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rmagick 1.7.4 → 1.8.0

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data/ChangeLog +10 -2
data/README.html +284 -290
data/README.txt +298 -307
data/configure +180 -11
data/configure.ac +18 -2
data/doc/comtasks.html +1 -1
data/doc/constants.html +15 -10
data/doc/css/ref.css +67 -0
data/doc/draw.html +1 -1
data/doc/ex/InitialCoords.rb +24 -0
data/doc/ex/NewCoordSys.rb +33 -0
data/doc/ex/OrigCoordSys.rb +19 -0
data/doc/ex/PreserveAspectRatio.rb +206 -0
data/doc/ex/RotateScale.rb +38 -0
data/doc/ex/Skew.rb +39 -0
data/doc/ex/Use01.rb +17 -0
data/doc/ex/Use02.rb +22 -0
data/doc/ex/Use03.rb +17 -0
data/doc/ex/ViewBox.rb +34 -0
data/doc/ex/arcs01.rb +29 -0
data/doc/ex/arcs02.rb +62 -0
data/doc/ex/baseline_shift01.rb +19 -0
data/doc/ex/bounding_box.rb +31 -37
data/doc/ex/circle01.rb +18 -0
data/doc/ex/cubic01.rb +46 -0
data/doc/ex/cubic02.rb +95 -0
data/doc/ex/drop_shadow.rb +1 -1
data/doc/ex/ellipse01.rb +23 -0
data/doc/ex/evenodd.rb +44 -0
data/doc/ex/font_styles.rb +29 -0
data/doc/ex/group.rb +27 -0
data/doc/ex/image.rb +47 -0
data/doc/ex/images/big-duck.gif +0 -0
data/doc/ex/images/duck.gif +0 -0
data/doc/ex/images/duck0.gif +0 -0
data/doc/ex/images/duck1.gif +0 -0
data/doc/ex/images/duck10.gif +0 -0
data/doc/ex/images/duck11.gif +0 -0
data/doc/ex/images/duck12.gif +0 -0
data/doc/ex/images/duck13.gif +0 -0
data/doc/ex/images/duck14.gif +0 -0
data/doc/ex/images/duck15.gif +0 -0
data/doc/ex/images/duck2.gif +0 -0
data/doc/ex/images/duck3.gif +0 -0
data/doc/ex/images/duck4.gif +0 -0
data/doc/ex/images/duck5.gif +0 -0
data/doc/ex/images/duck6.gif +0 -0
data/doc/ex/images/duck7.gif +0 -0
data/doc/ex/images/duck8.gif +0 -0
data/doc/ex/images/duck9.gif +0 -0
data/doc/ex/line01.rb +24 -0
data/doc/ex/nested_rvg.rb +22 -0
data/doc/ex/nonzero.rb +44 -0
data/doc/ex/polygon01.rb +24 -0
data/doc/ex/polyline01.rb +24 -0
data/doc/ex/quad01.rb +37 -0
data/doc/ex/rect01.rb +16 -0
data/doc/ex/rect02.rb +23 -0
data/doc/ex/rvg_clippath.rb +15 -0
data/doc/ex/rvg_linecap.rb +44 -0
data/doc/ex/rvg_linejoin.rb +42 -0
data/doc/ex/rvg_opacity.rb +20 -0
data/doc/ex/rvg_pattern.rb +27 -0
data/doc/ex/rvg_stroke_dasharray.rb +13 -0
data/doc/ex/sepiatone.rb +15 -0
data/doc/ex/shadow.rb +37 -0
data/doc/ex/smile.rb +9 -9
data/doc/ex/stroke_fill.rb +12 -0
data/doc/ex/text01.rb +18 -0
data/doc/ex/text_styles.rb +22 -0
data/doc/ex/texture_fill_to_border.rb +3 -3
data/doc/ex/texture_floodfill.rb +3 -2
data/doc/ex/tref01.rb +26 -0
data/doc/ex/triangle01.rb +17 -0
data/doc/ex/tspan01.rb +19 -0
data/doc/ex/tspan02.rb +20 -0
data/doc/ex/tspan03.rb +22 -0
data/doc/ex/writing_mode01.rb +28 -0
data/doc/ex/writing_mode02.rb +27 -0
data/doc/ilist.html +1 -1
data/doc/image1.html +66 -30
data/doc/image2.html +1 -1
data/doc/image3.html +274 -49
data/doc/imageattrs.html +87 -10
data/doc/imusage.html +1 -1
data/doc/index.html +80 -39
data/doc/info.html +149 -13
data/doc/magick.html +1 -1
data/doc/rvg.html +890 -0
data/doc/rvgclip.html +249 -0
data/doc/rvggroup.html +305 -0
data/doc/rvgimage.html +288 -0
data/doc/rvgpattern.html +456 -0
data/doc/rvgshape.html +376 -0
data/doc/rvgstyle.html +269 -0
data/doc/rvgtext.html +464 -0
data/doc/rvgtspan.html +237 -0
data/doc/rvgtut.html +512 -0
data/doc/rvguse.html +145 -0
data/doc/rvgxform.html +294 -0
data/doc/struct.html +9 -71
data/doc/usage.html +22 -7
data/ext/RMagick/MANIFEST +94 -2
data/ext/RMagick/rmagick.h +10 -4
