rocky 0.1.2.pre → 0.1.2

data/vendor/assets/javascripts/backbone.js

@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
-// Backbone.js
-// ===========
+//     Backbone.js 1.0.0
 
-// > (c) 2010-2012 Jeremy Ashkenas, DocumentCloud Inc.
-// > Backbone may be freely distributed under the MIT license.
-// > For all details and documentation: http://backbonejs.org
-
-// Initial Setup
-// -------------
+//     (c) 2010-2013 Jeremy Ashkenas, DocumentCloud Inc.
+//     Backbone may be freely distributed under the MIT license.
+//     For all details and documentation:
+//     http://backbonejs.org
 
 (function(){
 
+    // Initial Setup
+    // -------------
+
     // Save a reference to the global object (`window` in the browser, `exports`
     // on the server).
     var root = this;
@@ -18,14 +18,14 @@
     // restored later on, if `noConflict` is used.
     var previousBackbone = root.Backbone;
 
-    // Create a local reference to array methods.
+    // Create local references to array methods we'll want to use later.
     var array = [];
     var push = array.push;
     var slice = array.slice;
     var splice = array.splice;
 
     // The top-level namespace. All public Backbone classes and modules will
-    // be attached to this. Exported for both CommonJS and the browser.
+    // be attached to this. Exported for both the browser and the server.
     var Backbone;
     if (typeof exports !== 'undefined') {
         Backbone = exports;
@@ -34,14 +34,15 @@
     }
 
     // Current version of the library. Keep in sync with `package.json`.
-    Backbone.VERSION = '0.9.10';
+    Backbone.VERSION = '1.0.0';
 
     // Require Underscore, if we're on the server, and it's not already present.
     var _ = root._;
     if (!_ && (typeof require !== 'undefined')) _ = require('underscore');
 
-    // For Backbone's purposes, jQuery, Zepto, or Ender owns the `$` variable.
-    Backbone.$ = root.jQuery || root.Zepto || root.ender;
+    // For Backbone's purposes, jQuery, Zepto, Ender, or My Library (kidding) owns
+    // the `$` variable.
+    Backbone.$ = root.jQuery || root.Zepto || root.ender || root.$;
 
     // Runs Backbone.js in *noConflict* mode, returning the `Backbone` variable
     // to its previous owner. Returns a reference to this Backbone object.
@@ -64,74 +65,39 @@
     // Backbone.Events
     // ---------------
 
-    // Regular expression used to split event strings.
-    var eventSplitter = /\s+/;
-
-    // Implement fancy features of the Events API such as multiple event
-    // names `"change blur"` and jQuery-style event maps `{change: action}`
-    // in terms of the existing API.
-    var eventsApi = function(obj, action, name, rest) {
-        if (!name) return true;
-        if (typeof name === 'object') {
-            for (var key in name) {
-                obj[action].apply(obj, [key, name[key]].concat(rest));
-            }
-        } else if (eventSplitter.test(name)) {
-            var names = name.split(eventSplitter);
-            for (var i = 0, l = names.length; i < l; i++) {
-                obj[action].apply(obj, [names[i]].concat(rest));
-            }
-        } else {
-            return true;
-        }
-    };
-
-    // Optimized internal dispatch function for triggering events. Tries to
-    // keep the usual cases speedy (most Backbone events have 3 arguments).
-    var triggerEvents = function(events, args) {
-        var ev, i = -1, l = events.length;
-        switch (args.length) {
-            case 0: while (++i < l) (ev = events[i]).callback.call(ev.ctx);
-                return;
-            case 1: while (++i < l) (ev = events[i]).callback.call(ev.ctx, args[0]);
-                return;
-            case 2: while (++i < l) (ev = events[i]).callback.call(ev.ctx, args[0], args[1]);
-                return;
-            case 3: while (++i < l) (ev = events[i]).callback.call(ev.ctx, args[0], args[1], args[2]);
-                return;
-            default: while (++i < l) (ev = events[i]).callback.apply(ev.ctx, args);
-        }
-    };
-
     // A module that can be mixed in to *any object* in order to provide it with
     // custom events. You may bind with `on` or remove with `off` callback
     // functions to an event; `trigger`-ing an event fires all callbacks in
     // succession.
+    //
+    //     var object = {};
+    //     _.extend(object, Backbone.Events);
+    //     object.on('expand', function(){ alert('expanded'); });
+    //     object.trigger('expand');
+    //
     var Events = Backbone.Events = {
 
-        // Bind one or more space separated events, or an events map,
-        // to a `callback` function. Passing `"all"` will bind the callback to
-        // all events fired.
+        // Bind an event to a `callback` function. Passing `"all"` will bind
+        // the callback to all events fired.
         on: function(name, callback, context) {
-            if (!(eventsApi(this, 'on', name, [callback, context]) && callback)) return this;
+            if (!eventsApi(this, 'on', name, [callback, context]) || !callback) return this;
             this._events || (this._events = {});
-            var list = this._events[name] || (this._events[name] = []);
-            list.push({callback: callback, context: context, ctx: context || this});
+            var events = this._events[name] || (this._events[name] = []);
+            events.push({callback: callback, context: context, ctx: context || this});
             return this;
         },
 
-        // Bind events to only be triggered a single time. After the first time
+        // Bind an event to only be triggered a single time. After the first time
         // the callback is invoked, it will be removed.
         once: function(name, callback, context) {
-            if (!(eventsApi(this, 'once', name, [callback, context]) && callback)) return this;
+            if (!eventsApi(this, 'once', name, [callback, context]) || !callback) return this;
             var self = this;
             var once = _.once(function() {
                 self.off(name, once);
                 callback.apply(this, arguments);
             });
             once._callback = callback;
-            this.on(name, once, context);
-            return this;
+            return this.on(name, once, context);
         },
 
         // Remove one or many callbacks. If `context` is null, removes all
@@ -139,7 +105,7 @@
         // callbacks for the event. If `name` is null, removes all bound
         // callbacks for all events.
         off: function(name, callback, context) {
-            var list, ev, events, names, i, l, j, k;
+            var retain, ev, events, names, i, l, j, k;
             if (!this._events || !eventsApi(this, 'off', name, [callback, context])) return this;
             if (!name && !callback && !context) {
                 this._events = {};
@@ -149,19 +115,18 @@
             names = name ? [name] : _.keys(this._events);
             for (i = 0, l = names.length; i < l; i++) {
                 name = names[i];
-                if (list = this._events[name]) {
-                    events = [];
+                if (events = this._events[name]) {
+                    this._events[name] = retain = [];
                     if (callback || context) {
-                        for (j = 0, k = list.length; j < k; j++) {
-                            ev = list[j];
-                            if ((callback && callback !== ev.callback &&
-                                callback !== ev.callback._callback) ||
+                        for (j = 0, k = events.length; j < k; j++) {
+                            ev = events[j];
+                            if ((callback && callback !== ev.callback && callback !== ev.callback._callback) ||
                                 (context && context !== ev.context)) {
-                                events.push(ev);
+                                retain.push(ev);
                             }
                         }
                     }
-                    this._events[name] = events;
+                    if (!retain.length) delete this._events[name];
                 }
             }
 
