rooibos 0.5.0

data/doc/contributors/WIP/init_callable_proposal.md

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+<!--
+SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Kerrick Long <me@kerricklong.com>
+
+SPDX-License-Identifier: CC-BY-SA-4.0
+-->
+
+# Init Callable Architecture Proposal
+
+## Problem Statement
+
+The current codebase has **three different names** for the initial state instance:
+
+1. **`MODEL`** - Used in simple examples (README, verify_readme_usage)
+2. **`INITIAL`** - Used in fractal fragments (dashboard examples)
+3. **`init:`** - Runtime parameter for startup commands (different semantics)
+
+Additionally, the planned v0.4.0 transition (`INITIAL` → `Initial`) would create visual collision with `Model`, where both look like type names despite having different purposes.
+
+### Current Fragment Pattern
+
+```ruby
+module SystemInfo
+  Model = Data.define(:output, :loading)
+  INITIAL = Model.new(output: "Press 's'", loading: false)  # Static constant
+  
+  UPDATE = ->(message, model) { ... }
+  VIEW = ->(model, tui) { ... }
+end
+```
+
+### Current Limitations
+
+- **No parameterization**: Child fragments can't receive initialization props from parents
+- **Naming confusion**: `Model` (type) vs `INITIAL`/`MODEL` (instance) vs `init:` (command)
+- **Static only**: Can't dispatch initial commands alongside state
+- **No context**: Root fragments can't access ARGV, ENV, or other runtime context
+
+## Proposed Solution
+
+Replace the static `INITIAL`/`MODEL` constant with an **`Init` callable** that:
+
+1. **Returns `[model, command]`** - Same pattern as `Update`
+2. **Accepts flags/props** - Context from parent or runtime
+3. **Supports DWIM**: Can return just `model` (no command) like `Update`
+
+### New Fragment Pattern
+
+```ruby
+module SystemInfo
+  Model = Data.define(:output, :loading)
+  
+  # Init receives flags from parent, returns [model, command?]
+  Init = ->(disabled: false) do
+    message = disabled ? "(disabled)" : "Press 's' for system info"
+    [Model.new(output: message, loading: false), nil]
+  end
+  
+  Update = ->(message, model) { ... }
+  View = ->(model, tui) { ... }
+end
+```
+
+### Root Fragment with Runtime Context
+
+```ruby
+module App
+  Model = Data.define(:user_name, :debug_mode, :data)
+  
+  Init = ->(argv:, env:) do
+    debug = env['DEBUG'] == '1'
+    name = argv[0] || env['USER'] || 'guest'
+    
+    model = Model.new(user_name: name, debug_mode: debug, data: nil)
+    command = Command.http(:get, "/api/startup", :initial_data)
+    
+    [model, command]
+  end
+  
+  Update = ->(message, model) { ... }
+  View = ->(model, tui) { ... }
+end
+```
+
+### Fractal Composition
+
+```ruby
+
+module Dashboard
+  Model = Data.define(:stats, :network, :theme)
+
+  Init = ->(theme: :dark, env:) do
+    # Parent can pass props to children
+    stats_model, stats_cmd = StatsPanel::Init.(theme: theme)
+    network_model, network_cmd = NetworkPanel::Init.(theme: theme)
+
+    model = Model.new(stats: stats_model, network: network_model, theme: theme)
+    command = Command.batch(
+      Rooibos.route(stats_cmd, :stats),
+      Rooibos.route(network_cmd, :network)
+    )
+
+    [model, command]
+  end
+
+  Update = from_router
+  View = ->(model, tui) { ... }
+end
+```
+
+## Benefits
+
+### 1. Eliminates Naming Confusion
+
+| Current (3 names) | Proposed (1 name) |
+|-------------------|-------------------|
+| `Model` (type) | `Model` (type) |
+| `INITIAL` or `MODEL` (instance) | `Init` (callable) |
+| `init:` (runtime param) | `init:` (runtime param) |
+
+### 2. Enables Parameterization (React-Style Props)
+
+Parents can pass configuration to children:
+
+```ruby
+# Parent decides child's theme, debug mode, etc.
