rjspotter-ramaze 2009.06.29

data/doc/meta/internals.txt

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+This document is a humble attempt to explain the internal workings of Ramaze and
+how the different parts fit into the big picture.
+
+It does not try to describe every little detail, as you will be better off
+reading the actual source instead. But you will at least get an idea of where to
+look.
+
+### Ramaze
+
+Ramaze is a web framework and therefor tries to make it simple to deploy your
+own applications on top of it.
+Let's outline the realms that Ramaze works in as to show what the current
+limitations and features are.
+
+
+#### Life of a request/response cycle
+
+This is a small summary of how a request creates a response in the
+examples/hello.rb and webrick (to keep it simple and short).
+All files referenced here are in lib/ramaze/ unless indicated otherwise.
+We don't explain the startup/shutdown process, only what happens from request to
+the eventual response.
+
+Browser sends request, webrick receives it and hands the ENV over to our rack
+handler (adapter/webrick.rb and adapter/base.rb).
+There it gets converted into a Ramaze::Request (trinity/request.rb) and
+a new blank Ramaze::Response (trinity/response.rb) is created.
+These two objects are then sent to Dispatcher::handle (dispatcher.rb).
+
+This all happens inside a new Thread, which is what Ramaze takes advantage of by
+assigning Thread-variables. You can see this now in
+Dispatcher::setup_environment which sets :request/:session/:response in
+Thread.current.
+
+After that, Dispatcher::dispatch is called with the path from request.path_info
+which in turn takes every class/module set in Dispatcher::FILTER and calls
+::process with the path.
+
+
+##### First, `/favicon.ico` (for most browsers)
+
+The first in FILTER is Dispatcher::File (dispatcher/file.rb) which searches
+Global.public_root and afterwards Global.public_proto for a matching file on
+this path. In our example the file found is a favicon.ico from
+Global.public_proto.
+
+The contents of FILTER have to return a Ramaze::Response, either the (possibly
+modified) original (Response#build helps with that) or a totally new
+one.
+
+In our case, Dispatcher::File uses response#build with an opened filehandler as
+body, '200 OK' as status and the Content-Type set to what Tool::MIME.type_for
+tells it is the correct mimetype for this file.
+
+
+##### Second, `/hello`
+
+We start in the processing of FILTER, since the previous steps are the same for
+every request.
+
+Here we now get only a nil value back from Dispatcher::File since no file in our
+two public directories exists for the given path.
+
+So, this time, Dispatcher::Action is called via ::process and the first thing
+this dispatcher does is trying to set the body of the request to the answer of
+Controller.handle (controller.rb) for the given path.
+
+Controller::handle doesn't do much either, but calls Controller::resolve
+(controller/resolve.rb) for the path.
+
+Here we get now into the guts of Ramaze, despite our efforts it's no easy
+reading since the underlying theory is a bit complex and many edge-cases have to
+be solved.
+
+Let me try to quickly sketch what happens here, maybe we can add a chapter about
+this aspect of Ramaze later.
+
+First we generate a pattern of how the requested path could fit into our
+controller and template structure. `/hello` only has 3 possible outcomes:
+
+Controller on '/', template or method `hello`
+Controller on '/', method `index` with parameter `hello`
+Controller on '/hello', method or template `index`
+
+After matching (in the order we wrote here) these possibilities against your
+application we get only one possibility, MainController on '/' with method
+`index`.
+
+The result is stored into an instance of Action and cached for repeated lookups,
+then passed back into Dispatcher::handle which subsequently calls Action#render
+(action/render.rb) on it.
+
+From here, Thread.current[:action] gets set and #uncached_render is called. This
+calls #before_process which only has effects if you have the AspectHelper
+activated and next on comes engine.transform with self as parameter.
+#engine is a method that figures out which engine this Action has to be rendered
+with, according to things like trait[:engine] in your controller and the
+extension of a template. In this case we have neither and the default engine
+Template::Ezamar (template/ezamar.rb) is used.
+
+So off we go, to Template::Ezamar::transform with the current instance of Action
+as parameter.
+
+::transform first calls ::wrap_compile which is inherited from Template
+(template.rb) and manages caching of compiled templates, calling ::compile with
+the action and template.
