rubocop-shopify 2.15.0 → 2.15.1

data/README.md

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+---
+layout: base
+title: Ruby Style Guide
+permalink: '/'
+---
+
+# Ruby Style Guide
+
+Ruby is the main language at Shopify. We are primarily a Ruby shop and we are
+probably one of the largest out there. Ruby is the go-to language for new web
+projects and scripting.
+
+We expect all developers at Shopify to have at least a passing understanding of
+Ruby. It's a great language. It will make you a better developer no matter what
+you work in day to day. What follows is a loose coding style to follow while
+developing in Ruby.
+
+This Style Guide is the result of over a decade of Ruby development at Shopify.
+Much of its content is based on Bozhidar Batsov's [Ruby Style
+Guide](https://github.com/rubocop-hq/ruby-style-guide), adapted to Shopify by
+[many
+contributors](https://github.com/Shopify/ruby-style-guide/graphs/contributors).
+
+### Adoption with RuboCop
+
+We recommend using [RuboCop](https://github.com/rubocop-hq/rubocop) in your Ruby
+projects to help you adopt this Style Guide. To know how to install and use
+RuboCop please refer to [RuboCop's official
+documentation](https://docs.rubocop.org/rubocop/).
+
+We offer a default RuboCop configuration you can inherit from and be in sync
+with this Style Guide. To use it, you can add this to your `Gemfile`:
+
+  ~~~ruby
+  gem "rubocop-shopify", require: false
+  ~~~
+
+And add to the top of your project's RuboCop configuration file:
+
+  ~~~yml
+  inherit_gem:
+    rubocop-shopify: rubocop.yml
+  ~~~
+
+Any `Include` or `Exclude` configuration provided will be merged with RuboCop's defaults.
+
+For more information about inheriting configuration from a gem please check
+[RuboCop's
+documentation](https://docs.rubocop.org/rubocop/configuration.html#inheriting-configuration-from-a-dependency-gem).
+
+## Table of Contents
+
+* [General](#general)
+* [Layout](#layout)
+* [Syntax](#syntax)
+* [Naming](#naming)
+* [Classes and Modules](#classes-and-modules)
+* [Exceptions](#exceptions)
+* [Collections](#collections)
+* [Strings](#strings)
+* [Regular Expressions](#regular-expressions)
+* [Percent Literals](#percent-literals)
+* [Testing](#testing)
+
+## General
+
+* Make all lines of your methods operate on the same level of abstraction.
+  (Single Level of Abstraction Principle)
+
+* Code in a functional way. Avoid mutation (side effects) when you can.
+
+* [Avoid defensive programming](https://web.archive.org/web/20211013164839/http://www.erlang.se/doc/programming_rules.shtml#HDR11)
+  > Overly defensive programming may safeguard against errors that will never be encountered, thus incurring run-time and maintenance costs.
+
+* Avoid mutating arguments.
+
+* Avoid monkeypatching.
+
+* Avoid long methods.
+
+* Avoid long parameter lists.
+
+* Avoid needless metaprogramming.
+
+* Prefer `public_send` over `send` so as not to circumvent `private`/`protected`
+  visibility.
+
+* Write `ruby -w` safe code.
+
+* Avoid more than three levels of block nesting.
+
+## Layout
+
+* Use `UTF-8` as the source file encoding.
+
+* Use 2 space indent, no tabs.
+
+* Use Unix-style line endings.
+
+* Avoid using `;` to separate statements and expressions. Use one
+  expression per line.
+
+* Use spaces around operators, after commas, colons and semicolons, around `{`
+  and before `}`.
+
+* Avoid spaces after `(`, `[` and before `]`, `)`.
+
+* Avoid space after the `!` operator.
+
+* Avoid space inside range literals.
+
+* Avoid space around method call operators.
+
+  ~~~ruby
+  # bad
+  foo . bar
+
+  # good
+  foo.bar
+  ~~~
+
+* Avoid space in lambda literals.
+
+  ~~~ruby
+  # bad
+  a = -> (x, y) { x + y }
+
+  # good
+  a = ->(x, y) { x + y }
+  ~~~
+
+* Indent `when` as deep as the `case` line.
