ruby-lsp 0.13.3 → 0.14.2

data/lib/ruby_lsp/response_builders/semantic_highlighting.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,199 @@
+# typed: strict
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module RubyLsp
+  module ResponseBuilders
+    class SemanticHighlighting < ResponseBuilder
+      class UndefinedTokenType < StandardError; end
+
+      TOKEN_TYPES = T.let(
+        {
+          namespace: 0,
+          type: 1,
+          class: 2,
+          enum: 3,
+          interface: 4,
+          struct: 5,
+          typeParameter: 6,
+          parameter: 7,
+          variable: 8,
+          property: 9,
+          enumMember: 10,
+          event: 11,
+          function: 12,
+          method: 13,
+          macro: 14,
+          keyword: 15,
+          modifier: 16,
+          comment: 17,
+          string: 18,
+          number: 19,
+          regexp: 20,
+          operator: 21,
+          decorator: 22,
+        }.freeze,
+        T::Hash[Symbol, Integer],
+      )
+
+      TOKEN_MODIFIERS = T.let(
+        {
+          declaration: 0,
+          definition: 1,
+          readonly: 2,
+          static: 3,
+          deprecated: 4,
+          abstract: 5,
+          async: 6,
+          modification: 7,
+          documentation: 8,
+          default_library: 9,
+        }.freeze,
+        T::Hash[Symbol, Integer],
+      )
+
+      extend T::Sig
+
+      ResponseType = type_member { { fixed: Interface::SemanticTokens } }
+
+      sig { void }
+      def initialize
+        super
+        @stack = T.let([], T::Array[SemanticToken])
+      end
+
+      sig { params(location: Prism::Location, type: Symbol, modifiers: T::Array[Symbol]).void }
+      def add_token(location, type, modifiers = [])
+        length = location.end_offset - location.start_offset
+        modifiers_indices = modifiers.filter_map { |modifier| TOKEN_MODIFIERS[modifier] }
+        @stack.push(
+          SemanticToken.new(
+            location: location,
+            length: length,
+            type: T.must(TOKEN_TYPES[type]),
+            modifier: modifiers_indices,
+          ),
+        )
+      end
+
+      sig { returns(T.nilable(SemanticToken)) }
+      def last
+        @stack.last
+      end
+
+      sig { override.returns(Interface::SemanticTokens) }
+      def response
+        SemanticTokenEncoder.new.encode(@stack)
+      end
+
+      class SemanticToken
+        extend T::Sig
+
+        sig { returns(Prism::Location) }
+        attr_reader :location
+
+        sig { returns(Integer) }
+        attr_reader :length
+
+        sig { returns(Integer) }
+        attr_reader :type
+
+        sig { returns(T::Array[Integer]) }
+        attr_reader :modifier
+
+        sig { params(location: Prism::Location, length: Integer, type: Integer, modifier: T::Array[Integer]).void }
+        def initialize(location:, length:, type:, modifier:)
+          @location = location
+          @length = length
+          @type = type
+          @modifier = modifier
+        end
+
+        sig { params(type_symbol: Symbol).void }
+        def replace_type(type_symbol)
+          type_int = TOKEN_TYPES[type_symbol]
+          raise UndefinedTokenType, "Undefined token type: #{type_symbol}" unless type_int
+
+          @type = type_int
+        end
+
+        sig { params(modifier_symbols: T::Array[Symbol]).void }
+        def replace_modifier(modifier_symbols)
+          @modifier = modifier_symbols.filter_map do |modifier_symbol|
+            modifier_index = TOKEN_MODIFIERS[modifier_symbol]
+            raise UndefinedTokenType, "Undefined token modifier: #{modifier_symbol}" unless modifier_index
+
+            modifier_index
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      class SemanticTokenEncoder
+        extend T::Sig
+
+        sig { void }
+        def initialize
+          @current_row = T.let(0, Integer)
+          @current_column = T.let(0, Integer)
+        end
+
+        sig do
+          params(
+            tokens: T::Array[SemanticToken],
+          ).returns(Interface::SemanticTokens)
+        end
+        def encode(tokens)
+          sorted_tokens = tokens.sort_by.with_index do |token, index|
+            # Enumerable#sort_by is not deterministic when the compared values are equal.
+            # When that happens, we need to use the index as a tie breaker to ensure
+            # that the order of the tokens is always the same.
+            [token.location.start_line, token.location.start_column, index]
+          end
+
+          delta = sorted_tokens.flat_map do |token|
+            compute_delta(token)
+          end
+
+          Interface::SemanticTokens.new(data: delta)
+        end
+
+        # The delta array is computed according to the LSP specification:
+        # > The protocol for the token format relative uses relative
+        # > positions, because most tokens remain stable relative to
+        # > each other when edits are made in a file. This simplifies
+        # > the computation of a delta if a server supports it. So each
+        # > token is represented using 5 integers.
+
+        # For more information on how each number is calculated, read:
+        # https://microsoft.github.io/language-server-protocol/specifications/specification-current/#textDocument_semanticTokens
+        sig { params(token: SemanticToken).returns(T::Array[Integer]) }
+        def compute_delta(token)
+          row = token.location.start_line - 1
+          column = token.location.start_column
+
+          begin
+            delta_line = row - @current_row
+
+            delta_column = column
+            delta_column -= @current_column if delta_line == 0
+
+            [delta_line, delta_column, token.length, token.type, encode_modifiers(token.modifier)]
+          ensure
+            @current_row = row
+            @current_column = column
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Encode an array of modifiers to positions onto a bit flag
+        # For example, [:default_library] will be encoded as
+        # 0b1000000000, as :default_library is the 10th bit according
+        # to the token modifiers index map.
+        sig { params(modifiers: T::Array[Integer]).returns(Integer) }
+        def encode_modifiers(modifiers)
+          modifiers.inject(0) do |encoded_modifiers, modifier|
+            encoded_modifiers | (1 << modifier)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/ruby_lsp/response_builders/signature_help.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+# typed: strict
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module RubyLsp
+  module ResponseBuilders
+    class SignatureHelp < ResponseBuilder
+      ResponseType = type_member { { fixed: T.nilable(Interface::SignatureHelp) } }
+
+      extend T::Sig
+
+      sig { void }
+      def initialize
+        super
+        @signature_help = T.let(nil, ResponseType)
+      end
+
+      sig { params(signature_help: ResponseType).void }
+      def replace(signature_help)
+        @signature_help = signature_help
+      end
+
+      sig { override.returns(ResponseType) }
+      def response
+        @signature_help
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/ruby_lsp/response_builders.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+# typed: strict
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module RubyLsp
+  module ResponseBuilders
+    autoload :CollectionResponseBuilder, "ruby_lsp/response_builders/collection_response_builder"
+    autoload :DocumentSymbol, "ruby_lsp/response_builders/document_symbol"
+    autoload :Hover, "ruby_lsp/response_builders/hover"
+    autoload :ResponseBuilder, "ruby_lsp/response_builders/response_builder"
+    autoload :SemanticHighlighting, "ruby_lsp/response_builders/semantic_highlighting"
+    autoload :SignatureHelp, "ruby_lsp/response_builders/signature_help"
+  end
+end