+
+The template again is retrieved through two attempts, firstly, we always call
+the method (if specified from Controller::resolve) on the controller, we
+temporarily store its result and replace it if a path for a template is set with
+the contents of the file on this path. The result of this is the final template
+that is ready for compilation.
+
+In the case of Ezamar, we first walk the TRANSFORM_PIPELINE (only
+Ezamar::Element (template/ezamar/element.rb) with ::transform and pass each the
+template for manipulation. In the example we don't have any elements, so we get
+back what we gave and generate a new instance of Ezamar::Template
+(template/ezamar/engine.rb) with the template and a path that indicates eval
+where we currently are supposed to be (templates path or the transformer).
+
+This instance is passed back to Ezamar::transform and we call #result with the
+actions binding (retrieved from earlier instantiation of the controller and
+subsequently eval `binding` inside of it).
+
+Now it's all done, we have got our body for the response which will be sent back
+to our handler as body.
+
+
+#### The Ramaze module
+
+Ramaze is also the main module or so-called namespace that the framework lives
+in. It has 
+
+Tasks on require
+
+* Inform
+  * LogHub.new(Informer)
+* Global
+  * GlobalStruct.new
+
+
+Tasks on startup as defined in Ramaze.trait[:internals] in lib/ramaze.rb
+
+* Global::startup
+  * passed options to Ramaze.start
+  * CLI options from bin/ramaze (treat as passed.merge)
+  * Global options set before startup (fake Global?)
+
+* Cache::startup
+  * adds the following caches via Cache.add:
+    * compiled
+      If Global.compile is set true this cache is used to store the compiled
+      templates.
+
+    * actions
+      Caching compiled actions.
+      
+    * patterns
+      This is used in Controller::resolve to cache the generated patterns for a
+      path.
+
+    * resolved
+      Caching the resolved but not yet compiled actions by their path.
+
+    * shield
+      Caching the generated errors for the path, so on repeated erronous
+      requests no new error-page has to be generated.
+
+* Controller::startup
+  * mapping of all subclassed Controller
+  * validation of mapping
+  * validation of template_root
+
+* Session::startup
+  * adds Cache.sessions if Global.sessions is true
+    This cache is used to store all sessions with their session-id as key.
+
+* SourceReload::startup
+  * start with Global.reload_interval
+  * assign Global.sourcereload
+
+* Adapter::startup
+  * interpret Global.adapter
+  * add every created adapter to Global.adapters
+
+
+Tasks on shutdown
+
+* Adapter::shutdown (iterates Global.adapters)
+* Inform::shutdown (iterates all in LogHub)
+
+
+
+#### Global configuration
+
+Any serious application or framework needs to be configured.
+Yes, I wished there was a silver bullet to serve all your needs as well, but at
+the current stage of programming development there is no such thing.
+So, since we need to configure, we should make it as simple and painless as
+possible, and, thanks to Ruby, it is actually quite enjoyable to do that.
+You can find a very detailed description about Global in the section about
+Configuration, for now just the basics.
+
+The basis of Ramaze::Global, the instance that is holding most part of your
+configuration or at least links to the actual places, is the
+Ramaze::GlobalStruct (ramaze/global.rb), which is a subclass of OpenStruct. If
+you are not yet familiar with OpenStruct, I very much recommend to read its
+documentation and play around a bit, it is basically just a wrapper around a
+normal Hash where you can access the keys instead of ostruct[:foo] with
+ostruct.foo.
+It simply defines a new accessors on assignment by catching things in
+method_missing. I won't go into more details here, I hope you got the principle.
+
+Now, based on this technique, GlobalStruct adds things like defaults and a
+couple of convenience methods like they are common in Ruby, giving you more
+power by tapping to the internal Hash of the GlobalStruct and adding
+update/setup methods so you can assign many key/value pairs at once.
+The RDocs will give you a very good overview of what is available and how one is
+supposed to work with it.
+
+Now back to the big picture.
+
+Ramaze accesses Global all over the place, there have been made several choices
+as to why using something like Global is considered beneficial against choosing
+for example global variables, which would be considered as a fatal choice by
+any respected Rubyist anyway.
+
+Now to something more subtle, which has to do with Global. I speak about traits,
+which is a very different concept in most of its implementations, but it is
+something that basically fits this name. It is configuration of single Objects
+and whole ancestries.
