rtm 0.1.6 → 0.2

data/spec/rtm/tmapi/core/topic_spec.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,1468 @@
+# Copyright: Copyright 2009 Topic Maps Lab, University of Leipzig.
+# License:   Apache License, Version 2.0
+
+require File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/../../../spec_helper'
+module RTM::Topic
+
+  describe self do
+    before(:each) do
+      @tm = get_used_tm_sys_tm
+    end
+    after(:each) do
+      @tm.close
+    end
+
+    describe "#add_type" do
+      before(:each) do
+        @t1,@t2,@t3 = @tm.get!(["t1","t2","t3"])
+      end
+      it "should not create an type-instance-association" do
+        @t1.add_type(@t3)
+        if implementation_for_spec == :sesametm
+          pending "unless engine is SesameTM" do
+            @tm.should have(0).associations
+          end
+        else
+          @tm.should have(0).associations
+        end
+      end
+      it "should add a type if argument is a String" do
+        @t1.should have(0).types
+        @t1.add_type("t2")
+        @t1.add_type("t4")
+        @tm.get("t4").should_not be_nil
+        @t1.should have(2).types
+        @t1.types.should include @t2, @tm.get("t4")
+      end
+      it "should add a type if argument is a Locator" do
+        @t1.should have(0).types
+        locator1 = @tm.create_locator("t2")
+        locator2 = @tm.create_locator("t4")
+        @t1.add_type(locator1)
+        @t1.add_type(locator2)
+        @tm.get("t4").should_not be_nil
+        @t1.should have(2).types
+        @t1.types.should include @t2, @tm.get("t4")
+      end
+      it "should add a type if argument is a Topic" do
+        @t1.should have(0).types
+        @t1.add_type(@t2)
+        @t1.add_type(@t3)
+        @t1.should have(2).types
+        @t1.types.should include @t2, @t3
+      end
+      it "should raise an error, if no argument is given" do
+        lambda{@t1.add_type()}.should raise_error
+      end
+      it "should not add a type several times" do
+        @t1.should have(0).types
+        @t1.add_type("t2")
+        @t1.should have(1).types
+        @t1.types.should include @t2
+        @t1.add_type("t2")
+        @t1.should have(1).types
+        @t1.types.should include @t2
+      end
+    end
+
+    describe "#add_types" do
+      before(:each) do
+        @t1,@t2,@t3 = @tm.get!(["t1","t2","t3"])
+      end
+      it "should not add a type if no argument is given" do
+        @t1.should have(0).types
+        @t1.add_types()
+        @t1.should have(0).types
+      end
+      it "should add one type if one argument is given" do
+        # adding one
+        @t1.should have(0).types
+        @t1.add_types(@t2)
+        @t1.should have(1).types
+        @t1.types.should include @t2
+        # adding another
+        @t1.add_types("t4")
+        @t1.should have(2).types
+        @tm.get("t4").should_not be_nil
+        @t1.types.should include @t2, @tm.get("t4")
+        # adding t2 again -> should still have 2 types
+        @t1.add_types(@t2)
+        @t1.should have(2).types
+        @t1.types.should include @t2, @tm.get("t4")
+      end
+      it "should add several types if several arguments are given" do
+        @t1.should have(0).types
+        @t1.add_types(@t2, "t4", @tm.create_locator("t5"))
+        @t1.should have(3).types
+        @tm.get("t4").should_not be_nil
+        @tm.get("t5").should_not be_nil
+        @t1.types.should include @t2, @tm.get("t4"), @tm.get("t5")
+      end
+      it "should add several types if several arrays with arguments are given" do
+        @t1.should have(0).types
+        @t1.add_types([@t2, "t4"], @t3)
+        @t1.should have(3).types
+        @tm.get("t4").should_not be_nil
+        @t1.types.should include @t2, @tm.get("t4"), @t3
+      end
+      it "should raise an error if a hash is given" do
+        @t1.should have(0).types
+        lambda{@t1.add_types([@t2, "t4"], "x" => "y")}.should raise_error
+      end
+    end
+
+    describe "#add_instance" do
+      before(:each) do
+        @t1,@t2,@t3 = @tm.get!(["t1","t2","t3"])
+      end
+      it "should not create an type-instance-association" do
+        @t1.add_instance(@t3)
+        if implementation_for_spec == :sesametm
+          pending "unless engine is SesameTM" do
+            @tm.should have(0).associations
+          end
+        else
+          @tm.should have(0).associations
+        end
+      end
+      it "should add an instance if argument is a String" do
+        @t2.should have(0).types
+        @tm.get("t4").should be_nil
+        @t1.should have(0).instances
+        @t1.add_instance("t2")
+        @t1.add_instance("t4")
+        @tm.get("t4").should_not be_nil
+        @t1.should have(2).instances
+        @t1.instances.should include @t2, @tm.get("t4")
+        @t2.should have(1).types
+        @t2.types.should include @t1
+        @tm.get("t4").should have(1).types
+        @tm.get("t4").types.should include @t1
+      end
+      it "should add an instance if argument is a Locator" do
+        @t2.should have(0).types
+        @tm.get("t4").should be_nil
+        @t1.should have(0).instances
+        locator1 = @tm.create_locator("t2")
+        locator2 = @tm.create_locator("t4")
+        @t1.add_instance(locator1)
+        @t1.add_instance(locator2)
+        @tm.get("t4").should_not be_nil
+        @t1.should have(2).instances
+        @t1.instances.should include @t2, @tm.get("t4")
+        @t2.should have(1).types
+        @t2.types.should include @t1
+        @tm.get("t4").should have(1).types
+        @tm.get("t4").types.should include @t1
+      end
+      it "should add an instance if argument is a Topic" do
+        @t2.should have(0).types
+        @t3.should have(0).types
+        @t1.should have(0).instances
+        @t1.add_instance(@t2)
+        @t1.add_instance(@t3)
+        @t1.should have(2).instances
+        @t1.instances.should include @t2, @t3
+        @t2.should have(1).types
+        @t2.types.should include @t1
+        @t3.should have(1).types
+        @t3.types.should include @t1
+      end
+      it "should raise an error, if no argument is given" do
+        lambda{@t1.add_instance()}.should raise_error
+      end
+      it "should not add an instance several times" do
+        @t1.should have(0).instances
+        @t1.add_instance("t2")
+        @t1.should have(1).instances
+        @t1.instances.should include @t2
+        @t2.should have(1).types
+        @t1.add_instance("t2")
+        @t1.should have(1).instances
+        @t1.instances.should include @t2
+        @t2.should have(1).types
+      end
+    end
+
+    describe "#add_instances" do
+      before(:each) do
+        @t1,@t2,@t3 = @tm.get!(["t1","t2","t3"])
+      end
+      it "should not add an instance if no argument is given" do
+        @t1.should have(0).instances
+        @t1.add_types()
+        @t1.should have(0).instances
+      end
+      it "should add one instance if one argument is given" do
+        # adding one
+        @t1.should have(0).instances
+        @t2.should have(0).types
+        @t1.add_instances(@t2)
+        @t1.should have(1).instances
+        @t1.instances.should include @t2
+        @t2.should have(1).types
+        # adding another
+        @tm.get("t4").should be_nil
+        @t1.add_instances("t4")
+        @t1.should have(2).instances
+        @tm.get("t4").should_not be_nil
+        @t1.instances.should include @t2, @tm.get("t4")
+        @tm.get("t4").should have(1).types
+        # adding t2 again -> should still have 2 instances
+        @t1.add_instances(@t2)
+        @t1.should have(2).instances
+        @t1.instances.should include @t2, @tm.get("t4")
+        @tm.get("t4").should have(1).types
+        @t2.should have(1).types
+      end
+      it "should add several instances if several arguments are given" do
+        @t1.should have(0).instances
+        @t2.should have(0).types
+        @t1.add_instances(@t2, "t4", @tm.create_locator("t5"))
+        @t1.should have(3).instances
+        @tm.get("t4").should_not be_nil
+        @tm.get("t5").should_not be_nil
+        @t1.instances.should include @t2, @tm.get("t4"), @tm.get("t5")
+        @t2.should have(1).types
+        @tm.get("t4").should have(1).types
+        @tm.get("t5").should have(1).types
+      end
+      it "should add several instances if several arrays with arguments are given" do
+        @t1.should have(0).instances
+        @t1.add_instances([@t2, "t4"], @t3)
+        @t1.should have(3).instances
+        @tm.get("t4").should_not be_nil
+        @t1.instances.should include @t2, @tm.get("t4"), @t3
+      end
+      it "should raise an error if a hash is given" do
+        @t1.should have(0).instances