data/ext/RMagick/rmagick_config.h.in +8 -2
data/ext/RMagick/rmdraw.c +2 -2
data/ext/RMagick/rmfill.c +2 -2
data/ext/RMagick/rmilist.c +3 -3
data/ext/RMagick/rmimage.c +152 -5
data/ext/RMagick/rminfo.c +208 -2
data/ext/RMagick/rmmain.c +14 -5
data/ext/RMagick/rmutil.c +83 -22
data/lib/RMagick.rb +2 -2
data/lib/rvg/clippath.rb +46 -0
data/lib/rvg/container.rb +129 -0
data/lib/rvg/deep_equal.rb +54 -0
data/lib/rvg/describable.rb +51 -0
data/lib/rvg/embellishable.rb +395 -0
data/lib/rvg/misc.rb +729 -0
data/lib/rvg/paint.rb +48 -0
data/lib/rvg/pathdata.rb +129 -0
data/lib/rvg/rvg.rb +279 -0
data/lib/rvg/stretchable.rb +150 -0
data/lib/rvg/stylable.rb +116 -0
data/lib/rvg/text.rb +185 -0
data/lib/rvg/transformable.rb +131 -0
data/lib/rvg/units.rb +64 -0
data/rmagick.gemspec +1 -1
data/uninstall.rb +3 -2
metadata +96 -3

data/doc/rvgtspan.html ADDED

@@ -0,0 +1,237 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+    "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+<head>
+  <meta name="generator" content=
+  "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 1st March 2005), see www.w3.org" />
+  <title>RMagick: RVG Reference: RVG::Tspan Class</title>
+  <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content=
+  "text/html; charset=us-ascii" />
+  <meta name="GENERATOR" content="Quanta Plus" />
+  <meta name="Copyright" content=
+  "Copyright (C) 2005 by Timothy P. Hunter" />
+  <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/doc.css" />
+<script type="text/javascript" src="scripts/doc.js">
+</script>
+<script type="text/javascript">
+  //<![CDATA[
+  //]]>
+</script>
+<style type="text/css">
+  /*<![CDATA[*/
+    }
+  /*]]>*/
+</style>
+</head>
+<body>
+  <h6 id="header">RMagick User's Guide and Reference</h6>
+  <div class="nav">
+    &laquo;&nbsp;<a href="rvgtext.html">Prev</a> | <a href=
+    "index.html">Contents</a> | <a href=
+    "rvguse.html">Next</a>&nbsp;&raquo;
+  </div>
+  <h1>class RVG::Tspan <span class="superclass">&lt;
+  TextBase</span></h1>
+  <div id="toc">
+    <h2>Table of Contents</h2>
+    <h3>class methods</h3>
+    <ul>
+      <li><a href="#new">new</a></li>
+    </ul>
+    <h3>instance methods</h3>
+    <div>
+      <div class="toccol">
+        <ul>
+          <li><a href="#d">d</a></li>
+          <li><a href="#rotate">rotate</a></li>
+          <li><a href="#tspan">tspan</a></li>
+        </ul>
+      </div>
+      <h3>shared methods</h3>
+      <p>In addition to the methods listed above, <code>class
+      RVG::Tspan</code> also implements the <a href=
+      "rvgstyle.html">styles</a> method.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <h2 class="methods">class methods</h2>
+  <div class="sig">
+    <h3 id="new">new</h3>
+    <p>RVG::Tspan.new(<span class="arg">text</span>=nil,
+    <span class="arg">x</span>=0, <span class="arg">y</span>=0) [
+    <span class="arg">{ |tspan| ...}</span> ] -&gt; aTspan</p>
+  </div>
+  <div class="desc">
+    <h4>Description</h4>
+    <p>This method may be invoked indirectly via the <a href=
+    "rvgtext.html#tspan">tspan</a> method in
+    <code>RVG::Text</code>.</p>
+    <p>Tspan objects are containers, so this method yields to a
+    block if one is present. The only objects that a tspan can
+    contain are other tspans. Styles defined on a tspan propogate
+    to any tspans contained within it.</p>
+    <h4>Arguments</h4>