+
+* When assigning the result of a conditional expression to a variable, align its
+  branches with the variable that receives the return value.
+
+  ~~~ ruby
+  # bad
+  result =
+    if some_cond
+      # ...
+      # ...
+      calc_something
+    else
+      calc_something_else
+    end
+
+  # good
+  result = if some_cond
+    # ...
+    # ...
+    calc_something
+  else
+    calc_something_else
+  end
+  ~~~
+
+* When assigning the result of a begin block, align rescue/ensure/end with the start of the line
+
+  ~~~ ruby
+  # bad
+  host = begin
+           URI.parse(value).host
+         rescue URI::Error
+           nil
+         end
+
+  # good
+  host = begin
+    URI.parse(value).host
+  rescue URI::Error
+    nil
+  end
+  ~~~
+
+* Use empty lines between method definitions and also to break up methods into
+  logical paragraphs internally.
+
+* Use spaces around the `=` operator when assigning default values to method
+  parameters.
+
+* Avoid line continuation `\` where not required.
+
+* Align the parameters of a method call, if they span more than one line, with
+  one level of indentation relative to the start of the line with the method
+  call.
+
+  ~~~ ruby
+  # starting point (line is too long)
+  def send_mail(source)
+    Mailer.deliver(to: "bob@example.com", from: "us@example.com", subject: "Important message", body: source.text)
+  end
+
+  # bad (double indent)
+  def send_mail(source)
+    Mailer.deliver(
+        to: "bob@example.com",
+        from: "us@example.com",
+        subject: "Important message",
+        body: source.text)
+  end
+
+  # good
+  def send_mail(source)
+    Mailer.deliver(
+      to: "bob@example.com",
+      from: "us@example.com",
+      subject: "Important message",
+      body: source.text,
+    )
+  end
+  ~~~
+
+* When chaining methods on multiple lines, indent successive calls by one level
+  of indentation.
+
+  ~~~ ruby
+  # bad (indented to the previous call)
+  User.pluck(:name)
+      .sort(&:casecmp)
+      .chunk { |n| n[0] }
+
+  # good
+  User
+    .pluck(:name)
+    .sort(&:casecmp)
+    .chunk { |n| n[0] }
+  ~~~
+
+* Align the elements of array literals spanning multiple lines.
+
+* Limit lines to 120 characters.
+
+* Avoid trailing whitespace.
+
+* Avoid extra whitespace, except for alignment purposes.
+
+* End each file with a newline.
+
+* Avoid block comments:
+
+  ~~~ ruby
+  # bad
+  =begin
+  comment line
+  another comment line
+  =end
+
+  # good
+  # comment line
+  # another comment line
+  ~~~
+
+* Place the closing method call brace on the line after the last argument when
+  opening brace is on a separate line from the first argument.
+
+  ~~~ ruby
+  # bad
+  method(
+    arg_1,
+    arg_2)
+
+  # good
+  method(
+    arg_1,
+    arg_2,
+  )
+  ~~~
+
+* Place each element/argument on a new line when wrapping a method call, hash, or array
+  on multiple lines.
+
+  ~~~ ruby
+  # bad
+
+  method(arg_1, arg_2,
+    arg_3
+  )
+
+  [
+    value_1, value_2,
+    value_3,
+  ]
+
+  {
+    key1: value_1,
+    key2: value_2, key3: value_3,
+  }
+
+  # good
+
+  method(
+    arg_1,
+    arg_2,
+    arg_3,
+  )
+
+  [
+    value_1,
+    value_2,
+    value_3,
+  ]
+
+  {
+    key1: value_1,
+    key2: value_2,
+    key3: value_3,
+  }
+
+  # good (special cases)
+
+  # Single argument method call
+  method({
+    foo: bar,
+  })
+
+  # Last argument, itself is multiline
+  class User
+    after_save :method, if: -> {
+      do_some_checks
+    }
+  end
+
+  # Single value array
+  errors = [{
+    error_code: 1234,
+    error_message: "This is an error",
+  }]
+
+  ~~~
+
+* Separate magic comments from code and documentation with a blank line.
