rsense-core 0.6.5 → 0.6.6

data/stubs/1.8/sinatra/base.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,2023 @@
+# external dependencies
+require 'rack'
+require 'tilt'
+require 'rack/protection'
+
+# stdlib dependencies
+require 'thread'
+require 'time'
+require 'uri'
+
+# other files we need
+require 'sinatra/show_exceptions'
+require 'sinatra/version'
+
+module Sinatra
+  # The request object. See Rack::Request for more info:
+  # http://rack.rubyforge.org/doc/classes/Rack/Request.html
+  class Request < Rack::Request
+    HEADER_PARAM = /\s*[\w.]+=(?:[\w.]+|"(?:[^"\\]|\\.)*")?\s*/
+    HEADER_VALUE_WITH_PARAMS = /(?:(?:\w+|\*)\/(?:\w+(?:\.|\-|\+)?|\*)*)\s*(?:;#{HEADER_PARAM})*/
+
+    # Returns an array of acceptable media types for the response
+    def accept
+      @env['sinatra.accept'] ||= begin
+        if @env.include? 'HTTP_ACCEPT' and @env['HTTP_ACCEPT'].to_s != ''
+          @env['HTTP_ACCEPT'].to_s.scan(HEADER_VALUE_WITH_PARAMS).
+            map! { |e| AcceptEntry.new(e) }.sort
+        else
+          [AcceptEntry.new('*/*')]
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def accept?(type)
+      preferred_type(type).to_s.include?(type)
+    end
+
+    def preferred_type(*types)
+      accepts = accept # just evaluate once
+      return accepts.first if types.empty?
+      types.flatten!
+      return types.first if accepts.empty?
+      accepts.detect do |pattern|
+        type = types.detect { |t| File.fnmatch(pattern, t) }
+        return type if type
+      end
+    end
+
+    alias secure? ssl?
+
+    def forwarded?
+      @env.include? "HTTP_X_FORWARDED_HOST"
+    end
+
+    def safe?
+      get? or head? or options? or trace?
+    end
+
+    def idempotent?
+      safe? or put? or delete? or link? or unlink?
+    end
+
+    def link?
+      request_method == "LINK"
+    end
+
+    def unlink?
+      request_method == "UNLINK"
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    class AcceptEntry
+      attr_accessor :params
+      attr_reader :entry
+
+      def initialize(entry)
+        params = entry.scan(HEADER_PARAM).map! do |s|
+          key, value = s.strip.split('=', 2)
+          value = value[1..-2].gsub(/\\(.)/, '\1') if value.start_with?('"')
+          [key, value]
+        end
+
+        @entry  = entry
+        @type   = entry[/[^;]+/].delete(' ')
+        @params = Hash[params]
+        @q      = @params.delete('q') { 1.0 }.to_f
+      end
+
+      def <=>(other)
+        other.priority <=> self.priority
+      end
+
+      def priority
+        # We sort in descending order; better matches should be higher.
+        [ @q, -@type.count('*'), @params.size ]
+      end
+
+      def to_str
+        @type
+      end
+
+      def to_s(full = false)
+        full ? entry : to_str
+      end
+
+      def respond_to?(*args)
+        super or to_str.respond_to?(*args)
+      end
+
+      def method_missing(*args, &block)
+        to_str.send(*args, &block)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  # The response object. See Rack::Response and Rack::Response::Helpers for
+  # more info:
+  # http://rack.rubyforge.org/doc/classes/Rack/Response.html
+  # http://rack.rubyforge.org/doc/classes/Rack/Response/Helpers.html
+  class Response < Rack::Response
+    DROP_BODY_RESPONSES = [204, 205, 304]
+    def initialize(*)
+      super
+      headers['Content-Type'] ||= 'text/html'
+    end
+
+    def body=(value)
+      value = value.body while Rack::Response === value
+      @body = String === value ? [value.to_str] : value
+    end
+
+    def each
+      block_given? ? super : enum_for(:each)
+    end
+
+    def finish
+      result = body
+
+      if drop_content_info?
+        headers.delete "Content-Length"
+        headers.delete "Content-Type"
+      end
+
+      if drop_body?
+        close
+        result = []
+      end
+
+      if calculate_content_length?
+        # if some other code has already set Content-Length, don't muck with it
+        # currently, this would be the static file-handler
+        headers["Content-Length"] = body.inject(0) { |l, p| l + Rack::Utils.bytesize(p) }.to_s
+      end
+
+      [status.to_i, headers, result]
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def calculate_content_length?
+      headers["Content-Type"] and not headers["Content-Length"] and Array === body
+    end
+
+    def drop_content_info?
+      status.to_i / 100 == 1 or drop_body?
+    end
+
+    def drop_body?
+      DROP_BODY_RESPONSES.include?(status.to_i)
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Some Rack handlers (Thin, Rainbows!) implement an extended body object protocol, however,
+  # some middleware (namely Rack::Lint) will break it by not mirroring the methods in question.
+  # This middleware will detect an extended body object and will make sure it reaches the
+  # handler directly. We do this here, so our middleware and middleware set up by the app will
+  # still be able to run.
+  class ExtendedRack < Struct.new(:app)
+    def call(env)
+      result, callback = app.call(env), env['async.callback']
+      return result unless callback and async?(*result)
+      after_response { callback.call result }
+      setup_close(env, *result)
+      throw :async
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def setup_close(env, status, headers, body)
+      return unless body.respond_to? :close and env.include? 'async.close'
+      env['async.close'].callback { body.close }
+      env['async.close'].errback { body.close }
+    end
+
+    def after_response(&block)
+      raise NotImplementedError, "only supports EventMachine at the moment" unless defined? EventMachine
+      EventMachine.next_tick(&block)
+    end
+
+    def async?(status, headers, body)
+      return true if status == -1
+      body.respond_to? :callback and body.respond_to? :errback
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Behaves exactly like Rack::CommonLogger with the notable exception that it does nothing,
+  # if another CommonLogger is already in the middleware chain.
+  class CommonLogger < Rack::CommonLogger
+    def call(env)
+      env['sinatra.commonlogger'] ? @app.call(env) : super
+    end
+
+    superclass.class_eval do
+      alias call_without_check call unless method_defined? :call_without_check
+      def call(env)
+        env['sinatra.commonlogger'] = true
+        call_without_check(env)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  class NotFound < NameError #:nodoc:
+    def http_status; 404 end
+  end
+
+  # Methods available to routes, before/after filters, and views.
+  module Helpers
+    # Set or retrieve the response status code.
+    def status(value = nil)
+      response.status = value if value
+      response.status
+    end
+
+    # Set or retrieve the response body. When a block is given,
+    # evaluation is deferred until the body is read with #each.
+    def body(value = nil, &block)
+      if value
+        headers.delete 'Content-Length' unless request.head? || value.is_a?(Rack::File) || value.is_a?(Stream)
+        response.body = value
+      else
+        response.body
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Halt processing and redirect to the URI provided.
+    def redirect(uri, *args)
+      if env['HTTP_VERSION'] == 'HTTP/1.1' and env["REQUEST_METHOD"] != 'GET'
+        status 303
+      else
+        status 302
+      end
+
+      # According to RFC 2616 section 14.30, "the field value consists of a
+      # single absolute URI"
+      response['Location'] = uri(uri.to_s, settings.absolute_redirects?, settings.prefixed_redirects?)
+      halt(*args)
+    end
+
+    # Generates the absolute URI for a given path in the app.
+    # Takes Rack routers and reverse proxies into account.
+    def uri(addr = nil, absolute = true, add_script_name = true)
+      return addr if addr =~ /\A[A-z][A-z0-9\+\.\-]*:/
+      uri = [host = ""]
+      if absolute
+        host << "http#{'s' if request.secure?}://"
+        if request.forwarded? or request.port != (request.secure? ? 443 : 80)
+          host << request.host_with_port
+        else
+          host << request.host
+        end
+      end
+      uri << request.script_name.to_s if add_script_name
+      uri << (addr ? addr : request.path_info).to_s
+      File.join uri
+    end
+
+    alias url uri
+    alias to uri
+
+    # Halt processing and return the error status provided.