+        lambda{@t1.add_instances([@t2, "t4"], "x" => "y")}.should raise_error
+      end
+    end
+
+    describe "#remove_type" do
+      before(:each) do
+        @t1,@t2,@t3,@t4 = @tm.get!(["t1","t2","t3","t4"])
+        @t1.add_type(@t2)
+        @t1.add_type(@t3)
+        @t1.should have(2).types
+        @t1.types.should include @t2, @t3
+      end
+      it "should remove a type if argument is a String" do
+        @t1.remove_type("t2")
+        @t1.should have(1).types
+        @t1.types.should include @t3
+        @t1.remove_type("t3")
+        @t1.should have(0).types
+      end
+      it "should remove a type if argument is a Locator" do
+        @t1.remove_type(@tm.create_locator("t2"))
+        @t1.should have(1).types
+        @t1.types.should include @t3
+        @t1.remove_type(@tm.create_locator("t3"))
+        @t1.should have(0).types
+      end
+      it "should remove a type if argument is a Topic" do
+        @t1.remove_type(@t2)
+        @t1.should have(1).types
+        @t1.types.should include @t3
+        @t1.remove_type(@t3)
+        @t1.should have(0).types
+      end
+      it "should not remove a type if argument does not match a type of this Topic" do
+        @t1.remove_type("t4")
+        @t1.should have(2).types
+        @t1.remove_type("t5")
+        @t1.should have(2).types
+        @t1.remove_type(@tm.create_locator("t4"))
+        @t1.should have(2).types
+        @t1.remove_type(@tm.create_locator("t5"))
+        @t1.should have(2).types
+        @t1.remove_type(@t4)
+        @t1.should have(2).types
+        @t1.remove_type(@t5)
+        @t1.should have(2).types
+        @t1.types.should include @t2, @t3
+      end
+    end
+
+    describe "#remove_instance" do
+      before(:each) do
+        @t1,@t2,@t3,@t4 = @tm.get!(["t1","t2","t3","t4"])
+        @t1.add_type(@t2)
+        @t1.add_type(@t3)
+        @t4.add_type(@t2)
+        @t2.should have(2).instances
+        @t2.instances.should include @t1, @t4
+      end
+      it "should remove an instance if argument is a String" do
+        @t2.remove_instance("t1")
+        @t2.should have(1).instances
+        @t2.instances.should include @t4
+        @t2.remove_instance("t4")
+        @t2.should have(0).instances
+      end
+      it "should remove an instance if argument is a Locator" do
+        @t2.remove_instance(@tm.create_locator("t4"))
+        @t2.should have(1).instances
+        @t2.instances.should include @t1
+        @t2.remove_instance(@tm.create_locator("t1"))
+        @t2.should have(0).instances
+      end
+      it "should remove an instance if argument is a Topic" do
+        @t2.remove_instance(@t1)
+        @t2.should have(1).instances
+        @t2.instances.should include @t4
+        @t2.remove_instance(@t4)
+        @t2.should have(0).instances
+      end
+      it "should not remove an instance if argument does not match an instance of this Topic" do
+        @t2.remove_instance("t3")
+        @t2.should have(2).instances
+        @t2.remove_instance("t5")
+        @t2.should have(2).instances
+        @t2.remove_instance(@tm.create_locator("t3"))
+        @t2.should have(2).instances
+        @t2.remove_instance(@tm.create_locator("t5"))
+        @t2.should have(2).instances
+        @t2.remove_instance(@t3)
+        @t2.should have(2).instances
+        @t2.remove_instance(@t5)
+        @t2.should have(2).instances
+        @t2.instances.should include @t1, @t4
+      end
+    end
+
+    describe "#parent" do
+      it "should give back the Topic Map" do
+        topic = @tm.create_topic_by("=weihnachtsmann")
+        topic.should be_a_kind_of RTM::Topic
+        @tm.get("=weihnachtsmann").should be_a_kind_of RTM::Topic
+        topic.parent.should be_a_kind_of RTM::TopicMap
+        topic.parent.should == @tm
+      end
+    end
+
+    describe "#names" do
+      before(:each) do
+        @topic = @tm.get!("person")
+        @value1 = "Bruce"
+        @value2 = "Bruce Smith"
+        @value3 = "Smith"
+        @value4 = "Bru"
+        @name1 = @topic.create_name(@value1)
+        @name2 = @topic.create_name(@value2)
+        @name3 = @topic.create_name("last",@value3)
+        @name4 = @topic.create_name("first",@value4,["friends"])
+      end
+      it "should give back all names of this Topic if no identifier is given" do
+        @topic.should have(4).names
+        @topic.names.should include @name1, @name2, @name3, @name4
+        @topic.names.map{|n| n.value}.should include @value1, @value2, @value3, @value4
+      end
+      it "should give back no names if the identifier does not reference a Topic" do
+        @tm.get("dummy").should be_nil
+        @topic.names("dummy").should be_empty
+        @tm.get("dummy").should be_nil       
+        @topic.names(@tm.create_locator("dummy")).should be_empty
+        @tm.get("dummy").should be_nil
+      end
+      it "should give back no names if the identifier is a Topic but no Name type" do
+        dummy = @tm.get!("dummy")
+        @topic.names("dummy").should be_empty
+        @topic.names(dummy).should be_empty
+      end
+      it "should give back names of this type if an identifier is given and is a name type" do
+        @topic.names("first").size.should == 1
+        @topic.names("first").should include @name4
+        @topic.names("last").size.should == 1
+        @topic.names("last").should include @name3
+        @topic.names(RTM::PSI[:name_type]).size.should == 2
+        @topic.names(RTM::PSI[:name_type]).should include @name1, @name2
+      end
+      it "should give back names which have the default name type if identifier = :default" do
+        @topic.names(:default).size.should == 2
+        @topic.names(:default).should include @name1, @name2
+        @topic.names(:default).map{|n| n.value}.should include @value1, @value2
+      end
+      it "should give back names which have one of these identifiers as Name type if an identifier is an Array or an enumeration" do
+        @topic.names(["first","last"]).size.should == 2
+        @topic.names(["first","last"]).should include @name3, @name4
+        @topic.names("first","last").size.should == 2
+        @topic.names("first","last").should include @name3, @name4
+        @topic.names("first",:default).size.should == 3
+        @topic.names("first",:default).should include @name1, @name2, @name4
+        @topic.names(:any,"last").size.should == 4
+        @topic.names(:any,"last").should include @name1, @name2, @name3, @name4
+        @topic.names("last","dummy","first").should == @topic.names(["first","last"])
+      end
+    end
+
+    describe "#occurrences" do
+      before(:each) do
+        @topic = @tm.get!("person")
+        @value1 = "18"
+        @value2 = "red"
+        @value3 = @tm.create_locator("person")
+        @value4 = "Leipzig"
+        @occurrence1 = @topic.create_occurrence("age",@value1,:scope => ["2009"],:datatype => RTM::PSI[:Integer])
+        @occurrence2 = @topic.create_occurrence("favourite_colour", @value2)
+        @occurrence3 = @topic.create_occurrence("website",@value3)
+        @occurrence4 = @topic.create_occurrence("home",@value4)
+      end
+      it "should give back all occurrences of this Topic if no identifier is given" do
+        @topic.should have(4).occurrences
+        @topic.occurrences.should include @occurrence1, @occurrence2, @occurrence3, @occurrence4
+        @topic.occurrences.map{|n| n.value}.should include @value1, @value2, @value3.value, @value4
+      end
+      it "should give back no occurrences if the identifier does not reference a Topic" do
+        @tm.get("dummy").should be_nil
+        @topic.occurrences("dummy").should be_empty
+        @tm.get("dummy").should be_nil       
+        @topic.occurrences(@tm.create_locator("dummy")).should be_empty
+        @tm.get("dummy").should be_nil
+      end
+      it "should give back no occurrences if the identifier is a Topic but no occurrence type" do
+        dummy = @tm.get!("dummy")
+        @topic.occurrences("dummy").should be_empty
+        @topic.occurrences(dummy).should be_empty
+      end
+      it "should give back occurrences of this type if an identifier is given and is a occurrence type" do
+        @topic.occurrences("age").size.should == 1
+        @topic.occurrences("age").should include @occurrence1
+        @topic.occurrences("website").size.should == 1
+        @topic.occurrences("website").should include @occurrence3
+      end
+      it "should give back occurrences which have one of these identifiers as occurrence type if an identifier is an Array or an enumeration" do
+        @topic.occurrences(["age","favourite_colour"]).size.should == 2
+        @topic.occurrences(["age","favourite_colour"]).should include @occurrence1, @occurrence2
