ruby-oci8 2.2.1 → 2.2.2

data/ext/oci8/apiwrap.yml

@@ -670,6 +670,15 @@ OCIObjectGetInd:
             - dvoid *instance
             - dvoid **null_struct
 
+# round trip: 0
+OCIObjectGetTypeRef:
+  :version: 800
+  :args:
+            - OCIEnv *env
+            - OCIError *err
+            - dvoid *instance
+            - OCIRef *type_ref
+
 # round trip: 0
 OCIObjectNew:
   :version: 800

data/ext/oci8/extconf.rb

@@ -159,6 +159,7 @@ if xsystem(cc_command("").gsub(CONFTEST_C, File.dirname(__FILE__) + "/" + plthoo
   $objs << plthook_src.gsub(/\.c$/, '.o')
   $objs << "hook_funcs.o"
   $defs << "-DHAVE_PLTHOOK"
+  have_library('dbghelp', 'ImageDirectoryEntryToData', ['windows.h', 'dbghelp.h']) if RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /cygwin/
 else
   puts "no"
 end

data/ext/oci8/metadata.c

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 /*
  * metadata.c
  *
- * Copyright (C) 2006-2015 Kubo Takehiro <kubo@jiubao.org>
+ * Copyright (C) 2006-2016 Kubo Takehiro <kubo@jiubao.org>
  *
  * implement private methods of classes in OCI8::Metadata module.
  *
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ static VALUE metadata_is_implicit_p(VALUE self)
     return md->is_implicit ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
 }
 
-static VALUE oci8_do_describe(VALUE self, void *objptr, ub4 objlen, ub1 objtype, VALUE klass, VALUE check_public)
+VALUE oci8_do_describe(VALUE self, void *objptr, ub4 objlen, ub1 objtype, VALUE klass, VALUE check_public)
 {
     oci8_svcctx_t *svcctx = oci8_get_svcctx(self);
     OCIParam *parmhp;
@@ -274,4 +274,6 @@ void Init_oci8_metadata(VALUE cOCI8)
     rb_define_private_method(cOCI8, "__describe", oci8_describe, 3);
     rb_define_private_method(cOCI8MetadataBase, "__type_metadata", metadata_get_type_metadata, 1);
     rb_define_method(cOCI8MetadataBase, "tdo_id", metadata_get_tdo_id, 0);
+
+    rb_define_class_under(mOCI8Metadata, "Type", cOCI8MetadataBase);
 }

data/ext/oci8/object.c

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 /* -*- c-file-style: "ruby"; indent-tabs-mode: nil -*- */
 /*
- * Copyright (C) 2002-2014 Kubo Takehiro <kubo@jiubao.org>
+ * Copyright (C) 2002-2016 Kubo Takehiro <kubo@jiubao.org>
  */
 
 /*
@@ -20,8 +20,11 @@ static VALUE cOCI8TDO;
 static VALUE cOCI8NamedType;
 static VALUE cOCI8NamedCollection;
 static VALUE cOCI8BindNamedType;
+static VALUE cOCI8MetadataType;
 static ID id_to_value;
 static ID id_set_attributes;
+static ID id_get_tdo_by_metadata;
+static ID id_at_is_final_type;
 
 #define TO_TDO(obj) ((oci8_base_t *)oci8_check_typeddata((obj), &oci8_tdo_data_type, 1))
 #define CHECK_TDO(obj) ((void)oci8_check_typeddata((obj), &oci8_tdo_data_type, 1))
@@ -137,10 +140,49 @@ static VALUE oci8_named_type_initialize(VALUE self)
     return Qnil;
 }
 