+
+  ~~~ruby
+  # good
+  # frozen_string_literal: true
+
+  # Some documentation for Person
+  class Person
+    # Some code
+  end
+
+  # bad
+  # frozen_string_literal: true
+  # Some documentation for Person
+  class Person
+    # Some code
+  end
+  ~~~
+
+* Use empty lines around attribute accessor.
+
+  ~~~ruby
+  # bad
+  class Foo
+    attr_reader :foo
+    def foo
+      # do something...
+    end
+  end
+
+  # good
+  class Foo
+    attr_reader :foo
+
+    def foo
+      # do something...
+    end
+  end
+  ~~~
+
+* Avoid empty lines around method, class, module, and block bodies.
+
+  ~~~ruby
+  # bad
+  class Foo
+
+    def foo
+
+      begin
+
+        do_something do
+
+          something
+
+        end
+
+      rescue
+
+        something
+
+      end
+
+      true
+
+    end
+
+  end
+
+  # good
+  class Foo
+    def foo
+      begin
+        do_something do
+          something
+        end
+      rescue
+        something
+      end
+    end
+  end
+  ~~~
+
+## Syntax
+
+* Use `::` only to reference constants (this includes classes and modules) and
+  constructors (like `Array()` or `Nokogiri::HTML()`). Avoid `::` for
+  regular method invocation.
+
+* Avoid using `::` for defining class and modules, or for inheritance, since
+  constant lookup will not search in parent classes/modules.
+
+  ~~~ ruby
+  # bad
+  module A
+    FOO = "test"
+  end
+
+  class A::B
+    puts FOO  # this will raise a NameError exception
+  end
+
+  # good
+  module A
+    FOO = "test"
+
+    class B
+      puts FOO
+    end
+  end
+  ~~~
+
+* Use def with parentheses when there are parameters. Omit the parentheses when
+  the method doesn't accept any parameters.
+
+* Avoid `for`.
+
+* Avoid `then`.
+
+* Favour the ternary operator(`?:`) over `if/then/else/end` constructs.
+
+  ~~~ ruby
+  # bad
+  result = if some_condition then something else something_else end
+
+  # good
+  result = some_condition ? something : something_else
+  ~~~
+
+* Use one expression per branch in a ternary operator. This also means that
+  ternary operators must not be nested. Prefer if/else constructs in these
+  cases.
+
+* Avoid multiline `?:` (the ternary operator); use `if/unless` instead.
+
+* Use `when x then ...` for one-line cases.
+
+* Use `!` instead of `not`.
+
+* Prefer `&&`/`||` over `and`/`or`.
+
+* Favour `unless` over `if` for negative conditions.
+
+* Avoid `unless` with `else`. Rewrite these with the positive case first.
+
+* Use parentheses around the arguments of method invocations. Omit parentheses
+  when not providing arguments. Also omit parentheses when the invocation is
+  single-line and the method:
+  - is a class method call with implicit receiver.
+  - is called by syntactic sugar (e.g: `1 + 1` calls the `+` method, `foo[bar]`
+    calls the `[]` method, etc).
+
+  ~~~ ruby
+  # bad
+  class User
+    include(Bar)
+    has_many(:posts)
+  end
+
+  # good
+  class User
+    include Bar
+    has_many :posts
+    SomeClass.some_method(:foo)
+  end
+  ~~~
+
+  - is one of the following methods:
+    * `require`
+    * `require_relative`
+    * `require_dependency`
+    * `yield`
+    * `raise`
+    * `puts`
+
+* Omit the outer braces around an implicit options hash.
+
+* Use the proc invocation shorthand when the invoked method is the only
+  operation of a block.
+
+  ~~~ ruby
+  # bad
+  names.map { |name| name.upcase }
+
+  # good
+  names.map(&:upcase)
+  ~~~
+
+* Prefer `{...}` over `do...end` for single-line blocks.
+
+* Prefer `do..end` over `{...}` for multi-line blocks.
+
+* Omit `return` where possible.
+
+* Omit `self` where possible.
+
+  ~~~ ruby
+  # bad
+  self.my_method
+
+  # good
+  my_method
+
+  # also good
+  attr_writer :name
+
+  def my_method
+    self.name = "Rafael" # `self` is needed to reference the attribute writer.
