoc:
+        "#<#{self.class.name}: #{name} #{__data_type_string}>"
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Metadata for a argument.
+    #
+    # This is returned by:
+    # * OCI8::Metadata::Procedure#arguments
+    # * OCI8::Metadata::Function#arguments
+    #
+    # See ArgBase's methods.
+    class Argument < ArgBase
+      register_ptype OCI_PTYPE_ARG
+    end
+
+    # Metadata for a argument.
+    #
+    # This is returned by:
+    # * OCI8::Metadata::TypeMethod#arguments
+    #
+    # See ArgBase's methods.
+    class TypeArgument < ArgBase
+      register_ptype OCI_PTYPE_TYPE_ARG
+    end
+
+    # Metadata for a argument.
+    #
+    # This is returned by: .... unknown.
+    # What's method returns this value?
+    #
+    # See ArgBase's methods.
+    class TypeResult < ArgBase
+      register_ptype OCI_PTYPE_TYPE_RESULT
+    end
+
+    # internal use only.
+    class List < Base # :nodoc:
+      register_ptype OCI_PTYPE_LIST
+
+      ## Table 6-15 List Attributes
+
+      def ltype
+        attr_get_ub2(OCI_ATTR_LTYPE)
+      end
+
+      # convert to array
+      def to_a
+        # Table 6-15 List Attributes
+        case ltype
+        when OCI_LTYPE_COLUMN;        offset = 1
+        when OCI_LTYPE_ARG_PROC;      offset = 1
+        when OCI_LTYPE_ARG_FUNC;      offset = 0
+        when OCI_LTYPE_SUBPRG;        offset = 0
+        when OCI_LTYPE_TYPE_ATTR;     offset = 1
+        when OCI_LTYPE_TYPE_METHOD;   offset = 1
+        when OCI_LTYPE_TYPE_ARG_PROC; offset = 0
+        when OCI_LTYPE_TYPE_ARG_FUNC; offset = 1
+        when OCI_LTYPE_SCH_OBJ;       offset = 0
+        when OCI_LTYPE_DB_SCH;        offset = 0
+        #when OCI_LTYPE_TYPE_SUBTYPE;  offset = ?
+        #when OCI_LTYPE_TABLE_ALIAS;   offset = ?
+        #when OCI_LTYPE_VARIABLE_TYPE; offset = ?
+        #when OCI_LTYPE_NAME_VALUE;    offset = ?
+        when 15; offset = 0 # OCI_LTYPE_PACKAGE_TYPE
+        else
+          raise NotImplementedError, "unsupported list type #{ltype}"
+        end
+        ary = []
+        0.upto(num_params - 1) do |i|
+          ary << __param_at(i + offset)
+        end
+        ary
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Metadata for a schema.
+    #
+    # This is returned by:
+    # * OCI8#describe_schema(schema_name)
+    # * OCI8::Metadata::Database#schemas
+    class Schema < Base
+      register_ptype OCI_PTYPE_SCHEMA
+
+      ## Table 6-16 Attributes Specific to Schemas
+
+      def list_objects
+        __param(OCI_ATTR_LIST_OBJECTS)
+      end
+      private :list_objects
+
+      # array of objects in the schema.
+      # This includes unusable objects.
+      def all_objects
+        @all_objects ||=
+          begin
+            begin
+              objs = list_objects
+            rescue OCIError => exc
+              if exc.code != -1
+                raise
+              end
+              # describe again.
+              objs = __con.describe_schema(obj_schema).list_objects
+            end
+            objs.to_a.collect! do |elem|
+              case elem
+              when OCI8::Metadata::Type
+                # to avoid a segmentation fault
+                begin
+                  __con.describe_type(elem.obj_schema + '.' + elem.obj_name)
+                rescue OCIError
+                  # ignore ORA-24372: invalid object for describe
+                  raise if $!.code != 24372
+                end
+              else
+                elem
+              end
+            end.compact
+          end
+      end
+
+      # array of objects in the schema.
+      def objects
+        @objects ||= all_objects.reject do |obj|
+          case obj
+          when Unknown
+            true
+          when Synonym
+            begin
+              obj.objid
+              false
+            rescue OCIError
+              true
+            end
+          else
+            false
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def inspect # :nodoc:
+        "#<#{self.class.name}:(#{obj_id}) #{obj_schema}>"
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Metadata for a database.