+typedef struct get_tdo_by_instance_arg {
+    VALUE svc;
+    void *instance;
+    void *typeref;
+} get_tdo_by_instance_arg_t;
+
+static VALUE get_tdo_by_instance(VALUE data)
+{
+    get_tdo_by_instance_arg_t *arg = (get_tdo_by_instance_arg_t *)data;
+    VALUE metadata;
+
+    chkerr(OCIObjectGetTypeRef(oci8_envhp, oci8_errhp, arg->instance, arg->typeref));
+    metadata = oci8_do_describe(arg->svc, arg->typeref, 0, OCI_OTYPE_REF, cOCI8MetadataType, Qfalse);
+    return rb_funcall(arg->svc, id_get_tdo_by_metadata, 1, metadata);
+}
+
 static VALUE oci8_named_type_tdo(VALUE self)
 {
     oci8_named_type_t *obj = DATA_PTR(self);
-    return obj->tdo;
+    VALUE tdo = obj->tdo;
+
+    if (!RTEST(rb_ivar_get(tdo, id_at_is_final_type))) {
+        /* The type of the instance may be a subtype. */
+        oci8_base_t *svcctx;
+        get_tdo_by_instance_arg_t arg;
+        int state = 0;
+
+        /* search svcctx */
+        svcctx = DATA_PTR(obj->tdo);
+        while (svcctx->type != OCI_HTYPE_SVCCTX) {
+            svcctx = svcctx->parent;
+        }
+
+        arg.svc = svcctx->self;
+        arg.instance = *obj->instancep;
+        chkerr(OCIObjectNew(oci8_envhp, oci8_errhp, svcctx->hp.svc, OCI_TYPECODE_REF, NULL, NULL, OCI_DURATION_DEFAULT, TRUE, &arg.typeref));
+        tdo = rb_protect(get_tdo_by_instance, (VALUE)&arg, &state);
+        chkerr(OCIObjectFree(oci8_envhp, oci8_errhp, arg.typeref, OCI_OBJECTFREE_FORCE));
+        if (state != 0) {
+            rb_jump_tag(state);
+        }
+    }
+    return tdo;
 }
 
 static void oci8_named_type_check_offset(VALUE self, VALUE val_offset, VALUE ind_offset, size_t val_size, void **instancep, OCIInd **indp)
@@ -754,8 +796,11 @@ static VALUE bind_named_type_alloc(VALUE klass)
 
 void Init_oci_object(VALUE cOCI8)
 {
+    cOCI8MetadataType = rb_eval_string("OCI8::Metadata::Type");
     id_to_value = rb_intern("to_value");
     id_set_attributes = rb_intern("attributes=");
+    id_get_tdo_by_metadata = rb_intern("get_tdo_by_metadata");
+    id_at_is_final_type = rb_intern("@is_final_type");
 
     /* OCI8::TDO */
     cOCI8TDO = oci8_define_class_under(cOCI8, "TDO", &oci8_tdo_data_type, oci8_tdo_alloc);

data/ext/oci8/oci8.h

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 /*
  * oci8.h - part of ruby-oci8
  *
- * Copyright (C) 2002-2015 Kubo Takehiro <kubo@jiubao.org>
+ * Copyright (C) 2002-2016 Kubo Takehiro <kubo@jiubao.org>
  */
 #ifndef _RUBY_OCI_H_
 #define _RUBY_OCI_H_ 1
@@ -442,6 +442,7 @@ void Init_oci8_bind(VALUE cOCI8BindTypeBase);
 
 /* metadata.c */
 extern const oci8_handle_data_type_t oci8_metadata_base_data_type;
+VALUE oci8_do_describe(VALUE self, void *objptr, ub4 objlen, ub1 objtype, VALUE klass, VALUE check_public);
 void Init_oci8_metadata(VALUE cOCI8);
 VALUE oci8_metadata_create(OCIParam *parmhp, VALUE svc, VALUE parent);
 

data/ext/oci8/oraconf.rb

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ module MiniRegistry
       @code = code
     end
   end
-  if RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /mswin32|cygwin|mingw32|bccwin32/
+  if RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /mswin32|mswin64|cygwin|mingw32|bccwin32/
     # Windows
     require 'Win32API' # raise LoadError when UNIX.
 