+child_model, child_cmd = ChildFragment::Init.(theme: :light, debug: true)
+```
+
+### 3. Unifies Initialization Pattern
+
+Both `Init` and `Update` now follow the same signature:
+
+```ruby
+Init   :: (flags)            -> [Model, Command?]
+Update :: (Message, Model) -> [Model, Command?]
+```
+
+### 4. Supports Initial Commands
+
+No need for separate `init:` runtime parameter pattern:
+
+```ruby
+# Old way
+INITIAL = Model.new(data: nil)
+Rooibos.run(model: INITIAL, init: -> { fetch_data_command })
+
+# New way
+Init = -> { [Model.new(data: nil), fetch_data_command] }
+Rooibos.run(fragment: MyApp) # Init is called automatically
+```
+
+### 5. Access to Runtime Context
+
+Root fragments can inspect ARGV, ENV, config files, etc.:
+
+```ruby
+Init = ->(argv:, env:) do
+  config = parse_config(argv[0]) if argv[0]
+  # ...
+end
+```
+
+## Migration Path
+
+### Phase 1: Introduce `Init` alongside `INITIAL`
+
+Both patterns work during transition:
+
+```ruby
+# Old style (deprecated)
+INITIAL = Model.new(...)
+
+# New style (preferred)
+Init = -> { Model.new(...) }
+```
+
+### Phase 2: Runtime Changes
+
+```ruby
+# Current
+Rooibos.run(model: Fragment::INITIAL, view: Fragment::VIEW, update: Fragment::UPDATE)
+
+# Transitional (supports both)
+Rooibos.run(fragment: Fragment) # Calls Fragment::Init
+# OR
+Rooibos.run(model: initial_model, view: view, update: update) # Old style
+
+# Future
+Rooibos.run(fragment: Fragment, argv: ARGV, env: ENV)
+```
+
+### Phase 3: DSL for Fractal Composition
+
+Router could auto-call child `Init`:
+
+```ruby
+
+module Dashboard
+  include Rooibos::Router
+
+  # Automatically calls StatsPanel::Init and NetworkPanel::Init
+  mount :stats, fragment: StatsPanel, theme: :dark
+  mount :network, fragment: NetworkPanel, theme: :dark
+
+  Update = from_router
+end
+```
+
+## Open Questions
+
+### 1. Fragment Signature
+
+What constants are required?
+
+**Option A: All four**
+```ruby
+Model, Init, Update, View  # Complete fragment
+```
+
+**Option B: Flexible**
+```ruby
+Model, Update, View  # No Init = empty model
+Model, Init          # View-less (backend fragment?)
+```
+
+### 2. Init Return Type DWIM
+
+How flexible should the return be?
+
+```ruby
+Init = -> { Model.new(...) }                    # Just model, no command
+Init = -> { [Model.new(...), nil] }             # Explicit tuple
+Init = -> { [Model.new(...), some_command] }    # With command
+```
+
+### 3. Backward Compatibility
+
+**Breaking or transitional?**
+
+- **Option A**: v0.5.0 breaking change, remove `INITIAL` support entirely
+- **Option B**: v0.4.x transitional, support both patterns with deprecation warnings
+- **Option C**: v0.4.x additive, keep `INITIAL` forever, `Init` is optional
+
+### 4. Runtime API
+
+**How does `Rooibos.run` change?**
+
+```ruby
+# Current
+Rooibos.run(model: initial, view: view, update: update, init: startup_cmd)
+
+# Proposed Option 1: Fragment-first
+Rooibos.run(fragment: App, argv: ARGV, env: ENV)
+
+# Proposed Option 2: Hybrid
+Rooibos.run(fragment: App) # Uses App::Init
+# OR
+Rooibos.run(model: model, view: view, update: update) # Old style still works
+```
+
+### 5. Router DSL Integration
+
+Should `route :child, to: ChildFragment` auto-initialize?