+    def error(code, body = nil)
+      code, body    = 500, code.to_str if code.respond_to? :to_str
+      response.body = body unless body.nil?
+      halt code
+    end
+
+    # Halt processing and return a 404 Not Found.
+    def not_found(body = nil)
+      error 404, body
+    end
+
+    # Set multiple response headers with Hash.
+    def headers(hash = nil)
+      response.headers.merge! hash if hash
+      response.headers
+    end
+
+    # Access the underlying Rack session.
+    def session
+      request.session
+    end
+
+    # Access shared logger object.
+    def logger
+      request.logger
+    end
+
+    # Look up a media type by file extension in Rack's mime registry.
+    def mime_type(type)
+      Base.mime_type(type)
+    end
+
+    # Set the Content-Type of the response body given a media type or file
+    # extension.
+    def content_type(type = nil, params = {})
+      return response['Content-Type'] unless type
+      default = params.delete :default
+      mime_type = mime_type(type) || default
+      fail "Unknown media type: %p" % type if mime_type.nil?
+      mime_type = mime_type.dup
+      unless params.include? :charset or settings.add_charset.all? { |p| not p === mime_type }
+        params[:charset] = params.delete('charset') || settings.default_encoding
+      end
+      params.delete :charset if mime_type.include? 'charset'
+      unless params.empty?
+        mime_type << (mime_type.include?(';') ? ', ' : ';')
+        mime_type << params.map do |key, val|
+          val = val.inspect if val =~ /[";,]/
+          "#{key}=#{val}"
+        end.join(', ')
+      end
+      response['Content-Type'] = mime_type
+    end
+
+    # Set the Content-Disposition to "attachment" with the specified filename,
+    # instructing the user agents to prompt to save.
+    def attachment(filename = nil, disposition = 'attachment')
+      response['Content-Disposition'] = disposition.to_s
+      if filename
+        params = '; filename="%s"' % File.basename(filename)
+        response['Content-Disposition'] << params
+        ext = File.extname(filename)
+        content_type(ext) unless response['Content-Type'] or ext.empty?
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Use the contents of the file at +path+ as the response body.
+    def send_file(path, opts = {})
+      if opts[:type] or not response['Content-Type']
+        content_type opts[:type] || File.extname(path), :default => 'application/octet-stream'
+      end
+
+      disposition = opts[:disposition]
+      filename    = opts[:filename]
+      disposition = 'attachment' if disposition.nil? and filename
+      filename    = path         if filename.nil?
+      attachment(filename, disposition) if disposition
+
+      last_modified opts[:last_modified] if opts[:last_modified]
+
+      file      = Rack::File.new nil
+      file.path = path
+      result    = file.serving env
+      result[1].each { |k,v| headers[k] ||= v }
+      headers['Content-Length'] = result[1]['Content-Length']
+      opts[:status] &&= Integer(opts[:status])
+      halt opts[:status] || result[0], result[2]
+    rescue Errno::ENOENT
+      not_found
+    end
+
+    # Class of the response body in case you use #stream.
+    #
+    # Three things really matter: The front and back block (back being the
+    # block generating content, front the one sending it to the client) and
+    # the scheduler, integrating with whatever concurrency feature the Rack
+    # handler is using.
+    #
+    # Scheduler has to respond to defer and schedule.
+    class Stream
+      def self.schedule(*) yield end
+      def self.defer(*)    yield end
+
+      def initialize(scheduler = self.class, keep_open = false, &back)
+        @back, @scheduler, @keep_open = back.to_proc, scheduler, keep_open
+        @callbacks, @closed = [], false
+      end
+
+      def close
+        return if closed?
+        @closed = true
+        @scheduler.schedule { @callbacks.each { |c| c.call }}
+      end
+
+      def each(&front)
+        @front = front
+        @scheduler.defer do
+          begin
+            @back.call(self)
+          rescue Exception => e
+            @scheduler.schedule { raise e }
+          end
+          close unless @keep_open
+        end
+      end
+
+      def <<(data)
+        @scheduler.schedule { @front.call(data.to_s) }
+        self
+      end
+
+      def callback(&block)
+        return yield if closed?
+        @callbacks << block
+      end
+
+      alias errback callback
+
+      def closed?
+        @closed
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Allows to start sending data to the client even though later parts of
+    # the response body have not yet been generated.
+    #
+    # The close parameter specifies whether Stream#close should be called
+    # after the block has been executed. This is only relevant for evented
+    # servers like Thin or Rainbows.
+    def stream(keep_open = false)
+      scheduler = env['async.callback'] ? EventMachine : Stream
+      current   = @params.dup
+      body Stream.new(scheduler, keep_open) { |out| with_params(current) { yield(out) } }
+    end
+
+    # Specify response freshness policy for HTTP caches (Cache-Control header).
+    # Any number of non-value directives (:public, :private, :no_cache,
+    # :no_store, :must_revalidate, :proxy_revalidate) may be passed along with
+    # a Hash of value directives (:max_age, :min_stale, :s_max_age).
+    #
+    #   cache_control :public, :must_revalidate, :max_age => 60
+    #   => Cache-Control: public, must-revalidate, max-age=60
+    #
+    # See RFC 2616 / 14.9 for more on standard cache control directives:
+    # http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2616#section-14.9.1
+    def cache_control(*values)
+      if values.last.kind_of?(Hash)
+        hash = values.pop
+        hash.reject! { |k,v| v == false }
+        hash.reject! { |k,v| values << k if v == true }
+      else
+        hash = {}
+      end
+
+      values.map! { |value| value.to_s.tr('_','-') }
+      hash.each do |key, value|
+        key = key.to_s.tr('_', '-')
+        value = value.to_i if key == "max-age"
+        values << "#{key}=#{value}"
+      end
+
+      response['Cache-Control'] = values.join(', ') if values.any?
+    end
+
+    # Set the Expires header and Cache-Control/max-age directive. Amount
+    # can be an integer number of seconds in the future or a Time object
+    # indicating when the response should be considered "stale". The remaining
+    # "values" arguments are passed to the #cache_control helper:
+    #
+    #   expires 500, :public, :must_revalidate
+    #   => Cache-Control: public, must-revalidate, max-age=60
+    #   => Expires: Mon, 08 Jun 2009 08:50:17 GMT
+    #
+    def expires(amount, *values)
+      values << {} unless values.last.kind_of?(Hash)
+
+      if amount.is_a? Integer
+        time    = Time.now + amount.to_i
+        max_age = amount
+      else
+        time    = time_for amount
+        max_age = time - Time.now
+      end
+
+      values.last.merge!(:max_age => max_age)
+      cache_control(*values)
+
+      response['Expires'] = time.httpdate
+    end
+
+    # Set the last modified time of the resource (HTTP 'Last-Modified' header)
+    # and halt if conditional GET matches. The +time+ argument is a Time,
+    # DateTime, or other object that responds to +to_time+.
+    #
+    # When the current request includes an 'If-Modified-Since' header that is
+    # equal or later than the time specified, execution is immediately halted
+    # with a '304 Not Modified' response.
+    def last_modified(time)
+      return unless time
+      time = time_for time
+      response['Last-Modified'] = time.httpdate
+      return if env['HTTP_IF_NONE_MATCH']
+
+      if status == 200 and env['HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE']
+        # compare based on seconds since epoch
+        since = Time.httpdate(env['HTTP_IF_MODIFIED_SINCE']).to_i
+        halt 304 if since >= time.to_i
+      end
+
+      if (success? or status == 412) and env['HTTP_IF_UNMODIFIED_SINCE']
+        # compare based on seconds since epoch
+        since = Time.httpdate(env['HTTP_IF_UNMODIFIED_SINCE']).to_i
+        halt 412 if since < time.to_i
+      end
+    rescue ArgumentError
+    end
+
+    ETAG_KINDS = [:strong, :weak]
+    # Set the response entity tag (HTTP 'ETag' header) and halt if conditional
+    # GET matches. The +value+ argument is an identifier that uniquely
+    # identifies the current version of the resource. The +kind+ argument
+    # indicates whether the etag should be used as a :strong (default) or :weak
+    # cache validator.