@@ -390,7 +390,7 @@ EOS
     is_32bit = size_of_pointer == 4
     is_big_endian = "\x01\x02".unpack('s')[0] == 0x0102
     case RUBY_PLATFORM
-    when /mswin32|cygwin|mingw32|bccwin32/
+    when /mswin32|mswin64|cygwin|mingw32|bccwin32/
       oci_basename = 'oci'
       oci_glob_postfix = ''
       nls_data_basename = ['oraociei*', 'oraociicus*']
@@ -522,10 +522,11 @@ EOS
       when /darwin/
         fallback_path = ENV['DYLD_FALLBACK_LIBRARY_PATH']
         if fallback_path.nil?
-          fallback_path = "#{ENV['HOME']}/lib:/usr/local/lib:/lib:/usr/lib"
+          puts "  DYLD_FALLBACK_LIBRARY_PATH is not set."
+        else
+          puts "  checking DYLD_FALLBACK_LIBRARY_PATH..."
+          ld_path, file = check_lib_in_path(fallback_path, glob_name, check_proc)
         end
-        puts "  checking DYLD_FALLBACK_LIBRARY_PATH..."
-        ld_path, file = check_lib_in_path(fallback_path, glob_name, check_proc)
         if ld_path.nil?
           puts "  checking OCI_DIR..."
           ld_path, file = check_lib_in_path(ENV['OCI_DIR'], glob_name, check_proc)
@@ -562,6 +563,14 @@ EOS
             end
           end
         end
+        if ld_path.nil?
+          fallback_path = ENV['DYLD_FALLBACK_LIBRARY_PATH']
+          if fallback_path.nil?
+            fallback_path = "#{ENV['HOME']}/lib:/usr/local/lib:/lib:/usr/lib"
+            puts "  checking the default value of DYLD_FALLBACK_LIBRARY_PATH..."
+            ld_path, file = check_lib_in_path(fallback_path, glob_name, check_proc)
+          end
+        end
         if ld_path.nil?
           raise <<EOS
 Set the environment variable DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH, DYLD_FALLBACK_LIBRARY_PATH or
@@ -598,7 +607,7 @@ EOS
     paths.split(File::PATH_SEPARATOR).each do |path|
       next if path.nil? or path == ''
       print "    checking #{path}... "
-      path.gsub!(/\\/, '/') if /mswin32|cygwin|mingw32|bccwin32/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+      path.gsub!(/\\/, '/') if /mswin32|mswin64|cygwin|mingw32|bccwin32/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
       files = Dir.glob(File.join(path, glob_name))
       if files.empty?
         puts "no"
@@ -702,13 +711,15 @@ EOS
     end
   end
 
-  if RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /mswin32|cygwin|mingw32|bccwin32/ # when Windows
+  if RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /mswin32|mswin64|cygwin|mingw32|bccwin32/ # when Windows
 
     def get_libs(lib_dir)
       case RUBY_PLATFORM
       when /cygwin|x64-mingw32/
         regex = ([nil].pack('P').size == 8) ? / T (OCI\w+)/ : / T _(OCI\w+)/
-        oci_funcs = YAML.load(open(File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/apiwrap.yml'))
+        oci_funcs = YAML.load(open(File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/apiwrap.yml')).keys.collect do |func|
+          func =~ /_nb$/ ? $` : func
+        end
         open("OCI.def", "w") do |f|
           f.puts("EXPORTS")
           open("|nm #{lib_dir}/MSVC/OCI.LIB") do |r|
@@ -782,7 +793,7 @@ class OraConfFC < OraConf
       use_lib32 = false
     end
 
-    if RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /mswin32|cygwin|mingw32|bccwin32/
+    if RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /mswin32|mswin64|cygwin|mingw32|bccwin32/
       lib_dir = "#{@oracle_home}/oci/lib"
     elsif use_lib32
       lib_dir = "#{@oracle_home}/lib32"
@@ -801,7 +812,7 @@ class OraConfFC < OraConf
     print("Get the version of Oracle from SQL*Plus... ")
     STDOUT.flush
     version = nil
-    dev_null = RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /mswin32|mingw32|bccwin32/ ? "nul" : "/dev/null"
+    dev_null = RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /mswin32|mswin64|mingw32|bccwin32/ ? "nul" : "/dev/null"
     if File.exist?("#{@oracle_home}/bin/plus80.exe")
       sqlplus = "plus80.exe"
     else
@@ -826,7 +837,7 @@ class OraConfFC < OraConf
     version
   end # get_version
 