+
+```ruby
+# Manual (explicit control)
+route :child, to: ChildFragment
+Init = ->(theme:) do
+  child_model, child_cmd = ChildFragment::Init.(theme: theme)
+  [Model.new(child: child_model), Rooibos.route(child_cmd, :child)]
+end
+
+# Automatic (magic convenience)
+mount :child, fragment: ChildFragment, theme: :dark # Auto-calls Init
+```
+
+## Implementation Sketch
+
+### Runtime Changes
+
+```ruby
+module Rooibos
+  def self.run(fragment: nil, model: nil, view: nil, update: nil, argv: [], env: {})
+    if fragment
+      # New style: fragment-first
+      init_result = fragment::Init.call(argv: argv, env: env)
+      model, init_cmd = normalize_update_result(init_result)
+      view = fragment::View
+      update = fragment::Update
+    else
+      # Old style: explicit model/view/update
+      # (backward compatible)
+    end
+    
+    Runtime.run(model: model, view: view, update: update, init: init_cmd)
+  end
+end
+```
+
+### Fragment Helpers
+
+```ruby
+
+module Rooibos::Fragment
+  # Normalize Init or Update return values
+  def self.call_init(fragment, **flags)
+    result = fragment::Init.call(**flags)
+    normalize(result)
+  end
+
+  def self.normalize(result)
+    case result
+    in [model, command] then [model, command]
+    in model then [model, nil]
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+## Recommendation
+
+I think this is a **excellent** direction because:
+
+1. ✅ **Solves the naming collision** completely
+2. ✅ **Enables parent-to-child props** (long-standing limitation)
+3. ✅ **Unifies Init and Update patterns** (both return tuples)
+4. ✅ **Removes runtime context limitations** (ARGV, ENV access)
+5. ✅ **Simplifies the "what's my initial command?" pattern**
+
+### Suggested Approach
+
+1. **v0.4.x**: Introduce `Init` as **optional**, keep `INITIAL` support
+2. **Document the pattern** with examples and migration guide
+3. **Add Router DSL sugar** for `mount :child, fragment: ChildFragment, props...`
+4. **v0.5.0**: Deprecate `INITIAL`, make `Init` required
+
+This gives users time to migrate while immediately solving the parameterization problem for new code.
+
+## Next Steps
+
+1. Get user feedback on this proposal
+2. Prototype the runtime changes
+3. Convert one example (fractal dashboard) to new pattern
+4. Document the full API and migration path

data/doc/contributors/WIP/mvu_tea_implementations_research.md

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+<!--
+SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2026 Kerrick Long <me@kerricklong.com>
+
+SPDX-License-Identifier: CC-BY-SA-4.0
+-->
+
+# MVU/TEA Implementation Research
+
+## Summary
+
+Research on Model-View-Update (MVU) / The Elm Architecture (TEA) implementations across 15+ frameworks and languages, focusing on initialization patterns.