+        @topic.occurrences("website","home").size.should == 2
+        @topic.occurrences("website","home").should include @occurrence3, @occurrence4
+        @topic.occurrences(:any,"home").size.should == 4
+        @topic.occurrences(:any,"home").should include @occurrence1, @occurrence2, @occurrence3, @occurrence4
+        @topic.occurrences("home","dummy","age").should == @topic.occurrences(["home","age"])
+      end
+    end
+
+    describe "#create_name" do
+      before(:each) do
+        @topic = @tm.get!("person")
+        @default_name_type = @tm.get!(RTM::PSI[:name_type])
+      end
+      it "should create a name if only a value is given" do
+        value = "George"
+        @topic.names.should be_empty
+        name = @topic.create_name(value)
+        @topic.should have(1).names
+        @topic.names.should include name
+        name.value.should == value
+        name.scope.should be_empty
+        name.type.should == @default_name_type
+        @topic.names.first.value.should == value
+      end
+      it "should raise an error if, one argument given, this argument is not a name" do
+        lambda{@topic.create_name(@tm.get!("George"))}.should raise_error
+      end
+      it "should allow to create a name with type as Topic" do
+        value = "George"
+        name_type = @tm.get!("first")
+        name = @topic.create_name(name_type, value)
+        name.value.should == value
+        name.type.should == name_type
+        name.scope.should be_empty
+      end
+      it "should allow to create a name with type as String" do
+        value = "Smith"
+        name_type = "last"
+        name = @topic.create_name(name_type,value)
+        name.value.should == value
+        name.type.should == @tm.get(name_type)
+        name.scope.should be_empty
+      end
+      it "should allow to create a name with type as Locator" do
+        value = "Smith"
+        name_type = @tm.create_locator("last")
+        name = @topic.create_name(name_type,value)
+        name.value.should == value
+        name.type.should == @tm.get(name_type)
+        name.scope.should be_empty
+      end
+      it "should raise an error if scope is not an Array" do
+        lambda{@topic.create_name("first","Hans","deutsch")}.should raise_error
+      end
+      it "should allow to create a name with value and scope-Array with on theme (String)" do
+        value = "Hans"
+        theme = "german"
+        name = @topic.create_name(value,[theme])
+        name.value.should == value
+        name.scope.size.should == 1
+        name.scope.should include(@tm.get(theme))
+      end
+      it "should allow to create a name with value and scope-Array with on theme (Topic)" do
+        value = "Hans"
+        theme = @tm.get!("deutsch")
+        name = @topic.create_name(value,[theme])
+        name.value.should == value
+        name.scope.size.should == 1
+        name.scope.should include(theme)
+      end
+      it "should allow to create a name with value and scope-Array with on theme (Locator)" do
+        value = "Hans"
+        theme = @tm.create_locator("deutsch")
+        name = @topic.create_name(value,[theme])
+        name.value.should == value
+        name.scope.size.should == 1
+        name.scope.should include(@tm.get!(theme))
+      end
+      it "should allow to create a name with value and scope-Array with several themes (Strings)" do
+        value = "Hans"
+        theme1 = "deutsch1"
+        theme2 = @tm.get!("deutsch2")
+        theme3 = @tm.create_locator("deutsch3")
+        name = @topic.create_name(value,[theme1,theme2,theme3])
+        name.value.should == value
+        name.scope.size.should == 3
+        name.scope.should include(@tm.get(theme1), theme2, @tm.get(theme3))
+      end   
+      it "should not create a name if type is an Array" do
+        lambda{@topic.create_name(["first","last"],"Hans")}.should raise_error
+      end
+      it "should create a name if scope is an empty Array" do
+        value = "Hans"
+        type = "first"
+        name1 = @topic.create_name(type,value,[])
+        name1.value.should == value
+        name1.type.should == @tm.get(type)
+        name1.scope.should be_empty
+      end
+    end
+
+    describe "#children" do
+      it "should give back all Names and Occurrences parented by a Topic" do
+        topic = @tm.create_topic_by("Uni_Leipzig")
+        name1 = topic.create_name("Universitaet Leipzig")
+        name2 = topic.create_name("University of Leipzig")
+        occ1 = topic.create_occurrence("Gruendungsjahr", "1409")
+        occ2 = topic.create_occurrence("Webseite", "http://www.example.org/uni-leipzig")
+        topic.should have(4).children
+        topic.children.should include(name1, name2, occ1, occ2)
+      end
+    end
+
+    describe "#roles" do
+      before(:each) do
+        @t1,@t2,@t3,@t4,@t5 = @tm.get!(["t1","t2","t3","t4","t5"])
+        @t_a1,@t_a2 = @tm.get!(["t_a1","t_a2"])
+        @t_r1,@t_r2,@t_r3,@t_r4,@t_r5 = @tm.get!(["t_r1","t_r2","t_r3","t_r4","t_r5"])
+        @a1 = @tm.create_association(@t_a1)
+        @a2 = @tm.create_association(@t_a2)
+        @a3 = @tm.create_association(@t_a1)
+        @r1 = @a1.create_role(@t_r1, @t1)
+        @r2 = @a1.create_role(@t_r2, @t2)
+        @r3 = @a1.create_role(@t_r1, @t4)
+        @r4 = @a2.create_role(@t_r1, @t1)
+        @r5 = @a2.create_role(@t_r3, @t3)
+        @r6 = @a3.create_role(@t_r4, @t1)
+        @r7 = @a3.create_role(@t_r5, @t5)
+      end
+      it "should give back all roles when no arguments are given" do
+        @t1.roles.size.should == 3
+        @t1.roles.should include(@r1, @r4, @r6)
+        @t2.should have(1).roles
+        @t3.should have(1).roles
+        @t4.should have(1).roles
+        @t5.should have(1).roles
+        @t1.roles(:any).should == @t1.roles
+      end
+      it "should give back some roles if the roletype is given" do
+        @t1.roles(@t_r1).size.should == 2
+        @t1.roles(@t_r1).should include(@r1, @r4)
+      end
+      it "should give back some roles if several roletypes are given" do
+        @t1.roles([@t_r1,@t_r4]).size.should == 3
+        @t1.roles([@t_r1,@t_r4]).should include(@r1, @r4, @r6)
+      end
+      it "should give back some roles if several roletypes and one assoctype are given" do
+        @t1.roles([@t_r1, @t_r4], @t_a1).size.should == 2
+        @t1.roles([@t_r1, @t_r4], @t_a1).should include(@r1, @r6)
+
+        @t1.roles([@t_r1, @t_r1, @t_r4], @t_a1).size.should == 2
+      end
+      it "should give back some roles if several assoctypes and one rolytype are given" do
+        @t1.roles(@t_r4,[@t_a1,@t_a2]).size.should == 1
+        @t1.roles(@t_r4,[@t_a1,@t_a2]).should include(@r6)
+
+        @t1.roles(@t_r1,[@t_a1,@t_a2]).size.should == 2
+        @t1.roles(@t_r1,[@t_a1,@t_a2]).should include(@r1, @r4)
+
+        @t1.roles(@t_r1,[@t_a1,@t_a2]).should == @t1.roles([@t_r1],[@t_a1,@t_a2])
+      end
+      it "should handle Arrays of Arrays" do
+        @t1.roles(@t_r1).should == @t1.roles([@t_r1])
+        @t1.roles(@t_r1).should == @t1.roles([[@t_r1]])
+
+        @t1.roles(@t_r4,[@t_a1,@t_a2]).should == @t1.roles(@t_r4,[@t_a1,[@t_a2]])
+      end
+      it "should give back some roles if several assoctypes and one rolytype are given" do
+        @t1.roles(@t_r4,[@t_a1,@t_a2]).size.should == 1
+        @t1.roles(@t_r4,[@t_a1,@t_a2]).should include(@r6)
+
+        @t1.roles(@t_r1,[@t_a1,@t_a2]).size.should == 2
+        @t1.roles(@t_r1,[@t_a1,@t_a2]).should include(@r1, @r4)
+
+        @t1.roles(@t_r1,[@t_a1,@t_a2]).should == @t1.roles([@t_r1],[@t_a1,@t_a2])
+      end
+      it "should give back some roles if several roletypes and several assoctype are given" do
+        @t1.roles([@t_r4,@t_r1],[@t_a1,@t_a2]).size.should == 3
+        @t1.roles([@t_r4,@t_r1],[@t_a1,@t_a2]).should include(@r1, @r4, @r6)
+      end
+      it "should handle Locators" do
+        @t1.roles(@tm.create_locator("t_r1")).should == @t1.roles(@t_r1)
+      end
+      it "should handle IRIs" do
+        @t1.roles("t_r1").should == @t1.roles(@t_r1)
+        @t1.roles("t_r2").should be_empty
+        @t1.roles("t_r").should be_empty
+        @t1.roles(["t_r1","t_r4"]).should == @t1.roles([@t_r1,@t_r4])
+        @t1.roles(["t_r1", @t_r4], "t_a1").should == @t1.roles([@t_r1, @t_r4], @t_a1)
+        @t1.roles("t_r4",[@t_a1,@t_a2]).should ==  @t1.roles(@t_r4,[@t_a1,@t_a2])
+        @t1.roles(["t_r4",@t_r1],["t_a1",@t_a2]).should == @t1.roles([@t_r4,@t_r1],[@t_a1,@t_a2])
+      end
+      it "should give back an empty Set of Roles" do
+        @t1.roles(@t_r2).should be_empty
+        @t1.roles(@t_a2).should be_empty
+      end
+      it "should set roles to roles_played" do