+  end
+  ~~~
+
+* Wrap assignment in parentheses when using its return value in a conditional
+  statement.
+
+  ~~~ ruby
+  if (value = /foo/.match(string))
+  ~~~
+
+* Use `||=` to initialize variables only if they're not already initialized.
+
+* Avoid using `||=` to initialize boolean variables.
+
+  ~~~ ruby
+  # bad - would set enabled to true even if it was false
+  @enabled ||= true
+
+  # good
+  @enabled = true if @enabled.nil?
+
+  # also valid - defined? workaround
+  @enabled = true unless defined?(@enabled)
+  ~~~
+
+* Avoid spaces between a method name and the opening parenthesis.
+
+* Prefer the lambda literal syntax over `lambda`.
+
+  ~~~ ruby
+  # bad
+  l = lambda { |a, b| a + b }
+  l.call(1, 2)
+
+  l = lambda do |a, b|
+    tmp = a * 7
+    tmp * b / 50
+  end
+
+  # good
+  l = ->(a, b) { a + b }
+  l.call(1, 2)
+
+  l = ->(a, b) do
+    tmp = a * 7
+    tmp * b / 50
+  end
+  ~~~
+
+* Prefer `proc` over `Proc.new`.
+
+* Prefix unused block parameters with `_`. It's also acceptable to use just `_`.
+
+* Prefer a guard clause when you can assert invalid data. A guard clause is a
+  conditional statement at the top of a function that bails out as soon as it
+  can.
+
+  ~~~ ruby
+  # bad
+  def compute_thing(thing)
+    if thing[:foo]
+      update_with_bar(thing)
+      if thing[:foo][:bar]
+        partial_compute(thing)
+      else
+        re_compute(thing)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  # good
+  def compute_thing(thing)
+    return unless thing[:foo]
+    update_with_bar(thing[:foo])
+    return re_compute(thing) unless thing[:foo][:bar]
+    partial_compute(thing)
+  end
+  ~~~
+
+* Prefer keyword arguments over options hash.
+
+* Prefer `map` over `collect`, `find` over `detect`, `select` over `find_all`,
+  `size` over `length`.
+
+* Prefer `Time` over `DateTime`.
+
+* Prefer `Time.iso8601(foo)` instead of `Time.parse(foo)` when expecting ISO8601
+  formatted time strings like `"2018-03-20T11:16:39-04:00"`.
+
+* Avoid returning from a `begin` block in assignment contexts. If you return
+  from a method inside a `begin` block, the return will prevent the assignment
+  from taking place, potentially causing confusing memoization bugs.
+
+  ~~~ ruby
+  # bad
+  def foo
+    @foo ||= begin
+      return 1 if flag?
+      2
+    end
+  end
+
+  # good
+  def foo
+    @foo ||= begin
+      if flag?
+        1
+      else
+        2
+      end
+    end
+  end
+  ~~~
+
+## Naming
+
+* Use `snake_case` for symbols, methods, and variables.
+
+* Use `CamelCase` for classes and modules, but keep acronyms like HTTP, RFC, XML
+  uppercase.
+
+* Use `snake_case` for naming files and directories, e.g. `hello_world.rb`.
+
+* Define a single class or module per source file. Name the file name as the
+  class or module, but replacing `CamelCase` with `snake_case`.
+
+* Use `SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE` for other constants.
+
+* When using inject with short blocks, name the arguments according to what is
+  being injected, e.g. `|hash, e|` (mnemonic: hash, element)
+
+* When defining binary operators, name the parameter `other`(`<<` and `[]` are
+  exceptions to the rule, since their semantics are different).
+
+* Name predicate methods with a `?`. Predicate methods are methods that return a
+  boolean value.
+
+* Avoid ending method names with a `?` if they don't return a boolean.
+
+* Avoid prefixing method names with `is_`.
+
+  ~~~ruby
+  # bad
+  def is_empty?
+  end
+
+  # good
+  def empty?
+  end
+  ~~~
+
+* Avoid starting method names with `get_`.
+
+* Avoid ending method names with `!` when there is no equivalent method without
+  the bang. Bangs are to mark a more dangerous version of a method, e.g. `save`
+  returns a boolean in ActiveRecord, whereas `save!` will throw an exception on
+  failure.