-  if RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /mswin32|cygwin|mingw32|bccwin32/ # when Windows
+  if RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /mswin32|mswin64|cygwin|mingw32|bccwin32/ # when Windows
 
     def is_valid_home?(oracle_home)
       return false if oracle_home.nil?
@@ -1026,7 +1037,7 @@ class OraConfIC < OraConf
       inc_dir = "#{ic_dir}/sdk/include"
     end
 
-    if RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /mswin32|cygwin|mingw32|bccwin32/ # when Windows
+    if RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /mswin32|mswin64|cygwin|mingw32|bccwin32/ # when Windows
       unless File.exist?("#{ic_dir}/sdk/lib/msvc/oci.lib")
         raise <<EOS
 Could not compile with Oracle instant client.

data/ext/oci8/plthook_win32.c

@@ -51,12 +51,18 @@
 #define __attribute__(arg)
 #endif
 
-#ifdef _WIN64
+#if defined _LP64 /* data model: I32/LP64 */
+#define SIZE_T_FMT "lu"
+#elif defined _WIN64  /* data model: IL32/P64 */
 #define SIZE_T_FMT "I64u"
 #else
 #define SIZE_T_FMT "u"
 #endif
 
+#ifdef __CYGWIN__
+#define stricmp strcasecmp
+#endif
+
 typedef struct {
     const char *mod_name;
     const char *name;

data/lib/oci8/connection_pool.rb

@@ -13,17 +13,88 @@ class OCI8
   #
   # This is equivalent to Oracle JDBC Driver {OCI Connection Pooling}[http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E11882_01/java.112/e16548/ociconpl.htm#JJDBC28789].
   #
-  # Usage:
+  # Note that this is different with generally called connection pooling.
+  # Generally connection pooling caches connections in a pool.
+  # When an application needs a new connection, a connection is got from
+  # the pool. So that the amount of time to establish a connection is
+  # reduced. However connection pooling in ruby-oci8 is different with
+  # above.
+  #
+  # One Oracle connection is devided into two layers: One is physical
+  # connection such as TCP/IP. The other is logical connection which
+  # is used by an application. The connection pooling in ruby-oci8
+  # caches physical connections in a pool, not logical connections.
+  # When an application needs a new connection, a logical connection
+  # is created via a physical connection, which needs time to
+  # establish a connection unlike generally called connection pooling.
+  # When an application sends a query via a logical connection, a
+  # physical connection is got from the pool. The physical connection
+  # returns to the pool automatically when the query finishes.
+  # As long as logical connections are used sequentially, only one
+  # physical connection is used. When an application sends
+  # queries at a time, it needs more than one physical connection
+  # because one physical connection cannot transmit more then one
+  # query at a time.
+  #
+  # Example:
   #   # Create a connection pool.
+  #   # The number of initial physical connections: 1
+  #   # The number of maximum physical connections: 5
+  #   # the connection increment parameter: 2
   #   # username and password are required to establish an implicit primary session.
   #   cpool = OCI8::ConnectionPool.new(1, 5, 2, username, password, database)
   #   
-  #   # Get a session from the pool.
+  #   #   The number of physical connections: 1
+  #   #   The number of logical connections: 0
+  #   
+  #   # Create a session.
   #   # Pass the connection pool to the third argument.
   #   conn1 = OCI8.new(username, password, cpool)
   #   
-  #   # Get another session.
+  #   # One logical connection was created.
+  #   #   The number of physical connections: 1
+  #   #   The number of logical connections: 1
+  #   
+  #   # Create another session.
   #   conn2 = OCI8.new(username, password, cpool)
+  #   
+  #   # Another logical connection was created.
+  #   #   The number of physical connections: 1
+  #   #   The number of logical connections: 2
+  #   
+  #   # Use conn1 and conn2 sequentially
+  #   conn1.exec('...')
+  #   conn2.exec('...')
+  #   
+  #   # Both logical connections use one physical connection.
+  #   #   The number of physical connections: 1
+  #   #   The number of logical connections: 2
+  #   
+  #   thr1 = Thread.new do
+  #      conn1.exec('...')
+  #   end
+  #   thr2 = Thread.new do
+  #      conn2.exec('...')
+  #   end
+  #   thr1.join
+  #   thr2.join
+  #   
+  #   # Logical connections cannot use one physical connection at a time.
+  #   # So that the number of physical connections is incremented.
+  #   #   The number of physical connections: 3
+  #   #   The number of logical connections: 2
+  #   
+  #   conn1.logoff
+  #
+  #   # One logical connection was closed.
+  #   #   The number of physical connections: 3
+  #   #   The number of logical connections: 1
+  #   
+  #   conn2.logoff
+  #   
+  #   # All logical connections were closed.
+  #   #   The number of physical connections: 3
+  #   #   The number of logical connections: 0
   #
   class ConnectionPool
 