+    #
+    # When the current request includes an 'If-None-Match' header with a
+    # matching etag, execution is immediately halted. If the request method is
+    # GET or HEAD, a '304 Not Modified' response is sent.
+    def etag(value, options = {})
+      # Before touching this code, please double check RFC 2616 14.24 and 14.26.
+      options      = {:kind => options} unless Hash === options
+      kind         = options[:kind] || :strong
+      new_resource = options.fetch(:new_resource) { request.post? }
+
+      unless ETAG_KINDS.include?(kind)
+        raise ArgumentError, ":strong or :weak expected"
+      end
+
+      value = '"%s"' % value
+      value = "W/#{value}" if kind == :weak
+      response['ETag'] = value
+
+      if success? or status == 304
+        if etag_matches? env['HTTP_IF_NONE_MATCH'], new_resource
+          halt(request.safe? ? 304 : 412)
+        end
+
+        if env['HTTP_IF_MATCH']
+          halt 412 unless etag_matches? env['HTTP_IF_MATCH'], new_resource
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Sugar for redirect (example:  redirect back)
+    def back
+      request.referer
+    end
+
+    # whether or not the status is set to 1xx
+    def informational?
+      status.between? 100, 199
+    end
+
+    # whether or not the status is set to 2xx
+    def success?
+      status.between? 200, 299
+    end
+
+    # whether or not the status is set to 3xx
+    def redirect?
+      status.between? 300, 399
+    end
+
+    # whether or not the status is set to 4xx
+    def client_error?
+      status.between? 400, 499
+    end
+
+    # whether or not the status is set to 5xx
+    def server_error?
+      status.between? 500, 599
+    end
+
+    # whether or not the status is set to 404
+    def not_found?
+      status == 404
+    end
+
+    # Generates a Time object from the given value.
+    # Used by #expires and #last_modified.
+    def time_for(value)
+      if value.respond_to? :to_time
+        value.to_time
+      elsif value.is_a? Time
+        value
+      elsif value.respond_to? :new_offset
+        # DateTime#to_time does the same on 1.9
+        d = value.new_offset 0
+        t = Time.utc d.year, d.mon, d.mday, d.hour, d.min, d.sec + d.sec_fraction
+        t.getlocal
+      elsif value.respond_to? :mday
+        # Date#to_time does the same on 1.9
+        Time.local(value.year, value.mon, value.mday)
+      elsif value.is_a? Numeric
+        Time.at value
+      else
+        Time.parse value.to_s
+      end
+    rescue ArgumentError => boom
+      raise boom
+    rescue Exception
+      raise ArgumentError, "unable to convert #{value.inspect} to a Time object"
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    # Helper method checking if a ETag value list includes the current ETag.
+    def etag_matches?(list, new_resource = request.post?)
+      return !new_resource if list == '*'
+      list.to_s.split(/\s*,\s*/).include? response['ETag']
+    end
+
+    def with_params(temp_params)
+      original, @params = @params, temp_params
+      yield
+    ensure
+      @params = original if original
+    end
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  # Template rendering methods. Each method takes the name of a template
+  # to render as a Symbol and returns a String with the rendered output,
+  # as well as an optional hash with additional options.
+  #
+  # `template` is either the name or path of the template as symbol
+  # (Use `:'subdir/myview'` for views in subdirectories), or a string
+  # that will be rendered.
+  #
+  # Possible options are:
+  #   :content_type   The content type to use, same arguments as content_type.
+  #   :layout         If set to something falsy, no layout is rendered, otherwise
+  #                   the specified layout is used (Ignored for `sass` and `less`)
+  #   :layout_engine  Engine to use for rendering the layout.
+  #   :locals         A hash with local variables that should be available
+  #                   in the template
+  #   :scope          If set, template is evaluate with the binding of the given
+  #                   object rather than the application instance.
+  #   :views          Views directory to use.
+  module Templates
+    module ContentTyped
+      attr_accessor :content_type
+    end
+
+    def initialize
+      super
+      @default_layout = :layout
+      @preferred_extension = nil
+    end
+
+    def erb(template, options = {}, locals = {}, &block)
+      render(:erb, template, options, locals, &block)
+    end
+
+    def erubis(template, options = {}, locals = {})
+      warn "Sinatra::Templates#erubis is deprecated and will be removed, use #erb instead.\n" \
+        "If you have Erubis installed, it will be used automatically."
+      render :erubis, template, options, locals
+    end
+
+    def haml(template, options = {}, locals = {}, &block)
+      render(:haml, template, options, locals, &block)
+    end
+
+    def sass(template, options = {}, locals = {})
+      options.merge! :layout => false, :default_content_type => :css
+      render :sass, template, options, locals
+    end
+
+    def scss(template, options = {}, locals = {})
+      options.merge! :layout => false, :default_content_type => :css
+      render :scss, template, options, locals
+    end
+
+    def less(template, options = {}, locals = {})
+      options.merge! :layout => false, :default_content_type => :css
+      render :less, template, options, locals
+    end
+
+    def stylus(template, options={}, locals={})
+      options.merge! :layout => false, :default_content_type => :css
+      render :styl, template, options, locals
+    end
+
+    def builder(template = nil, options = {}, locals = {}, &block)
+      options[:default_content_type] = :xml
+      render_ruby(:builder, template, options, locals, &block)
+    end
+
+    def liquid(template, options = {}, locals = {}, &block)
+      render(:liquid, template, options, locals, &block)
+    end
+
+    def markdown(template, options = {}, locals = {})
+      render :markdown, template, options, locals
+    end
+
+    def textile(template, options = {}, locals = {})
+      render :textile, template, options, locals
+    end
+
+    def rdoc(template, options = {}, locals = {})
+      render :rdoc, template, options, locals
+    end
+
+    def asciidoc(template, options = {}, locals = {})
+      render :asciidoc, template, options, locals
+    end
+
+    def radius(template, options = {}, locals = {})
+      render :radius, template, options, locals
+    end
+
+    def markaby(template = nil, options = {}, locals = {}, &block)
+      render_ruby(:mab, template, options, locals, &block)
+    end
+
+    def coffee(template, options = {}, locals = {})
+      options.merge! :layout => false, :default_content_type => :js
+      render :coffee, template, options, locals
+    end
+
+    def nokogiri(template = nil, options = {}, locals = {}, &block)
+      options[:default_content_type] = :xml
+      render_ruby(:nokogiri, template, options, locals, &block)
+    end
+
+    def slim(template, options = {}, locals = {}, &block)
+      render(:slim, template, options, locals, &block)
+    end
+
+    def creole(template, options = {}, locals = {})
+      render :creole, template, options, locals
+    end
+
+    def mediawiki(template, options = {}, locals = {})
+      render :mediawiki, template, options, locals
+    end
+
+    def wlang(template, options = {}, locals = {}, &block)
+      render(:wlang, template, options, locals, &block)
+    end
+
+    def yajl(template, options = {}, locals = {})
+      options[:default_content_type] = :json
+      render :yajl, template, options, locals
+    end
+
+    def rabl(template, options = {}, locals = {})
+      Rabl.register!
+      render :rabl, template, options, locals
+    end
+
+    # Calls the given block for every possible template file in views,
+    # named name.ext, where ext is registered on engine.