+
+* Avoid magic numbers. Use a constant and give it a meaningful name.
+
+* Avoid nomenclature that has (or could be interpreted to have) discriminatory
+  origins.
+
+## Comments
+
+* Include relevant context in comments, as readers might be missing it.
+
+* Keep comments in sync with code.
+
+* Write comments using proper capitalization and punctuation.
+
+* Avoid superfluous comments. Focus on **why** the code is the way it is if
+  this is not obvious, not **how** the code works.
+
+## Classes and Modules
+
+* Prefer modules to classes with only class methods. Classes should be used only
+  when it makes sense to create instances out of them.
+
+* Prefer `extend self` over `module_function`.
+
+  ~~~ ruby
+  # bad
+  module SomeModule
+    module_function
+
+    def some_method
+    end
+
+    def some_other_method
+    end
+  end
+
+  # good
+  module SomeModule
+    extend self
+
+    def some_method
+    end
+
+    def some_other_method
+    end
+  end
+  ~~~
+
+* Use a `class << self` block over `def self.` when defining class methods, and
+  group them together within a single block.
+
+  ~~~ ruby
+  # bad
+  class SomeClass
+    def self.method1
+    end
+
+    def method2
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def method3
+    end
+
+    def self.method4 # this is actually not private
+    end
+  end
+
+  # good
+  class SomeClass
+    class << self
+      def method1
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def method4
+      end
+    end
+
+    def method2
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def method3
+    end
+  end
+  ~~~
+
+* Respect the [Liskov Substitution Principle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liskov_substitution_principle)
+  when designing class hierarchies.
+
+* Use `attr_accessor`, `attr_reader`, and `attr_writer` to define trivial
+  accessors and mutators.
+
+  ~~~ ruby
+  # bad
+  class Person
+    def initialize(first_name, last_name)
+      @first_name = first_name
+      @last_name = last_name
+    end
+
+    def first_name
+      @first_name
+    end
+
+    def last_name
+      @last_name
+    end
+  end
+
+  # good
+  class Person
+    attr_reader :first_name, :last_name
+
+    def initialize(first_name, last_name)
+      @first_name = first_name
+      @last_name = last_name
+    end
+  end
+  ~~~
+
+* Prefer `attr_reader` and `attr_accessor` over `attr`.
+
+* Avoid class (`@@`) variables.
+
+* Indent the `public`, `protected`, and `private` methods as much as the method
+  definitions they apply to. Leave one blank line above the visibility modifier
+  and one blank line below it.
+
+  ~~~ ruby
+  class SomeClass
+    def public_method
+      # ...
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def private_method
+      # ...
+    end
+
+    def another_private_method
+      # ...
+    end
+  end
+  ~~~
+
+* Prefer `alias_method` over `alias`.
+
+## Exceptions
+
+* Signal exceptions using the `raise` method.
+
+* Omit `RuntimeError` in the two argument version of `raise`.
+
+  ~~~ ruby
+  # bad
+  raise RuntimeError, "message"
+
+  # good - signals a RuntimeError by default
+  raise "message"
+  ~~~
+
+* Prefer supplying an exception class and a message as two separate arguments to
+  `raise` instead of an exception instance.
+
+  ~~~ ruby
+  # bad
+  raise SomeException.new("message")
+  # Note that there is no way to do `raise SomeException.new("message"), backtrace`.
+
+  # good
+  raise SomeException, "message"
+  # Consistent with `raise SomeException, "message", backtrace`.
+  ~~~
+
+* Avoid returning from an `ensure` block. If you explicitly return from a method
+  inside an `ensure` block, the return will take precedence over any exception
+  being raised, and the method will return as if no exception had been raised at
+  all. In effect, the exception will be silently thrown away.
+
+  ~~~ ruby
+  # bad
+  def foo
+    raise
+  ensure
+    return "very bad idea"
+  end
+  ~~~
+
+* Use implicit begin blocks where possible.
+
+  ~~~ ruby
+  # bad
+  def foo
+    begin
+      # main logic goes here
+    rescue
+      # failure handling goes here
+    end
+  end
+
+  # good
+  def foo
+    # main logic goes here
+  rescue
+    # failure handling goes here
+  end
+  ~~~
+
+* Avoid empty `rescue` statements.