@@ -183,35 +148,82 @@
             return this;
         },
 
-        // An inversion-of-control version of `on`. Tell *this* object to listen to
-        // an event in another object ... keeping track of what it's listening to.
-        listenTo: function(obj, name, callback) {
-            var listeners = this._listeners || (this._listeners = {});
-            var id = obj._listenerId || (obj._listenerId = _.uniqueId('l'));
-            listeners[id] = obj;
-            obj.on(name, typeof name === 'object' ? this : callback, this);
-            return this;
-        },
-
         // Tell this object to stop listening to either specific events ... or
         // to every object it's currently listening to.
         stopListening: function(obj, name, callback) {
             var listeners = this._listeners;
-            if (!listeners) return;
-            if (obj) {
-                obj.off(name, typeof name === 'object' ? this : callback, this);
-                if (!name && !callback) delete listeners[obj._listenerId];
-            } else {
-                if (typeof name === 'object') callback = this;
-                for (var id in listeners) {
-                    listeners[id].off(name, callback, this);
-                }
-                this._listeners = {};
+            if (!listeners) return this;
+            var deleteListener = !name && !callback;
+            if (typeof name === 'object') callback = this;
+            if (obj) (listeners = {})[obj._listenerId] = obj;
+            for (var id in listeners) {
+                listeners[id].off(name, callback, this);
+                if (deleteListener) delete this._listeners[id];
             }
             return this;
         }
+
+    };
+
+    // Regular expression used to split event strings.
+    var eventSplitter = /\s+/;
+
+    // Implement fancy features of the Events API such as multiple event
+    // names `"change blur"` and jQuery-style event maps `{change: action}`
+    // in terms of the existing API.
+    var eventsApi = function(obj, action, name, rest) {
+        if (!name) return true;
+
+        // Handle event maps.
+        if (typeof name === 'object') {
+            for (var key in name) {
+                obj[action].apply(obj, [key, name[key]].concat(rest));
+            }
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // Handle space separated event names.
+        if (eventSplitter.test(name)) {
+            var names = name.split(eventSplitter);
+            for (var i = 0, l = names.length; i < l; i++) {
+                obj[action].apply(obj, [names[i]].concat(rest));
+            }
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        return true;
+    };
+
+    // A difficult-to-believe, but optimized internal dispatch function for
+    // triggering events. Tries to keep the usual cases speedy (most internal
+    // Backbone events have 3 arguments).
+    var triggerEvents = function(events, args) {
+        var ev, i = -1, l = events.length, a1 = args[0], a2 = args[1], a3 = args[2];
+        switch (args.length) {
+            case 0: while (++i < l) (ev = events[i]).callback.call(ev.ctx); return;
+            case 1: while (++i < l) (ev = events[i]).callback.call(ev.ctx, a1); return;
+            case 2: while (++i < l) (ev = events[i]).callback.call(ev.ctx, a1, a2); return;
+            case 3: while (++i < l) (ev = events[i]).callback.call(ev.ctx, a1, a2, a3); return;
+            default: while (++i < l) (ev = events[i]).callback.apply(ev.ctx, args);
+        }
     };
 
+    var listenMethods = {listenTo: 'on', listenToOnce: 'once'};
+
+    // Inversion-of-control versions of `on` and `once`. Tell *this* object to
+    // listen to an event in another object ... keeping track of what it's
+    // listening to.
+    _.each(listenMethods, function(implementation, method) {
+        Events[method] = function(obj, name, callback) {
+            var listeners = this._listeners || (this._listeners = {});
+            var id = obj._listenerId || (obj._listenerId = _.uniqueId('l'));
+            listeners[id] = obj;
+            if (typeof name === 'object') callback = this;
+            obj[implementation](name, callback, this);
+            return this;
+        };
+    });
+
     // Aliases for backwards compatibility.
     Events.bind   = Events.on;
     Events.unbind = Events.off;
@@ -223,15 +235,21 @@
     // Backbone.Model
     // --------------
 
-    // Create a new model, with defined attributes. A client id (`cid`)
+    // Backbone **Models** are the basic data object in the framework --
+    // frequently representing a row in a table in a database on your server.
+    // A discrete chunk of data and a bunch of useful, related methods for
+    // performing computations and transformations on that data.
+
+    // Create a new model with the specified attributes. A client id (`cid`)
     // is automatically generated and assigned for you.
     var Model = Backbone.Model = function(attributes, options) {
         var defaults;
         var attrs = attributes || {};
+        options || (options = {});
         this.cid = _.uniqueId('c');
         this.attributes = {};
-        if (options && options.collection) this.collection = options.collection;
-        if (options && options.parse) attrs = this.parse(attrs, options) || {};
+        _.extend(this, _.pick(options, modelOptions));
+        if (options.parse) attrs = this.parse(attrs, options) || {};
         if (defaults = _.result(this, 'defaults')) {
             attrs = _.defaults({}, attrs, defaults);
         }
@@ -240,12 +258,18 @@
         this.initialize.apply(this, arguments);
     };
 
+    // A list of options to be attached directly to the model, if provided.
+    var modelOptions = ['url', 'urlRoot', 'collection'];
+
     // Attach all inheritable methods to the Model prototype.
     _.extend(Model.prototype, Events, {
 
         // A hash of attributes whose current and previous value differ.
         changed: null,
 
+        // The value returned during the last failed validation.
+        validationError: null,
+
         // The default name for the JSON `id` attribute is `"id"`. MongoDB and
         // CouchDB users may want to set this to `"_id"`.
         idAttribute: 'id',
@@ -259,7 +283,8 @@
             return _.clone(this.attributes);
         },
 
-        // Proxy `Backbone.sync` by default.
+        // Proxy `Backbone.sync` by default -- but override this if you need
+        // custom syncing semantics for *this* particular model.
         sync: function() {
             return Backbone.sync.apply(this, arguments);
         },
@@ -280,10 +305,9 @@
             return this.get(attr) != null;
         },
 
-        // ----------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-        // Set a hash of model attributes on the object, firing `"change"` unless
-        // you choose to silence it.
+        // Set a hash of model attributes on the object, firing `"change"`. This is
+        // the core primitive operation of a model, updating the data and notifying
+        // anyone who needs to know about the change in state. The heart of the beast.
         set: function(key, val, options) {
             var attr, attrs, unset, changes, silent, changing, prev, current;
             if (key == null) return this;
@@ -337,6 +361,8 @@
                 }
             }
 
+            // You might be wondering why there's a `while` loop here. Changes can
+            // be recursively nested within `"change"` events.
             if (changing) return this;
             if (!silent) {
                 while (this._pending) {
@@ -349,14 +375,13 @@
             return this;
         },
 
-        // Remove an attribute from the model, firing `"change"` unless you choose
-        // to silence it. `unset` is a noop if the attribute doesn't exist.
+        // Remove an attribute from the model, firing `"change"`. `unset` is a noop
+        // if the attribute doesn't exist.
         unset: function(attr, options) {
             return this.set(attr, void 0, _.extend({}, options, {unset: true}));
         },
 