+    #
+    # This is returned by:
+    # * OCI8#describe_database(database_name)
+    class Database < Base
+      register_ptype OCI_PTYPE_DATABASE
+
+      # Table 6-17 Attributes Specific to Databases
+
+      # database version
+      def version
+        attr_get_string(OCI_ATTR_VERSION)
+      end
+
+      # database character set Id
+      def charset_id
+        attr_get_ub2(OCI_ATTR_CHARSET_ID)
+      end
+
+      # database national language support character set Id
+      def ncharset_id
+        attr_get_ub2(OCI_ATTR_NCHARSET_ID)
+      end
+
+      # List of schemas in the database
+      def list_schemas
+        __param(OCI_ATTR_LIST_SCHEMAS)
+      end
+      private :list_schemas
+
+      # Maximum length of a procedure name
+      def max_proc_len
+        attr_get_ub4(OCI_ATTR_MAX_PROC_LEN)
+      end
+
+      # Maximum length of a column name
+      def max_column_len
+        attr_get_ub4(OCI_ATTR_MAX_COLUMN_LEN)
+      end
+
+      # How a COMMIT operation affects cursors and prepared statements in
+      # the database. Values are:
+      # [<tt>:cusror_open</tt>]   preserve cursor state as before the commit
+      #                           operation
+      # [<tt>:cursor_closed</tt>] cursors are closed on COMMIT, but the
+      #                           application can still re-execute the
+      #                           statement without re-preparing it
+      def cursor_commit_behavior
+        case attr_get_ub1(OCI_ATTR_CURSOR_COMMIT_BEHAVIOR)
+        when 0; :cusror_open
+        when 1; :cursor_closed
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Maximum length of a catalog (database) name
+      def max_catalog_namelen
+        attr_get_ub1(OCI_ATTR_MAX_CATALOG_NAMELEN)
+      end
+
+      # Position of the catalog in a qualified table. Values are
+      # <tt>:cl_start</tt> and <tt>:cl_end</tt>
+      def catalog_location
+        case attr_get_ub1(OCI_ATTR_CATALOG_LOCATION)
+        when 0; :cl_start
+        when 1; :cl_end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Does database support savepoints? Values are
+      # <tt>:sp_supported</tt> and <tt>:sp_unsupported</tt>
+      def savepoint_support
+        case attr_get_ub1(OCI_ATTR_SAVEPOINT_SUPPORT)
+        when 0; :sp_supported
+        when 1; :sp_unsupported
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Does database support the nowait clause? Values are
+      # <tt>:nw_supported</tt> and <tt>:nw_unsupported</tt>
+      def nowait_support
+        case attr_get_ub1(OCI_ATTR_NOWAIT_SUPPORT)
+        when 0; :nw_supported
+        when 1; :nw_unsupported
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Is autocommit mode required for DDL statements? Values are
+      # <tt>:ac_ddl</tt> and <tt>:no_ac_ddl</tt>
+      def autocommit_ddl
+        case attr_get_ub1(OCI_ATTR_AUTOCOMMIT_DDL)
+        when 0; :ac_ddl
+        when 1; :no_ac_ddl
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Locking mode for the database. Values are <tt>:lock_immediate</tt> and
+      # <tt>:lock_delayed</tt>
+      def locking_mode
+        case attr_get_ub1(OCI_ATTR_LOCKING_MODE)
+        when 0; :lock_immediate
+        when 1; :lock_delayed
+        end
+      end
+
+      # database character set name
+      def charset_name
+        __charset_name(charset_id)
+      end
+
+      # database national language support character set name
+      def ncharset_name
+        __charset_name(ncharset_id)
+      end
+
+      # array of Schema objects in the database
+      def schemas
+        @schemas ||= list_schemas.to_a
+      end
+
+      def inspect # :nodoc:
+        "#<#{self.class.name}:(#{obj_id}) #{obj_name} #{version}>"
+      end
+    end
+
+=begin
+    class Rule < Base # :nodoc:
+      register_ptype OCI_PTYPE_RULE
+
+      # Table 6-18 Attributes Specific to Rules
+
+      def condition
+        attr_get_string(OCI_ATTR_CONDITION)
+      end
+
+      def eval_context_owner
+        attr_get_string(OCI_ATTR_EVAL_CONTEXT_OWNER)
+      end
+
+      def eval_context_name
+        attr_get_string(OCI_ATTR_EVAL_CONTEXT_NAME)
+      end
+
+      def comment
+        attr_get_string(OCI_ATTR_COMMENT)
+      end
+
+      # def list_action_context
+      #   __param(???)