+    <p>All arguments are optional.</p>
+    <dl>
+      <dt>text</dt>
+      <dd>A string. If present, this string is drawn at the current
+      text position. By default the string is positioned with the
+      lower-left corner of the first glyph at the current text
+      position. Use the <a href="#text_anchor">:text_anchor</a>
+      style to override this behavior. After the string is
+      rendered, the current text position is moved to the end of
+      the string.</dd>
+      <dt>x, y</dt>
+      <dd>Specify a new current text position within the current
+      user coordinate system.</dd>
+    </dl>
+    <h4>Examples</h4>
+    <p><a href="javascript:popup('tspan01.rb.html')"><img src=
+    "ex/tspan01.gif" title="Click to see the example script" alt=
+    "tspan example" /></a></p>
+  </div>
+  <h2 class="methods">instance methods</h2>
+  <div class='sig'>
+    <h3 id='d'>d</h3>
+    <p><span class="arg">tspan</span>.d(<span class=
+    "arg">dx</span>[, <span class="arg">dy</span>=0]) [
+    <span class="arg">{ |self| ...}</span> ] -&gt; <span class=
+    "arg">self</span></p>
+  </div>
+  <div class="desc">
+    <h4>Description</h4>
+    <p>The <span class="arg">dx</span> and <span class=
+    "arg">dy</span> arguments are added to the the current text
+    position to form a new current text position. Yields to a block
+    if one is present.</p>
+    <h4>Arguments</h4>
+    <dl>
+      <dt>dx, dy</dt>
+      <dd>The distance, in the user coordinate system, to be added
+      to the current text position.</dd>
+    </dl>
+    <h4>Example</h4>
+    <p><a href="javascript:popup('tspan02.rb.html')"><img src=
+    "ex/tspan02.gif" title="Click to see the example script" alt=
+    "tspan example 2" /></a></p>
+    <h4>Returns</h4>
+    <p>self</p>
+  </div>
+  <div class='sig'>
+    <h3 id='rotate'>rotate</h3>
+    <p><span class="arg">tspan</span>.rotate(<span class=
+    "arg">degrees</span>) [ <span class="arg">{ |self| ...}</span>
+    ] -&gt; <span class="arg">self</span></p>
+  </div>
+  <div class="desc">
+    <h4>Description</h4>
+    <p>Rotates the text about the current text position by the
+    specified number of <span class="arg">degrees</span>. Yields to
+    a block if one is present.</p>
+    <h4>Arguments</h4>
+    <dl>
+      <dt>degrees</dt>
+      <dd>The amount of rotation</dd>
+    </dl>
+    <h4>Example</h4>
+    <p><a href="javascript:popup('tspan03.rb.html')"><img src=
+    "ex/tspan03.gif" title="Click to see the example script" alt=
+    "tspan example 3" /></a></p>
+    <h4>Returns</h4>
+    <p>self</p>
+  </div>
+  <div class='sig'>
+    <h3 id='tspan'>tspan</h3>
+    <p><span class="arg">tspan</span>.tspan(<span class=
+    "arg">string</span>=0, <span class="arg">x</span>=nil,
+    <span class="arg">y</span>=0) [ <span class="arg">{ |tspan|
+    ...}</span> ] -&gt; aTspan</p>
+  </div>
+  <div class="desc">
+    <h4>Description</h4>
+    <p>Calls <a href="#new">RVG::Tspan.new</a> to construct a tspan
+    and adds it to the tspan. Yields to a block if one is present,
+    passing the new tspan as an argument. Styles defined on the
+    container tspan propogate to the contained tspan.</p>
+    <h4>Arguments</h4>
+    <dl>
+      <dt>string</dt>
+      <dd>A text string.</dd>
+      <dt>x, y</dt>
+      <dd>A new initial text position</dd>
+    </dl>
+    <h4>Returns</h4>
+    <p>The new tspan, so other <code>RVG::Tspan</code> methods can