-        // Clear all attributes on the model, firing `"change"` unless you choose
-        // to silence it.
+        // Clear all attributes on the model, firing `"change"`.
         clear: function(options) {
             var attrs = {};
             for (var key in this.attributes) attrs[key] = void 0;
@@ -400,19 +425,20 @@
             return _.clone(this._previousAttributes);
         },
 
-        // ---------------------------------------------------------------------
-
         // Fetch the model from the server. If the server's representation of the
-        // model differs from its current attributes, they will be overriden,
+        // model differs from its current attributes, they will be overridden,
         // triggering a `"change"` event.
         fetch: function(options) {
             options = options ? _.clone(options) : {};
             if (options.parse === void 0) options.parse = true;
+            var model = this;
             var success = options.success;
-            options.success = function(model, resp, options) {
+            options.success = function(resp) {
                 if (!model.set(model.parse(resp, options), options)) return false;
                 if (success) success(model, resp, options);
+                model.trigger('sync', model, resp, options);
             };
+            wrapError(this, options);
             return this.sync('read', this, options);
         },
 
@@ -420,7 +446,7 @@
         // If the server returns an attributes hash that differs, the model's
         // state will be `set` again.
         save: function(key, val, options) {
-            var attrs, success, method, xhr, attributes = this.attributes;
+            var attrs, method, xhr, attributes = this.attributes;
 
             // Handle both `"key", value` and `{key: value}` -style arguments.
             if (key == null || typeof key === 'object') {
@@ -446,8 +472,9 @@
             // After a successful server-side save, the client is (optionally)
             // updated with the server-side state.
             if (options.parse === void 0) options.parse = true;
-            success = options.success;
-            options.success = function(model, resp, options) {
+            var model = this;
+            var success = options.success;
+            options.success = function(resp) {
                 // Ensure attributes are restored during synchronous saves.
                 model.attributes = attributes;
                 var serverAttrs = model.parse(resp, options);
@@ -456,9 +483,10 @@
                     return false;
                 }
                 if (success) success(model, resp, options);
+                model.trigger('sync', model, resp, options);
             };
+            wrapError(this, options);
 
-            // Finish configuring and sending the Ajax request.
             method = this.isNew() ? 'create' : (options.patch ? 'patch' : 'update');
             if (method === 'patch') options.attrs = attrs;
             xhr = this.sync(method, this, options);
@@ -481,15 +509,17 @@
                 model.trigger('destroy', model, model.collection, options);
             };
 
-            options.success = function(model, resp, options) {
+            options.success = function(resp) {
                 if (options.wait || model.isNew()) destroy();
                 if (success) success(model, resp, options);
+                if (!model.isNew()) model.trigger('sync', model, resp, options);
             };
 
             if (this.isNew()) {
-                options.success(this, null, options);
+                options.success();
                 return false;
             }
+            wrapError(this, options);
 
             var xhr = this.sync('delete', this, options);
             if (!options.wait) destroy();
@@ -523,39 +553,61 @@
 
         // Check if the model is currently in a valid state.
         isValid: function(options) {
-            return !this.validate || !this.validate(this.attributes, options);
+            return this._validate({}, _.extend(options || {}, { validate: true }));
         },
 
         // Run validation against the next complete set of model attributes,
-        // returning `true` if all is well. Otherwise, fire a general
-        // `"error"` event and call the error callback, if specified.
+        // returning `true` if all is well. Otherwise, fire an `"invalid"` event.
         _validate: function(attrs, options) {
             if (!options.validate || !this.validate) return true;
             attrs = _.extend({}, this.attributes, attrs);
             var error = this.validationError = this.validate(attrs, options) || null;
             if (!error) return true;
-            this.trigger('invalid', this, error, options || {});
+            this.trigger('invalid', this, error, _.extend(options || {}, {validationError: error}));
             return false;
         }
 
     });
 
+    // Underscore methods that we want to implement on the Model.
+    var modelMethods = ['keys', 'values', 'pairs', 'invert', 'pick', 'omit'];
+
+    // Mix in each Underscore method as a proxy to `Model#attributes`.
+    _.each(modelMethods, function(method) {
+        Model.prototype[method] = function() {
+            var args = slice.call(arguments);
+            args.unshift(this.attributes);
+            return _[method].apply(_, args);
+        };
+    });
+
     // Backbone.Collection
     // -------------------
 
-    // Provides a standard collection class for our sets of models, ordered
-    // or unordered. If a `comparator` is specified, the Collection will maintain
+    // If models tend to represent a single row of data, a Backbone Collection is
+    // more analagous to a table full of data ... or a small slice or page of that
+    // table, or a collection of rows that belong together for a particular reason
+    // -- all of the messages in this particular folder, all of the documents
+    // belonging to this particular author, and so on. Collections maintain
+    // indexes of their models, both in order, and for lookup by `id`.
+
+    // Create a new **Collection**, perhaps to contain a specific type of `model`.
+    // If a `comparator` is specified, the Collection will maintain
     // its models in sort order, as they're added and removed.
     var Collection = Backbone.Collection = function(models, options) {
         options || (options = {});
+        if (options.url) this.url = options.url;
         if (options.model) this.model = options.model;
         if (options.comparator !== void 0) this.comparator = options.comparator;
-        this.models = [];
         this._reset();
         this.initialize.apply(this, arguments);
         if (models) this.reset(models, _.extend({silent: true}, options));
     };
 
+    // Default options for `Collection#set`.
+    var setOptions = {add: true, remove: true, merge: true};
+    var addOptions = {add: true, merge: false, remove: false};
+
     // Define the Collection's inheritable methods.
     _.extend(Collection.prototype, Events, {
 
@@ -580,88 +632,118 @@
 
         // Add a model, or list of models to the set.
         add: function(models, options) {
+            return this.set(models, _.defaults(options || {}, addOptions));
+        },
+
+        // Remove a model, or a list of models from the set.
+        remove: function(models, options) {
             models = _.isArray(models) ? models.slice() : [models];
             options || (options = {});
-            var i, l, model, attrs, existing, doSort, add, at, sort, sortAttr;
-            add = [];
-            at = options.at;
-            sort = this.comparator && (at == null) && options.sort != false;
-            sortAttr = _.isString(this.comparator) ? this.comparator : null;
+            var i, l, index, model;
+            for (i = 0, l = models.length; i < l; i++) {
+                model = this.get(models[i]);
+                if (!model) continue;
+                delete this._byId[model.id];
+                delete this._byId[model.cid];
+                index = this.indexOf(model);
+                this.models.splice(index, 1);
+                this.length--;
+                if (!options.silent) {
+                    options.index = index;
+                    model.trigger('remove', model, this, options);
+                }
+                this._removeReference(model);
+            }
+            return this;
+        },
+
+        // Update a collection by `set`-ing a new list of models, adding new ones,
+        // removing models that are no longer present, and merging models that
+        // already exist in the collection, as necessary. Similar to **Model#set**,
+        // the core operation for updating the data contained by the collection.
+        set: function(models, options) {
+            options = _.defaults(options || {}, setOptions);
+            if (options.parse) models = this.parse(models, options);
+            if (!_.isArray(models)) models = models ? [models] : [];
+            var i, l, model, attrs, existing, sort;
+            var at = options.at;
+            var sortable = this.comparator && (at == null) && options.sort !== false;
+            var sortAttr = _.isString(this.comparator) ? this.comparator : null;
+            var toAdd = [], toRemove = [], modelMap = {};
 