+
+  ~~~ ruby
+  # bad
+  begin
+    # an exception occurs here
+  rescue SomeError
+    # the rescue clause does absolutely nothing
+  end
+
+  # bad - `rescue nil` swallows all errors, including syntax errors, and
+  # makes them hard to track down.
+  do_something rescue nil
+  ~~~
+
+* Avoid `rescue` in its modifier form.
+
+  ~~~ ruby
+  # bad - this catches exceptions of StandardError class and its descendant
+  # classes.
+  read_file rescue handle_error($!)
+
+  # good - this catches only the exceptions of Errno::ENOENT class and its
+  # descendant classes.
+  def foo
+    read_file
+  rescue Errno::ENOENT => error
+    handle_error(error)
+  end
+  ~~~
+
+* Avoid rescuing the `Exception` class.
+
+  ~~~ ruby
+  # bad
+  begin
+    # calls to exit and kill signals will be caught (except kill -9)
+    exit
+  rescue Exception
+    puts "you didn't really want to exit, right?"
+    # exception handling
+  end
+
+  # good
+  begin
+    # a blind rescue rescues from StandardError, not Exception.
+  rescue => error
+    # exception handling
+  end
+  ~~~
+
+* Prefer exceptions from the standard library over introducing new exception
+  classes.
+
+* Use meaningful names for exception variables.
+
+  ~~~ ruby
+  # bad
+  begin
+    # an exception occurs here
+  rescue => e
+    # exception handling
+  end
+
+  # good
+  begin
+    # an exception occurs here
+  rescue => error
+    # exception handling
+  end
+  ~~~
+
+## Collections
+
+* Use literal array and hash creation notation unless you need to pass
+  parameters to their constructors.
+
+  ~~~ ruby
+  # bad
+  arr = Array.new
+  hash = Hash.new
+
+  # good
+  arr = []
+  hash = {}
+  ~~~
+
+* Prefer the literal array syntax over `%w` or `%i`.
+
+  ~~~ ruby
+  # bad
+  STATES = %w(draft open closed)
+
+  # good
+  STATES = ["draft", "open", "closed"]
+  ~~~
+
+* Append a trailing comma in multi-line collection literals.
+
+  ~~~ ruby
+  # bad
+  {
+    foo: :bar,
+    baz: :toto
+  }
+
+  # good
+  {
+    foo: :bar,
+    baz: :toto,
+  }
+  ~~~
+
+* When accessing the first or last element from an array, prefer `first` or
+  `last` over `[0]` or `[-1]`.
+
+* Avoid mutable objects as hash keys.
+
+* Use shorthand hash literal syntax when all keys are symbols.
+
+  ~~~ ruby
+  # bad
+  { :a => 1, :b => 2 }
+
+  # good
+  { a: 1, b: 2 }
+  ~~~
+
+* Prefer hash rockets syntax over shorthand syntax when not all keys are
+  symbols.
+
+  ~~~ ruby
+  # bad
+  { a: 1, "b" => 2 }
+
+  # good
+  { :a => 1, "b" => 2 }
+  ~~~
+
+* Prefer `Hash#key?` over `Hash#has_key?`.
+
+* Prefer `Hash#value?` over `Hash#has_value?`.
+
+* Use `Hash#fetch` when dealing with hash keys that should be present.
+
+  ~~~ ruby
+  heroes = { batman: "Bruce Wayne", superman: "Clark Kent" }
+  # bad - if we make a mistake we might not spot it right away
+  heroes[:batman] # => "Bruce Wayne"
+  heroes[:supermann] # => nil
+
+  # good - fetch raises a KeyError making the problem obvious
+  heroes.fetch(:supermann)
+  ~~~
+
+* Introduce default values for hash keys via `Hash#fetch` as opposed to using
+  custom logic.
+
+  ~~~ ruby
+  batman = { name: "Bruce Wayne", is_evil: false }
+
+  # bad - if we just use || operator with falsy value we won't get the expected result
+  batman[:is_evil] || true # => true
+
+  # good - fetch work correctly with falsy values
+  batman.fetch(:is_evil, true) # => false
+  ~~~
+
+* Place `]` and `}` on the line after the last element when opening
+  brace is on a separate line from the first element.