+    def find_template(views, name, engine)
+      yield ::File.join(views, "#{name}.#{@preferred_extension}")
+      Tilt.mappings.each do |ext, engines|
+        next unless ext != @preferred_extension and engines.include? engine
+        yield ::File.join(views, "#{name}.#{ext}")
+      end
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    # logic shared between builder and nokogiri
+    def render_ruby(engine, template, options = {}, locals = {}, &block)
+      options, template = template, nil if template.is_a?(Hash)
+      template = Proc.new { block } if template.nil?
+      render engine, template, options, locals
+    end
+
+    def render(engine, data, options = {}, locals = {}, &block)
+      # merge app-level options
+      engine_options  = settings.respond_to?(engine) ? settings.send(engine) : {}
+      options.merge!(engine_options) { |key, v1, v2| v1 }
+
+      # extract generic options
+      locals          = options.delete(:locals) || locals         || {}
+      views           = options.delete(:views)  || settings.views || "./views"
+      layout          = options[:layout]
+      layout          = false if layout.nil? && options.include?(:layout)
+      eat_errors      = layout.nil?
+      layout          = engine_options[:layout] if layout.nil? or (layout == true && engine_options[:layout] != false)
+      layout          = @default_layout         if layout.nil? or layout == true
+      layout_options  = options.delete(:layout_options) || {}
+      content_type    = options.delete(:content_type)   || options.delete(:default_content_type)
+      layout_engine   = options.delete(:layout_engine)  || engine
+      scope           = options.delete(:scope)          || self
+      options.delete(:layout)
+
+      # set some defaults
+      options[:outvar]           ||= '@_out_buf'
+      options[:default_encoding] ||= settings.default_encoding
+
+      # compile and render template
+      begin
+        layout_was      = @default_layout
+        @default_layout = false
+        template        = compile_template(engine, data, options, views)
+        output          = template.render(scope, locals, &block)
+      ensure
+        @default_layout = layout_was
+      end
+
+      # render layout
+      if layout
+        options = options.merge(:views => views, :layout => false, :eat_errors => eat_errors, :scope => scope).
+                merge!(layout_options)
+        catch(:layout_missing) { return render(layout_engine, layout, options, locals) { output } }
+      end
+
+      output.extend(ContentTyped).content_type = content_type if content_type
+      output
+    end
+
+    def compile_template(engine, data, options, views)
+      eat_errors = options.delete :eat_errors
+      template_cache.fetch engine, data, options, views do
+        template = Tilt[engine]
+        raise "Template engine not found: #{engine}" if template.nil?
+
+        case data
+        when Symbol
+          body, path, line = settings.templates[data]
+          if body
+            body = body.call if body.respond_to?(:call)
+            template.new(path, line.to_i, options) { body }
+          else
+            found = false
+            @preferred_extension = engine.to_s
+            find_template(views, data, template) do |file|
+              path ||= file # keep the initial path rather than the last one
+              if found = File.exist?(file)
+                path = file
+                break
+              end
+            end
+            throw :layout_missing if eat_errors and not found
+            template.new(path, 1, options)
+          end
+        when Proc, String
+          body = data.is_a?(String) ? Proc.new { data } : data
+          path, line = settings.caller_locations.first
+          template.new(path, line.to_i, options, &body)
+        else
+          raise ArgumentError, "Sorry, don't know how to render #{data.inspect}."
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Base class for all Sinatra applications and middleware.
+  class Base
+    include Rack::Utils
+    include Helpers
+    include Templates
+
+    URI_INSTANCE = URI.const_defined?(:Parser) ? URI::Parser.new : URI
+
+    attr_accessor :app, :env, :request, :response, :params
+    attr_reader   :template_cache
+
+    def initialize(app = nil)
+      super()
+      @app = app
+      @template_cache = Tilt::Cache.new
+      yield self if block_given?
+    end
+
+    # Rack call interface.
+    def call(env)
+      dup.call!(env)
+    end
+
+    def call!(env) # :nodoc:
+      @env      = env
+      @request  = Request.new(env)
+      @response = Response.new
+      @params   = indifferent_params(@request.params)
+      template_cache.clear if settings.reload_templates
+      force_encoding(@params)
+
+      @response['Content-Type'] = nil
+      invoke { dispatch! }
+      invoke { error_block!(response.status) } unless @env['sinatra.error']
+
+      unless @response['Content-Type']
+        if Array === body and body[0].respond_to? :content_type
+          content_type body[0].content_type
+        else
+          content_type :html
+        end
+      end
+
+      @response.finish
+    end
+
+    # Access settings defined with Base.set.
+    def self.settings
+      self
+    end
+
+    # Access settings defined with Base.set.
+    def settings
+      self.class.settings
+    end
+
+    def options
+      warn "Sinatra::Base#options is deprecated and will be removed, " \
+        "use #settings instead."
+      settings
+    end
+
+    # Exit the current block, halts any further processing
+    # of the request, and returns the specified response.
+    def halt(*response)
+      response = response.first if response.length == 1
+      throw :halt, response
+    end
+
+    # Pass control to the next matching route.
+    # If there are no more matching routes, Sinatra will
+    # return a 404 response.
+    def pass(&block)
+      throw :pass, block
+    end
+
+    # Forward the request to the downstream app -- middleware only.
+    def forward
+      fail "downstream app not set" unless @app.respond_to? :call
+      status, headers, body = @app.call env
+      @response.status = status
+      @response.body = body
+      @response.headers.merge! headers
+      nil
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    # Run filters defined on the class and all superclasses.
+    def filter!(tpe, base = settings)
+      filter! tpe, base.superclass if base.superclass.respond_to?(:filters)
+      base.filters[tpe].each { |args| process_route(*args) }
+    end
+
+    # Run routes defined on the class and all superclasses.
+    def route!(base = settings, pass_block = nil)
+      if routes = base.routes[@request.request_method]
+        routes.each do |pattern, keys, conditions, block|
+          returned_pass_block = process_route(pattern, keys, conditions) do |*args|
+            env['sinatra.route'] = block.instance_variable_get(:@route_name)
+            route_eval { block[*args] }
+          end
+
+          # don't wipe out pass_block in superclass
+          pass_block = returned_pass_block if returned_pass_block
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Run routes defined in superclass.
+      if base.superclass.respond_to?(:routes)
+        return route!(base.superclass, pass_block)
+      end
+
+      route_eval(&pass_block) if pass_block
+      route_missing
+    end
+
+    # Run a route block and throw :halt with the result.
+    def route_eval
+      throw :halt, yield
+    end
+
+    # If the current request matches pattern and conditions, fill params
+    # with keys and call the given block.
+    # Revert params afterwards.
+    #
+    # Returns pass block.
+    def process_route(pattern, keys, conditions, block = nil, values = [])
+      route = @request.path_info
+      route = '/' if route.empty? and not settings.empty_path_info?
+      return unless match = pattern.match(route)
+      values += match.captures.map! { |v| force_encoding URI_INSTANCE.unescape(v) if v }
+
+      if values.any?
+        original, @params = params, params.merge('splat' => [], 'captures' => values)
+        keys.zip(values) { |k,v| Array === @params[k] ? @params[k] << v : @params[k] = v if v }
+      end
+
+      catch(:pass) do
+        conditions.each { |c| throw :pass if c.bind(self).call == false }
+        block ? block[self, values] : yield(self, values)
+      end
+    ensure
+      @params = original if original
+    end
+
+    # No matching route was found or all routes passed. The default
+    # implementation is to forward the request downstream when running
+    # as middleware (@app is non-nil); when no downstream app is set, raise
+    # a NotFound exception. Subclasses can override this method to perform
+    # custom route miss logic.
+    def route_missing
+      if @app
+        forward
+      else
+        raise NotFound
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Attempt to serve static files from public directory. Throws :halt when
+    # a matching file is found, returns nil otherwise.
+    def static!(options = {})
+      return if (public_dir = settings.public_folder).nil?