             // Turn bare objects into model references, and prevent invalid models
             // from being added.
             for (i = 0, l = models.length; i < l; i++) {
-                if (!(model = this._prepareModel(attrs = models[i], options))) {
-                    this.trigger('invalid', this, attrs, options);
-                    continue;
-                }
+                if (!(model = this._prepareModel(models[i], options))) continue;
 
                 // If a duplicate is found, prevent it from being added and
                 // optionally merge it into the existing model.
                 if (existing = this.get(model)) {
+                    if (options.remove) modelMap[existing.cid] = true;
                     if (options.merge) {
-                        existing.set(attrs === model ? model.attributes : attrs, options);
-                        if (sort && !doSort && existing.hasChanged(sortAttr)) doSort = true;
+                        existing.set(model.attributes, options);
+                        if (sortable && !sort && existing.hasChanged(sortAttr)) sort = true;
                     }
-                    continue;
-                }
 
-                // This is a new model, push it to the `add` list.
-                add.push(model);
+                    // This is a new model, push it to the `toAdd` list.
+                } else if (options.add) {
+                    toAdd.push(model);
 
-                // Listen to added models' events, and index models for lookup by
-                // `id` and by `cid`.
-                model.on('all', this._onModelEvent, this);
-                this._byId[model.cid] = model;
-                if (model.id != null) this._byId[model.id] = model;
+                    // Listen to added models' events, and index models for lookup by
+                    // `id` and by `cid`.
+                    model.on('all', this._onModelEvent, this);
+                    this._byId[model.cid] = model;
+                    if (model.id != null) this._byId[model.id] = model;
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Remove nonexistent models if appropriate.
+            if (options.remove) {
+                for (i = 0, l = this.length; i < l; ++i) {
+                    if (!modelMap[(model = this.models[i]).cid]) toRemove.push(model);
+                }
+                if (toRemove.length) this.remove(toRemove, options);
             }
 
             // See if sorting is needed, update `length` and splice in new models.
-            if (add.length) {
-                if (sort) doSort = true;
-                this.length += add.length;
+            if (toAdd.length) {
+                if (sortable) sort = true;
+                this.length += toAdd.length;
                 if (at != null) {
-                    splice.apply(this.models, [at, 0].concat(add));
+                    splice.apply(this.models, [at, 0].concat(toAdd));
                 } else {
-                    push.apply(this.models, add);
+                    push.apply(this.models, toAdd);
                 }
             }
 
             // Silently sort the collection if appropriate.
-            if (doSort) this.sort({silent: true});
+            if (sort) this.sort({silent: true});
 
             if (options.silent) return this;
 
             // Trigger `add` events.
-            for (i = 0, l = add.length; i < l; i++) {
-                (model = add[i]).trigger('add', model, this, options);
+            for (i = 0, l = toAdd.length; i < l; i++) {
+                (model = toAdd[i]).trigger('add', model, this, options);
             }
 
             // Trigger `sort` if the collection was sorted.
-            if (doSort) this.trigger('sort', this, options);
-
+            if (sort) this.trigger('sort', this, options);
             return this;
         },
 
-        // Remove a model, or a list of models from the set.
-        remove: function(models, options) {
-            models = _.isArray(models) ? models.slice() : [models];
+        // When you have more items than you want to add or remove individually,
+        // you can reset the entire set with a new list of models, without firing
+        // any granular `add` or `remove` events. Fires `reset` when finished.
+        // Useful for bulk operations and optimizations.
+        reset: function(models, options) {
             options || (options = {});
-            var i, l, index, model;
-            for (i = 0, l = models.length; i < l; i++) {
-                model = this.get(models[i]);
-                if (!model) continue;
-                delete this._byId[model.id];
-                delete this._byId[model.cid];
-                index = this.indexOf(model);
-                this.models.splice(index, 1);
-                this.length--;
-                if (!options.silent) {
-                    options.index = index;
-                    model.trigger('remove', model, this, options);
-                }
-                this._removeReference(model);
+            for (var i = 0, l = this.models.length; i < l; i++) {
+                this._removeReference(this.models[i]);
             }
+            options.previousModels = this.models;
+            this._reset();
+            this.add(models, _.extend({silent: true}, options));
+            if (!options.silent) this.trigger('reset', this, options);
             return this;
         },
 
@@ -701,8 +783,7 @@
         // Get a model from the set by id.
         get: function(obj) {
             if (obj == null) return void 0;
-            this._idAttr || (this._idAttr = this.model.prototype.idAttribute);
-            return this._byId[obj.id || obj.cid || obj[this._idAttr] || obj];
+            return this._byId[obj.id != null ? obj.id : obj.cid || obj];
         },
 
         // Get the model at the given index.
@@ -710,10 +791,11 @@
             return this.models[index];
         },
 
-        // Return models with matching attributes. Useful for simple cases of `filter`.
-        where: function(attrs) {
-            if (_.isEmpty(attrs)) return [];
-            return this.filter(function(model) {
+        // Return models with matching attributes. Useful for simple cases of
+        // `filter`.
+        where: function(attrs, first) {
+            if (_.isEmpty(attrs)) return first ? void 0 : [];
+            return this[first ? 'find' : 'filter'](function(model) {
                 for (var key in attrs) {
                     if (attrs[key] !== model.get(key)) return false;
                 }
@@ -721,13 +803,17 @@
             });
         },
 
+        // Return the first model with matching attributes. Useful for simple cases
+        // of `find`.
+        findWhere: function(attrs) {
+            return this.where(attrs, true);
+        },
+
         // Force the collection to re-sort itself. You don't need to call this under
         // normal circumstances, as the set will maintain sort order as each item
         // is added.
         sort: function(options) {
-            if (!this.comparator) {
-                throw new Error('Cannot sort a set without a comparator');
-            }
+            if (!this.comparator) throw new Error('Cannot sort a set without a comparator');
             options || (options = {});
 
             // Run sort based on type of `comparator`.
@@ -741,75 +827,36 @@
             return this;
         },
 
+        // Figure out the smallest index at which a model should be inserted so as
+        // to maintain order.
+        sortedIndex: function(model, value, context) {
+            value || (value = this.comparator);
+            var iterator = _.isFunction(value) ? value : function(model) {
+                return model.get(value);
+            };
+            return _.sortedIndex(this.models, model, iterator, context);
+        },
+
         // Pluck an attribute from each model in the collection.
         pluck: function(attr) {
             return _.invoke(this.models, 'get', attr);
         },
 