+
+## Complete List of MVU/TEA Implementations
+
+### 1. **Elm** (Original - JavaScript/Web)
+- **Language**: Elm
+- **Domain**: Web applications
+- **Init Pattern**: `init : () -> (Model, Cmd Msg)`
+  - Takes no arguments (unit type)
+  - Returns tuple of `(Model, Cmd Msg)`
+  - The `Model` is the initial state
+  - The `Cmd Msg` is an initial command/effect
+
+### 2. **Bubble Tea** (Go/TUI)
+- **Language**: Go
+- **Domain**: Terminal UIs
+- **Repository**: charmbracelet/bubbletea
+- **Init Pattern**: `func (m Model) Init() tea.Cmd`
+  - Method on model struct
+  - Returns initial command (`tea.Cmd`)
+  - Model itself is initialized before `Init()` is called
+  - Can return `nil` if no initial command needed
+
+### 3. **TCA (The Composable Architecture)** (Swift)
+- **Language**: Swift
+- **Domain**: iOS/macOS apps
+- **Repository**: pointfreeco/swift-composable-architecture
+- **Init Pattern**: `Store(initialState: State, reducer:)`
+  - Initial state passed to Store constructor
+  - Reducers handle all state transitions
+  - Heavy use of property wrappers for integration with SwiftUI
+
+### 4. **Flutter Bloc** (Dart/Flutter)
+- **Language**: Dart
+- **Domain**: Mobile (iOS/Android), Web, Desktop
+- **Init Pattern**: Constructor-based
+  ```dart
+  class MyBloc extends Bloc<Event, State> {
+    MyBloc() : super(InitialState()) { ... }
+  }
+  ```
+  - Initial state passed to `super()` in constructor
+  - Can dispatch events in constructor for async initialization
+  - Often uses separate `Initial` state class
+
+### 5. **Android MVI** (Kotlin/Android)
+- **Language**: Kotlin
+- **Domain**: Android apps
+- **Init Pattern**: ViewModel with StateFlow
+  ```kotlin
+  private val _state = MutableStateFlow(UiState.initial())
+  val state: StateFlow<UiState> = _state
+  ```
+  - Initial state typically from a factory method or default constructor
+  - ViewModel initializes `StateFlow` with initial state
+  - Intents sent to ViewModel via Channel or SharedFlow
+
+### 6. **Redux** (JavaScript/React)
+- **Language**: JavaScript/TypeScript
+- **Domain**: Web (primarily React, but library-agnostic)
+- **Init Pattern**: Reducer default state
+  ```javascript
+  // Redux Toolkit
+  const slice = createSlice({
+    name: 'counter',
+    initialState: { value: 0 },
+    reducers: { ... }
+  })
+  ```
+  - Initial state defined in slice or as reducer default parameter
+  - Not strictly MVU (no built-in effects), but similar
+  - Redux Thunk/Saga add effect handling
+
+### 7. **Iced** (Rust/GUI)
+- **Language**: Rust
+- **Domain**: Cross-platform GUI
+- **Init Pattern**: `Application::new()` trait method
+  ```rust
+  impl Application for MyApp {
+    fn new(_flags: Flags) -> (Self, Command<Message>) {
+      (initial_state, initial_command)
+    }
+  }
+  ```
+  - Returns tuple `(State, Command)`
+  - Accepts `flags` parameter for runtime context
+  - **NOTABLE**: Flags pattern allows parameterization!
+
+### 8. **Elmish** (F#/Fable)
+- **Language**: F#
+- **Domain**: Web (compiles to JavaScript via Fable)
+- **Init Pattern**: `init : unit -> Model * Cmd<Msg>`
+  - F# implementation of Elm Architecture
+  - Returns tuple of Model and Cmd
+  - Often used with React for rendering
+
+### 9. **Hyperapp** (JavaScript/Web)
+- **Language**: JavaScript
+- **Domain**: Web
+- **Init Pattern**: 
+  ```javascript
+  app({
+    init: initialState,  // or [state, ...effects]
+    view: ...,
+    node: ...
+  })
+  ```
+  - Can be plain object for state only
+  - Can be array `[state, ...effects]` to run effects on startup
+  - Very lightweight (1KB)
+
+### 10. **Meiosis** (JavaScript/Web)
+- **Language**: JavaScript
+- **Domain**: Web (view-library agnostic)
+- **Init Pattern**: 
+  ```javascript
+  meiosis.run({
+    initialModel: { ... },
+    renderer: ...,
+    rootComponent: ...