+      # end
+    end
+
+    class RuleSet < Base # :nodoc:
+      register_ptype OCI_PTYPE_RULE_SET
+
+      # Table 6-19 Attributes Specific to Rule Sets
+
+      def eval_context_owner
+        attr_get_string(OCI_ATTR_EVAL_CONTEXT_OWNER)
+      end
+
+      def eval_context_name
+        attr_get_string(OCI_ATTR_EVAL_CONTEXT_NAME)
+      end
+
+      def comment
+        attr_get_string(OCI_ATTR_COMMENT)
+      end
+
+      # def list_rules
+      #   __param(???)
+      # end
+    end
+
+    class EvaluationContext < Base # :nodoc:
+      register_ptype OCI_PTYPE_EVALUATION_CONTEXT
+
+      # Table 6-20 Attributes Specific to Evaluation Contexts
+
+      def evaluation_function
+        attr_get_string(OCI_ATTR_EVALUATION_FUNCTION)
+      end
+
+      def comment
+        attr_get_string(OCI_ATTR_COMMENT)
+      end
+
+      def list_table_aliases
+        __param(OCI_ATTR_LIST_TABLE_ALIASES)
+      end
+
+      def list_variable_types
+        __param(OCI_ATTR_LIST_VARIABLE_TYPES)
+      end
+    end
+
+    class TableAlias < Base # :nodoc:
+      register_ptype OCI_PTYPE_TABLE_ALIAS
+
+      # Table 6-21 Attributes Specific to Table Aliases
+
+      def name
+        attr_get_string(OCI_ATTR_NAME)
+      end
+
+      def table_name
+        attr_get_string(OCI_ATTR_TABLE_NAME)
+      end
+    end
+
+    class VariableType < Base # :nodoc:
+      register_ptype OCI_PTYPE_VARIABLE_TYPE
+
+      # Table 6-22 Attributes Specific to Variable Types
+
+      def name
+        attr_get_string(OCI_ATTR_NAME)
+      end
+
+      def var_type
+        attr_get_string(OCI_ATTR_VAR_TYPE)
+      end
+
+      def var_value_function
+        attr_get_string(OCI_ATTR_VAR_VALUE_FUNCTION)
+      end
+
+      def var_method_function
+        attr_get_string(OCI_ATTR_VAR_METHOD_FUNCTION)
+      end
+    end
+
+    class NameValue < Base # :nodoc:
+      register_ptype OCI_PTYPE_NAME_VALUE
+
+      # Table 6-23 Attributes Specific to Name Value Pair
+
+      def name
+        attr_get_string(OCI_ATTR_NAME)
+      end
+
+      # not implemented
+      def value
+        __anydata(OCI_ATTR_VALUE)
+      end
+    end
+=end
+  end # OCI8::Metadata
+
+  # Returns object information.
+  #
+  # The return type is depends on the object type.
+  #
+  # Oracle type:: Ruby type
+  # Table::       {OCI8::Metadata::Table}
+  # View::        {OCI8::Metadata::View}
+  # Procedure::   {OCI8::Metadata::Procedure}
+  # Function::    {OCI8::Metadata::Function}
+  # Package::     {OCI8::Metadata::Package}
+  # Type::        {OCI8::Metadata::Type}
+  # Synonym::     {OCI8::Metadata::Synonym}
+  # Sequence::    {OCI8::Metadata::Sequence}
+  #
+  # @param [String] object_name
+  # @return [a subclass of OCI8::Metadata::Base]
+  def describe_any(object_name)
+    if /^PUBLIC\.(.*)/i =~ object_name
+      md = __describe($1, OCI8::Metadata::Unknown, true)
+      raise OCIError.new(4043, object_name) if md.obj_schema != 'PUBLIC'
+      md
+    else
+      __describe(object_name, OCI8::Metadata::Unknown, true)
+    end
+  end
+  # Returns table or view information. If the name is a current schema's synonym
+  # name or a public synonym name, it returns table or view information which
+  # the synonym refers.