-        // Smartly update a collection with a change set of models, adding,
-        // removing, and merging as necessary.
-        update: function(models, options) {
-            options = _.extend({add: true, merge: true, remove: true}, options);
-            if (options.parse) models = this.parse(models, options);
-            var model, i, l, existing;
-            var add = [], remove = [], modelMap = {};
-
-            // Allow a single model (or no argument) to be passed.
-            if (!_.isArray(models)) models = models ? [models] : [];
-
-            // Proxy to `add` for this case, no need to iterate...
-            if (options.add && !options.remove) return this.add(models, options);
-
-            // Determine which models to add and merge, and which to remove.
-            for (i = 0, l = models.length; i < l; i++) {
-                model = models[i];
-                existing = this.get(model);
-                if (options.remove && existing) modelMap[existing.cid] = true;
-                if ((options.add && !existing) || (options.merge && existing)) {
-                    add.push(model);
-                }
-            }
-            if (options.remove) {
-                for (i = 0, l = this.models.length; i < l; i++) {
-                    model = this.models[i];
-                    if (!modelMap[model.cid]) remove.push(model);
-                }
-            }
-
-            // Remove models (if applicable) before we add and merge the rest.
-            if (remove.length) this.remove(remove, options);
-            if (add.length) this.add(add, options);
-            return this;
-        },
-
-        // When you have more items than you want to add or remove individually,
-        // you can reset the entire set with a new list of models, without firing
-        // any `add` or `remove` events. Fires `reset` when finished.
-        reset: function(models, options) {
-            options || (options = {});
-            if (options.parse) models = this.parse(models, options);
-            for (var i = 0, l = this.models.length; i < l; i++) {
-                this._removeReference(this.models[i]);
-            }
-            options.previousModels = this.models.slice();
-            this._reset();
-            if (models) this.add(models, _.extend({silent: true}, options));
-            if (!options.silent) this.trigger('reset', this, options);
-            return this;
-        },
-
         // Fetch the default set of models for this collection, resetting the
-        // collection when they arrive. If `update: true` is passed, the response
-        // data will be passed through the `update` method instead of `reset`.
+        // collection when they arrive. If `reset: true` is passed, the response
+        // data will be passed through the `reset` method instead of `set`.
         fetch: function(options) {
             options = options ? _.clone(options) : {};
             if (options.parse === void 0) options.parse = true;
             var success = options.success;
-            options.success = function(collection, resp, options) {
-                var method = options.update ? 'update' : 'reset';
+            var collection = this;
+            options.success = function(resp) {
+                var method = options.reset ? 'reset' : 'set';
                 collection[method](resp, options);
                 if (success) success(collection, resp, options);
+                collection.trigger('sync', collection, resp, options);
             };
+            wrapError(this, options);
             return this.sync('read', this, options);
         },
 
@@ -822,7 +869,7 @@
             if (!options.wait) this.add(model, options);
             var collection = this;
             var success = options.success;
-            options.success = function(model, resp, options) {
+            options.success = function(resp) {
                 if (options.wait) collection.add(model, options);
                 if (success) success(model, resp, options);
             };
@@ -841,14 +888,16 @@
             return new this.constructor(this.models);
         },
 
-        // Reset all internal state. Called when the collection is reset.
+        // Private method to reset all internal state. Called when the collection
+        // is first initialized or reset.
         _reset: function() {
             this.length = 0;
-            this.models.length = 0;
+            this.models = [];
             this._byId  = {};
         },
 
-        // Prepare a model or hash of attributes to be added to this collection.
+        // Prepare a hash of attributes (or other model) to be added to this
+        // collection.
         _prepareModel: function(attrs, options) {
             if (attrs instanceof Model) {
                 if (!attrs.collection) attrs.collection = this;
@@ -857,11 +906,14 @@
             options || (options = {});
             options.collection = this;
             var model = new this.model(attrs, options);
-            if (!model._validate(attrs, options)) return false;
+            if (!model._validate(attrs, options)) {
+                this.trigger('invalid', this, attrs, options);
+                return false;
+            }
             return model;
         },
 
-        // Internal method to remove a model's ties to a collection.
+        // Internal method to sever a model's ties to a collection.
         _removeReference: function(model) {
             if (this === model.collection) delete model.collection;
             model.off('all', this._onModelEvent, this);
@@ -879,19 +931,13 @@
                 if (model.id != null) this._byId[model.id] = model;
             }
             this.trigger.apply(this, arguments);
-        },
-
-        sortedIndex: function (model, value, context) {
-            value || (value = this.comparator);
-            var iterator = _.isFunction(value) ? value : function(model) {
-                return model.get(value);
-            };
-            return _.sortedIndex(this.models, model, iterator, context);
         }
 
     });
 
     // Underscore methods that we want to implement on the Collection.
+    // 90% of the core usefulness of Backbone Collections is actually implemented
+    // right here:
     var methods = ['forEach', 'each', 'map', 'collect', 'reduce', 'foldl',
         'inject', 'reduceRight', 'foldr', 'find', 'detect', 'filter', 'select',
         'reject', 'every', 'all', 'some', 'any', 'include', 'contains', 'invoke',
@@ -921,50 +967,295 @@
         };
     });
 
-    // Backbone.Router
-    // ---------------
+    // Backbone.View
+    // -------------
 
-    // Routers map faux-URLs to actions, and fire events when routes are
-    // matched. Creating a new one sets its `routes` hash, if not set statically.
-    var Router = Backbone.Router = function(options) {
-        options || (options = {});
-        if (options.routes) this.routes = options.routes;
-        this._bindRoutes();
+    // Backbone Views are almost more convention than they are actual code. A View
+    // is simply a JavaScript object that represents a logical chunk of UI in the
+    // DOM. This might be a single item, an entire list, a sidebar or panel, or
+    // even the surrounding frame which wraps your whole app. Defining a chunk of
+    // UI as a **View** allows you to define your DOM events declaratively, without
+    // having to worry about render order ... and makes it easy for the view to
+    // react to specific changes in the state of your models.
+
+    // Creating a Backbone.View creates its initial element outside of the DOM,
+    // if an existing element is not provided...
+    var View = Backbone.View = function(options) {
+        this.cid = _.uniqueId('view');
+        this._configure(options || {});
+        this._ensureElement();
         this.initialize.apply(this, arguments);
+        this.delegateEvents();
     };
 
-    // Cached regular expressions for matching named param parts and splatted
-    // parts of route strings.
-    var optionalParam = /\((.*?)\)/g;
-    var namedParam    = /(\(\?)?:\w+/g;
-    var splatParam    = /\*\w+/g;
-    var escapeRegExp  = /[\-{}\[\]+?.,\\\^$|#\s]/g;
+    // Cached regex to split keys for `delegate`.
+    var delegateEventSplitter = /^(\S+)\s*(.*)$/;
 