+    be chained to it.</p>
+  </div>
+  <p class="spacer">&nbsp;</p>
+  <div class="nav">
+    &laquo; <a href="rvgtext.html">Prev</a> | <a href=
+    "index.html">Contents</a> | <a href="rvguse.html">Next</a>
+    &raquo;
+  </div>
+</body>
+</html>

data/doc/rvgtut.html ADDED

@@ -0,0 +1,512 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?>
+<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN"
+    "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
+<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
+<!-- $Id: rvgtut.html,v 1.5 2005/04/24 15:17:12 rmagick Exp $ -->
+<head>
+  <meta name="generator" content=
+  "HTML Tidy for Linux/x86 (vers 1st March 2005), see www.w3.org" />
+  <title>RMagick: RVG Tutorial</title>
+  <meta name="GENERATOR" content="Quanta Plus" />
+  <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/doc.css" />
+<style type="text/css">
+  /*<![CDATA[*/
+  img {
+      padding-bottom:1em;
+    padding-top:1em;
+  }
+    /*]]>*/
+</style>
+</head>
+<body>
+  <h6 id="header">RMagick User's Guide and Reference</h6>
+  <div class="nav">
+    &laquo;&nbsp;<a href="constants.html">Prev</a> | <a href=
+    "index.html">Contents</a> | <a href=
+    "rvg.html">Next</a>&nbsp;&raquo;
+  </div>
+  <h1>Drawing with RVG</h1>
+  <div id="toc">
+    <h2>A tutorial</h2>
+  </div>
+  <div style="position:relative;">
+    <p><img src="ex/images/duck.gif" alt="duck|type" width="180"
+    height="180" /></p>
+    <div style="position:absolute; left: 200px;top:1em">
+      <h3>Introduction</h3>
+      <p>RVG is the newest addition to RMagick. RVG (Ruby Vector
+      Graphics) is a facade for RMagick's <a href=
+      "draw.html">Draw</a> class that supplies a drawing API based
+      on the <a href="http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/">Scalable
+      Vector Graphics</a> W3C recommendation.</p>
+      <p>RVG is a <em>scalable</em> <em>vector</em> drawing
+      library. <em>Scalable</em> means that drawings are not fixed
+      to a single size in pixels. The same drawing can be rendered
+      for a screen display or for printing. <em>Vector</em> images
+      are drawn using geometric objects like lines and circles.
+      Unlike raster images, vector images don't get "pixelated"
+      when you make them bigger.</p>As an introduction to the RVG
+      library, let's see how to draw this little duck on the left.
+      Here is the complete program.
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <pre class="example">
+ 1   require 'rvg/rvg'
+ 2   include Magick
+ 3
+ 4   RVG::dpi = 72
+ 5
+ 6   rvg = RVG.new(2.5.in, 2.5.in).viewbox(0,0,250,250) do |canvas|
+ 7       canvas.background_fill = 'white'
+ 8
+ 9       canvas.g.translate(100, 150).rotate(-30).styles(:fill=&gt;'yellow',
+10                                     :stroke=&gt;'black', :stroke_width=&gt;2) do |body|
+11          body.ellipse(50, 30)
+12          body.rect(45, 20, -20, -10).skewX(-35)
+13      end
+14
+15      canvas.g.translate(130, 83).styles(:stroke=&gt;'black', :stroke_width=&gt;2) do |head|
+16          head.circle(30).styles(:fill=&gt;'yellow')
+17          head.circle(5, 10, -5).styles(:fill=&gt;'black')
+18          head.polygon(30,0, 70,5, 30,10, 62,25, 23,20).styles(:fill=&gt;'orange')
+19       end
+20
+21       foot = RVG::Group.new do |_foot|
+22           _foot.path('M0,0 v30 l30,10 l5,-10, l-5,-10 l-30,10z').
