rq 3.1.0 → 3.3.0

data/rails/vendor/rails/activerecord/lib/active_record/calculations.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,270 @@
+module ActiveRecord
+  module Calculations #:nodoc:
+    CALCULATIONS_OPTIONS = [:conditions, :joins, :order, :select, :group, :having, :distinct, :limit, :offset, :include]
+    def self.included(base)
+      base.extend(ClassMethods)
+    end
+
+    module ClassMethods
+      # Count operates using three different approaches. 
+      #
+      # * Count all: By not passing any parameters to count, it will return a count of all the rows for the model.
+      # * Count by conditions or joins: This API has been deprecated and will be removed in Rails 2.0
+      # * Count using options will find the row count matched by the options used.
+      #
+      # The last approach, count using options, accepts an option hash as the only parameter. The options are:
+      #
+      # * <tt>:conditions</tt>: An SQL fragment like "administrator = 1" or [ "user_name = ?", username ]. See conditions in the intro.
+      # * <tt>:joins</tt>: An SQL fragment for additional joins like "LEFT JOIN comments ON comments.post_id = id". (Rarely needed).
+      #   The records will be returned read-only since they will have attributes that do not correspond to the table's columns.
+      # * <tt>:include</tt>: Named associations that should be loaded alongside using LEFT OUTER JOINs. The symbols named refer
+      #   to already defined associations. When using named associations count returns the number DISTINCT items for the model you're counting.
+      #   See eager loading under Associations.
+      # * <tt>:order</tt>: An SQL fragment like "created_at DESC, name" (really only used with GROUP BY calculations).
+      # * <tt>:group</tt>: An attribute name by which the result should be grouped. Uses the GROUP BY SQL-clause.
+      # * <tt>:select</tt>: By default, this is * as in SELECT * FROM, but can be changed if you for example want to do a join, but not
+      #   include the joined columns.
+      # * <tt>:distinct</tt>: Set this to true to make this a distinct calculation, such as SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT posts.id) ...
+      #
+      # Examples for counting all:
+      #   Person.count         # returns the total count of all people
+      #
+      # Examples for count by +conditions+ and +joins+ (this has been deprecated):
+      #   Person.count("age > 26")  # returns the number of people older than 26
+      #   Person.find("age > 26 AND job.salary > 60000", "LEFT JOIN jobs on jobs.person_id = person.id") # returns the total number of rows matching the conditions and joins fetched by SELECT COUNT(*).
+      #
+      # Examples for count with options:
+      #   Person.count(:conditions => "age > 26")
+      #   Person.count(:conditions => "age > 26 AND job.salary > 60000", :include => :job) # because of the named association, it finds the DISTINCT count using LEFT OUTER JOIN.
+      #   Person.count(:conditions => "age > 26 AND job.salary > 60000", :joins => "LEFT JOIN jobs on jobs.person_id = person.id") # finds the number of rows matching the conditions and joins. 
+      #   Person.count('id', :conditions => "age > 26") # Performs a COUNT(id)
+      #   Person.count(:all, :conditions => "age > 26") # Performs a COUNT(*) (:all is an alias for '*')
+      #
+      # Note: Person.count(:all) will not work because it will use :all as the condition.  Use Person.count instead.
+      def count(*args)
+        calculate(:count, *construct_count_options_from_legacy_args(*args))
+      end
+
+      # Calculates average value on a given column.  The value is returned as a float.  See #calculate for examples with options.
+      #
+      #   Person.average('age')
+      def average(column_name, options = {})
+        calculate(:avg, column_name, options)
+      end
+
+      # Calculates the minimum value on a given column.  The value is returned with the same data type of the column..  See #calculate for examples with options.
+      #
+      #   Person.minimum('age')
+      def minimum(column_name, options = {})
+        calculate(:min, column_name, options)
+      end
+
+      # Calculates the maximum value on a given column.  The value is returned with the same data type of the column..  See #calculate for examples with options.
+      #
+      #   Person.maximum('age')
+      def maximum(column_name, options = {})
+        calculate(:max, column_name, options)
+      end
+
+      # Calculates the sum value on a given column.  The value is returned with the same data type of the column..  See #calculate for examples with options.
+      #
+      #   Person.sum('age')
+      def sum(column_name, options = {})
+        calculate(:sum, column_name, options)
+      end
+
+      # This calculates aggregate values in the given column:  Methods for count, sum, average, minimum, and maximum have been added as shortcuts.