data/lib/ruby_lsp/server.rb

@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ module RubyLsp
 
     sig { void }
     def start
-      warn("Starting Ruby LSP v#{VERSION}...")
+      $stderr.puts("Starting Ruby LSP v#{VERSION}...")
 
       # Requests that have to be executed sequentially or in the main process are implemented here. All other requests
       # fall under the else branch which just pushes requests to the queue
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ module RubyLsp
         when "$/setTrace"
           VOID
         when "shutdown"
-          warn("Shutting down Ruby LSP...")
+          $stderr.puts("Shutting down Ruby LSP...")
 
           @message_queue.close
           # Close the queue so that we can no longer receive items
@@ -92,7 +92,7 @@ module RubyLsp
           # We return zero if shutdown has already been received or one otherwise as per the recommendation in the spec
           # https://microsoft.github.io/language-server-protocol/specification/#exit
           status = @store.empty? ? 0 : 1
-          warn("Shutdown complete with status #{status}")
+          $stderr.puts("Shutdown complete with status #{status}")
           exit(status)
         else
           # Default case: push the request to the queue to be executed by the worker

data/lib/ruby_lsp/setup_bundler.rb

@@ -57,13 +57,18 @@ module RubyLsp
     def setup!
       raise BundleNotLocked if @gemfile&.exist? && !@lockfile&.exist?
 