+23                 styles(:stroke_width=&gt;2, :fill=&gt;'orange', :stroke=&gt;'black')
+24       end
+25       canvas.use(foot).translate(75, 188).rotate(15)
+26       canvas.use(foot).translate(100, 185).rotate(-15)
+27
+28       canvas.text(125, 30) do |title|
+29           title.tspan("duck|").styles(:text_anchor=&gt;'end', :font_size=&gt;20,
+30                                     :font_family=&gt;'Helvetica', :fill=&gt;'black')
+31           title.tspan("type").styles(:font_size=&gt;22,
+32                     :font_family=&gt;'Times', :font_style=&gt;'italic', :fill=&gt;'red')
+33       end
+34       canvas.rect(249,249).styles(:stroke=&gt;'blue', :fill=&gt;'none')
+35   end
+36
+37   rvg.draw.write('duck.gif')
+</pre>
+  <h2>Summary</h2>
+  <p>All drawings follow the same 3 steps:</p>
+  <ol>
+    <li>Create an RVG object. Specify the width and height of the
+    final image. The <code>RVG.new</code> method yields to a
+    block.</li>
+    <li>Within the block, call methods on the RVG object to specify
+    a background, add shapes, text, or raster images, or add groups
+    of shapes, text, or raster images.</li>
+    <li>Call the <code>draw</code> method to draw the shapes, text,
+    or raster images onto the background.</li>
+  </ol>
+  <p>I'll step through the example line-by-line.</p>
+  <h2>Lines 1-3</h2>
+  <pre class="example">
+ 1   require 'rvg/rvg'
+ 2   include Magick
+</pre>
+  <p>These are just the usual Ruby code to load the RVG extension.
+  To save some typing, I've included the Magick module into
+  Object's namespace.</p>
+  <h2>Lines 4-6</h2>
+  <pre class="example">
+ 4   RVG::dpi = 72
+ 5
+ 6   rvg = RVG.new(2.5.in, 2.5.in).viewbox(0,0,250,250) do |canvas|
+</pre>
+  <p><code>RVG::dpi</code> enables the use of <em>unit methods</em>
+  in RVG. When you set <code>RVG::dpi</code> to a non-nil value,
+  RVG adds a number of conversion methods to the Fixnum and Float
+  classes . These methods allow you to specify measurements in
+  units such as inches, millimeters, and centimeters. <em>DPI</em>
+  stands for "dots per inch," the image resolution. Here I set
+  <code>RVG::dpi</code> to 72, a common value for displays.</p>
+  <p>The <code>RVG.new</code> method accepts 2 parameters. These
+  parameters specify the width and height of the final image in
+  pixels. Since I've defined <code>RVG::dpi</code>, I can specify
+  these values in inches using the <code>in</code> conversion
+  method. At 72dpi, the final image will be 2.5*72=180 pixels on a
+  side.</p>
+  <p>By default, RVG uses pixels as its unit of measurement, but
+  since I'm drawing a scalable picture I don't want to confine
+  myself to pixels. The <code>viewbox</code> method defines a
+  coordinate system with a logical unit. <code>Viewbox</code> takes
+  4 parameters, <code>min_x</code>, <code>min_y</code>,
+  <code>width</code>, and <code>height</code>. On line 6 I define
+  my coordinate system to have its origin at (0,0) and a width and
+  height of 250 units. By using my own coordinate system, I can
+  later change the size of the image to 5 inches square or 1 inch
+  square just by changing the arguments to <code>new</code>.</p>
+  <div style="position:relative">
+    <p><img src="ex/images/duck0.gif" alt=
+    "default coordinate system" width="180" height="180" /></p>
+    <div style="position:absolute; left:200px;top:0;">
+      <p><strong>The default coordinate system</strong></p>
+      <p>By default, the RVG coordinate system has its origin in
+      the upper-left corner. The x-axis proceeds to the right. The
+      y-axis proceeds downwards. The image on the left shows the
+      axes of this coordinate system. I've added a light-blue
+      "graph-paper" background to the example images to help
+      associate the coordinate arguments to the actual locations in
+      the image. Just remember that the axes and graph-paper
+      background are not actually part of the image I'm
+      producing.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <p>The RVG class is one of the <em>container</em> classes defined
+  by RVG. Container objects can contain graphic objects such as
+  circles and lines, text, raster images, and other container
+  objects. The outermost container is always an RVG object. I will
+  add all the graphic objects that form the duck to this
+  container.</p>
+  <p>Container constructors normally yield to a block. However,