+        @t1.roles.should == @t1.roles_played
+      end
+    end #of describe "#roles"
+
+    describe "#create_occurrence" do
+      before(:each) do
+        @topic = @tm.get!("person")
+      end
+      after(:each) do
+      end
+      describe "with false arguments" do
+        it "should raise an error if type is a String and the value's datatype is not supported" do
+          lambda{@topic.create_occurrence("Age", {:a => :b})}.should raise_error
+        end
+        it "should not raise an error if type is String, datatype is given, the value's datatype is not supported but the value may be converted to string" do
+          lambda{:a.to_s}.should_not raise_error
+          lambda{@topic.create_occurrence("Age", :a, :datatype => RTM::PSI[:String])}.should_not raise_error
+        end
+        it "should raise an error if type is a Locator and the value's type is not supported" do
+          lambda{@topic.create_occurrence(@tm.create_locator("Age"), {:a => :b})}.should raise_error
+        end
+        it "should raise an error if type is a Topic and the value's type is not supported" do
+          lambda{@topic.create_occurrence(@tm.get!("Age"), {:a => :b})}.should raise_error
+        end
+        it "should raise an error if scope is not an array"
+        it "should raise an error if datatype is not of type String or Locator"
+        it "should raise an error if datatype is nil" do
+          @occ = @topic.create_occurrence("birthplace","Leipzig", :datatype => nil)
+        end
+      end
+      describe "given type and value" do
+        after(:each) do
+          @occ.should be_a_kind_of(RTM::Occurrence)
+          @occ.scope.should respond_to(:each)
+          @occ.scope.should be_empty
+        end
+        describe "and type is a String" do
+          it "should create an occurrence if value is a String" do
+            @occ = @topic.create_occurrence("birthplace","Leipzig")
+            @tm.get("birthplace").should be_a_kind_of(RTM::Topic)
+            @occ.type.should == @tm.get("birthplace")
+            @occ.value.should == "Leipzig"
+            @occ.datatype.should == @tm.create_locator(RTM::PSI[:String])
+          end
+          it "should create an occurrence if value is a Locator" do
+            @occ = @topic.create_occurrence("Website" ,@tm.create_locator("http://www.example.org/uni-leipzig"))
+            @tm.get("Website").should be_a_kind_of(RTM::Topic)
+            @occ.type.should == @tm.get("Website")
+            @occ.datatype.to_external_form.should == RTM::PSI[:IRI]
+            @occ.value.should == "http://www.example.org/uni-leipzig"
+          end
+          it "should create an occurrnce if value is a Float" do
+            @occ = @topic.create_occurrence("Age", 23.5)
+            @tm.get("Age").should be_a_kind_of(RTM::Topic)
+            @occ.type.should == @tm.get("Age")
+            @occ.datatype.to_external_form.should == RTM::PSI[:Float]
+            @occ.value.should == "23.5"
+          end
+          it "should create an occurrence if value is a Fixum" do
+            @occ = @topic.create_occurrence("Age", 23)
+            @tm.get("Age").should be_a_kind_of(RTM::Topic)
+            @occ.type.should == @tm.get("Age")
+            @occ.datatype.to_external_form.should == RTM::PSI[:Long]
+            @occ.value.should == "23"
+          end
+          it "should create an occurrence if value is Bignum" do
+            number = 9999999999999999999
+            number.class.should == Bignum
+            @occ = @topic.create_occurrence("Age", number)
+            @tm.get("Age").should be_a_kind_of(RTM::Topic)
+            @occ.type.should == @tm.get("Age")
+            @occ.datatype.to_external_form.should == RTM::PSI[:Integer]
+            @occ.value.should == number.to_s
+          end
+        end
+        describe "and type is a Locator" do
+          it "should create an occurrence if value is a String" do
+            @occ = @topic.create_occurrence(@tm.create_locator("birthplace"),"Leipzig")
+            @tm.get("birthplace").should be_a_kind_of(RTM::Topic)
+            @occ.type.should == @tm.get("birthplace")
+            @occ.value.should == "Leipzig"
+            @occ.datatype.should == @tm.create_locator(RTM::PSI[:String])
+          end
+          it "should create an occurrence if value is an IRI" do
+            @occ = @topic.create_occurrence(@tm.create_locator("Website"), @tm.create_locator("http://www.example.org/uni-leipzig"))
+            @tm.get("Website").should be_a_kind_of(RTM::Topic)
+            @occ.type.should == @tm.get("Website")
+            @occ.value.should == "http://www.example.org/uni-leipzig"
+            @occ.datatype.should == @tm.create_locator(RTM::PSI[:IRI])
+          end
+          it "should create an occurrnce if value is a Float" do
+            @occ = @topic.create_occurrence(@tm.create_locator("Age"), 23.5)
+            @tm.get("Age").should be_a_kind_of(RTM::Topic)
+            @occ.type.should == @tm.get("Age")
+            @occ.datatype.to_external_form.should == RTM::PSI[:Float]
+            @occ.value.should == "23.5"
+          end
+          it "should create an occurrence if value is a Fixum" do
+            @occ = @topic.create_occurrence(@tm.create_locator("Age"), 23)
+            @tm.get("Age").should be_a_kind_of(RTM::Topic)
+            @occ.type.should == @tm.get("Age")
+            @occ.datatype.to_external_form.should == RTM::PSI[:Long]
+            @occ.value.should == "23"
+          end
+          it "should create an occurrence if value is Bignum" do
+            number = 9999999999999999999
+            number.class.should == Bignum
+            @occ = @topic.create_occurrence(@tm.create_locator("Age"), number)
+            @tm.get("Age").should be_a_kind_of(RTM::Topic)
+            @occ.type.should == @tm.get("Age")
+            @occ.datatype.to_external_form.should == RTM::PSI[:Integer]
+            @occ.value.should == number.to_s
+          end
+        end
+        describe "and type is a Topic" do
+          it "should create an occurrence if value is a String" do
+            type = @tm.get!("Website")
+            @occ = @topic.create_occurrence(type, "http://www.example.org/uni-leipzig")
+            @occ.type.should == type
+            @occ.datatype.to_external_form.should == RTM::PSI[:String]
+            @occ.value.should == "http://www.example.org/uni-leipzig"
+          end
+          it "should create an occurrence if value is an IRI" do
+            type = @tm.get!("Website")
+            @occ = @topic.create_occurrence(type, @tm.create_locator("http://www.example.org/uni-leipzig"))
+            @occ.type.should == type
+            @occ.datatype.to_external_form.should == RTM::PSI[:IRI]
+            @occ.value.should == "http://www.example.org/uni-leipzig"
+          end
+          it "should create an occurrnce if value is a Float" do
+            type = @tm.get!("Age")
+            @occ = @topic.create_occurrence(type, 23.5)
+            @occ.type.should == type
+            @occ.datatype.to_external_form.should == RTM::PSI[:Float]
+            @occ.value.should == "23.5"
+          end
+          it "should create an occurrence if value is a Fixum" do
+            type = @tm.get!("Age")
+            @occ = @topic.create_occurrence(type, 23)
+            @occ.type.should == type
+            @occ.datatype.to_external_form.should == RTM::PSI[:Long]
+            @occ.value.should == "23"
+          end
+          it "should create an occurrence if value is Bignum" do
+            number = 9999999999999999999
+            number.class.should == Bignum
+            type = @tm.get!("Age")
+            @occ = @topic.create_occurrence(type, number)
+            @occ.type.should == type
+            @occ.datatype.to_external_form.should == RTM::PSI[:Integer]
+            @occ.value.should == number.to_s
+          end
+        end
+      end
+      describe "given type, value and datatype" do
+        after(:each) do
+          @occ.should be_a_kind_of(RTM::Occurrence)
+          @occ.scope.should respond_to(:each)
+          @occ.scope.should be_empty
+        end
+        describe "and type is a String" do
+          describe "and value is a String" do
+            it "should create an occurrence if datatype is xsd:String" do
+              @occ = @topic.create_occurrence("birthplace","Leipzig", :datatype => RTM::PSI[:String])
+              @tm.get("birthplace").should be_a_kind_of(RTM::Topic)
+              @occ.type.should == @tm.get("birthplace")
+              @occ.value.should == "Leipzig"
+              @occ.datatype.should == @tm.create_locator(RTM::PSI[:String])
+            end
+            it "should create an occurrence if datatype is xsd:anyURI ?"