+      # Options such as :conditions, :order, :group, :having, and :joins can be passed to customize the query.  
+      #
+      # There are two basic forms of output:
+      #   * Single aggregate value: The single value is type cast to Fixnum for COUNT, Float for AVG, and the given column's type for everything else.
+      #   * Grouped values: This returns an ordered hash of the values and groups them by the :group option.  It takes either a column name, or the name 
+      #     of a belongs_to association.
+      #
+      #       values = Person.maximum(:age, :group => 'last_name')
+      #       puts values["Drake"]
+      #       => 43
+      #
+      #       drake  = Family.find_by_last_name('Drake')
+      #       values = Person.maximum(:age, :group => :family) # Person belongs_to :family
+      #       puts values[drake]
+      #       => 43
+      #
+      #       values.each do |family, max_age|
+      #       ...
+      #       end
+      #
+      # Options:
+      # * <tt>:conditions</tt>: An SQL fragment like "administrator = 1" or [ "user_name = ?", username ]. See conditions in the intro.
+      # * <tt>:joins</tt>: An SQL fragment for additional joins like "LEFT JOIN comments ON comments.post_id = id". (Rarely needed).
+      #   The records will be returned read-only since they will have attributes that do not correspond to the table's columns.
+      # * <tt>:order</tt>: An SQL fragment like "created_at DESC, name" (really only used with GROUP BY calculations).
+      # * <tt>:group</tt>: An attribute name by which the result should be grouped. Uses the GROUP BY SQL-clause.
+      # * <tt>:select</tt>: By default, this is * as in SELECT * FROM, but can be changed if you for example want to do a join, but not
+      #   include the joined columns.
+      # * <tt>:distinct</tt>: Set this to true to make this a distinct calculation, such as SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT posts.id) ...
+      #
+      # Examples:
+      #   Person.calculate(:count, :all) # The same as Person.count
+      #   Person.average(:age) # SELECT AVG(age) FROM people...
+      #   Person.minimum(:age, :conditions => ['last_name != ?', 'Drake']) # Selects the minimum age for everyone with a last name other than 'Drake'
+      #   Person.minimum(:age, :having => 'min(age) > 17', :group => :last_name) # Selects the minimum age for any family without any minors
+      def calculate(operation, column_name, options = {})
+        validate_calculation_options(operation, options)
+        column_name     = options[:select] if options[:select]
+        column_name     = '*' if column_name == :all
+        column          = column_for column_name
+        catch :invalid_query do
+          if options[:group]
+            return execute_grouped_calculation(operation, column_name, column, options)
+          else
+            return execute_simple_calculation(operation, column_name, column, options)
+          end
+        end
+        0
+      end
+
+      protected
+        def construct_count_options_from_legacy_args(*args)
+          options     = {}
+          column_name = :all
+
+          # We need to handle
+          #   count()
+          #   count(options={})
+          #   count(column_name=:all, options={})
+          #   count(conditions=nil, joins=nil)      # deprecated
+          if args.size > 2
+            raise ArgumentError, "Unexpected parameters passed to count(options={}): #{args.inspect}"
+          elsif args.size > 0
+            if args[0].is_a?(Hash)
+              options = args[0]
+            elsif args[1].is_a?(Hash)
+              column_name, options = args
+            else
+              # Deprecated count(conditions, joins=nil)
+              ActiveSupport::Deprecation.warn(
+                "You called count(#{args[0].inspect}, #{args[1].inspect}), which is a deprecated API call. " +
+                "Instead you should use count(column_name, options). Passing the conditions and joins as " +
+                "string parameters will be removed in Rails 2.0.", caller(2)
+              )
+              options.merge!(:conditions => args[0])
+              options.merge!(:joins      => args[1]) if args[1]
+            end
+          end
+
+          [column_name, options]
+        end
+
+        def construct_calculation_sql(operation, column_name, options) #:nodoc:
+          operation = operation.to_s.downcase
+          options = options.symbolize_keys          
+          
+          scope           = scope(:find)
+          merged_includes = merge_includes(scope ? scope[:include] : [], options[:include])
+          aggregate_alias = column_alias_for(operation, column_name)
+          use_workaround  = !Base.connection.supports_count_distinct? && options[:distinct] && operation.to_s.downcase == 'count'
+          join_dependency = nil
+
+          if merged_includes.any? && operation.to_s.downcase == 'count'
+            options[:distinct] = true
+            column_name = options[:select] || [table_name, primary_key] * '.'