+
+  ~~~ ruby
+  # bad
+  [
+    1,
+    2]
+
+  {
+    a: 1,
+    b: 2}
+
+  # good
+  [
+    1,
+    2,
+  ]
+
+  {
+    a: 1,
+    b: 2,
+  }
+  ~~~
+
+## Strings
+
+* Prefer string interpolation and string formatting instead of string
+  concatenation:
+
+  ~~~ ruby
+  # bad
+  email_with_name = user.name + " <" + user.email + ">"
+
+  # good
+  email_with_name = "#{user.name} <#{user.email}>"
+
+  # good
+  email_with_name = format("%s <%s>", user.name, user.email)
+  ~~~
+
+* Avoid padded-spacing inside braces in interpolated expressions.
+
+  ~~~ ruby
+  # bad
+  "From: #{ user.first_name }, #{ user.last_name }"
+
+  # good
+  "From: #{user.first_name}, #{user.last_name}"
+  ~~~
+
+* Use double-quoted strings.
+
+  ~~~ ruby
+  # bad
+  'Just some text'
+  'No special chars or interpolation'
+
+  # good
+  "Just some text"
+  "No special chars or interpolation"
+  "Every string in #{project} uses double_quotes"
+  ~~~
+
+* Avoid the character literal syntax `?x`.
+
+* Use `{}` around instance and global variables being interpolated into a
+  string.
+
+  ~~~ ruby
+  class Person
+    attr_reader :first_name, :last_name
+
+    def initialize(first_name, last_name)
+      @first_name = first_name
+      @last_name = last_name
+    end
+
+    # bad - valid, but awkward
+    def to_s
+      "#@first_name #@last_name"
+    end
+
+    # good
+    def to_s
+      "#{@first_name} #{@last_name}"
+    end
+  end
+
+  $global = 0
+  # bad
+  puts "$global = #$global"
+
+  # fine, but don't use globals
+  puts "$global = #{$global}"
+  ~~~
+
+* Avoid `Object#to_s` on interpolated objects.
+
+  ~~~ ruby
+  # bad
+  message = "This is the #{result.to_s}."
+
+  # good - `result.to_s` is called implicitly.
+  message = "This is the #{result}."
+  ~~~
+
+* Avoid `String#gsub` in scenarios in which you can use a faster more
+  specialized alternative.
+
+  ~~~ ruby
+  url = "http://example.com"
+  str = "lisp-case-rules"
+
+  # bad
+  url.gsub("http://", "https://")
+  str.gsub("-", "_")
+  str.gsub(/[aeiou]/, "")
+
+  # good
+  url.sub("http://", "https://")
+  str.tr("-", "_")
+  str.delete("aeiou")
+  ~~~
+
+* When using heredocs for multi-line strings keep in mind the fact that they
+  preserve leading whitespace. It's a good practice to employ some margin based
+  on which to trim the excessive whitespace.
+
+  ~~~ ruby
+  code = <<-END.gsub(/^\s+\|/, "")
+    |def test
+    |  some_method
+    |  other_method
+    |end
+  END
+  # => "def test\n  some_method\n  other_method\nend\n"
+
+  # In Rails you can use `#strip_heredoc` to achieve the same result
+  code = <<-END.strip_heredoc
+    def test
+      some_method
+      other_method
+    end
+  END
+  # => "def test\n  some_method\n  other_method\nend\n"
+  ~~~
+
+* In Ruby 2.3, prefer ["squiggly
+  heredoc"](https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/878) syntax, which has the same
+  semantics as `strip_heredoc` from Rails:
+
+  ~~~ruby
+  code = <<~END
+    def test
+      some_method
+      other_method
+    end
+  END
+  # => "def test\n  some_method\n  other_method\nend\n"
+  ~~~
+
+* Indent heredoc contents and closing according to its opening.
+
+  ~~~ruby
+  # bad
+  class Foo
+    def bar
+      <<~SQL
+        'Hi'
+    SQL
+    end
+  end
+
+  # good
+  class Foo
+    def bar
+      <<~SQL
+        'Hi'
+      SQL
+    end
+  end
+
+  # bad
+
+  # heredoc contents is before closing heredoc.