+            it "should create an occurrence if datatype is xsd:float ?"
+            it "should create an occurrence if datatype is xsd:long ?"
+            it "should create an occurrence if datatype is xsd:integer ?"
+            it "should create an occurrence if datatype is xsd:?? ?"
+          end
+          describe "and value is a Locator" do
+            it "should create an occurrence if datatype is xsd:String" do
+              @occ = @topic.create_occurrence("Website" ,@tm.create_locator("http://www.example.org/uni-leipzig"), :datatype => RTM::PSI[:String])
+              @tm.get("Website").should be_a_kind_of(RTM::Topic)
+              @occ.type.should == @tm.get("Website")
+              @occ.datatype.to_external_form.should == RTM::PSI[:String]
+              @occ.value.should == "http://www.example.org/uni-leipzig"
+            end
+            it "should create an occurrence if datatype is xsd:anyURI ?"
+            it "should create an occurrence if datatype is xsd:float ?"
+            it "should create an occurrence if datatype is xsd:long ?"
+            it "should create an occurrence if datatype is xsd:integer ?"
+            it "should create an occurrence if datatype is xsd:?? ?"
+          end
+          describe "and value is a Float" do
+            it "should create an occurrence if datatype is xsd:String" do
+              @occ = @topic.create_occurrence("Age", 23.5, :datatype => RTM::PSI[:String])
+              @tm.get("Age").should be_a_kind_of(RTM::Topic)
+              @occ.type.should == @tm.get("Age")
+              @occ.datatype.to_external_form.should == RTM::PSI[:String]
+              @occ.value.should == "23.5"
+            end
+            it "should create an occurrence if datatype is xsd:anyURI ?"
+            it "should create an occurrence if datatype is xsd:float ?"
+            it "should create an occurrence if datatype is xsd:long ?"
+            it "should create an occurrence if datatype is xsd:integer ?"
+            it "should create an occurrence if datatype is xsd:?? ?"
+          end
+          describe "and value is a Fixnum" do
+            it "should create an occurrence if datatype is xsd:String" do
+              @occ = @topic.create_occurrence("Age", 23, :datatype => RTM::PSI[:String])
+              @tm.get("Age").should be_a_kind_of(RTM::Topic)
+              @occ.type.should == @tm.get("Age")
+              @occ.datatype.to_external_form.should == RTM::PSI[:String]
+              @occ.value.should == "23"
+            end
+            it "should create an occurrence if datatype is xsd:anyURI ?"
+            it "should create an occurrence if datatype is xsd:float ?"
+            it "should create an occurrence if datatype is xsd:long ?"
+            it "should create an occurrence if datatype is xsd:integer ?"
+            it "should create an occurrence if datatype is xsd:?? ?"
+          end
+          describe "and value is a Bignum" do
+            it "should create an occurrence if datatype is xsd:String" do
+              number = 9999999999999999999
+              number.class.should == Bignum
+              @occ = @topic.create_occurrence("Age", number, :datatype => RTM::PSI[:String])
+              @tm.get("Age").should be_a_kind_of(RTM::Topic)
+              @occ.type.should == @tm.get("Age")
+              @occ.datatype.to_external_form.should == RTM::PSI[:String]
+              @occ.value.should == number.to_s
+            end
+            it "should create an occurrence if datatype is xsd:anyURI ?"
+            it "should create an occurrence if datatype is xsd:float ?"
+            it "should create an occurrence if datatype is xsd:long ?"
+            it "should create an occurrence if datatype is xsd:integer ?"
+            it "should create an occurrence if datatype is xsd:?? ?"
+          end 
+        end
+        it "should create an occurrence if type is a Locator and value and datatype is given" do
+          @occ = @topic.create_occurrence(@tm.create_locator("birthplace"), "Leipzig", :datatype => RTM::PSI[:IRI])
+          @tm.get("birthplace").should be_a_kind_of(RTM::Topic)
+          @occ.type.should == @tm.get("birthplace")
+          @occ.value.should == "http://www.topicmapslab.de/Leipzig"
+          @occ.datatype.should == @tm.create_locator(RTM::PSI[:IRI])
+        end
+        it "should create an occurrence if type is a Topic and value and datatype is given" do
+          type = @tm.get!("Website")
+          @occ = @topic.create_occurrence(type, "1", :datatype => RTM::PSI[:String])
+          @occ.type.should == type
+          @occ.datatype.to_external_form.should == RTM::PSI[:String]
+          @occ.value.should == "1"
+        end
+      end
+      describe "given type, value and scope" do
+        after(:each) do
+          @occ.should be_a_kind_of(RTM::Occurrence)
+          @occ.scope.should respond_to(:each)
+        end
+        describe "given one theme" do
+          after(:each) do
+            @occ.scope.size.should == 1
+            @occ.scope.should include(@tm.get("test_theme"))
+          end
+          it "should create an occurrence if type is a String and value is a String" do
+            @occ = @topic.create_occurrence("birthplace","Leipzig", :scope => ["test_theme"])
+            @tm.get("birthplace").should be_a_kind_of(RTM::Topic)
+            @occ.type.should == @tm.get("birthplace")
+            @occ.value.should == "Leipzig"
+            @occ.datatype.should == @tm.create_locator(RTM::PSI[:String])
+          end
+          it "should create an occurrence if type is a String and value is a Locator" do
+            @occ = @topic.create_occurrence("Website" ,@tm.create_locator("http://www.example.org/uni-leipzig"), :scope => ["test_theme"])
+            @tm.get("Website").should be_a_kind_of(RTM::Topic)
+            @occ.type.should == @tm.get("Website")
+            @occ.datatype.to_external_form.should == RTM::PSI[:IRI]
+            @occ.value.should == "http://www.example.org/uni-leipzig"
+          end
+          it "should create an occurrnce if type is a String and value is a Float" do
+            @occ = @topic.create_occurrence("Age", 23.5, :scope => ["test_theme"])
+            @tm.get("Age").should be_a_kind_of(RTM::Topic)
+            @occ.type.should == @tm.get("Age")
+            @occ.datatype.to_external_form.should == RTM::PSI[:Float]
+            @occ.value.should == "23.5"
+          end
+          it "should create an occurrence if type is a String and value is a Fixum" do
+            @occ = @topic.create_occurrence("Age", 23, :scope => ["test_theme"])
+            @tm.get("Age").should be_a_kind_of(RTM::Topic)
+            @occ.type.should == @tm.get("Age")
+            @occ.datatype.to_external_form.should == RTM::PSI[:Long]
+            @occ.value.should == "23"
+          end
+          it "should create an occurrence if type is a String and value is Bignum" do
+            number = 9999999999999999999
+            number.class.should == Bignum
+            @occ = @topic.create_occurrence("Age", number, :scope => ["test_theme"])
+            @tm.get("Age").should be_a_kind_of(RTM::Topic)
+            @occ.type.should == @tm.get("Age")
+            @occ.datatype.to_external_form.should == RTM::PSI[:Integer]
+            @occ.value.should == number.to_s
+          end
+          it "should create an occurrence if type is a Locator and value is a String" do
+            @occ = @topic.create_occurrence(@tm.create_locator("birthplace"), "Leipzig", :scope => ["test_theme"])
+            @tm.get("birthplace").should be_a_kind_of(RTM::Topic)
+            @occ.type.should == @tm.get("birthplace")
+            @occ.value.should == "Leipzig"
+            @occ.datatype.should == @tm.create_locator(RTM::PSI[:String])
+          end
+          it "should create an occurrence if type is a Locator and value is an IRI" do
+            @occ = @topic.create_occurrence(@tm.create_locator("Website"), @tm.create_locator("http://www.example.org/uni-leipzig"), :scope => ["test_theme"])
+            @tm.get("Website").should be_a_kind_of(RTM::Topic)
+            @occ.type.should == @tm.get("Website")
+            @occ.value.should == "http://www.example.org/uni-leipzig"
+            @occ.datatype.should == @tm.create_locator(RTM::PSI[:IRI])
+          end
+          it "should create an occurrnce if type is a Locator and value is a Float" do
+            @occ = @topic.create_occurrence(@tm.create_locator("Age"), 23.5, :scope => ["test_theme"])
+            @tm.get("Age").should be_a_kind_of(RTM::Topic)
+            @occ.type.should == @tm.get("Age")
+            @occ.datatype.to_external_form.should == RTM::PSI[:Float]
+            @occ.value.should == "23.5"
+          end
+          it "should create an occurrence if type is a Locator and value is a Fixum" do