+      path = File.expand_path("#{public_dir}#{unescape(request.path_info)}" )
+      return unless File.file?(path)
+
+      env['sinatra.static_file'] = path
+      cache_control(*settings.static_cache_control) if settings.static_cache_control?
+      send_file path, options.merge(:disposition => nil)
+    end
+
+    # Enable string or symbol key access to the nested params hash.
+    def indifferent_params(object)
+      case object
+      when Hash
+        new_hash = indifferent_hash
+        object.each { |key, value| new_hash[key] = indifferent_params(value) }
+        new_hash
+      when Array
+        object.map { |item| indifferent_params(item) }
+      else
+        object
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Creates a Hash with indifferent access.
+    def indifferent_hash
+      Hash.new {|hash,key| hash[key.to_s] if Symbol === key }
+    end
+
+    # Run the block with 'throw :halt' support and apply result to the response.
+    def invoke
+      res = catch(:halt) { yield }
+      res = [res] if Fixnum === res or String === res
+      if Array === res and Fixnum === res.first
+        res = res.dup
+        status(res.shift)
+        body(res.pop)
+        headers(*res)
+      elsif res.respond_to? :each
+        body res
+      end
+      nil # avoid double setting the same response tuple twice
+    end
+
+    # Dispatch a request with error handling.
+    def dispatch!
+      invoke do
+        static! if settings.static? && (request.get? || request.head?)
+        filter! :before
+        route!
+      end
+    rescue ::Exception => boom
+      invoke { handle_exception!(boom) }
+    ensure
+      begin
+        filter! :after unless env['sinatra.static_file']
+      rescue ::Exception => boom
+        invoke { handle_exception!(boom) } unless @env['sinatra.error']
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Error handling during requests.
+    def handle_exception!(boom)
+      @env['sinatra.error'] = boom
+
+      if boom.respond_to? :http_status
+        status(boom.http_status)
+      elsif settings.use_code? and boom.respond_to? :code and boom.code.between? 400, 599
+        status(boom.code)
+      else
+        status(500)
+      end
+
+      status(500) unless status.between? 400, 599
+
+      if server_error?
+        dump_errors! boom if settings.dump_errors?
+        raise boom if settings.show_exceptions? and settings.show_exceptions != :after_handler
+      end
+
+      if not_found?
+        headers['X-Cascade'] = 'pass' if settings.x_cascade?
+        body '<h1>Not Found</h1>'
+      end
+
+      res = error_block!(boom.class, boom) || error_block!(status, boom)
+      return res if res or not server_error?
+      raise boom if settings.raise_errors? or settings.show_exceptions?
+      error_block! Exception, boom
+    end
+
+    # Find an custom error block for the key(s) specified.
+    def error_block!(key, *block_params)
+      base = settings
+      while base.respond_to?(:errors)
+        next base = base.superclass unless args_array = base.errors[key]
+        args_array.reverse_each do |args|
+          first = args == args_array.first
+          args += [block_params]
+          resp = process_route(*args)
+          return resp unless resp.nil? && !first
+        end
+      end
+      return false unless key.respond_to? :superclass and key.superclass < Exception
+      error_block!(key.superclass, *block_params)
+    end
+
+    def dump_errors!(boom)
+      msg = ["#{boom.class} - #{boom.message}:", *boom.backtrace].join("\n\t")
+      @env['rack.errors'].puts(msg)
+    end
+
+    class << self
+      CALLERS_TO_IGNORE = [ # :nodoc:
+        /\/sinatra(\/(base|main|show_exceptions))?\.rb$/,    # all sinatra code
+        /lib\/tilt.*\.rb$/,                                 # all tilt code
+        /^\(.*\)$/,                                         # generated code
+        /rubygems\/(custom|core_ext\/kernel)_require\.rb$/, # rubygems require hacks
+        /active_support/,                                   # active_support require hacks
+        /bundler(\/runtime)?\.rb/,                          # bundler require hacks
+        /<internal:/,                                       # internal in ruby >= 1.9.2
+        /src\/kernel\/bootstrap\/[A-Z]/                     # maglev kernel files
+      ]
+
+      # contrary to what the comment said previously, rubinius never supported this
+      if defined?(RUBY_IGNORE_CALLERS)
+        warn "RUBY_IGNORE_CALLERS is deprecated and will no longer be supported by Sinatra 2.0"
+        CALLERS_TO_IGNORE.concat(RUBY_IGNORE_CALLERS)
+      end
+
+      attr_reader :routes, :filters, :templates, :errors
+
+      # Removes all routes, filters, middleware and extension hooks from the
+      # current class (not routes/filters/... defined by its superclass).
+      def reset!
+        @conditions     = []
+        @routes         = {}
+        @filters        = {:before => [], :after => []}
+        @errors         = {}
+        @middleware     = []
+        @prototype      = nil
+        @extensions     = []
+
+        if superclass.respond_to?(:templates)
+          @templates = Hash.new { |hash,key| superclass.templates[key] }
+        else
+          @templates = {}
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Extension modules registered on this class and all superclasses.
+      def extensions
+        if superclass.respond_to?(:extensions)
+          (@extensions + superclass.extensions).uniq
+        else
+          @extensions
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Middleware used in this class and all superclasses.
+      def middleware
+        if superclass.respond_to?(:middleware)
+          superclass.middleware + @middleware
+        else
+          @middleware
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Sets an option to the given value.  If the value is a proc,
+      # the proc will be called every time the option is accessed.
+      def set(option, value = (not_set = true), ignore_setter = false, &block)
+        raise ArgumentError if block and !not_set
+        value, not_set = block, false if block
+
+        if not_set
+          raise ArgumentError unless option.respond_to?(:each)
+          option.each { |k,v| set(k, v) }
+          return self
+        end
+
+        if respond_to?("#{option}=") and not ignore_setter
+          return __send__("#{option}=", value)
+        end
+
+        setter = proc { |val| set option, val, true }
+        getter = proc { value }
+
+        case value
+        when Proc
+          getter = value
+        when Symbol, Fixnum, FalseClass, TrueClass, NilClass
+          getter = value.inspect
+        when Hash
+          setter = proc do |val|
+            val = value.merge val if Hash === val
+            set option, val, true
+          end
+        end
+
+        define_singleton("#{option}=", setter) if setter
+        define_singleton(option, getter) if getter
+        define_singleton("#{option}?", "!!#{option}") unless method_defined? "#{option}?"
+        self
+      end
+
+      # Same as calling `set :option, true` for each of the given options.
+      def enable(*opts)
+        opts.each { |key| set(key, true) }
+      end
+
+      # Same as calling `set :option, false` for each of the given options.
+      def disable(*opts)
+        opts.each { |key| set(key, false) }
+      end
+
+      # Define a custom error handler. Optionally takes either an Exception
+      # class, or an HTTP status code to specify which errors should be
+      # handled.
+      def error(*codes, &block)
+        args  = compile! "ERROR", //, block
+        codes = codes.map { |c| Array(c) }.flatten
+        codes << Exception if codes.empty?
+        codes.each { |c| (@errors[c] ||= []) << args }
+      end
+
+      # Sugar for `error(404) { ... }`
+      def not_found(&block)
+        error(404, &block)
+        error(Sinatra::NotFound, &block)
+      end
+
+      # Define a named template. The block must return the template source.
+      def template(name, &block)
+        filename, line = caller_locations.first
+        templates[name] = [block, filename, line.to_i]
+      end
+
+      # Define the layout template. The block must return the template source.
+      def layout(name = :layout, &block)
+        template name, &block
+      end
+
+      # Load embedded templates from the file; uses the caller's __FILE__
+      # when no file is specified.