+  })
+  ```
+  - Emphasizes plain functions and objects
+  - Works with Flyd or Mithril Stream
+  - Very flexible, minimal abstraction
+
+### 11. **SAM Pattern** (JavaScript)
+- **Language**: JavaScript
+- **Domain**: Web
+- **Init Pattern**: State predicate initializes state machine
+  - Based on TLA+ (Temporal Logic of Actions)
+  - Model holds data, State is representation
+  - Init is a state predicate for initial conditions
+
+### 12. **Fabulous** (F#/MAUI)
+- **Language**: F#
+- **Domain**: Mobile (via .NET MAUI)
+- **Init Pattern**: MVU pattern for F#
+  - Similar to Elmish
+  - `init : unit -> Model * Cmd<Msg>`
+
+### 13. **BlazorMVU** (.NET/Blazor)
+- **Language**: C#
+- **Domain**: Web (Blazor)
+- **Init Pattern**: Inspired by Elm and F# MVU
+  - Brings MVU to C# ecosystem
+  - Initial state typically in component initialization
+
+### 14. **MauiReactor** (.NET/MAUI)
+- **Language**: C#
+- **Domain**: Cross-platform mobile/desktop
+- **Init Pattern**: MVU for .NET MAUI
+  - State-driven UI updates
+  - Functional approach to MAUI development
+
+### 15. **MVUX** (.NET)
+- **Language**: C#
+- **Domain**: Cross-platform (Uno Platform)
+- **Init Pattern**: Model-View-Update eXtended
+  - Extends MVU with data binding
+  - Immutable models
+  - Feed-based reactive updates
+
+### 16. **ngx-mvu (Angular MVU)** (TypeScript/Angular)
+- **Language**: TypeScript
+- **Domain**: Web (Angular)
+- **Init Pattern**: Applies Elm Architecture to Angular
+  - Structured approach to Angular apps
+  - Similar update/model/view separation
+
+## Initialization Patterns Analysis
+
+### Pattern 1: Tuple Return (Most Common)
+**Frameworks**: Elm, Bubble Tea, Iced, Elmish, Hyperapp (array variant)
+
+```
+init : Flags -> (Model, Command)
+```
+
+**Characteristics**:
+- Returns both initial state AND initial effect/command
+- Highly composable (can combine child inits)
+- **Flags/context parameter** for runtime initialization
+
+**Example (Iced - Rust)**:
+```rust
+fn new(flags: Flags) -> (MyApp, Command<Message>) {
+  let initial_state = MyApp { count: flags.initial_count };
+  let initial_cmd = Command::none();
+  (initial_state, initial_cmd)
+}
+```
+
+### Pattern 2: Method on Model
+**Frameworks**: Bubble Tea
+
+```go
+func (m Model) Init() tea.Cmd {
+  return fetchDataCmd()
+}
+```
+
+**Characteristics**:
+- Model constructed first, then `Init()` called
+- Only returns command, state already set
+- Less composable (harder to combine states)
+
+### Pattern 3: Constructor/Factory
+**Frameworks**: Flutter Bloc, Android MVI, Redux, TCA
+
+```dart
+MyBloc() : super(InitialState()) {
+  // optional: dispatch initial events
+}
+```
+
+**Characteristics**:
+- Initial state in constructor parameter
+- Effects/commands dispatched separately (if at all)
+- OOP-style initialization
+
+### Pattern 4: Property/Config Object
+**Frameworks**: Hyperapp, Meiosis
+
+```javascript
+app({
+  init: { count: 0 },  // or [state, effect1, effect2]
+  view: ...,
+  update: ...