data/lib/oci8/cursor.rb

@@ -384,12 +384,19 @@ class OCI8
       attr_set_ub4(11, rows) # OCI_ATTR_PREFETCH_ROWS(11)
     end
 
-    # Returns the number of processed rows.
-    #
-    # @return [Integer]
-    def row_count
-      # http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E11882_01/appdev.112/e10646/ociaahan.htm#sthref5498
-      attr_get_ub4(9) # OCI_ATTR_ROW_COUNT(9)
+    if OCI8::oracle_client_version >= ORAVER_12_1
+      # Returns the number of processed rows.
+      #
+      # @return [Integer]
+      def row_count
+        # https://docs.oracle.com/database/121/LNOCI/ociaahan.htm#sthref5774
+        attr_get_ub8(457) # OCI_ATTR_UB8_ROW_COUNT(457)
+      end
+    else
+      def row_count
+        # http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E11882_01/appdev.112/e10646/ociaahan.htm#sthref5498
+        attr_get_ub4(9) # OCI_ATTR_ROW_COUNT(9)
+      end
     end
 
     # Returns the text of the SQL statement prepared in the cursor.

data/lib/oci8/object.rb

@@ -78,7 +78,8 @@ EOS
   #
   # @private
   def get_tdo_by_typename(typename)
-    tdo = @name_to_tdo && @name_to_tdo[typename]
+    @name_to_tdo ||= {}
+    tdo = @name_to_tdo[typename]
     return tdo if tdo
 
     metadata = describe_any(typename)
@@ -383,8 +384,10 @@ EOS
 
       case metadata.typecode
       when :named_type
+        @is_final_type = metadata.is_final_type?
         initialize_named_type(con, metadata)
       when :named_collection
+        @is_final_type = true
         initialize_named_collection(con, metadata)
       end
     end

data/lib/oci8/oci8.rb

@@ -63,9 +63,9 @@ class OCI8
   #
   # === connecting as a privileged user
   #
-  # Set :SYSDBA or :SYSOPER to +privilege+, otherwise
-  # "username/password as sysdba" or "username/password as sysoper"
-  # as a single argument.
+  # Set :SYSDBA, :SYSOPER, :SYSASM, :SYSBACKUP, :SYSDG or :SYSKM
+  # to +privilege+, otherwise "username/password as sysdba",
+  # "username/password as sysoper", etc. as a single argument.
   #
   #   OCI8.new('sys', 'change_on_install', nil, :SYSDBA)
   # or
@@ -96,29 +96,15 @@ class OCI8
   #
   def initialize(*args)
     if args.length == 1
-      username, password, dbname, mode = parse_connect_string(args[0])
+      username, password, dbname, privilege = parse_connect_string(args[0])
     else
-      username, password, dbname, mode = args
+      username, password, dbname, privilege = args
     end
 
     if username.nil? and password.nil?
       cred = OCI_CRED_EXT
     end
-    case mode
-    when :SYSDBA
-      mode = OCI_SYSDBA
-    when :SYSOPER
-      mode = OCI_SYSOPER
-    when :SYSASM
-      if OCI8.oracle_client_version < OCI8::ORAVER_11_1
-        raise "SYSASM is not supported on Oracle version #{OCI8.oracle_client_version}"
-      end
-      mode = OCI_SYSASM
-    when nil
-      # do nothing
-    else
-      raise "unknown privilege type #{mode}"
-    end
+    auth_mode = to_auth_mode(privilege)
 