+      def inline_templates=(file = nil)
+        file = (file.nil? || file == true) ? (caller_files.first || File.expand_path($0)) : file
+
+        begin
+          io = ::IO.respond_to?(:binread) ? ::IO.binread(file) : ::IO.read(file)
+          app, data = io.gsub("\r\n", "\n").split(/^__END__$/, 2)
+        rescue Errno::ENOENT
+          app, data = nil
+        end
+
+        if data
+          if app and app =~ /([^\n]*\n)?#[^\n]*coding: *(\S+)/m
+            encoding = $2
+          else
+            encoding = settings.default_encoding
+          end
+          lines = app.count("\n") + 1
+          template = nil
+          force_encoding data, encoding
+          data.each_line do |line|
+            lines += 1
+            if line =~ /^@@\s*(.*\S)\s*$/
+              template = force_encoding('', encoding)
+              templates[$1.to_sym] = [template, file, lines]
+            elsif template
+              template << line
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Lookup or register a mime type in Rack's mime registry.
+      def mime_type(type, value = nil)
+        return type      if type.nil?
+        return type.to_s if type.to_s.include?('/')
+        type = ".#{type}" unless type.to_s[0] == ?.
+        return Rack::Mime.mime_type(type, nil) unless value
+        Rack::Mime::MIME_TYPES[type] = value
+      end
+
+      # provides all mime types matching type, including deprecated types:
+      #   mime_types :html # => ['text/html']
+      #   mime_types :js   # => ['application/javascript', 'text/javascript']
+      def mime_types(type)
+        type = mime_type type
+        type =~ /^application\/(xml|javascript)$/ ? [type, "text/#$1"] : [type]
+      end
+
+      # Define a before filter; runs before all requests within the same
+      # context as route handlers and may access/modify the request and
+      # response.
+      def before(path = nil, options = {}, &block)
+        add_filter(:before, path, options, &block)
+      end
+
+      # Define an after filter; runs after all requests within the same
+      # context as route handlers and may access/modify the request and
+      # response.
+      def after(path = nil, options = {}, &block)
+        add_filter(:after, path, options, &block)
+      end
+
+      # add a filter
+      def add_filter(type, path = nil, options = {}, &block)
+        path, options = //, path if path.respond_to?(:each_pair)
+        filters[type] << compile!(type, path || //, block, options)
+      end
+
+      # Add a route condition. The route is considered non-matching when the
+      # block returns false.
+      def condition(name = "#{caller.first[/`.*'/]} condition", &block)
+        @conditions << generate_method(name, &block)
+      end
+
+      def public=(value)
+        warn ":public is no longer used to avoid overloading Module#public, use :public_folder or :public_dir instead"
+        set(:public_folder, value)
+      end
+
+      def public_dir=(value)
+        self.public_folder = value
+      end
+
+      def public_dir
+        public_folder
+      end
+
+      # Defining a `GET` handler also automatically defines
+      # a `HEAD` handler.
+      def get(path, opts = {}, &block)
+        conditions = @conditions.dup
+        route('GET', path, opts, &block)
+
+        @conditions = conditions
+        route('HEAD', path, opts, &block)
+      end
+
+      def put(path, opts = {}, &bk)     route 'PUT',     path, opts, &bk end
+      def post(path, opts = {}, &bk)    route 'POST',    path, opts, &bk end
+      def delete(path, opts = {}, &bk)  route 'DELETE',  path, opts, &bk end
+      def head(path, opts = {}, &bk)    route 'HEAD',    path, opts, &bk end
+      def options(path, opts = {}, &bk) route 'OPTIONS', path, opts, &bk end
+      def patch(path, opts = {}, &bk)   route 'PATCH',   path, opts, &bk end
+      def link(path, opts = {}, &bk)    route 'LINK',    path, opts, &bk end
+      def unlink(path, opts = {}, &bk)  route 'UNLINK',  path, opts, &bk end
+
+      # Makes the methods defined in the block and in the Modules given
+      # in `extensions` available to the handlers and templates
+      def helpers(*extensions, &block)
+        class_eval(&block)   if block_given?
+        include(*extensions) if extensions.any?
+      end
+
+      # Register an extension. Alternatively take a block from which an
+      # extension will be created and registered on the fly.
+      def register(*extensions, &block)
+        extensions << Module.new(&block) if block_given?
+        @extensions += extensions
+        extensions.each do |extension|
+          extend extension
+          extension.registered(self) if extension.respond_to?(:registered)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def development?; environment == :development end
+      def production?;  environment == :production  end
+      def test?;        environment == :test        end
+
+      # Set configuration options for Sinatra and/or the app.
+      # Allows scoping of settings for certain environments.
+      def configure(*envs)
+        yield self if envs.empty? || envs.include?(environment.to_sym)
+      end
+
+      # Use the specified Rack middleware
+      def use(middleware, *args, &block)
+        @prototype = nil
+        @middleware << [middleware, args, block]
+      end
+
+      # Stop the self-hosted server if running.
+      def quit!
+        return unless running?
+        # Use Thin's hard #stop! if available, otherwise just #stop.
+        running_server.respond_to?(:stop!) ? running_server.stop! : running_server.stop
+        $stderr.puts "== Sinatra has ended his set (crowd applauds)" unless handler_name =~/cgi/i
+        set :running_server, nil
+        set :handler_name, nil
+      end
+
+      alias_method :stop!, :quit!
+
+      # Run the Sinatra app as a self-hosted server using
+      # Thin, Puma, Mongrel, or WEBrick (in that order). If given a block, will call
+      # with the constructed handler once we have taken the stage.
+      def run!(options = {}, &block)
+        return if running?
+        set options
+        handler         = detect_rack_handler
+        handler_name    = handler.name.gsub(/.*::/, '')
+        server_settings = settings.respond_to?(:server_settings) ? settings.server_settings : {}
+        server_settings.merge!(:Port => port, :Host => bind)
+
+        begin
+          start_server(handler, server_settings, handler_name, &block)
+        rescue Errno::EADDRINUSE
+          $stderr.puts "== Someone is already performing on port #{port}!"
+          raise
+        ensure
+          quit!
+        end
+      end
+
+      alias_method :start!, :run!
+
+      # Check whether the self-hosted server is running or not.
+      def running?
+        running_server?
+      end
+
+      # The prototype instance used to process requests.
+      def prototype
+        @prototype ||= new
+      end
+
+      # Creates a Rack::Builder instance with all the middleware set up and
+      # the given +app+ as end point.
+      def build(app)
+        builder = Rack::Builder.new
+        setup_default_middleware builder
+        setup_middleware builder
+        builder.run app
+        builder
+      end
+
+      def call(env)
+        synchronize { prototype.call(env) }
+      end
+
+      # Like Kernel#caller but excluding certain magic entries and without
+      # line / method information; the resulting array contains filenames only.
+      def caller_files
+        cleaned_caller(1).flatten
+      end
+
+      # Like caller_files, but containing Arrays rather than strings with the
+      # first element being the file, and the second being the line.
+      def caller_locations
+        cleaned_caller 2
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      # Starts the server by running the Rack Handler.
+      def start_server(handler, server_settings, handler_name)
+        handler.run(self, server_settings) do |server|
+          unless handler_name =~ /cgi/i
+            $stderr.puts "== Sinatra/#{Sinatra::VERSION} has taken the stage " +
+            "on #{port} for #{environment} with backup from #{handler_name}"
+          end
+
+          setup_traps
+          set :running_server, server
+          set :handler_name,   handler_name
+          server.threaded = settings.threaded if server.respond_to? :threaded=
+
+          yield server if block_given?
+        end
+      end
+
+      def setup_traps
+        if traps?
+          at_exit { quit! }
+
+          [:INT, :TERM].each do |signal|
+            old_handler = trap(signal) do
+              quit!
+              old_handler.call if old_handler.respond_to?(:call)
+            end
+          end
+
+          set :traps, false
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Dynamically defines a method on settings.
+      def define_singleton(name, content = Proc.new)
+        # replace with call to singleton_class once we're 1.9 only
+        (class << self; self; end).class_eval do
+          undef_method(name) if method_defined? name
+          String === content ? class_eval("def #{name}() #{content}; end") : define_method(name, &content)
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Condition for matching host name. Parameter might be String or Regexp.