+  #
+  # If +table_only+ is true, it checks tables in the current schema.
+  #
+  # @param [String] table_name
+  # @param [Boolean] table_only (default: false)
+  # @return [OCI8::Metadata::Table or OCI8::Metadata::View]
+  def describe_table(table_name, table_only = false)
+    if table_only
+      # check my own tables only.
+      __describe(table_name, OCI8::Metadata::Table, false)
+    else
+      # check tables, views, synonyms and public synonyms.
+
+      # follow synonyms up to 20 times to prevent infinite loop
+      # caused by recursive synonyms.
+      recursive_level = 20
+      recursive_level.times do
+        metadata = __describe(table_name, OCI8::Metadata::Unknown, true)
+        case metadata
+        when OCI8::Metadata::Table, OCI8::Metadata::View
+          return metadata
+        when OCI8::Metadata::Synonym
+          table_name = metadata.translated_name
+          if metadata.obj_link and metadata.link.nil?
+            # table_name is a synonym in a remote database for an object in the
+            # remote database itself.
+            table_name = "#{table_name}@#{metadata.obj_link}"
+          end
+        else
+          raise OCIError.new(4043, table_name) # ORA-04043: object %s does not exist
+        end
+      end
+      raise OCIError.new(36, recursive_level) # ORA-00036: maximum number of recursive SQL levels (%s) exceeded
+    end
+  end
+  # Returns view information
+  #
+  # @param [String] view_name
+  # @return [OCI8::Metadata::View]
+  def describe_view(view_name)
+    __describe(view_name, OCI8::Metadata::View, false)
+  end
+  # Returns procedure information
+  #
+  # @param [String] procedure_name
+  # @return [OCI8::Metadata::Procedure]
+  def describe_procedure(procedure_name)
+    __describe(procedure_name, OCI8::Metadata::Procedure, false)
+  end
+  # Returns function information
+  #
+  # @param [String] function_name
+  # @return [OCI8::Metadata::Function]
+  def describe_function(function_name)
+    __describe(function_name, OCI8::Metadata::Function, false)
+  end
+  # Returns package information
+  #
+  # @param [String] package_name
+  # @return [OCI8::Metadata::Package]
+  def describe_package(package_name)
+    __describe(package_name, OCI8::Metadata::Package, false)
+  end
+  # Returns type information
+  #
+  # @param [String] type_name
+  # @return [OCI8::Metadata::Type]
+  def describe_type(type_name)
+    __describe(type_name, OCI8::Metadata::Type, false)
+  end
+  # Returns synonym information
+  #
+  # @param [String] synonym_name
+  # @return [OCI8::Metadata::Synonym]
+  def describe_synonym(synonym_name, check_public_also = true)
+    if /^PUBLIC\.(.*)/i =~ synonym_name
+      md = __describe($1, OCI8::Metadata::Synonym, true)
+      raise OCIError.new(4043, synonym_name) if md.obj_schema != 'PUBLIC'
+      md
+    else
+      __describe(synonym_name, OCI8::Metadata::Synonym, check_public_also)
+    end
+  end
+  # Returns sequence information
+  #
+  # @param [String] sequence_name
+  # @return [OCI8::Metadata::Sequence]
+  def describe_sequence(sequence_name)
+    __describe(sequence_name, OCI8::Metadata::Sequence, false)
+  end
+  # Returns schema information
+  #
+  # @param [String] schema_name
+  # @return [OCI8::Metadata::Schema]
+  def describe_schema(schema_name)
+    __describe(schema_name, OCI8::Metadata::Schema, false)
+  end
+  # Returns database information
+  #
+  # @param [String] database_name
+  # @return [OCI8::Metadata::Database]
+  def describe_database(database_name)
+    __describe(database_name, OCI8::Metadata::Database, false)
+  end
+end # OCI8