     stmt_cache_size = OCI8.properties[:statement_cache_size]
     stmt_cache_size = nil if stmt_cache_size == 0
@@ -128,6 +114,12 @@ class OCI8
       @pool = dbname # to prevent GC from freeing the connection pool.
       dbname = dbname.send(:pool_name)
       attach_mode |= 0x0200 # OCI_CPOOL and OCI_LOGON2_CPOOL
+    else
+      tcp_connect_timeout = OCI8::properties[:tcp_connect_timeout]
+      connect_timeout = OCI8::properties[:connect_timeout]
+      if tcp_connect_timeout || connect_timeout
+        dbname = to_connect_descriptor(dbname, tcp_connect_timeout, connect_timeout)
+      end
     end
     if stmt_cache_size
       # enable statement caching
@@ -148,7 +140,11 @@ class OCI8
         @session_handle.send(:attr_set_string, 424, "ruby-oci8 : #{OCI8::VERSION}")
       end
       server_attach(dbname, attach_mode)
-      session_begin(cred ? cred : OCI_CRED_RDBMS, mode ? mode : OCI_DEFAULT)
+      if OCI8.oracle_client_version >= OCI8::ORAVER_11_1
+        self.send_timeout = OCI8::properties[:send_timeout] if OCI8::properties[:send_timeout]
+        self.recv_timeout = OCI8::properties[:recv_timeout] if OCI8::properties[:recv_timeout]
+      end
+      session_begin(cred ? cred : OCI_CRED_RDBMS, auth_mode)
     else
       # logon by the OCI function OCILogon2().
       logon2(username, password, dbname, attach_mode)
@@ -389,6 +385,10 @@ class OCI8
     # Zero means no timeout.
     # This is equivalent to {http://docs.oracle.com/database/121/NETRF/sqlnet.htm#NETRF228 SQLNET.SEND_TIMEOUT} in client-side sqlnet.ora.
     #
+    # If you need to set send timeout while establishing a connection, use {file:docs/timeout-parameters.md timeout parameters in OCI8::properties} instead.
+    #
+    # Note that the connection becomes unusable on timeout.
+    #
     # If you have trouble by setting this, don't use it because it uses
     # {http://blog.jiubao.org/2015/01/undocumented-oci-handle-attributes.html an undocumented OCI handle attribute}.
     #
@@ -417,6 +417,10 @@ class OCI8
     # Zero means no timeout.
     # This is equivalent to {http://docs.oracle.com/database/121/NETRF/sqlnet.htm#NETRF227 SQLNET.RECV_TIMEOUT} in client-side sqlnet.ora.
     #
+    # If you need to set receive timeout while establishing a connection, use {file:docs/timeout-parameters.md timeout parameters in OCI8::properties} instead.
+    #
+    # Note that the connection becomes unusable on timeout.
+    #
     # If you have trouble by setting this, don't use it because it uses
     # {http://blog.jiubao.org/2015/01/undocumented-oci-handle-attributes.html an undocumented OCI handle attribute}.
     #
@@ -442,6 +446,138 @@ class OCI8
       raise NotImplementedError, 'revc_timeout= is unimplemented in this Oracle version'
     end
   end
+
+  # A helper class to bind an array to paramters in IN-condition.
+  #
+  # See {file:docs/bind-array-to-in_cond.md Bind an Array to IN-condition}
+  class InCondBindHelper
+    def initialize(bind_name_prefix, array, type = nil, length = nil)
+      bind_name_prefix = bind_name_prefix.to_s
+      if bind_name_prefix !~ /^\w+$/
+        raise ArgumentError, "The first argument doesn't consist of alphanumeric characters and underscores."
+      end
+      if array.empty?
+        # This doesn't match anything.
+        # However in-condition requires at least one value.
+        @bind_names = ":#{bind_name_prefix}_0"
+        @bind_values = [[nil, type.nil? ? String : type, length]]
+      else
+        @bind_names = Array.new(array.length) do |index|
+          ":#{bind_name_prefix}_#{index}"
+        end.join(', ')
+        first_non_nil = array.find do |e|
+          !e.nil?
+        end
+        first_non_nil = '' if first_non_nil.nil?