+      def host_name(pattern)
+        condition { pattern === request.host }
+      end
+
+      # Condition for matching user agent. Parameter should be Regexp.
+      # Will set params[:agent].
+      def user_agent(pattern)
+        condition do
+          if request.user_agent.to_s =~ pattern
+            @params[:agent] = $~[1..-1]
+            true
+          else
+            false
+          end
+        end
+      end
+      alias_method :agent, :user_agent
+
+      # Condition for matching mimetypes. Accepts file extensions.
+      def provides(*types)
+        types.map! { |t| mime_types(t) }
+        types.flatten!
+        condition do
+          if type = response['Content-Type']
+            types.include? type or types.include? type[/^[^;]+/]
+          elsif type = request.preferred_type(types)
+            params = (type.respond_to?(:params) ? type.params : {})
+            content_type(type, params)
+            true
+          else
+            false
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def route(verb, path, options = {}, &block)
+        # Because of self.options.host
+        host_name(options.delete(:host)) if options.key?(:host)
+        enable :empty_path_info if path == "" and empty_path_info.nil?
+        signature = compile!(verb, path, block, options)
+        (@routes[verb] ||= []) << signature
+        invoke_hook(:route_added, verb, path, block)
+        signature
+      end
+
+      def invoke_hook(name, *args)
+        extensions.each { |e| e.send(name, *args) if e.respond_to?(name) }
+      end
+
+      def generate_method(method_name, &block)
+        method_name = method_name.to_sym
+        define_method(method_name, &block)
+        method = instance_method method_name
+        remove_method method_name
+        method
+      end
+
+      def compile!(verb, path, block, options = {})
+        options.each_pair { |option, args| send(option, *args) }
+        method_name             = "#{verb} #{path}"
+        unbound_method          = generate_method(method_name, &block)
+        pattern, keys           = compile path
+        conditions, @conditions = @conditions, []
+
+        wrapper                 = block.arity != 0 ?
+          proc { |a,p| unbound_method.bind(a).call(*p) } :
+          proc { |a,p| unbound_method.bind(a).call }
+        wrapper.instance_variable_set(:@route_name, method_name)
+
+        [ pattern, keys, conditions, wrapper ]
+      end
+
+      def compile(path)
+        if path.respond_to? :to_str
+          keys = []
+
+          # We append a / at the end if there was one.
+          # Reason: Splitting does not split off an empty
+          # string at the end if the split separator
+          # is at the end.
+          #
+          postfix = '/' if path =~ /\/\z/
+
+          # Split the path into pieces in between forward slashes.
+          #
+          segments = path.split('/').map! do |segment|
+            ignore = []
+
+            # Special character handling.
+            #
+            pattern = segment.to_str.gsub(/[^\?\%\\\/\:\*\w]/) do |c|
+              ignore << escaped(c).join if c.match(/[\.@]/)
+              patt = encoded(c)
+              patt.gsub(/%[\da-fA-F]{2}/) do |match|
+                match.split(//).map! {|char| char =~ /[A-Z]/ ? "[#{char}#{char.tr('A-Z', 'a-z')}]" : char}.join
+              end
+            end
+
+            ignore = ignore.uniq.join
+
+            # Key handling.
+            #
+            pattern.gsub(/((:\w+)|\*)/) do |match|
+              if match == "*"
+                keys << 'splat'
+                "(.*?)"
+              else
+                keys << $2[1..-1]
+                ignore_pattern = safe_ignore(ignore)
+
+                ignore_pattern
+              end
+            end
+          end
+
+          # Special case handling.
+          #
+          if segment = segments.pop
+            if segment.match(/\[\^\\\./)
+              parts = segment.rpartition(/\[\^\\\./)
+              parts[1] = '[^'
+              segments << parts.join
+            else
+              segments << segment
+            end
+          end
+          [/\A#{segments.join('/')}#{postfix}\z/, keys]
+        elsif path.respond_to?(:keys) && path.respond_to?(:match)
+          [path, path.keys]
+        elsif path.respond_to?(:names) && path.respond_to?(:match)
+          [path, path.names]
+        elsif path.respond_to? :match
+          [path, []]
+        else
+          raise TypeError, path
+        end
+      end
+
+      def encoded(char)
+        enc = URI_INSTANCE.escape(char)
+        enc = "(?:#{escaped(char, enc).join('|')})" if enc == char
+        enc = "(?:#{enc}|#{encoded('+')})" if char == " "
+        enc
+      end
+
+      def escaped(char, enc = URI_INSTANCE.escape(char))
+        [Regexp.escape(enc), URI_INSTANCE.escape(char, /./)]
+      end
+
+      def safe_ignore(ignore)
+        unsafe_ignore = []
+        ignore = ignore.gsub(/%[\da-fA-F]{2}/) do |hex|
+          unsafe_ignore << hex[1..2]
+          ''
+        end
+        unsafe_patterns = unsafe_ignore.map! do |unsafe|
+          chars = unsafe.split(//).map! do |char|
+            if char =~ /[A-Z]/
+              char <<= char.tr('A-Z', 'a-z')
+            end
+            char
+          end
+
+          "|(?:%[^#{chars[0]}].|%[#{chars[0]}][^#{chars[1]}])"
+        end
+        if unsafe_patterns.length > 0
+          "((?:[^#{ignore}/?#%]#{unsafe_patterns.join()})+)"
+        else
+          "([^#{ignore}/?#]+)"
+        end
+      end
+
+      def setup_default_middleware(builder)
+        builder.use ExtendedRack
+        builder.use ShowExceptions       if show_exceptions?
+        builder.use Rack::MethodOverride if method_override?
+        builder.use Rack::Head
+        setup_logging    builder
+        setup_sessions   builder
+        setup_protection builder
+      end
+
+      def setup_middleware(builder)
+        middleware.each { |c,a,b| builder.use(c, *a, &b) }
+      end
+
+      def setup_logging(builder)
+        if logging?
+          setup_common_logger(builder)
+          setup_custom_logger(builder)
+        elsif logging == false
+          setup_null_logger(builder)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def setup_null_logger(builder)
+        builder.use Rack::NullLogger
+      end
+
+      def setup_common_logger(builder)
+        builder.use Sinatra::CommonLogger
+      end
+
+      def setup_custom_logger(builder)
+        if logging.respond_to? :to_int
+          builder.use Rack::Logger, logging
+        else
+          builder.use Rack::Logger
+        end
+      end
+
+      def setup_protection(builder)
+        return unless protection?
+        options = Hash === protection ? protection.dup : {}
+        protect_session  = options.fetch(:session) { sessions? }
+        options[:except] = Array options[:except]
+        options[:except] += [:session_hijacking, :remote_token] unless protect_session
+        options[:reaction] ||= :drop_session
+        builder.use Rack::Protection, options
+      end
+
+      def setup_sessions(builder)
+        return unless sessions?
+        options = {}
+        options[:secret] = session_secret if session_secret?
+        options.merge! sessions.to_hash if sessions.respond_to? :to_hash
+        builder.use Rack::Session::Cookie, options
+      end
+
+      def detect_rack_handler
+        servers = Array(server)
+        servers.each do |server_name|
+          begin
+            return Rack::Handler.get(server_name.to_s)
+          rescue LoadError, NameError
+          end
+        end
+        fail "Server handler (#{servers.join(',')}) not found."
+      end
+
+      def inherited(subclass)
+        subclass.reset!
+        subclass.set :app_file, caller_files.first unless subclass.app_file?
+        super
+      end
+
+      @@mutex = Mutex.new
+      def synchronize(&block)
+        if lock?
+          @@mutex.synchronize(&block)
+        else
+          yield
+        end
+      end
+
+      # used for deprecation warnings
+      def warn(message)
+        super message + "\n\tfrom #{cleaned_caller.first.join(':')}"
+      end
+
+      # Like Kernel#caller but excluding certain magic entries
+      def cleaned_caller(keep = 3)
+        caller(1).