+          end
+
+          sql  = "SELECT #{operation}(#{'DISTINCT ' if options[:distinct]}#{column_name}) AS #{aggregate_alias}"
+
+          # A (slower) workaround if we're using a backend, like sqlite, that doesn't support COUNT DISTINCT.
+          sql = "SELECT COUNT(*) AS #{aggregate_alias}" if use_workaround
+          
+          sql << ", #{options[:group_field]} AS #{options[:group_alias]}" if options[:group]
+          sql << " FROM (SELECT DISTINCT #{column_name}" if use_workaround
+          sql << " FROM #{table_name} "
+          if merged_includes.any?
+            join_dependency = ActiveRecord::Associations::ClassMethods::JoinDependency.new(self, merged_includes, options[:joins])
+            sql << join_dependency.join_associations.collect{|join| join.association_join }.join
+          end
+          add_joins!(sql, options, scope)
+          add_conditions!(sql, options[:conditions], scope)
+          add_limited_ids_condition!(sql, options, join_dependency) if join_dependency && !using_limitable_reflections?(join_dependency.reflections) && ((scope && scope[:limit]) || options[:limit])
+
+          if options[:group]
+            group_key = Base.connection.adapter_name == 'FrontBase' ?  :group_alias : :group_field
+            sql << " GROUP BY #{options[group_key]} "
+          end
+
+          if options[:group] && options[:having]
+            # FrontBase requires identifiers in the HAVING clause and chokes on function calls
+            if Base.connection.adapter_name == 'FrontBase'
+              options[:having].downcase!
+              options[:having].gsub!(/#{operation}\s*\(\s*#{column_name}\s*\)/, aggregate_alias)
+            end
+              
+            sql << " HAVING #{options[:having]} "
+          end
+
+          sql << " ORDER BY #{options[:order]} "       if options[:order]
+          add_limit!(sql, options, scope)
+          sql << ')' if use_workaround
+          sql
+        end
+
+        def execute_simple_calculation(operation, column_name, column, options) #:nodoc:
+          value = connection.select_value(construct_calculation_sql(operation, column_name, options))
+          type_cast_calculated_value(value, column, operation)
+        end
+
+        def execute_grouped_calculation(operation, column_name, column, options) #:nodoc:
+          group_attr      = options[:group].to_s
+          association     = reflect_on_association(group_attr.to_sym)
+          associated      = association && association.macro == :belongs_to # only count belongs_to associations
+          group_field     = (associated ? "#{options[:group]}_id" : options[:group]).to_s
+          group_alias     = column_alias_for(group_field)
+          group_column    = column_for group_field
+          sql             = construct_calculation_sql(operation, column_name, options.merge(:group_field => group_field, :group_alias => group_alias))
+          calculated_data = connection.select_all(sql)
+          aggregate_alias = column_alias_for(operation, column_name)
+
+          if association
+            key_ids     = calculated_data.collect { |row| row[group_alias] }
+            key_records = association.klass.base_class.find(key_ids)
+            key_records = key_records.inject({}) { |hsh, r| hsh.merge(r.id => r) }
+          end
+
+          calculated_data.inject(ActiveSupport::OrderedHash.new) do |all, row|
+            key   = associated ? key_records[row[group_alias].to_i] : type_cast_calculated_value(row[group_alias], group_column)
+            value = row[aggregate_alias]
+            all << [key, type_cast_calculated_value(value, column, operation)]
+          end
+        end
+
+      private
+        def validate_calculation_options(operation, options = {})
+          options.assert_valid_keys(CALCULATIONS_OPTIONS)
+        end
+
+        # converts a given key to the value that the database adapter returns as
+        #
+        #   users.id #=> users_id
+        #   sum(id) #=> sum_id
+        #   count(distinct users.id) #=> count_distinct_users_id
+        #   count(*) #=> count_all
+        def column_alias_for(*keys)
+          connection.table_alias_for(keys.join(' ').downcase.gsub(/\*/, 'all').gsub(/\W+/, ' ').strip.gsub(/ +/, '_'))
+        end
+
+        def column_for(field)
+          field_name = field.to_s.split('.').last
+          columns.detect { |c| c.name.to_s == field_name }
+        end
+
+        def type_cast_calculated_value(value, column, operation = nil)
+          operation = operation.to_s.downcase
+          case operation
+            when 'count' then value.to_i
+            when 'avg'   then value.to_f
+            else column ? column.type_cast(value) : value
+          end
+        end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/rails/vendor/rails/activerecord/lib/active_record/callbacks.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,367 @@
+require 'observer'
+
+module ActiveRecord
+  # Callbacks are hooks into the lifecycle of an Active Record object that allows you to trigger logic
+  # before or after an alteration of the object state. This can be used to make sure that associated and
+  # dependent objects are deleted when destroy is called (by overwriting before_destroy) or to massage attributes
+  # before they're validated (by overwriting before_validation). As an example of the callbacks initiated, consider
+  # the Base#save call:
+  #
+  # * (-) save
+  # * (-) valid?