+        @bind_values = array.collect do |elem|
+          if elem.nil? and type.nil?
+            [elem, first_non_nil.class]
+          else
+            [elem, type, length]
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def names
+      @bind_names
+    end
+
+    def values
+      @bind_values
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Creates a helper object to bind an array to paramters in IN-condition.
+  #
+  # See {file:docs/bind-array-to-in_cond.md Bind an Array to IN-condition}
+  #
+  # @param [Symbol]  bind_name_prefix prefix of the place holder name
+  # @param [Object]  array an array of values to be bound.
+  # @param [Class]   type data type. This is used as the third argument of {OCI8::Cursor#bind_param}.
+  # @param [Integer] length maximum bind length for string values. This is used as the fourth argument of {OCI8::Cursor#bind_param}.
+  # @return [OCI8::InCondBindHelper]
+  def self.in_cond(bind_name_prefix, array, type = nil, length = nil)
+    InCondBindHelper.new(bind_name_prefix, array, type, length)
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  # Converts the specified privilege name to the value passed to the
+  # fifth argument of OCISessionBegin().
+  #
+  # @private
+  def to_auth_mode(privilege)
+    case privilege
+    when :SYSDBA
+      0x00000002 # OCI_SYSDBA in oci.h
+    when :SYSOPER
+      0x00000004 # OCI_SYSOPER in oci.h
+    when :SYSASM
+      if OCI8.oracle_client_version < OCI8::ORAVER_11_1
+        raise "SYSASM is not supported on Oracle version #{OCI8.oracle_client_version}"
+      end
+      0x00008000 # OCI_SYSASM in oci.h
+    when :SYSBACKUP
+      if OCI8.oracle_client_version < OCI8::ORAVER_12_1
+        raise "SYSBACKUP is not supported on Oracle version #{OCI8.oracle_client_version}"
+      end
+      0x00020000 # OCI_SYSBKP in oci.h
+    when :SYSDG
+      if OCI8.oracle_client_version < OCI8::ORAVER_12_1
+        raise "SYSDG is not supported on Oracle version #{OCI8.oracle_client_version}"
+      end
+      0x00040000 # OCI_SYSDGD in oci.h
+    when :SYSKM
+      if OCI8.oracle_client_version < OCI8::ORAVER_12_1
+        raise "SYSKM is not supported on Oracle version #{OCI8.oracle_client_version}"
+      end
+      0x00080000 # OCI_SYSKMT in oci.h
+    when nil
+      0 # OCI_DEFAULT
+    else
+      raise "unknown privilege type #{privilege}"
+    end
+  end
+
+  @@easy_connect_naming_regex = %r{
+    ^
+    (//)?                  # preceding double-slash($1)
+    (?:\[([\h:]+)\]|([^\s:/]+)) # IPv6 enclosed by square brackets($2) or hostname($3)
+    (?::(\d+))?            # port($4)
+    (?:
+      /
+      ([^\s:/]+)?          # service name($5)
+      (?::([^\s:/]+))?     # server($6)
+      (?:/([^\s:/]+))?     # instance name($7)
+    )?
+    $
+  }x
+
+  # Parse easy connect string as described in https://docs.oracle.com/database/121/NETAG/naming.htm
+  # and add TRANSPORT_CONNECT_TIMEOUT or CONNECT_TIMEOUT.
+  #
+  # @private
+  def to_connect_descriptor(database, tcp_connect_timeout, connect_timeout)
+    if @@easy_connect_naming_regex =~ database && ($1 || $2 || $4 || $5 || $6 || $7)
+      connect_data = []
+      connect_data << "(SERVICE_NAME=#$5)"
+      connect_data << "(SERVER=#$6)" if $6
+      connect_data << "(INSTANCE_NAME=#$7)" if $7
+      desc = []
+      desc << "(CONNECT_DATA=#{connect_data.join})"
+      desc << "(ADDRESS=(PROTOCOL=TCP)(HOST=#{$2 || $3})(PORT=#{$4 || 1521}))"
+      if tcp_connect_timeout
+        desc << "(TRANSPORT_CONNECT_TIMEOUT=#{tcp_connect_timeout})"
+      end
+      if connect_timeout
+        desc << "(CONNECT_TIMEOUT=#{connect_timeout})"
+      end
+      "(DESCRIPTION=#{desc.join})"
+    else
+      database
+    end
+  end
 end
 
 class OCIError