+  foo arg,
+      <<~EOS
+    Hi
+      EOS
+
+  # good
+  foo arg,
+      <<~EOS
+    Hi
+  EOS
+
+  # good
+  foo arg,
+    <<~EOS
+      Hi
+    EOS
+  ~~~
+
+## Regular Expressions
+
+* Prefer plain text search over regular expressions in strings.
+
+  ~~~ ruby
+  string["text"]
+  ~~~
+
+* Use non-capturing groups when you don't use the captured result.
+
+  ~~~ ruby
+  # bad
+  /(first|second)/
+
+  # good
+  /(?:first|second)/
+  ~~~
+
+* Prefer `Regexp#match` over Perl-legacy variables to capture group matches.
+
+  ~~~ ruby
+  # bad
+  /(regexp)/ =~ string
+  process $1
+
+  # good
+  /(regexp)/.match(string)[1]
+  ~~~
+
+* Prefer named groups over numbered groups.
+
+  ~~~ ruby
+  # bad
+  /(regexp)/ =~ string
+  ...
+  process Regexp.last_match(1)
+
+  # good
+  /(?<meaningful_var>regexp)/ =~ string
+  ...
+  process meaningful_var
+  ~~~
+
+* Prefer `\A` and `\z` over `^` and `$` when matching strings from start to end.
+
+  ~~~ ruby
+  string = "some injection\nusername"
+  string[/^username$/] # `^` and `$` matches start and end of lines.
+  string[/\Ausername\z/] # `\A` and `\z` matches start and end of strings.
+  ~~~
+
+## Percent Literals
+
+* Use `%()` for single-line strings which require both interpolation and
+  embedded double-quotes. For multi-line strings, prefer heredocs.
+
+* Avoid `%q` unless you have a string with both `'` and `"` in it. Regular
+  string literals are more readable and should be preferred unless a lot of
+  characters would have to be escaped in them.
+
+* Use `%r` only for regular expressions matching at least one `/` character.
+
+  ~~~ ruby
+  # bad
+  %r{\s+}
+
+  # good
+  %r{^/(.*)$}
+  %r{^/blog/2011/(.*)$}
+  ~~~
+
+* Avoid the use of `%s`. Use `:"some string"` to create a symbol with spaces in
+  it.
+
+* Prefer `()` as delimiters for all `%` literals, except, as often occurs in
+  regular expressions, when parentheses appear inside the literal. Use the first
+  of `()`, `{}`, `[]`, `<>` which does not appear inside the literal.
+
+## Testing
+
+* Treat test code like any other code you write. This means: keep readability,
+  maintainability, complexity, etc. in mind.
+
+* Prefer Minitest as the test framework.
+
+* Limit each test case to cover a single aspect of your code.
+
+* Organize the setup, action, and assertion sections of the test case into
+  paragraphs separated by empty lines.
+
+  ~~~ ruby
+  test "sending a password reset email clears the password hash and set a reset token" do
+    user = User.create!(email: "bob@example.com")
+    user.mark_as_verified
+
+    user.send_password_reset_email
+
+    assert_nil user.password_hash
+    refute_nil user.reset_token
+  end
+  ~~~
+
+* Split complex test cases into multiple simpler tests that test functionality
+  in isolation.
+
+* Prefer using `test "foo"`-style syntax to define test cases over `def
+  test_foo`.
+
+* Prefer using assertion methods that will yield a more descriptive error
+  message.
+
+  ~~~ ruby
+  # bad
+  assert user.valid?
+  assert user.name == "tobi"
+
+
+  # good
+  assert_predicate user, :valid?
+  assert_equal "tobi", user.name
+  ~~~
+
+* Avoid using `assert_nothing_raised`. Use a positive assertion instead.
+
+* Prefer using assertions over expectations. Expectations lead to more brittle
+  tests, especially in combination with singleton objects.
+
+  ~~~ ruby
+  # bad
+  StatsD.expects(:increment).with("metric")
+  do_something
+
+  # good
+  assert_statsd_increment("metric") do
+    do_something
+  end
+  ~~~