+            @occ = @topic.create_occurrence(@tm.create_locator("Age"), 23, :scope => ["test_theme"])
+            @tm.get("Age").should be_a_kind_of(RTM::Topic)
+            @occ.type.should == @tm.get("Age")
+            @occ.datatype.to_external_form.should == RTM::PSI[:Long]
+            @occ.value.should == "23"
+          end
+          it "should create an occurrence if type is a Locator and value is Bignum" do
+            number = 9999999999999999999
+            number.class.should == Bignum
+            @occ = @topic.create_occurrence(@tm.create_locator("Age"), number, :scope => ["test_theme"])
+            @tm.get("Age").should be_a_kind_of(RTM::Topic)
+            @occ.type.should == @tm.get("Age")
+            @occ.datatype.to_external_form.should == RTM::PSI[:Integer]
+            @occ.value.should == number.to_s
+          end
+          it "should create an occurrence if type is a Topic and value is a String" do
+            type = @tm.get!("Website")
+            @occ = @topic.create_occurrence(type, "http://www.example.org/uni-leipzig", :scope => ["test_theme"])
+            @occ.type.should == type
+            @occ.datatype.to_external_form.should == RTM::PSI[:String]
+            @occ.value.should == "http://www.example.org/uni-leipzig"
+          end
+          it "should create an occurrence if type is a Topic and value is an IRI" do
+            type = @tm.get!("Website")
+            @occ = @topic.create_occurrence(type, @tm.create_locator("http://www.example.org/uni-leipzig"), :scope => ["test_theme"])
+            @occ.type.should == type
+            @occ.datatype.to_external_form.should == RTM::PSI[:IRI]
+            @occ.value.should == "http://www.example.org/uni-leipzig"
+          end
+          it "should create an occurrnce if type is a Topic and value is a Float" do
+            type = @tm.get!("Age")
+            @occ = @topic.create_occurrence(type, 23.5, :scope => ["test_theme"])
+            @occ.type.should == type
+            @occ.datatype.to_external_form.should == RTM::PSI[:Float]
+            @occ.value.should == "23.5"
+          end
+          it "should create an occurrence if type is a Topic and value is a Fixum" do
+            type = @tm.get!("Age")
+            @occ = @topic.create_occurrence(type, 23, :scope => ["test_theme"])
+            @occ.type.should == type
+            @occ.datatype.to_external_form.should == RTM::PSI[:Long]
+            @occ.value.should == "23"
+          end
+          it "should create an occurrence if type is a Topic and value is Bignum" do
+            number = 9999999999999999999
+            number.class.should == Bignum
+            type = @tm.get!("Age")
+            @occ = @topic.create_occurrence(type, number, :scope => ["test_theme"])
+            @occ.type.should == type
+            @occ.datatype.to_external_form.should == RTM::PSI[:Integer]
+            @occ.value.should == number.to_s
+          end
+        end
+        describe "given several themes" do
+          before(:each) do
+            @locator_theme = @tm.create_locator("test_theme2")
+            @locator_theme.should be_a_kind_of RTM::Locator
+            @topic_theme = @tm.get!("test_theme3")
+            @topic_theme.should be_a_kind_of RTM::Topic
+          end
+          after(:each) do
+            @occ.scope.size.should == 3
+            @occ.scope.should include(@tm.get("test_theme1"), @tm.get("test_theme2"), @tm.get("test_theme3"))
+          end
+          it "should create an occurrence if type is a String and value is a String" do
+            @occ = @topic.create_occurrence("birthplace","Leipzig", :scope => ["test_theme1", @locator_theme, @topic_theme])
+            @tm.get("birthplace").should be_a_kind_of(RTM::Topic)
+            @occ.type.should == @tm.get("birthplace")
+            @occ.value.should == "Leipzig"
+            @occ.datatype.should == @tm.create_locator(RTM::PSI[:String])
+          end
+          it "should create an occurrence if type is a String and value is a Locator" do
+            @occ = @topic.create_occurrence("Website" ,@tm.create_locator("http://www.example.org/uni-leipzig"), :scope => ["test_theme1", @locator_theme, @topic_theme])
+            @tm.get("Website").should be_a_kind_of(RTM::Topic)
+            @occ.type.should == @tm.get("Website")
+            @occ.datatype.to_external_form.should == RTM::PSI[:IRI]
+            @occ.value.should == "http://www.example.org/uni-leipzig"
+          end
+          it "should create an occurrnce if type is a String and value is a Float" do
+            @occ = @topic.create_occurrence("Age", 23.5, :scope => ["test_theme1", @locator_theme, @topic_theme])
+            @tm.get("Age").should be_a_kind_of(RTM::Topic)
+            @occ.type.should == @tm.get("Age")
+            @occ.datatype.to_external_form.should == RTM::PSI[:Float]
+            @occ.value.should == "23.5"
+          end
+          it "should create an occurrence if type is a String and value is a Fixum" do
+            @occ = @topic.create_occurrence("Age", 23, :scope => ["test_theme1", @locator_theme, @topic_theme])
+            @tm.get("Age").should be_a_kind_of(RTM::Topic)
+            @occ.type.should == @tm.get("Age")
+            @occ.datatype.to_external_form.should == RTM::PSI[:Long]
+            @occ.value.should == "23"
+          end
+          it "should create an occurrence if type is a String and value is Bignum" do
+            number = 9999999999999999999
+            number.class.should == Bignum
+            @occ = @topic.create_occurrence("Age", number, :scope => ["test_theme1", @locator_theme, @topic_theme])
+            @tm.get("Age").should be_a_kind_of(RTM::Topic)
+            @occ.type.should == @tm.get("Age")
+            @occ.datatype.to_external_form.should == RTM::PSI[:Integer]
+            @occ.value.should == number.to_s
+          end
+          it "should create an occurrence if type is a Locator and value is a String" do
+            @occ = @topic.create_occurrence(@tm.create_locator("birthplace"), "Leipzig", :scope => ["test_theme1", @locator_theme, @topic_theme])
+            @tm.get("birthplace").should be_a_kind_of(RTM::Topic)
+            @occ.type.should == @tm.get("birthplace")
+            @occ.value.should == "Leipzig"
+            @occ.datatype.should == @tm.create_locator(RTM::PSI[:String])
+          end
+          it "should create an occurrence if type is a Locator and value is an IRI" do
+            @occ = @topic.create_occurrence(@tm.create_locator("Website"), @tm.create_locator("http://www.example.org/uni-leipzig"), :scope => ["test_theme1", @locator_theme, @topic_theme])
+            @tm.get("Website").should be_a_kind_of(RTM::Topic)
+            @occ.type.should == @tm.get("Website")
+            @occ.value.should == "http://www.example.org/uni-leipzig"
+            @occ.datatype.should == @tm.create_locator(RTM::PSI[:IRI])
+          end
+          it "should create an occurrnce if type is a Locator and value is a Float" do
+            @occ = @topic.create_occurrence(@tm.create_locator("Age"), 23.5, :scope => ["test_theme1", @locator_theme, @topic_theme])
+            @tm.get("Age").should be_a_kind_of(RTM::Topic)
+            @occ.type.should == @tm.get("Age")
+            @occ.datatype.to_external_form.should == RTM::PSI[:Float]
+            @occ.value.should == "23.5"
+          end
+          it "should create an occurrence if type is a Locator and value is a Fixum" do
+            @occ = @topic.create_occurrence(@tm.create_locator("Age"), 23, :scope => ["test_theme1", @locator_theme, @topic_theme])
+            @tm.get("Age").should be_a_kind_of(RTM::Topic)
+            @occ.type.should == @tm.get("Age")
+            @occ.datatype.to_external_form.should == RTM::PSI[:Long]
+            @occ.value.should == "23"
+          end
+          it "should create an occurrence if type is a Locator and value is Bignum" do
+            number = 9999999999999999999
+            number.class.should == Bignum
+            @occ = @topic.create_occurrence(@tm.create_locator("Age"), number, :scope => ["test_theme1", @locator_theme, @topic_theme])
+            @tm.get("Age").should be_a_kind_of(RTM::Topic)
+            @occ.type.should == @tm.get("Age")
+            @occ.datatype.to_external_form.should == RTM::PSI[:Integer]
+            @occ.value.should == number.to_s
+          end
+          it "should create an occurrence if type is a Topic and value is a String" do
+            type = @tm.get!("Website")
+            @occ = @topic.create_occurrence(type, "http://www.example.org/uni-leipzig", :scope => ["test_theme1", @locator_theme, @topic_theme])
+            @occ.type.should == type
+            @occ.datatype.to_external_form.should == RTM::PSI[:String]
+            @occ.value.should == "http://www.example.org/uni-leipzig"