+  # * (1) before_validation
+  # * (2) before_validation_on_create
+  # * (-) validate
+  # * (-) validate_on_create
+  # * (3) after_validation
+  # * (4) after_validation_on_create
+  # * (5) before_save
+  # * (6) before_create
+  # * (-) create
+  # * (7) after_create
+  # * (8) after_save
+  #
+  # That's a total of eight callbacks, which gives you immense power to react and prepare for each state in the
+  # Active Record lifecycle.
+  #
+  # Examples:
+  #   class CreditCard < ActiveRecord::Base
+  #     # Strip everything but digits, so the user can specify "555 234 34" or
+  #     # "5552-3434" or both will mean "55523434"
+  #     def before_validation_on_create
+  #       self.number = number.gsub(/[^0-9]/, "") if attribute_present?("number")
+  #     end
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   class Subscription < ActiveRecord::Base
+  #     before_create :record_signup
+  #
+  #     private
+  #       def record_signup
+  #         self.signed_up_on = Date.today
+  #       end
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   class Firm < ActiveRecord::Base
+  #     # Destroys the associated clients and people when the firm is destroyed
+  #     before_destroy { |record| Person.destroy_all "firm_id = #{record.id}"   }
+  #     before_destroy { |record| Client.destroy_all "client_of = #{record.id}" }
+  #   end
+  #
+  # == Inheritable callback queues
+  #
+  # Besides the overwriteable callback methods, it's also possible to register callbacks through the use of the callback macros.
+  # Their main advantage is that the macros add behavior into a callback queue that is kept intact down through an inheritance
+  # hierarchy. Example:
+  #
+  #   class Topic < ActiveRecord::Base
+  #     before_destroy :destroy_author
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   class Reply < Topic
+  #     before_destroy :destroy_readers
+  #   end
+  #
+  # Now, when Topic#destroy is run only +destroy_author+ is called. When Reply#destroy is run both +destroy_author+ and
+  # +destroy_readers+ is called. Contrast this to the situation where we've implemented the save behavior through overwriteable
+  # methods:
+  #
+  #   class Topic < ActiveRecord::Base
+  #     def before_destroy() destroy_author end
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   class Reply < Topic
+  #     def before_destroy() destroy_readers end
+  #   end
+  #
+  # In that case, Reply#destroy would only run +destroy_readers+ and _not_ +destroy_author+. So use the callback macros when
+  # you want to ensure that a certain callback is called for the entire hierarchy and the regular overwriteable methods when you
+  # want to leave it up to each descendent to decide whether they want to call +super+ and trigger the inherited callbacks.
+  #
+  # *IMPORTANT:* In order for inheritance to work for the callback queues, you must specify the callbacks before specifying the
+  # associations. Otherwise, you might trigger the loading of a child before the parent has registered the callbacks and they won't
+  # be inherited.
+  #
+  # == Types of callbacks
+  #
+  # There are four types of callbacks accepted by the callback macros: Method references (symbol), callback objects,
+  # inline methods (using a proc), and inline eval methods (using a string). Method references and callback objects are the
+  # recommended approaches, inline methods using a proc are sometimes appropriate (such as for creating mix-ins), and inline
+  # eval methods are deprecated.