+  here I've chained <code>viewbox</code> to <code>new</code>, so
+  <code>viewbox</code> takes responsibility for yielding and passes
+  the new instance of RVG to the <code>canvas</code> argument.</p>
+  <h2>Line 7</h2>
+  <pre class="example">
+ 7       canvas.background_fill = 'white'
+</pre>
+  <p>By default, RVG graphics are drawn on a transparent
+  background. This is convenient when you want to display your
+  image over another image. You can override the default background
+  color by assigning a color to the <code>background_fill=</code>
+  attribute. Here I set the background color to "white."</p>
+  <h2>Lines 9-13</h2>
+  <pre class="example">
+ 9       canvas.g.translate(100, 150).rotate(-30).styles(:fill=&gt;'yellow',
+10                                     :stroke=&gt;'black', :stroke_width=&gt;2) do |body|
+11           body.ellipse(50, 30)
+12           body.rect(45, 20, -20, -10).skewX(-35)
+13       end
+</pre>
+  <p>There's a lot going on in these few lines - seven method calls
+  - so let's take it one method at a time.</p>
+  <h3>Groups</h3>
+  <p><code>Group</code> is the second container class in RVG. The
+  purpose of a group is to associate a set of coordinate system
+  transformations and a set of styles with the graphic objects
+  within the group. To create a Group object within another
+  container, call the <code>g</code> method on the container. The
+  <code>g</code> method yields if a block is present. In this
+  example, there is no block associated with <code>g</code>, so
+  <code>g</code> returns the new group. The <code>g</code> method
+  adds the group to the content of the container, so when the
+  container is drawn the graphic objects in the group will be drawn
+  as well. The three methods chained to <code>g</code> -
+  <code>translate</code>, <code>rotate</code>, and
+  <code>styles</code> - modify the group by adding <em>coordinate
+  system transforms</em> and by modifying the default
+  <em>styles</em>.</p>
+  <p>(Okay, there <em>is</em> a block, but there are 3 method calls
+  between <code>g</code> and the block. I'll explain more
+  later.)</p>
+  <h3>Transforms</h3>
+  <p>I'm going to use this group to contain the ellipse that forms
+  the duck's body and the rectangle that forms the wing. I could
+  just specify x- and y-coordinates to position these shapes
+  relative to the origin, but it's easier to move the origin to
+  where I want to draw the shapes. This is the purpose of the
+  <code>translate</code> method. This method moves the origin to
+  the (x,y) position specified by its arguments. I call
+  <code>translate</code> on the group object, and since the content
+  of the group gets the coordinate system transformations specified
+  for the group, the ellipse and the rectangle will be drawn on a
+  coordinate system with the origin at (100, 150) relative to the
+  old coordinate system.</p>
+  <p>Also, I want the duck's body to slant upward, so I use the
+  <code>rotate</code> method to rotate the axes. The argument to
+  <code>rotate</code> is the number of degrees of rotation. A
+  negative number indicates counter-clockwise rotation.</p>
+  <p>After translating and rotating the coordinate system, the axes
+  look like this:</p>
+  <div style="position:relative">
+    <p><img src="ex/images/duck1.gif" width="180" height="180" alt=
+    "duck body" /></p>
+    <div style="position:absolute; left:200px;top:0">
+      <p><strong>The other transform methods</strong></p>
+      <p>There are six transform methods. In addition to
+      <code>translate</code> and <code>rotate</code>, there's
+      <code>scale</code>, <code>skewX</code>, <code>skewY</code>,
+      and <code>matrix</code>. When groups are nested, any
+      transforms defined on the inner group(s) are added to the
+      outer transforms.</p>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <h3>Styles</h3>
+  <p>Recall that the <code>styles</code> method modifies the
+  default group styles. The <code>styles</code> method takes a hash
+  as an argument. The hash keys are style names, and the hash
+  values are, well, style values. In this example there are three
+  style names. The :fill style sets the fill color to 'yellow'. The
+  :stroke style sets the outline color to 'black'. The
+  :stroke_width style sets the width of the outline to 2. The
+  <code>styles</code> method is a real workhorse. It's defined in
+  almost every class in RVG and there are many other style names in