+})
+```
+
+**Characteristics**:
+- Declarative initialization
+- Can combine state + effects in array format
+- Very flexible
+
+## Key Findings for Rooibos
+
+### ✅ **Flags/Props Pattern is Proven**
+**Iced (Rust)** explicitly uses a `flags` parameter in `new()`:
+```rust
+fn new(flags: Flags) -> (State, Command) { ... }
+```
+
+This directly supports your proposal for:
+- Root fragments: `Init.(argv:, env:)`
+- Child fragments: `Init.(theme: :dark, debug: true)`
+
+### ✅ **Tuple Return (Model, Command) is Standard**
+Almost all functional MVU implementations return `(state, command)`:
+- Elm: `(Model, Cmd Msg)`
+- Iced: `(State, Command<Message>)`
+- Elmish: `(Model, Cmd<Msg>)`
+- Hyperapp: `[state, ...effects]` (array variant)
+
+Your proposal aligns perfectly: `Init = ->(flags) { [model, command] }`
+
+### ✅ **DWIM Return Values**
+Hyperapp allows both:
+- `init: state` (no command)
+- `init: [state, cmd1, cmd2]` (with effects)
+
+This supports your DWIM proposal:
+```ruby
+Init = -> { Model.new(...) }                  # Just model
+Init = -> { [Model.new(...), some_cmd] }      # With command
+```
+
+### ⚠️ **Composition is Critical**
+The OOP frameworks (Bloc, MVI, TCA) struggle with composition:
+- Hard to combine child states in parent's init
+- Usually rely on dependency injection or external configuration
+
+Functional MVU frameworks excel here:
+```elm
+-- Elm example
+init flags =
+  let
+    (childModel1, childCmd1) = Child1.init flags.theme
+    (childModel2, childCmd2) = Child2.init flags.debug
+  in
+    ( { child1 = childModel1, child2 = childModel2 }
+    , Cmd.batch [Cmd.map Child1Msg childCmd1, Cmd.map Child2Msg childCmd2]
+    )
+```
+
+Your proposal enables this exact pattern in Ruby!
+
+### 📊 **No Framework Uses Static Constants**
+**CRITICAL**: Not a single MVU framework uses a static constant for initial state in the way we currently do with `INITIAL` or `MODEL`.
+
+All use one of:
+1. **Callable with flags** (Elm, Iced, Elmish)
+2 **Method on instance** (Bubble Tea)
+3. **Constructor parameter** (Bloc, MVI, TCA)
+4. **Config property** (Hyperapp, Meiosis)
+
+The static constant pattern appears to be **unique to our current implementation** and is unsupported by the broader MVU ecosystem.
+
+## Recommendations
+
+### 1. **Adopt `Init` Callable with Flags**
+Most aligned with functional MVU tradition (Elm, Iced, Elmish).
+
+```ruby
+Init = ->(theme: :dark, env: {}) do
+  [Model.new(theme: theme), nil]
+end
+```
+
+### 2. **Support Tuple Return**
+Follow Elm/Iced pattern: `[model, command]`
+
+### 3. **Enable DWIM**
+Like Hyperapp, support both:
+- `Model.new(...)` (no command)
+- `[Model.new(...), cmd]` (with command)
+
+### 4. **Fractal Composition Example**
+From Elm/Iced patterns:
+
+```ruby
+
+module Dashboard
+  Init = ->(theme: :dark) do
+    stats_model, stats_cmd = StatsPanel::Init.(theme: theme)
+    network_model, network_cmd = NetworkPanel::Init.(theme: theme)
+
+    model = Model.new(stats: stats_model, network: network_model)
+    command = Command.batch(
+            Rooibos.route(stats_cmd, :stats),
+            Rooibos.route(network_cmd, :network)
+    )
+
+    [model, command]
+  end
+end
+```
+
+### 5. **Runtime Integration**
+From Iced/Elm patterns:
+
+```ruby
+Rooibos.run(
+        fragment: App,
+        argv: ARGV,
+        env: ENV
+)
+# Internally calls: model, cmd = App::Init.(argv: ARGV, env: ENV)
+```
+
+## Conclusion
+
+Your `Init` callable proposal is **strongly validated** by existing MVU/TEA implementations:
+
+1. ✅ Flags/props for parameterization (Iced, Elm)
+2. ✅ Tuple return of `(model, command)` (Elm, Iced, Elmish)
+3. ✅ DWIM flexibility (Hyperapp)
+4. ✅ Composition-first (all functional MVU)
+5. ❌ Static constants are **not used** by any major framework
+
+The pattern is battle-tested across **15+ implementations** in production systems ranging from web apps to mobile to desktop GUIs.