+  #
+  # The method reference callbacks work by specifying a protected or private method available in the object, like this:
+  #
+  #   class Topic < ActiveRecord::Base
+  #     before_destroy :delete_parents
+  #
+  #     private
+  #       def delete_parents
+  #         self.class.delete_all "parent_id = #{id}"
+  #       end
+  #   end
+  #
+  # The callback objects have methods named after the callback called with the record as the only parameter, such as:
+  #
+  #   class BankAccount < ActiveRecord::Base
+  #     before_save      EncryptionWrapper.new("credit_card_number")
+  #     after_save       EncryptionWrapper.new("credit_card_number")
+  #     after_initialize EncryptionWrapper.new("credit_card_number")
+  #   end
+  #
+  #   class EncryptionWrapper
+  #     def initialize(attribute)
+  #       @attribute = attribute
+  #     end
+  #
+  #     def before_save(record)
+  #       record.credit_card_number = encrypt(record.credit_card_number)
+  #     end
+  #
+  #     def after_save(record)
+  #       record.credit_card_number = decrypt(record.credit_card_number)
+  #     end
+  #
+  #     alias_method :after_find, :after_save
+  #
+  #     private
+  #       def encrypt(value)
+  #         # Secrecy is committed
+  #       end
+  #
+  #       def decrypt(value)
+  #         # Secrecy is unveiled
+  #       end
+  #   end
+  #
+  # So you specify the object you want messaged on a given callback. When that callback is triggered, the object has
+  # a method by the name of the callback messaged.
+  #
+  # The callback macros usually accept a symbol for the method they're supposed to run, but you can also pass a "method string",
+  # which will then be evaluated within the binding of the callback. Example:
+  #
+  #   class Topic < ActiveRecord::Base
+  #     before_destroy 'self.class.delete_all "parent_id = #{id}"'
+  #   end
+  #
+  # Notice that single plings (') are used so the #{id} part isn't evaluated until the callback is triggered. Also note that these
+  # inline callbacks can be stacked just like the regular ones:
+  #
+  #   class Topic < ActiveRecord::Base
+  #     before_destroy 'self.class.delete_all "parent_id = #{id}"',
+  #                    'puts "Evaluated after parents are destroyed"'
+  #   end
+  #
+  # == The after_find and after_initialize exceptions
+  #
+  # Because after_find and after_initialize are called for each object found and instantiated by a finder, such as Base.find(:all), we've had
+  # to implement a simple performance constraint (50% more speed on a simple test case). Unlike all the other callbacks, after_find and
+  # after_initialize will only be run if an explicit implementation is defined (<tt>def after_find</tt>). In that case, all of the
+  # callback types will be called.
+  #
+  # == before_validation* returning statements
+  #
+  # If the returning value of a before_validation callback can be evaluated to false, the process will be aborted and Base#save will return false.
+  # If Base#save! is called it will raise a RecordNotSave error.
+  # Nothing will be appended to the errors object.
+  #
+  # == Cancelling callbacks
+  #
+  # If a before_* callback returns false, all the later callbacks and the associated action are cancelled. If an after_* callback returns
+  # false, all the later callbacks are cancelled. Callbacks are generally run in the order they are defined, with the exception of callbacks
+  # defined as methods on the model, which are called last.
+  module Callbacks
+    CALLBACKS = %w(
+      after_find after_initialize before_save after_save before_create after_create before_update after_update before_validation
+      after_validation before_validation_on_create after_validation_on_create before_validation_on_update
+      after_validation_on_update before_destroy after_destroy
+    )
+
+    def self.included(base) #:nodoc:
+      base.extend(ClassMethods)
+      base.class_eval do
+        class << self
+          include Observable
+          alias_method_chain :instantiate, :callbacks
+        end
+
+        [:initialize, :create_or_update, :valid?, :create, :update, :destroy].each do |method|
+          alias_method_chain method, :callbacks
+        end
+      end
+
+      CALLBACKS.each do |method|
+        base.class_eval <<-"end_eval"
+          def self.#{method}(*callbacks, &block)
+            callbacks << block if block_given?
+            write_inheritable_array(#{method.to_sym.inspect}, callbacks)
+          end
+        end_eval
+      end
+    end
+
+    module ClassMethods #:nodoc:
+      def instantiate_with_callbacks(record)
+        object = instantiate_without_callbacks(record)
+
+        if object.respond_to_without_attributes?(:after_find)
+          object.send(:callback, :after_find)
+        end
+
+        if object.respond_to_without_attributes?(:after_initialize)
+          object.send(:callback, :after_initialize)
+        end
+
+        object
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Is called when the object was instantiated by one of the finders, like Base.find.
+    #def after_find() end
+
+    # Is called after the object has been instantiated by a call to Base.new.
+    #def after_initialize() end
+
+    def initialize_with_callbacks(attributes = nil) #:nodoc:
+      initialize_without_callbacks(attributes)
+      result = yield self if block_given?