-    // Set up all inheritable **Backbone.Router** properties and methods.
-    _.extend(Router.prototype, Events, {
+    // List of view options to be merged as properties.
+    var viewOptions = ['model', 'collection', 'el', 'id', 'attributes', 'className', 'tagName', 'events'];
+
+    // Set up all inheritable **Backbone.View** properties and methods.
+    _.extend(View.prototype, Events, {
+
+        // The default `tagName` of a View's element is `"div"`.
+        tagName: 'div',
+
+        // jQuery delegate for element lookup, scoped to DOM elements within the
+        // current view. This should be prefered to global lookups where possible.
+        $: function(selector) {
+            return this.$el.find(selector);
+        },
 
         // Initialize is an empty function by default. Override it with your own
         // initialization logic.
         initialize: function(){},
 
-        // Manually bind a single named route to a callback function.
-        route: function(route, name, callback) {
-            if (!_.isRegExp(route)) route = this._routeToRegExp(route);
-            if (!callback) callback = this[name];
-            Backbone.history.route(route, _.bind(function(fragment) {
-                var args = this._extractParameters(route, fragment);
-                callback && callback.apply(this, args);
-                this.trigger.apply(this, ['route:' + name].concat(args));
-                this.trigger('route', name, args);
-                Backbone.history.trigger('route', this, name, args);
-            }, this));
+        // **render** is the core function that your view should override, in order
+        // to populate its element (`this.el`), with the appropriate HTML. The
+        // convention is for **render** to always return `this`.
+        render: function() {
             return this;
         },
 
-        // Simple proxy to `Backbone.history` to save a fragment into the history.
-        navigate: function(fragment, options) {
-            Backbone.history.navigate(fragment, options);
-            return this;
+        // Remove this view by taking the element out of the DOM, and removing any
+        // applicable Backbone.Events listeners.
+        remove: function() {
+            this.$el.remove();
+            this.stopListening();
+            return this;
+        },
+
+        // Change the view's element (`this.el` property), including event
+        // re-delegation.
+        setElement: function(element, delegate) {
+            if (this.$el) this.undelegateEvents();
+            this.$el = element instanceof Backbone.$ ? element : Backbone.$(element);
+            this.el = this.$el[0];
+            if (delegate !== false) this.delegateEvents();
+            return this;
+        },
+
+        // Set callbacks, where `this.events` is a hash of
+        //
+        // *{"event selector": "callback"}*
+        //
+        //     {
+        //       'mousedown .title':  'edit',
+        //       'click .button':     'save'
+        //       'click .open':       function(e) { ... }
+        //     }
+        //
+        // pairs. Callbacks will be bound to the view, with `this` set properly.
+        // Uses event delegation for efficiency.
+        // Omitting the selector binds the event to `this.el`.
+        // This only works for delegate-able events: not `focus`, `blur`, and
+        // not `change`, `submit`, and `reset` in Internet Explorer.
+        delegateEvents: function(events) {
+            if (!(events || (events = _.result(this, 'events')))) return this;
+            this.undelegateEvents();
+            for (var key in events) {
+                var method = events[key];
+                if (!_.isFunction(method)) method = this[events[key]];
+                if (!method) continue;
+
+                var match = key.match(delegateEventSplitter);
+                var eventName = match[1], selector = match[2];
+                method = _.bind(method, this);
+                eventName += '.delegateEvents' + this.cid;
+                if (selector === '') {
+                    this.$el.on(eventName, method);
+                } else {
+                    this.$el.on(eventName, selector, method);
+                }
+            }
+            return this;
+        },
+
+        // Clears all callbacks previously bound to the view with `delegateEvents`.
+        // You usually don't need to use this, but may wish to if you have multiple
+        // Backbone views attached to the same DOM element.
+        undelegateEvents: function() {
+            this.$el.off('.delegateEvents' + this.cid);
+            return this;
+        },
+
+        // Performs the initial configuration of a View with a set of options.
+        // Keys with special meaning *(e.g. model, collection, id, className)* are
+        // attached directly to the view.  See `viewOptions` for an exhaustive
+        // list.
+        _configure: function(options) {
+            if (this.options) options = _.extend({}, _.result(this, 'options'), options);
+            _.extend(this, _.pick(options, viewOptions));
+            this.options = options;
+        },
+
+        // Ensure that the View has a DOM element to render into.
+        // If `this.el` is a string, pass it through `$()`, take the first
+        // matching element, and re-assign it to `el`. Otherwise, create
+        // an element from the `id`, `className` and `tagName` properties.
+        _ensureElement: function() {
+            if (!this.el) {
+                var attrs = _.extend({}, _.result(this, 'attributes'));
+                if (this.id) attrs.id = _.result(this, 'id');
+                if (this.className) attrs['class'] = _.result(this, 'className');
+                var $el = Backbone.$('<' + _.result(this, 'tagName') + '>').attr(attrs);
+                this.setElement($el, false);
+            } else {
+                this.setElement(_.result(this, 'el'), false);
+            }
+        }
+
+    });
+
+    // Backbone.sync
+    // -------------
+
+    // Override this function to change the manner in which Backbone persists
+    // models to the server. You will be passed the type of request, and the
+    // model in question. By default, makes a RESTful Ajax request
+    // to the model's `url()`. Some possible customizations could be:
+    //
+    // * Use `setTimeout` to batch rapid-fire updates into a single request.
+    // * Send up the models as XML instead of JSON.
+    // * Persist models via WebSockets instead of Ajax.
+    //
+    // Turn on `Backbone.emulateHTTP` in order to send `PUT` and `DELETE` requests
+    // as `POST`, with a `_method` parameter containing the true HTTP method,
+    // as well as all requests with the body as `application/x-www-form-urlencoded`
+    // instead of `application/json` with the model in a param named `model`.
+    // Useful when interfacing with server-side languages like **PHP** that make
+    // it difficult to read the body of `PUT` requests.
+    Backbone.sync = function(method, model, options) {
+        var type = methodMap[method];
+
+        // Default options, unless specified.
+        _.defaults(options || (options = {}), {
+            emulateHTTP: Backbone.emulateHTTP,
+            emulateJSON: Backbone.emulateJSON
+        });
+
+        // Default JSON-request options.
+        var params = {type: type, dataType: 'json'};
+
+        // Ensure that we have a URL.
+        if (!options.url) {
+            params.url = _.result(model, 'url') || urlError();
+        }
+
+        // Ensure that we have the appropriate request data.
+        if (options.data == null && model && (method === 'create' || method === 'update' || method === 'patch')) {
+            params.contentType = 'application/json';
+            params.data = JSON.stringify(options.attrs || model.toJSON(options));
+        }
+
+        // For older servers, emulate JSON by encoding the request into an HTML-form.
+        if (options.emulateJSON) {
+            params.contentType = 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded';
+            params.data = params.data ? {model: params.data} : {};
+        }
+
+        // For older servers, emulate HTTP by mimicking the HTTP method with `_method`
+        // And an `X-HTTP-Method-Override` header.
+        if (options.emulateHTTP && (type === 'PUT' || type === 'DELETE' || type === 'PATCH')) {
+            params.type = 'POST';
+            if (options.emulateJSON) params.data._method = type;
+            var beforeSend = options.beforeSend;
+            options.beforeSend = function(xhr) {
+                xhr.setRequestHeader('X-HTTP-Method-Override', type);
+                if (beforeSend) return beforeSend.apply(this, arguments);
+            };
+        }
+
+        // Don't process data on a non-GET request.
+        if (params.type !== 'GET' && !options.emulateJSON) {
+            params.processData = false;
+        }
+
+        // If we're sending a `PATCH` request, and we're in an old Internet Explorer
+        // that still has ActiveX enabled by default, override jQuery to use that
+        // for XHR instead. Remove this line when jQuery supports `PATCH` on IE8.
+        if (params.type === 'PATCH' && window.ActiveXObject &&
+            !(window.external && window.external.msActiveXFilteringEnabled)) {
+            params.xhr = function() {
+                return new ActiveXObject("Microsoft.XMLHTTP");
+            };
+        }
+
+        // Make the request, allowing the user to override any Ajax options.
+        var xhr = options.xhr = Backbone.ajax(_.extend(params, options));
+        model.trigger('request', model, xhr, options);
+        return xhr;
+    };
+
+    // Map from CRUD to HTTP for our default `Backbone.sync` implementation.
+    var methodMap = {
+        'create': 'POST',
+        'update': 'PUT',
+        'patch':  'PATCH',
+        'delete': 'DELETE',
+        'read':   'GET'
+    };
+
+    // Set the default implementation of `Backbone.ajax` to proxy through to `$`.
+    // Override this if you'd like to use a different library.
+    Backbone.ajax = function() {
+        return Backbone.$.ajax.apply(Backbone.$, arguments);
+    };
+
+    // Backbone.Router
+    // ---------------
+
+    // Routers map faux-URLs to actions, and fire events when routes are
+    // matched. Creating a new one sets its `routes` hash, if not set statically.
+    var Router = Backbone.Router = function(options) {
+        options || (options = {});
+        if (options.routes) this.routes = options.routes;
+        this._bindRoutes();
+        this.initialize.apply(this, arguments);
+    };
+
+    // Cached regular expressions for matching named param parts and splatted
+    // parts of route strings.
+    var optionalParam = /\((.*?)\)/g;
+    var namedParam    = /(\(\?)?:\w+/g;
+    var splatParam    = /\*\w+/g;
+    var escapeRegExp  = /[\-{}\[\]+?.,\\\^$|#\s]/g;
+
+    // Set up all inheritable **Backbone.Router** properties and methods.
+    _.extend(Router.prototype, Events, {
+
+        // Initialize is an empty function by default. Override it with your own
+        // initialization logic.
+        initialize: function(){},
+
+        // Manually bind a single named route to a callback. For example:
+        //
+        //     this.route('search/:query/p:num', 'search', function(query, num) {
+        //       ...
+        //     });
+        //
+        route: function(route, name, callback) {
+            if (!_.isRegExp(route)) route = this._routeToRegExp(route);
+            if (_.isFunction(name)) {
+                callback = name;
+                name = '';
+            }
+            if (!callback) callback = this[name];
+            var router = this;
+            Backbone.history.route(route, function(fragment) {
+                var args = router._extractParameters(route, fragment);
+                callback && callback.apply(router, args);
+                router.trigger.apply(router, ['route:' + name].concat(args));
+                router.trigger('route', name, args);
+                Backbone.history.trigger('route', router, name, args);
+            });
+            return this;
+        },
+
+        // Simple proxy to `Backbone.history` to save a fragment into the history.
+        navigate: function(fragment, options) {
+            Backbone.history.navigate(fragment, options);
+            return this;
         },
 