+          end
+          it "should create an occurrence if type is a Topic and value is an IRI" do
+            type = @tm.get!("Website")
+            @occ = @topic.create_occurrence(type, @tm.create_locator("http://www.example.org/uni-leipzig"), :scope => ["test_theme1", @locator_theme, @topic_theme])
+            @occ.type.should == type
+            @occ.datatype.to_external_form.should == RTM::PSI[:IRI]
+            @occ.value.should == "http://www.example.org/uni-leipzig"
+          end
+          it "should create an occurrnce if type is a Topic and value is a Float" do
+            type = @tm.get!("Age")
+            @occ = @topic.create_occurrence(type, 23.5, :scope => ["test_theme1", @locator_theme, @topic_theme])
+            @occ.type.should == type
+            @occ.datatype.to_external_form.should == RTM::PSI[:Float]
+            @occ.value.should == "23.5"
+          end
+          it "should create an occurrence if type is a Topic and value is a Fixum" do
+            type = @tm.get!("Age")
+            @occ = @topic.create_occurrence(type, 23, :scope => ["test_theme1", @locator_theme, @topic_theme])
+            @occ.type.should == type
+            @occ.datatype.to_external_form.should == RTM::PSI[:Long]
+            @occ.value.should == "23"
+          end
+          it "should create an occurrence if type is a Topic and value is Bignum" do
+            number = 9999999999999999999
+            number.class.should == Bignum
+            type = @tm.get!("Age")
+            @occ = @topic.create_occurrence(type, number, :scope => ["test_theme1", @locator_theme, @topic_theme])
+            @occ.type.should == type
+            @occ.datatype.to_external_form.should == RTM::PSI[:Integer]
+            @occ.value.should == number.to_s
+          end
+        end
+      end
+      describe "given type, value, datatype and scope" do
+        it "should be tested"
+      end
+    end #of describe "#create_occurrences"
+
+    describe "#add_subject_identifier" do
+      before(:each) do
+        @ii_1 = "http://www.example.org/ii_1"
+        @ii_2 = "http://www.example.org/ii_2"
+        @si_1 = "http://www.example.org/si_1"
+        @si_2 = "http://www.example.org/si_2"
+        @sl_1 = "http://www.example.org/sl_1"
+        @sl_2 = "http://www.example.org/sl_2"
+      end    
+      it "should add an identifier as subject identifier if the topic already has another si" do
+        topic = @tm.get!("si:" + @si_1)
+        topic.add_subject_identifier(@si_2)
+        topic.items.should be_empty
+        topic.indicators.size.should == 2
+        topic.indicators.should include @si_1, @si_2
+        topic.locators.should be_empty
+      end      
+      it "should add an identifier as subject identifier if the topic already has another ii" do
+        topic = @tm.get!("ii:" + @ii_1)
+        topic.add_subject_identifier(@si_2)
+        topic.items.size.should == 1
+        topic.items.should include @ii_1
+        topic.indicators.size.should == 1
+        topic.indicators.should include @si_2
+        topic.locators.should be_empty
+      end
+      it "should add an identifier as subject identifier if the topic already has another sl" do
+        topic = @tm.get!("sl:" + @sl_1)
+        topic.add_subject_identifier(@si_2)
+        topic.items.should be_empty
+        topic.indicators.size.should == 1
+        topic.indicators.should include @si_2
+        topic.locators.size.should == 1
+        topic.locators.should include @sl_1
+      end
+      it "should not add an identifier as subject identifier if the topic already this identifier as si" do
+        topic = @tm.get!("si:" + @si_2)
+        topic.add_subject_identifier(@si_2)
+        topic.items.should be_empty
+        topic.indicators.size.should == 1
+        topic.indicators.should include @si_2
+        topic.locators.should be_empty
+      end
+      it "should add an identifier as subject identifier if the topic already has this identifier as ii" do
+        topic = @tm.get!("ii:" + @si_2)
+        # puts "ii: #{topic.item_identifiers.to_s}"
+        # puts "si: #{topic.subject_identifiers.to_s}"
+        topic.add_subject_identifier(@si_2)
+        # puts "ii: #{topic.item_identifiers.to_s}"
+        # puts "si: #{topic.subject_identifiers.to_s}"
+        topic.items.size.should == 1
+        topic.items.should include @si_2
+        topic.indicators.size.should == 1
+        topic.indicators.should include @si_2
+        topic.locators.should be_empty
+      end
+      it "should do what? if the topic already has this identifier as sl"
+      it "should merge the topic A with another topic B that has the same identifier as ii or si when adding this identifier to A, but throws an exception" do
+        topicA = @tm.get!("ii:" + @ii_1)
+        topicB = @tm.get!("ii:" + @ii_2)
+        lambda{topicA.add_subject_identifier(@ii_2)}.should raise_error
+      end         
+    end # of describe add_subject_indentifier
+    
+    describe "#add_item_identifier" do
+      before(:each) do
+        @ii_1 = "http://www.example.org/ii_1"
+        @ii_2 = "http://www.example.org/ii_2"
+        @si_1 = "http://www.example.org/si_1"
+        @si_2 = "http://www.example.org/si_2"
+        @sl_1 = "http://www.example.org/sl_1"
+        @sl_2 = "http://www.example.org/sl_2"
+      end
+      it "should be tested"
+    end #of describe add_item_identifier
+    
+    describe "#add_subject_locator" do
+      before(:each) do
+        @ii_1 = "http://www.example.org/ii_1"
+        @ii_2 = "http://www.example.org/ii_2"
+        @si_1 = "http://www.example.org/si_1"
+        @si_2 = "http://www.example.org/si_2"
+        @sl_1 = "http://www.example.org/sl_1"
+        @sl_2 = "http://www.example.org/sl_2"
+      end 
+      it "should be tested"
+    end # of describe add_subject_locator
+    
+    describe "#remove_subject_identifier" do
+      before(:each) do
+        @topic = @tm.get!("si:http://www.example.org/topic1/si_1")
+        @topic.add_subject_identifier("http://www.example.org/topic1/si_2")
+        @topic.add_item_identifier("http://www.example.org/topic1/ii_1")
+        @topic.add_item_identifier("http://www.example.org/topic1/ii_2")
+        @topic.add_subject_locator("http://www.example.org/topic1/sl_1")
+        @topic.add_subject_locator("http://www.example.org/topic1/sl_2")
+        @topic_wo_si = @tm.get!("ii:http://www.example.org/topic2/ii")
+        @topic_wo_si.add_subject_locator("http://www.example.org/topic2/sl")
+        @topic.should have(2).indicators
+        @topic.should have(2).items
+        @topic.should have(2).locators
+      end
+      it "should remove an existing subject identifier if argument is a String" do
+        @topic.remove_subject_identifier("http://www.example.org/topic1/si_1")
+        @topic.should have(1).indicators
+        @topic.indicators.should include "http://www.example.org/topic1/si_2"
+        @topic.remove_subject_identifier("http://www.example.org/topic1/si_2")
+        @topic.should have(0).indicators      
+        @topic.should have(2).items
+        @topic.should have(2).locators
+      end
+      it "should remove an existing subject identifier if argument is a Locator" do
+        locator1 = @tm.create_locator("http://www.example.org/topic1/si_1")
+        locator2 = @tm.create_locator("http://www.example.org/topic1/si_2")
+        @topic.remove_subject_identifier(locator1)
+        @topic.should have(1).indicators
+        @topic.indicators.should include "http://www.example.org/topic1/si_2"
+        @topic.remove_subject_identifier(locator2)
+        @topic.should have(0).indicators      
+        @topic.should have(2).items
+        @topic.should have(2).locators       
+      end
+      it "should not remove a subject identifier if argument does not refer to an existing si" do
+        @topic.remove_subject_identifier("http://www.example.org/topic1/something")
+        @topic.should have(2).indicators
+        @topic.should have(2).items
+        @topic.should have(2).locators
+        @topic.remove_subject_identifier(@tm.create_locator("http://www.example.org/topic1/something"))
+        @topic.should have(2).indicators
+        @topic.should have(2).items
+        @topic.should have(2).locators
+      end
+      it "should not remove a subject identifier if the identifier exists as ii or sl" do
+        @topic_wo_si.remove_subject_identifier("http://www.example.org/topic2/ii")
+        @topic_wo_si.remove_subject_identifier("http://www.example.org/topic2/sl")
+        @topic_wo_si.should have(0).indicators
+        @topic_wo_si.should have(1).items
+        @topic_wo_si.should have(1).locators
+      end
+    end #of describe remove_subject_identifier
+    
+    describe "#remove_item_identifier" do