-      # Do not setup a custom bundle if both `ruby-lsp` and `debug` are already in the Gemfile
-      if @dependencies["ruby-lsp"] && @dependencies["debug"]
-        warn("Ruby LSP> Skipping custom bundle setup since both `ruby-lsp` and `debug` are already in #{@gemfile}")
-
-        # If the user decided to add the `ruby-lsp` and `debug` to their Gemfile after having already run the Ruby LSP,
-        # then we need to remove the `.ruby-lsp` folder, otherwise we will run `bundle install` for the top level and
-        # try to execute the Ruby LSP using the custom bundle, which will fail since the gems are not installed there
+      # Do not set up a custom bundle if LSP dependencies are already in the Gemfile
+      if @dependencies["ruby-lsp"] &&
+          @dependencies["debug"] &&
+          (@dependencies["rails"] ? @dependencies["ruby-lsp-rails"] : true)
+        $stderr.puts(
+          "Ruby LSP> Skipping custom bundle setup since LSP dependencies are already in #{@gemfile}",
+        )
+
+        # If the user decided to add `ruby-lsp` and `debug` (and potentially `ruby-lsp-rails`) to their Gemfile after
+        # having already run the Ruby LSP, then we need to remove the `.ruby-lsp` folder, otherwise we will run `bundle
+        # install` for the top level and try to execute the Ruby LSP using the custom bundle, which will fail since the
+        # gems are not installed there
         @custom_dir.rmtree if @custom_dir.exist?
         return run_bundle_install
       end
@@ -76,7 +81,7 @@ module RubyLsp
       write_custom_gemfile
 
       unless @gemfile&.exist? && @lockfile&.exist?
-        warn("Ruby LSP> Skipping lockfile copies because there's no top level bundle")
+        $stderr.puts("Ruby LSP> Skipping lockfile copies because there's no top level bundle")
         return run_bundle_install(@custom_gemfile)
       end
 
@@ -84,11 +89,14 @@ module RubyLsp
       current_lockfile_hash = Digest::SHA256.hexdigest(lockfile_contents)
 
       if @custom_lockfile.exist? && @lockfile_hash_path.exist? && @lockfile_hash_path.read == current_lockfile_hash
-        warn("Ruby LSP> Skipping custom bundle setup since #{@custom_lockfile} already exists and is up to date")
+        $stderr.puts(
+          "Ruby LSP> Skipping custom bundle setup since #{@custom_lockfile} already exists and is up to date",
+        )
         return run_bundle_install(@custom_gemfile)
       end
 
       FileUtils.cp(@lockfile.to_s, @custom_lockfile.to_s)
+      correct_relative_remote_paths
       @lockfile_hash_path.write(current_lockfile_hash)
       run_bundle_install(@custom_gemfile)
     end
@@ -138,6 +146,10 @@ module RubyLsp
         parts << 'gem "debug", require: false, group: :development, platforms: :mri'
       end
 
+      if @dependencies["rails"] && !@dependencies["ruby-lsp-rails"]
+        parts << 'gem "ruby-lsp-rails", require: false, group: :development'
+      end
+
       content = parts.join("\n")
       @custom_gemfile.write(content) unless @custom_gemfile.exist? && @custom_gemfile.read == content
     end
@@ -178,22 +190,24 @@ module RubyLsp
       local_config_path = File.join(Dir.pwd, ".bundle")
       env["BUNDLE_APP_CONFIG"] = local_config_path if Dir.exist?(local_config_path)
 