         // Bind all defined routes to `Backbone.history`. We have to reverse the
@@ -972,6 +1263,7 @@
         // routes can be defined at the bottom of the route map.
         _bindRoutes: function() {
             if (!this.routes) return;
+            this.routes = _.result(this, 'routes');
             var route, routes = _.keys(this.routes);
             while ((route = routes.pop()) != null) {
                 this.route(route, this.routes[route]);
@@ -991,9 +1283,13 @@
         },
 
         // Given a route, and a URL fragment that it matches, return the array of
-        // extracted parameters.
+        // extracted decoded parameters. Empty or unmatched parameters will be
+        // treated as `null` to normalize cross-browser behavior.
         _extractParameters: function(route, fragment) {
-            return route.exec(fragment).slice(1);
+            var params = route.exec(fragment).slice(1);
+            return _.map(params, function(param) {
+                return param ? decodeURIComponent(param) : null;
+            });
         }
 
     });
@@ -1001,8 +1297,11 @@
     // Backbone.History
     // ----------------
 
-    // Handles cross-browser history management, based on URL fragments. If the
-    // browser does not support `onhashchange`, falls back to polling.
+    // Handles cross-browser history management, based on either
+    // [pushState](http://diveintohtml5.info/history.html) and real URLs, or
+    // [onhashchange](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/DOM/window.onhashchange)
+    // and URL fragments. If the browser supports neither (old IE, natch),
+    // falls back to polling.
     var History = Backbone.History = function() {
         this.handlers = [];
         _.bindAll(this, 'checkUrl');
@@ -1213,230 +1512,6 @@
     // Create the default Backbone.history.
     Backbone.history = new History;
 