+      before(:each) do
+        @topic = @tm.get!("si:http://www.example.org/topic1/si_1")
+        @topic.add_subject_identifier("http://www.example.org/topic1/si_2")
+        @topic.add_item_identifier("http://www.example.org/topic1/ii_1")
+        @topic.add_item_identifier("http://www.example.org/topic1/ii_2")
+        @topic.add_subject_locator("http://www.example.org/topic1/sl_1")
+        @topic.add_subject_locator("http://www.example.org/topic1/sl_2")
+        @topic_wo_ii = @tm.get!("si:http://www.example.org/topic2/si")
+        @topic_wo_ii.add_subject_locator("http://www.example.org/topic2/sl")
+        @topic.should have(2).indicators
+        @topic.should have(2).items
+        @topic.should have(2).locators
+      end
+      it "should remove an existing item identifier if argument is a String" do
+        @topic.remove_item_identifier("http://www.example.org/topic1/ii_1")
+        @topic.should have(1).items
+        @topic.items.should include "http://www.example.org/topic1/ii_2"
+        @topic.remove_item_identifier("http://www.example.org/topic1/ii_2")
+        @topic.should have(2).indicators      
+        @topic.should have(0).items
+        @topic.should have(2).locators
+      end
+      it "should remove an existing item identifier if argument is a Locator" do
+        locator1 = @tm.create_locator("http://www.example.org/topic1/ii_1")
+        locator2 = @tm.create_locator("http://www.example.org/topic1/ii_2")
+        @topic.remove_item_identifier(locator1)
+        @topic.should have(1).items
+        @topic.items.should include "http://www.example.org/topic1/ii_2"
+        @topic.remove_item_identifier(locator2)
+        @topic.should have(2).indicators      
+        @topic.should have(0).items
+        @topic.should have(2).locators       
+      end
+      it "should not remove an item identifier if argument does not refer to an existing ii" do
+        @topic.remove_item_identifier("http://www.example.org/topic1/something")
+        @topic.should have(2).indicators
+        @topic.should have(2).items
+        @topic.should have(2).locators
+        @topic.remove_item_identifier(@tm.create_locator("http://www.example.org/topic1/something"))
+        @topic.should have(2).indicators
+        @topic.should have(2).items
+        @topic.should have(2).locators
+      end
+      it "should not remove an item identifier if the identifier exists as si or sl" do
+        @topic_wo_ii.remove_item_identifier("http://www.example.org/topic2/si")
+        @topic_wo_ii.remove_item_identifier("http://www.example.org/topic2/sl")
+        @topic_wo_ii.should have(1).indicators
+        @topic_wo_ii.should have(0).items
+        @topic_wo_ii.should have(1).locators
+      end
+    end #of describe remove_item_identifier
+    
+    describe "#remove_subject_locator" do
+      before(:each) do
+        @topic = @tm.get!("si:http://www.example.org/topic1/si_1")
+        @topic.add_subject_identifier("http://www.example.org/topic1/si_2")
+        @topic.add_item_identifier("http://www.example.org/topic1/ii_1")
+        @topic.add_item_identifier("http://www.example.org/topic1/ii_2")
+        @topic.add_subject_locator("http://www.example.org/topic1/sl_1")
+        @topic.add_subject_locator("http://www.example.org/topic1/sl_2")
+        @topic_wo_sl = @tm.get!("ii:http://www.example.org/topic2/ii")
+        @topic_wo_sl.add_subject_identifier("http://www.example.org/topic2/si")
+        @topic.should have(2).indicators
+        @topic.should have(2).items
+        @topic.should have(2).locators
+      end
+      it "should remove an existing subject locator if argument is a String" do
+        @topic.remove_subject_locator("http://www.example.org/topic1/sl_1")
+        @topic.should have(1).locators
+        @topic.locators.should include "http://www.example.org/topic1/sl_2"
+        @topic.remove_subject_locator("http://www.example.org/topic1/sl_2")
+        @topic.should have(2).indicators      
+        @topic.should have(2).items
+        @topic.should have(0).locators
+      end
+      it "should remove an existing subject locator if argument is a Locator" do
+        locator1 = @tm.create_locator("http://www.example.org/topic1/sl_1")
+        locator2 = @tm.create_locator("http://www.example.org/topic1/sl_2")
+        @topic.remove_subject_locator(locator1)
+        @topic.should have(1).locators
+        @topic.locators.should include "http://www.example.org/topic1/sl_2"
+        @topic.remove_subject_locator(locator2)
+        @topic.should have(2).indicators      
+        @topic.should have(2).items
+        @topic.should have(0).locators       
+      end
+      it "should not remove a subject locator if argument does not refer to an existing sl" do
+        @topic.remove_subject_locator("http://www.example.org/topic1/something")
+        @topic.should have(2).indicators
+        @topic.should have(2).items
+        @topic.should have(2).locators
+        @topic.remove_subject_locator(@tm.create_locator("http://www.example.org/topic1/something"))
+        @topic.should have(2).indicators
+        @topic.should have(2).items
+        @topic.should have(2).locators
+      end
+      it "should not remove a subject locator if the identifier exists as ii or si" do
+        @topic_wo_sl.remove_subject_locator("http://www.example.org/topic2/ii")
+        @topic_wo_sl.remove_subject_locator("http://www.example.org/topic2/si")
+        @topic_wo_sl.should have(1).indicators
+        @topic_wo_sl.should have(1).items
+        @topic_wo_sl.should have(0).locators
+      end      
+    end #of describe remove_subject_locator
+ 
+    describe "#reified" do
+      before(:each) do      
+      end
+      it "should be tested ..."
+    end
+    
+    describe "#reified=" do
+      before(:each) do
+        @topic = @tm.get!("Hans")
+        @name = @topic.create_name("firstname","Hans")
+        @occ = @topic.create_occurrence("birthyear","2000")
+        @variant = @name.create_variant("Hansi",["home"])
+        @assoc = @tm.create_association("mother-child")
+        @role = @assoc.create_role("child","Hans")
+        @a_reifier = @tm.get!("test_reifier")
+      end
+      it "should set self as reifier for the identifier (a Name)" do
+        @name.reifier.should be_nil
+        @a_reifier.reified = @name
+        @name.reifier.should == @a_reifier
+      end
+      it "should set self as reifier for the identifier (a Variant)" do
+        @variant.reifier.should be_nil
+        @a_reifier.reified = @variant
+        @variant.reifier.should == @a_reifier
+      end
+      it "should set self as reifier for the identifier (an Occurrence)" do
+        @occ.reifier.should be_nil
+        @a_reifier.reified = @occ
+        @occ.reifier.should == @a_reifier
+      end
+      it "should set self as reifier for the identifier (an Association)" do
+        @assoc.reifier.should be_nil
+        @a_reifier.reified = @assoc
+        @assoc.reifier.should == @a_reifier
+      end
+      it "should set self as reifier for the identifier (a Role)" do
+        @role.reifier.should be_nil
+        @a_reifier.reified = @role
+        @role.reifier.should == @a_reifier
+      end
+      it "should set self as reifier for the identifier (a TopicMap)" do
+        @tm.reifier.should be_nil
+        @a_reifier.reified = @tm
+        @tm.reifier.should == @a_reifier
+      end
+      it "should overwrite a previous reifier if identifier already had a reifier" do
+        @name.reifier = "dummy_reifier"
+        @name.reifier.should == @tm.get("dummy_reifier")
+        @a_reifier.reified = @name
+        @name.reifier.should == @a_reifier
+      end
+      it "should raise an error if this Topic already refies a Reifiable Construct" do
+        @name.reifier = @a_reifier
+        lambda{@a_reifier.reified = @occ}
+      end
+      it "should raise an error if the identifier is not a Reifiable" do
+        lambda{@a_reifier.reified = "test"}.should raise_error
+      end
+    end
+    
+    describe "#remove" do
+      before(:each) do
+        @topic1 = @tm.get!("topic1")
+        @topic2 = @tm.get!("topic2")
+        @name = @topic1.create_name("firstname","Hans")
+        @occurrence = @topic1.create_occurrence("birthyear","2000")
+        @tm.should have(4).topics
+      end
+      it "should remove this topic from the container (topic map)" do
+        @tm.literal_index.getOccurrences("2000").size.should == 1
+        @tm.literal_index.getNames("Hans").size.should == 1
+        @topic1.remove
+        @tm.should have(3).topics
+        @topic2.remove
+        @tm.should have(2).topics
+        @tm.literal_index.getOccurrences("2000").size.should == 0
+        @tm.literal_index.getNames("Hans").size.should == 0
+      end
+    end
+  end # of describe self
+  
+end # of module
+
+
+