-      # If both `ruby-lsp` and `debug` are already in the Gemfile, then we shouldn't try to upgrade them or else we'll
-      # produce undesired source control changes. If the custom bundle was just created and either `ruby-lsp` or `debug`
-      # weren't a part of the Gemfile, then we need to run `bundle install` for the first time to generate the
-      # Gemfile.lock with them included or else Bundler will complain that they're missing. We can only update if the
-      # custom `.ruby-lsp/Gemfile.lock` already exists and includes both gems
+      # If `ruby-lsp` and `debug` (and potentially `ruby-lsp-rails`) are already in the Gemfile, then we shouldn't try
+      # to upgrade them or else we'll produce undesired source control changes. If the custom bundle was just created
+      # and any of `ruby-lsp`, `ruby-lsp-rails` or `debug` weren't a part of the Gemfile, then we need to run `bundle
+      # install` for the first time to generate the Gemfile.lock with them included or else Bundler will complain that
+      # they're missing. We can only update if the custom `.ruby-lsp/Gemfile.lock` already exists and includes all gems
 
       # When not updating, we run `(bundle check || bundle install)`
       # When updating, we run `((bundle check && bundle update ruby-lsp debug) || bundle install)`
       command = +"(bundle check"
 
       if should_bundle_update?
-        # If ruby-lsp or debug are not in the Gemfile, try to update them to the latest version
+        # If any of `ruby-lsp`, `ruby-lsp-rails` or `debug` are not in the Gemfile, try to update them to the latest
+        # version
         command.prepend("(")
         command << " && bundle update "
         command << "ruby-lsp " unless @dependencies["ruby-lsp"]
         command << "debug " unless @dependencies["debug"]
+        command << "ruby-lsp-rails " if @dependencies["rails"] && !@dependencies["ruby-lsp-rails"]
         command << "--pre" if @experimental
         command.delete_suffix!(" ")
         command << ")"
@@ -208,24 +222,51 @@ module RubyLsp
       command << "1>&2"
 
       # Add bundle update
-      warn("Ruby LSP> Running bundle install for the custom bundle. This may take a while...")
-      warn("Ruby LSP> Command: #{command}")
+      $stderr.puts("Ruby LSP> Running bundle install for the custom bundle. This may take a while...")
+      $stderr.puts("Ruby LSP> Command: #{command}")
       system(env, command)
       [bundle_gemfile.to_s, expanded_path, env["BUNDLE_APP_CONFIG"]]
     end
 
     sig { returns(T::Boolean) }
     def should_bundle_update?
-      # If both `ruby-lsp` and `debug` are in the Gemfile, then we shouldn't try to upgrade them or else it will produce
-      # version control changes
-      return false if @dependencies["ruby-lsp"] && @dependencies["debug"]
+      # If `ruby-lsp`, `ruby-lsp-rails` and `debug` are in the Gemfile, then we shouldn't try to upgrade them or else it
+      # will produce version control changes
+      if @dependencies["rails"]
+        return false if @dependencies.values_at("ruby-lsp", "ruby-lsp-rails", "debug").all?
+
+        # If the custom lockfile doesn't include `ruby-lsp`, `ruby-lsp-rails` or `debug`, we need to run bundle install
+        # before updating
+        return false if custom_bundle_dependencies.values_at("ruby-lsp", "debug", "ruby-lsp-rails").any?(&:nil?)
+      else
+        return false if @dependencies.values_at("ruby-lsp", "debug").all?
 
-      # If the custom lockfile doesn't include either the `ruby-lsp` or `debug`, we need to run bundle install before
-      # updating
-      return false if custom_bundle_dependencies["ruby-lsp"].nil? || custom_bundle_dependencies["debug"].nil?
+        # If the custom lockfile doesn't include `ruby-lsp` or `debug`, we need to run bundle install before updating
+        return false if custom_bundle_dependencies.values_at("ruby-lsp", "debug").any?(&:nil?)
+      end
 
       # If the last updated file doesn't exist or was updated more than 4 hours ago, we should update
       !@last_updated_path.exist? || Time.parse(@last_updated_path.read) < (Time.now - FOUR_HOURS)
     end
+
+    # When a lockfile has remote references based on relative file paths, we need to ensure that they are pointing to
+    # the correct place since after copying the relative path is no longer valid
+    sig { void }
+    def correct_relative_remote_paths
+      content = @custom_lockfile.read
+      content.gsub!(/remote: (.*)/) do |match|
+        path = T.must(Regexp.last_match)[1]
+
+        # We should only apply the correction if the remote is a relative path. It might also be a URI, like
+        # `https://rubygems.org` or an absolute path, in which case we shouldn't do anything
+        if path&.start_with?(".")
+          "remote: #{File.expand_path(path, T.must(@gemfile).dirname)}"
+        else
+          match
+        end
+      end
+
+      @custom_lockfile.write(content)
+    end
   end
 end

data/lib/ruby_lsp/store.rb

@@ -23,6 +23,9 @@ module RubyLsp
     sig { returns(T::Hash[Symbol, RequestConfig]) }
     attr_accessor :features_configuration
 