+      callback(:after_initialize) if respond_to_without_attributes?(:after_initialize)
+      result
+    end
+
+    # Is called _before_ Base.save (regardless of whether it's a create or update save).
+    def before_save() end
+
+    # Is called _after_ Base.save (regardless of whether it's a create or update save).
+    #
+    #  class Contact < ActiveRecord::Base
+    #    after_save { logger.info( 'New contact saved!' ) }
+    #  end
+    def after_save()  end
+    def create_or_update_with_callbacks #:nodoc:
+      return false if callback(:before_save) == false
+      result = create_or_update_without_callbacks
+      callback(:after_save)
+      result
+    end
+
+    # Is called _before_ Base.save on new objects that haven't been saved yet (no record exists).
+    def before_create() end
+
+    # Is called _after_ Base.save on new objects that haven't been saved yet (no record exists).
+    def after_create() end
+    def create_with_callbacks #:nodoc:
+      return false if callback(:before_create) == false
+      result = create_without_callbacks
+      callback(:after_create)
+      result
+    end
+
+    # Is called _before_ Base.save on existing objects that have a record.
+    def before_update() end
+
+    # Is called _after_ Base.save on existing objects that have a record.
+    def after_update() end
+
+    def update_with_callbacks #:nodoc:
+      return false if callback(:before_update) == false
+      result = update_without_callbacks
+      callback(:after_update)
+      result
+    end
+
+    # Is called _before_ Validations.validate (which is part of the Base.save call).
+    def before_validation() end
+
+    # Is called _after_ Validations.validate (which is part of the Base.save call).
+    def after_validation() end
+
+    # Is called _before_ Validations.validate (which is part of the Base.save call) on new objects
+    # that haven't been saved yet (no record exists).
+    def before_validation_on_create() end
+
+    # Is called _after_ Validations.validate (which is part of the Base.save call) on new objects
+    # that haven't been saved yet (no record exists).
+    def after_validation_on_create()  end
+
+    # Is called _before_ Validations.validate (which is part of the Base.save call) on
+    # existing objects that have a record.
+    def before_validation_on_update() end
+
+    # Is called _after_ Validations.validate (which is part of the Base.save call) on
+    # existing objects that have a record.
+    def after_validation_on_update()  end
+
+    def valid_with_callbacks? #:nodoc:
+      return false if callback(:before_validation) == false
+      if new_record? then result = callback(:before_validation_on_create) else result = callback(:before_validation_on_update) end
+      return false if result == false
+
+      result = valid_without_callbacks?
+
+      callback(:after_validation)
+      if new_record? then callback(:after_validation_on_create) else callback(:after_validation_on_update) end
+
+      return result
+    end
+
+    # Is called _before_ Base.destroy.
+    #
+    # Note: If you need to _destroy_ or _nullify_ associated records first,
+    # use the _:dependent_ option on your associations.
+    def before_destroy() end
+
+    # Is called _after_ Base.destroy (and all the attributes have been frozen).
+    #
+    #  class Contact < ActiveRecord::Base
+    #    after_destroy { |record| logger.info( "Contact #{record.id} was destroyed." ) }
+    #  end
+    def after_destroy()  end
+    def destroy_with_callbacks #:nodoc:
+      return false if callback(:before_destroy) == false
+      result = destroy_without_callbacks
+      callback(:after_destroy)
+      result
+    end
+
+    private
+      def callback(method)
+        notify(method)
+
+        callbacks_for(method).each do |callback|
+          result = case callback
+            when Symbol
+              self.send(callback)
+            when String
+              eval(callback, binding)
+            when Proc, Method
+              callback.call(self)
+            else
+              if callback.respond_to?(method)
+                callback.send(method, self)
+              else
+                raise ActiveRecordError, "Callbacks must be a symbol denoting the method to call, a string to be evaluated, a block to be invoked, or an object responding to the callback method."
+              end
+          end
+          return false if result == false
+        end
+
+        result = send(method) if respond_to_without_attributes?(method)
+
+        return result
+      end
+
+      def callbacks_for(method)
+        self.class.read_inheritable_attribute(method.to_sym) or []
+      end
+
+      def invoke_and_notify(method)
+        notify(method)
+        send(method) if respond_to_without_attributes?(method)
+      end
+
+      def notify(method) #:nodoc:
+        self.class.changed
+        self.class.notify_observers(method, self)
+      end
+  end
+end