+  addition to these three..</p>
+  <h3>Basic shapes</h3>
+  <p>The group contains two basic shapes, an ellipse and a
+  rectangle. I add the ellipse to the group with the
+  <code>ellipse</code> method. <code>Ellipse</code> has four
+  parameters. The first two, the radius on the x-axis and the
+  radius on the y-axis, are required. The last two are the (x,y)
+  coordinate of the center. When these are omitted, as here, they
+  default to (0,0). I add the rectange with the <code>rect</code>
+  method, which also has four parameters. The first two are the
+  width and height of the rectangle. The last two are the (x,y)
+  coordinate of the upper-left corner. Both of these methods return
+  <code>self</code>, so you can chain other methods to them.</p>
+  <p>Here's what the group looks like when rendered. The ellipse is
+  centered on the origin. The upper-left corner of the rectangle is
+  slightly up and to the left of the origin.</p>
+  <p><img src="ex/images/duck3.gif" alt="default coordinate system"
+  width="180" height="180" /></p>
+  <h3>SkewX</h3>
+  <p>Everybody knows that a wing doesn't look like a rectangle! A
+  wing looks like a slanted parallelogram. (Well, it does in this
+  example!) Fortunately, I can use the transform methods on shapes
+  as well as containers. The <code>skewX</code> method makes it
+  easy for us to give the rectangle a slant. The <code>skewX</code>
+  method is another transform. It takes a single argument, the
+  number of degrees to skew the x-axis. Since all the shape
+  constructors, including <code>rect</code>, return
+  <code>self</code>, I can chain <code>skewX</code> directly to
+  <code>rect</code> and limit the effect of the transform to just
+  the rectangle. The result looks like this. (I've drawn in the
+  axes for the wing coordinate system.)</p>
+  <p><img src="ex/images/duck4.gif" width="180" height="180" alt=
+  "duck wing" /></p>
+  <p>That's it for the body. Let's tie up one loose end before I
+  move on. I said earlier that container constructors (such as
+  <code>g</code>) yield to a block if present. In this case,
+  though, there are three intervening method calls -
+  <code>translate</code>, <code>rotate</code>, and
+  <code>styles</code> - between <code>g</code> and the block. The
+  <code>style</code> method and the transform methods will all
+  yield when there is an associated block, so I can easily chain
+  them to a container constructor and still use a block argument to
+  define the graphic objects in the group. Method chaining is a
+  common RVG idiom. You'll see it a lot in the examples.</p>
+  <p>The next group draws the head.</p>
+  <h2>Lines 15-19</h2>
+  <pre class="example">
+15       canvas.g.translate(130, 83).styles(:stroke=&gt;'black', :stroke_width=&gt;2) do |head|
+16           head.circle(30).styles(:fill=&gt;'yellow')
+17           head.circle(5, 10, -5).styles(:fill=&gt;'black')
+18           head.polygon(30,0, 70,5, 30,10, 62,25, 23,20).styles(:fill=&gt;'orange')
+19       end
+</pre>
+  <p>This section is very similar to the previous one. I'm defining
+  a group to contain the graphic objects that draw the duck's head,
+  eye, and beak. First I use the translate method to move the
+  origin to (130,83):</p>
+  <p><img src="ex/images/duck6.gif" width="180" height="180" alt=
+  "duck head" /></p>
+  <p>Notice that I can use <code>styles</code> on shapes as well as
+  containers. In this group each shape has its own fill color. (The
+  styles defined on the group propogate to the contained shapes,
+  unless you override them.) The yellow circle forms the head. The
+  <code>circle</code> method takes 3 parameters. The first
+  parameter is the radius of the circle. The other two parameters
+  are the (x,y) coordinate of the center. If omitted, as here, they
+  default to (0,0). I use a small black circle for the eye.</p>
+  <p>Last, I use the <code>polygon</code> method to draw the beak.
+  This method draws a polygon from a series of (x,y) coordinates.
+  If the last coordinate is not the same as the first,
+  <code>polygon</code> implicitly adds it to close the polygon.
+  Again, I use <code>styles</code> to set the fill color to
+  orange.</p>
+  <p><img src="ex/images/duck8.gif" width="180" height="180" alt=
+  "duck head final" /></p>
+  <h2>Lines 21-24</h2>
+  <pre class="example">
+21       foot = RVG::Group.new do |_foot|
+22           _foot.path('M0,0 v30 l30,10 l5,-10, l-5,-10 l-30,10z').