+    sig { returns(String) }
+    attr_accessor :client_name
+
     sig { void }
     def initialize
       @state = T.let({}, T::Hash[String, Document])
@@ -33,10 +36,6 @@ module RubyLsp
       @workspace_uri = T.let(URI::Generic.from_path(path: Dir.pwd), URI::Generic)
       @features_configuration = T.let(
         {
-          codeLens: RequestConfig.new({
-            enableAll: false,
-            gemfileLinks: true,
-          }),
           inlayHint: RequestConfig.new({
             enableAll: false,
             implicitRescue: false,
@@ -45,6 +44,7 @@ module RubyLsp
         },
         T::Hash[Symbol, RequestConfig],
       )
+      @client_name = T.let("Unknown", String)
     end
 
     sig { params(uri: URI::Generic).returns(Document) }

metadata

@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 --- !ruby/object:Gem::Specification
 name: ruby-lsp
 version: !ruby/object:Gem::Version
-  version: 0.13.3
+  version: 0.14.2
 platform: ruby
 authors:
 - Shopify
 autorequire: 
 bindir: exe
 cert_chain: []
-date: 2024-01-11 00:00:00.000000000 Z
+date: 2024-02-22 00:00:00.000000000 Z
 dependencies:
 - !ruby/object:Gem::Dependency
   name: language_server-protocol
@@ -30,34 +30,34 @@ dependencies:
     requirements:
     - - ">="
       - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
-        version: 0.19.0
+        version: 0.22.0
     - - "<"
       - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
-        version: '0.20'
+        version: '0.25'
   type: :runtime
   prerelease: false
   version_requirements: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
     requirements:
     - - ">="
       - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
-        version: 0.19.0
+        version: 0.22.0
     - - "<"
       - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
-        version: '0.20'
+        version: '0.25'
 - !ruby/object:Gem::Dependency
   name: sorbet-runtime
   requirement: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
     requirements:
     - - ">="
       - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
-        version: 0.5.5685
+        version: 0.5.10782
   type: :runtime
   prerelease: false
   version_requirements: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
     requirements:
     - - ">="
       - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
-        version: 0.5.5685
+        version: 0.5.10782
 description: An opinionated language server for Ruby
 email:
 - ruby@shopify.com
@@ -97,7 +97,6 @@ files:
 - lib/ruby_lsp/document.rb
 - lib/ruby_lsp/executor.rb
 - lib/ruby_lsp/internal.rb
-- lib/ruby_lsp/listener.rb
 - lib/ruby_lsp/listeners/code_lens.rb
 - lib/ruby_lsp/listeners/completion.rb
 - lib/ruby_lsp/listeners/definition.rb
@@ -139,11 +138,17 @@ files:
 - lib/ruby_lsp/requests/support/rubocop_formatting_runner.rb
 - lib/ruby_lsp/requests/support/rubocop_runner.rb
 - lib/ruby_lsp/requests/support/selection_range.rb
-- lib/ruby_lsp/requests/support/semantic_token_encoder.rb
 - lib/ruby_lsp/requests/support/sorbet.rb
 - lib/ruby_lsp/requests/support/source_uri.rb
 - lib/ruby_lsp/requests/support/syntax_tree_formatting_runner.rb
 - lib/ruby_lsp/requests/workspace_symbol.rb
+- lib/ruby_lsp/response_builders.rb
+- lib/ruby_lsp/response_builders/collection_response_builder.rb
+- lib/ruby_lsp/response_builders/document_symbol.rb
+- lib/ruby_lsp/response_builders/hover.rb
+- lib/ruby_lsp/response_builders/response_builder.rb
+- lib/ruby_lsp/response_builders/semantic_highlighting.rb
+- lib/ruby_lsp/response_builders/signature_help.rb
 - lib/ruby_lsp/ruby_document.rb
 - lib/ruby_lsp/server.rb
 - lib/ruby_lsp/setup_bundler.rb
@@ -154,6 +159,7 @@ licenses:
 - MIT
 metadata:
   allowed_push_host: https://rubygems.org
+  documentation_uri: https://shopify.github.io/ruby-lsp/
 post_install_message: 
 rdoc_options: []
 require_paths:
@@ -169,7 +175,7 @@ required_rubygems_version: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
     - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
       version: '0'
 requirements: []
-rubygems_version: 3.5.4
+rubygems_version: 3.5.6
 signing_key: 
 specification_version: 4
 summary: An opinionated language server for Ruby