+          map!    { |line| line.split(/:(?=\d|in )/, 3)[0,keep] }.
+          reject { |file, *_| CALLERS_TO_IGNORE.any? { |pattern| file =~ pattern } }
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Fixes encoding issues by
+    # * defaulting to UTF-8
+    # * casting params to Encoding.default_external
+    #
+    # The latter might not be necessary if Rack handles it one day.
+    # Keep an eye on Rack's LH #100.
+    def force_encoding(*args) settings.force_encoding(*args) end
+    if defined? Encoding
+      def self.force_encoding(data, encoding = default_encoding)
+        return if data == settings || data.is_a?(Tempfile)
+        if data.respond_to? :force_encoding
+          data.force_encoding(encoding).encode!
+        elsif data.respond_to? :each_value
+          data.each_value { |v| force_encoding(v, encoding) }
+        elsif data.respond_to? :each
+          data.each { |v| force_encoding(v, encoding) }
+        end
+        data
+      end
+    else
+      def self.force_encoding(data, *) data end
+    end
+
+    reset!
+
+    set :environment, (ENV['RACK_ENV'] || :development).to_sym
+    set :raise_errors, Proc.new { test? }
+    set :dump_errors, Proc.new { !test? }
+    set :show_exceptions, Proc.new { development? }
+    set :sessions, false
+    set :logging, false
+    set :protection, true
+    set :method_override, false
+    set :use_code, false
+    set :default_encoding, "utf-8"
+    set :x_cascade, true
+    set :add_charset, %w[javascript xml xhtml+xml].map { |t| "application/#{t}" }
+    settings.add_charset << /^text\//
+
+    # explicitly generating a session secret eagerly to play nice with preforking
+    begin
+      require 'securerandom'
+      set :session_secret, SecureRandom.hex(64)
+    rescue LoadError, NotImplementedError
+      # SecureRandom raises a NotImplementedError if no random device is available
+      set :session_secret, "%064x" % Kernel.rand(2**256-1)
+    end
+
+    class << self
+      alias_method :methodoverride?, :method_override?
+      alias_method :methodoverride=, :method_override=
+    end
+
+    set :run, false                       # start server via at-exit hook?
+    set :running_server, nil
+    set :handler_name, nil
+    set :traps, true
+    set :server, %w[HTTP webrick]
+    set :bind, Proc.new { development? ? 'localhost' : '0.0.0.0' }
+    set :port, Integer(ENV['PORT'] && !ENV['PORT'].empty? ? ENV['PORT'] : 4567)
+
+    ruby_engine = defined?(RUBY_ENGINE) && RUBY_ENGINE
+
+    if ruby_engine == 'macruby'
+      server.unshift 'control_tower'
+    else
+      server.unshift 'reel'
+      server.unshift 'mongrel'  if ruby_engine.nil?
+      server.unshift 'puma'     if ruby_engine != 'rbx'
+      server.unshift 'thin'     if ruby_engine != 'jruby'
+      server.unshift 'puma'     if ruby_engine == 'rbx'
+      server.unshift 'trinidad' if ruby_engine == 'jruby'
+    end
+
+    set :absolute_redirects, true
+    set :prefixed_redirects, false
+    set :empty_path_info, nil
+
+    set :app_file, nil
+    set :root, Proc.new { app_file && File.expand_path(File.dirname(app_file)) }
+    set :views, Proc.new { root && File.join(root, 'views') }
+    set :reload_templates, Proc.new { development? }
+    set :lock, false
+    set :threaded, true
+
+    set :public_folder, Proc.new { root && File.join(root, 'public') }
+    set :static, Proc.new { public_folder && File.exist?(public_folder) }
+    set :static_cache_control, false
+
+    error ::Exception do
+      response.status = 500
+      content_type 'text/html'
+      '<h1>Internal Server Error</h1>'
+    end
+
+    configure :development do
+      get '/__sinatra__/:image.png' do
+        filename = File.dirname(__FILE__) + "/images/#{params[:image]}.png"
+        content_type :png
+        send_file filename
+      end
+
+      error NotFound do
+        content_type 'text/html'
+
+        if self.class == Sinatra::Application
+          code = <<-RUBY.gsub(/^ {12}/, '')
+            #{request.request_method.downcase} '#{request.path_info}' do
+              "Hello World"
+            end
+          RUBY
+        else
+          code = <<-RUBY.gsub(/^ {12}/, '')
+            class #{self.class}
+              #{request.request_method.downcase} '#{request.path_info}' do
+                "Hello World"
+              end
+            end
+          RUBY
+
+          file = settings.app_file.to_s.sub(settings.root.to_s, '').sub(/^\//, '')
+          code = "# in #{file}\n#{code}" unless file.empty?
+        end
+
+        (<<-HTML).gsub(/^ {10}/, '')
+          <!DOCTYPE html>
+          <html>
+          <head>
+            <style type="text/css">
+            body { text-align:center;font-family:helvetica,arial;font-size:22px;
+              color:#888;margin:20px}
+            #c {margin:0 auto;width:500px;text-align:left}
+            </style>
+          </head>
+          <body>
+            <h2>Sinatra doesn&rsquo;t know this ditty.</h2>
+            <img src='#{uri "/__sinatra__/404.png"}'>
+            <div id="c">
+              Try this:
+              <pre>#{code}</pre>
+            </div>
+          </body>
+          </html>
+        HTML
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Execution context for classic style (top-level) applications. All
+  # DSL methods executed on main are delegated to this class.
+  #
+  # The Application class should not be subclassed, unless you want to
+  # inherit all settings, routes, handlers, and error pages from the
+  # top-level. Subclassing Sinatra::Base is highly recommended for
+  # modular applications.
+  class Application < Base
+    set :logging, Proc.new { ! test? }
+    set :method_override, true
+    set :run, Proc.new { ! test? }
+    set :session_secret, Proc.new { super() unless development? }
+    set :app_file, nil
+
+    def self.register(*extensions, &block) #:nodoc:
+      added_methods = extensions.map {|m| m.public_instance_methods }.flatten
+      Delegator.delegate(*added_methods)
+      super(*extensions, &block)
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Sinatra delegation mixin. Mixing this module into an object causes all
+  # methods to be delegated to the Sinatra::Application class. Used primarily
+  # at the top-level.
+  module Delegator #:nodoc:
+    def self.delegate(*methods)
+      methods.each do |method_name|
+        define_method(method_name) do |*args, &block|
+          return super(*args, &block) if respond_to? method_name
+          Delegator.target.send(method_name, *args, &block)
+        end
+        private method_name
+      end
+    end
+
+    delegate :get, :patch, :put, :post, :delete, :head, :options, :link, :unlink,
+             :template, :layout, :before, :after, :error, :not_found, :configure,
+             :set, :mime_type, :enable, :disable, :use, :development?, :test?,
+             :production?, :helpers, :settings, :register
+
+    class << self
+      attr_accessor :target
+    end
+
+    self.target = Application
+  end
+
+  class Wrapper
+    def initialize(stack, instance)
+      @stack, @instance = stack, instance
+    end
+
+    def settings
+      @instance.settings
+    end
+
+    def helpers
+      @instance
+    end
+
+    def call(env)
+      @stack.call(env)
+    end
+
+    def inspect
+      "#<#{@instance.class} app_file=#{settings.app_file.inspect}>"
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Extend the top-level DSL with the modules provided.
+  def self.register(*extensions, &block)
+    Delegator.target.register(*extensions, &block)
+  end
+
+  # Include the helper modules provided in Sinatra's request context.
+  def self.helpers(*extensions, &block)
+    Delegator.target.helpers(*extensions, &block)
+  end
+
+  # Use the middleware for classic applications.
+  def self.use(*args, &block)
+    Delegator.target.use(*args, &block)
+  end
+end