-    // Backbone.View
-    // -------------
-
-    // Creating a Backbone.View creates its initial element outside of the DOM,
-    // if an existing element is not provided...
-    var View = Backbone.View = function(options) {
-        this.cid = _.uniqueId('view');
-        this._configure(options || {});
-        this._ensureElement();
-        this.initialize.apply(this, arguments);
-        this.delegateEvents();
-    };
-
-    // Cached regex to split keys for `delegate`.
-    var delegateEventSplitter = /^(\S+)\s*(.*)$/;
-
-    // List of view options to be merged as properties.
-    var viewOptions = ['model', 'collection', 'el', 'id', 'attributes', 'className', 'tagName', 'events'];
-
-    // Set up all inheritable **Backbone.View** properties and methods.
-    _.extend(View.prototype, Events, {
-
-        // The default `tagName` of a View's element is `"div"`.
-        tagName: 'div',
-
-        // jQuery delegate for element lookup, scoped to DOM elements within the
-        // current view. This should be prefered to global lookups where possible.
-        $: function(selector) {
-            return this.$el.find(selector);
-        },
-
-        // Initialize is an empty function by default. Override it with your own
-        // initialization logic.
-        initialize: function(){},
-
-        // **render** is the core function that your view should override, in order
-        // to populate its element (`this.el`), with the appropriate HTML. The
-        // convention is for **render** to always return `this`.
-        render: function() {
-            return this;
-        },
-
-        // Remove this view by taking the element out of the DOM, and removing any
-        // applicable Backbone.Events listeners.
-        remove: function() {
-            this.$el.remove();
-            this.stopListening();
-            return this;
-        },
-
-        // Change the view's element (`this.el` property), including event
-        // re-delegation.
-        setElement: function(element, delegate) {
-            if (this.$el) this.undelegateEvents();
-            this.$el = element instanceof Backbone.$ ? element : Backbone.$(element);
-            this.el = this.$el[0];
-            if (delegate !== false) this.delegateEvents();
-            return this;
-        },
-
-        // Set callbacks, where `this.events` is a hash of
-        //
-        // *{"event selector": "callback"}*
-        //
-        //     {
-        //       'mousedown .title':  'edit',
-        //       'click .button':     'save'
-        //       'click .open':       function(e) { ... }
-        //     }
-        //
-        // pairs. Callbacks will be bound to the view, with `this` set properly.
-        // Uses event delegation for efficiency.
-        // Omitting the selector binds the event to `this.el`.
-        // This only works for delegate-able events: not `focus`, `blur`, and
-        // not `change`, `submit`, and `reset` in Internet Explorer.
-        delegateEvents: function(events) {
-            if (!(events || (events = _.result(this, 'events')))) return;
-            this.undelegateEvents();
-            for (var key in events) {
-                var method = events[key];
-                if (!_.isFunction(method)) method = this[events[key]];
-                if (!method) throw new Error('Method "' + events[key] + '" does not exist');
-                var match = key.match(delegateEventSplitter);
-                var eventName = match[1], selector = match[2];
-                method = _.bind(method, this);
-                eventName += '.delegateEvents' + this.cid;
-                if (selector === '') {
-                    this.$el.on(eventName, method);
-                } else {
-                    this.$el.on(eventName, selector, method);
-                }
-            }
-        },
-
-        // Clears all callbacks previously bound to the view with `delegateEvents`.
-        // You usually don't need to use this, but may wish to if you have multiple
-        // Backbone views attached to the same DOM element.
-        undelegateEvents: function() {
-            this.$el.off('.delegateEvents' + this.cid);
-        },
-
-        // Performs the initial configuration of a View with a set of options.
-        // Keys with special meaning *(model, collection, id, className)*, are
-        // attached directly to the view.
-        _configure: function(options) {
-            if (this.options) options = _.extend({}, _.result(this, 'options'), options);
-            _.extend(this, _.pick(options, viewOptions));
-            this.options = options;
-        },
-
-        // Ensure that the View has a DOM element to render into.
-        // If `this.el` is a string, pass it through `$()`, take the first
-        // matching element, and re-assign it to `el`. Otherwise, create
-        // an element from the `id`, `className` and `tagName` properties.
-        _ensureElement: function() {
-            if (!this.el) {
-                var attrs = _.extend({}, _.result(this, 'attributes'));
-                if (this.id) attrs.id = _.result(this, 'id');
-                if (this.className) attrs['class'] = _.result(this, 'className');
-                var $el = Backbone.$('<' + _.result(this, 'tagName') + '>').attr(attrs);
-                this.setElement($el, false);
-            } else {
-                this.setElement(_.result(this, 'el'), false);
-            }
-        }
-
-    });
-
-    // Backbone.sync
-    // -------------
-
-    // Map from CRUD to HTTP for our default `Backbone.sync` implementation.
-    var methodMap = {
-        'create': 'POST',
-        'update': 'PUT',
-        'patch':  'PATCH',
-        'delete': 'DELETE',
-        'read':   'GET'
-    };
-
-    // Override this function to change the manner in which Backbone persists
-    // models to the server. You will be passed the type of request, and the
-    // model in question. By default, makes a RESTful Ajax request
-    // to the model's `url()`. Some possible customizations could be:
-    //
-    // * Use `setTimeout` to batch rapid-fire updates into a single request.
-    // * Send up the models as XML instead of JSON.
-    // * Persist models via WebSockets instead of Ajax.
-    //
-    // Turn on `Backbone.emulateHTTP` in order to send `PUT` and `DELETE` requests
-    // as `POST`, with a `_method` parameter containing the true HTTP method,
-    // as well as all requests with the body as `application/x-www-form-urlencoded`
-    // instead of `application/json` with the model in a param named `model`.
-    // Useful when interfacing with server-side languages like **PHP** that make
-    // it difficult to read the body of `PUT` requests.
-    Backbone.sync = function(method, model, options) {
-        var type = methodMap[method];
-
-        // Default options, unless specified.
-        _.defaults(options || (options = {}), {
-            emulateHTTP: Backbone.emulateHTTP,
-            emulateJSON: Backbone.emulateJSON
-        });
-
-        // Default JSON-request options.
-        var params = {type: type, dataType: 'json'};
-
-        // Ensure that we have a URL.
-        if (!options.url) {
-            params.url = _.result(model, 'url') || urlError();
-        }
-
-        // Ensure that we have the appropriate request data.
-        if (options.data == null && model && (method === 'create' || method === 'update' || method === 'patch')) {
-            params.contentType = 'application/json';
-            params.data = JSON.stringify(options.attrs || model.toJSON(options));
-        }
-
-        // For older servers, emulate JSON by encoding the request into an HTML-form.
-        if (options.emulateJSON) {
-            params.contentType = 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded';
-            params.data = params.data ? {model: params.data} : {};
-        }
-
-        // For older servers, emulate HTTP by mimicking the HTTP method with `_method`
-        // And an `X-HTTP-Method-Override` header.
-        if (options.emulateHTTP && (type === 'PUT' || type === 'DELETE' || type === 'PATCH')) {
-            params.type = 'POST';
-            if (options.emulateJSON) params.data._method = type;
-            var beforeSend = options.beforeSend;
-            options.beforeSend = function(xhr) {
-                xhr.setRequestHeader('X-HTTP-Method-Override', type);
-                if (beforeSend) return beforeSend.apply(this, arguments);
-            };
-        }
-
-        // Don't process data on a non-GET request.
-        if (params.type !== 'GET' && !options.emulateJSON) {
-            params.processData = false;
-        }
-
-        var success = options.success;
-        options.success = function(resp) {
-            if (success) success(model, resp, options);
-            model.trigger('sync', model, resp, options);
-        };
-
-        var error = options.error;
-        options.error = function(xhr) {
-            if (error) error(model, xhr, options);
-            model.trigger('error', model, xhr, options);
-        };
-
-        // Make the request, allowing the user to override any Ajax options.
-        var xhr = options.xhr = Backbone.ajax(_.extend(params, options));
-        model.trigger('request', model, xhr, options);
-        return xhr;
-    };
-
-    // Set the default implementation of `Backbone.ajax` to proxy through to `$`.
-    Backbone.ajax = function() {
-        return Backbone.$.ajax.apply(Backbone.$, arguments);
-    };
-
     // Helpers
     // -------
 
@@ -1484,4 +1559,13 @@
         throw new Error('A "url" property or function must be specified');
     };
 
+    // Wrap an optional error callback with a fallback error event.
+    var wrapError = function (model, options) {
+        var error = options.error;
+        options.error = function(resp) {
+            if (error) error(model, resp, options);
+            model.trigger('error', model, resp, options);
+        };
+    };
+
 }).call(this);