data/lib/ruby_lsp/listener.rb

@@ -1,33 +0,0 @@
-# typed: strict
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-module RubyLsp
-  # Listener is an abstract class to be used by requests for listening to events emitted when visiting an AST using the
-  # Prism::Dispatcher.
-  class Listener
-    extend T::Sig
-    extend T::Helpers
-    extend T::Generic
-    include Requests::Support::Common
-
-    ResponseType = type_member
-
-    abstract!
-
-    sig { params(dispatcher: Prism::Dispatcher).void }
-    def initialize(dispatcher)
-      super()
-      @dispatcher = dispatcher
-    end
-
-    sig { returns(ResponseType) }
-    def response
-      _response
-    end
-
-    # Override this method with an attr_reader that returns the response of your listener. The listener should
-    # accumulate results in a @response variable and then provide the reader so that it is accessible
-    sig { abstract.returns(ResponseType) }
-    def _response; end
-  end
-end

data/lib/ruby_lsp/requests/support/semantic_token_encoder.rb

@@ -1,73 +0,0 @@
-# typed: strict
-# frozen_string_literal: true
-
-module RubyLsp
-  module Requests
-    module Support
-      class SemanticTokenEncoder
-        extend T::Sig
-
-        sig { void }
-        def initialize
-          @current_row = T.let(0, Integer)
-          @current_column = T.let(0, Integer)
-        end
-
-        sig do
-          params(
-            tokens: T::Array[Listeners::SemanticHighlighting::SemanticToken],
-          ).returns(Interface::SemanticTokens)
-        end
-        def encode(tokens)
-          delta = tokens
-            .sort_by do |token|
-              [token.location.start_line, token.location.start_column]
-            end
-            .flat_map do |token|
-              compute_delta(token)
-            end
-
-          Interface::SemanticTokens.new(data: delta)
-        end
-
-        # The delta array is computed according to the LSP specification:
-        # > The protocol for the token format relative uses relative
-        # > positions, because most tokens remain stable relative to
-        # > each other when edits are made in a file. This simplifies
-        # > the computation of a delta if a server supports it. So each
-        # > token is represented using 5 integers.
-
-        # For more information on how each number is calculated, read:
-        # https://microsoft.github.io/language-server-protocol/specifications/specification-current/#textDocument_semanticTokens
-        sig { params(token: Listeners::SemanticHighlighting::SemanticToken).returns(T::Array[Integer]) }
-        def compute_delta(token)
-          row = token.location.start_line - 1
-          column = token.location.start_column
-
-          begin
-            delta_line = row - @current_row
-
-            delta_column = column
-            delta_column -= @current_column if delta_line == 0
-
-            [delta_line, delta_column, token.length, token.type, encode_modifiers(token.modifier)]
-          ensure
-            @current_row = row
-            @current_column = column
-          end
-        end
-
-        # Encode an array of modifiers to positions onto a bit flag
-        # For example, [:default_library] will be encoded as
-        # 0b1000000000, as :default_library is the 10th bit according
-        # to the token modifiers index map.
-        sig { params(modifiers: T::Array[Integer]).returns(Integer) }
-        def encode_modifiers(modifiers)
-          modifiers.inject(0) do |encoded_modifiers, modifier|
-            encoded_modifiers | (1 << modifier)
-          end
-        end
-      end
-    end
-  end
-end