+23                 styles(:stroke_width=&gt;2, :fill=&gt;'orange', :stroke=&gt;'black')
+24       end
+</pre>
+  <p>Here I create a group by directly calling <code>new</code>
+  instead of calling the <code>g</code> method on a container. The
+  graphic objects within the group are not (yet) contained within
+  the canvas and so will not be drawn when the canvas is drawn. You
+  might think of the foot as not being attached to anything, like
+  this:</p>
+  <p><img src="ex/images/duck9.gif" width="180" height="180" alt=
+  "duck foot" /></p>
+  <h2>Lines 25-26</h2>
+  <pre class="example">
+25       canvas.use(foot).translate(75, 188).rotate(15)
+26       canvas.use(foot).translate(100, 185).rotate(-15)
+</pre>
+  <p>To add the group to the canvas I use the <code>use</code>
+  method. The use method can accept any container or graphic object
+  as an argument. Optionally you can specify an (x,y) coordinate
+  that specifies where to position the objects. In this example,
+  however, I let those arguments default to (0,0) and use
+  <code>translate</code> to position the feet. Here's how the left
+  foot attaches to the duck:</p>
+  <p><img src="ex/images/duck10.gif" width="180" height="180" alt=
+  "duck foot 2" /></p>
+  <p>Of course, the duck is walking, so I have to give the foot a
+  little slant with <code>rotate</code>:</p>
+  <p><img src="ex/images/duck11.gif" width="180" height="180" alt=
+  "duck foot 3" /></p>
+  <p>Attaching the right foot is easy. Call <code>use</code> again
+  but give different arguments to <code>translate</code> and
+  <code>rotate</code>:</p>
+  <p><img src="ex/images/duck12.gif" width="180" height="180" alt=
+  "final duck foot" /></p>
+  <h2>Lines 28-33</h2>
+  <pre class="example">
+28       canvas.text(125, 30) do |title|
+29           title.tspan("duck|").styles(:text_anchor=&gt;'end', :font_size=&gt;20,
+30                                   :font_family=&gt;'Helvetica', :fill=&gt;'black')
+31           title.tspan("type").styles(:font_size=&gt;22,
+32                   :font_family=&gt;'Times', :font_style=&gt;'italic', :fill=&gt;'red')
+33       end
+</pre>
+  <p>All I need now is a title for the picture. Text in RVG is a
+  job for the <code>text</code> method. Like the shape methods,
+  <code>text</code> can be used with any container object.
+  <code>Text</code> itself is a container, except that it can only
+  contain text-related objects. The <code>text</code> method takes
+  2 or 3 arguments, an (x,y) pair and optionally a string. The
+  (x,y) pair define a <em>current text position</em> at which
+  rendering starts. If there is a string argument, it will be
+  rendered starting at the current text position. Rendering text
+  changes the current text position to the end of the text.</p>
+  <p>In the example, text is used as a container. Text objects can
+  contain Tspan objects. Each tspan can specify its own styles. By
+  default each tspan is rendered starting at the current text
+  position.</p>
+  <p>As usual, I can change the appearance of the text with
+  <code>styles</code>. Here I choose a font, a font style (the
+  default is "normal"), its size in points, and the color.</p>
+  <p><img src="ex/images/duck14.gif" width="180" height="180" alt=
+  "duck title" /></p>
+  <h2>Line 34</h2>
+  <pre class="example">
+34       canvas.rect(249,249).styles(:stroke=&gt;'blue', :fill=&gt;'none')
+</pre>
+  <p>I'm almost done. All I need to do it add a blue border. (I'm
+  going to remove the graph paper background because we don't need
+  it any more.)</p>
+  <p><img src="ex/images/duck15.gif" width="180" height="180" alt=
+  "duck with border" /></p>
+  <h2>Line 37</h2>
+  <pre class="example">
+37   rvg.draw.write('duck.gif')
+</pre>
+  <p>The <code>draw</code> method call doesn't occupy a lot of
+  space - just 4 letters - but does a lot of work. The
+  <code>draw</code> method goes through all the graphics objects
+  that I've added to the outermost RVG container and draws them on
+  the background. When the drawing is complete, <code>draw</code>
+  returns the drawing in the form of an RMagick Image object. You
+  can use any Image class methods on the drawing. Here I simply
+  write the image to a GIF file.</p>
+  <h2>Scalable graphics</h2>
+  <p>Are RVG images really scalable? Let's try. Change the RVG.new
+  call to make an image that's 4 times as big. That's 5 inches on a
+  side:</p>
+  <pre class="example">
+ 6   rvg = RVG.new(5.in, 5.in).viewbox(0,0,250,250) do |canvas|
+</pre>
+  <p>Change nothing else. Run the program again and see what you
+  get.</p>
+  <p><img src="ex/images/big-duck.gif" width="360" height="360"
+  alt="big duck" /></p>
+  <p class="spacer">&nbsp;</p>
+  <div class="nav">
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