+You can give an object a trait, and most likely will use it along the lines of
+something like MyController.trait(:map => '/'), which would be picked up on
+startup and used to create Global.mapping - where we are at configuration again.
+Choosing this style of configuration complementary to a central place to put all
+your configuration was made very early in the development of Ramaze, and the
+basic code of how traits are implemented and used has proven very efficient both
+in understanding and using them.
+
+There is a basic distinction when to use Global and when to use traits and when
+to generate or assume one based on the other.
+
+If something affects your whole application and is either used directly in the
+Ramaze module or throughout the framework it is considered to be put into Global
+to gain benefits of better documentation and accessibility.
+
+On the other hand - if something is used in a configuring manner by a class that
+is instantiated often (like Controller is for example), or a module that cannot
+hold instance variables in a nice manner and is also not a constant - then it is
+configured using traits.
+
+
+Ramaze
+Global
+Adapter
+Dispatcher
+Controller
+Action
+
+Session
+Helper
+Tool
+
+
+#### The Web
+
+The so called web consists of a plethora of data, most of it is browsable
+through a web browser that just about every toaster has installed these days.
+The browser is the target of a web author, trying to utilize common standards
+like HTML and CSS which are means for data and layout to be combined, giving the
+browser a way to display the data.
+Ramaze works on the URI-scale web, meaning that addresses like
+http://someserver.com/blog/article/1 have a unique representation on your
+server.
+If we stay with this example, we see already everything Ramaze needs to see to
+serve a page based on your instructions.
+We assume that blog/article is a Controller named ArticleController in the blog
+application.

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+<div id="header">
+<h1>The official Ramaze Todo-list tutorial</h1>
+<span id="author">Michael 'manveru' Fellinger</span><br />
+<span id="email"><tt>&lt;<a href="mailto:m.fellinger@gmail.com">m.fellinger@gmail.com</a>&gt;</tt></span><br />
+<span id="revision">version 2.0,</span>
+March 2009
+<div id="toc">
+  <div id="toctitle">Table of Contents</div>
+  <noscript><p><b>JavaScript must be enabled in your browser to display the table of contents.</b></p></noscript>
+</div>
+</div>
+<h2 id="_abstract">Abstract</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph"><p>Welcome to the official tutorial for <a href="http://ramaze.net">Ramaze</a>, the mandatory
+Todo-list.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>I also assume that you have some experience with HTML and some other basics in
+web-development already (you want to learn a web-framework after all).</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>The tutorial assumes a working installation of <a href="http://ruby-lang.org">Ruby</a> and
+<a href="http://rubygems.org/">Rubygems</a>.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>For more information on how to install these please read the introductory
+documentation of Ramaze, this is not in the scope of this tutorial.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>To install Ramaze you can <tt>gem install ramaze</tt>, other ways of installation are
+covered by the <a href="http://wiki.ramaze.net/">Ramaze Wiki</a>.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>Should you encounter any problems while doing this tutorial, this might either
+be because Ramaze changed (which happens very often while it is still young)
+or I actually made some mistake while writing it.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>In either case it would make me (and all other poor fellows who happen to try
+this tutorial) very happy if you could spare some time and report the issue
+either on the <a href="http://github.com/manveru/ramaze/issues">Bug tracker</a> , or just
+drop by on IRC on <tt>irc.freenode.org</tt> in the channel <tt>#ramaze</tt>.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>If you have trouble with some of the terms used in this tutorial you can
+consult the <a href="#glossary">Glossary</a> at the end of this document.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>We are also working on a book that describes Ramaze in more depth, called
+<em>Journey to Ramaze</em>, it is still very much work in progress, but some of the
+contents might interest you.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>The repository for the book is at <a href="http://github.com/manveru/ramaze-book">http://github.com/manveru/ramaze-book</a>. Every
+once in a while, updates for the book will be put in HTML and PDF form at
+<a href="http://book.ramaze.net">http://book.ramaze.net</a>.</p></div>
+</div>
+<h2 id="_first_step_create">First Step, Create</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph"><p>The last version of this tutorial assumed a generator to produce a skeleton in
+which we do the work. This time around we will do everything from scratch to
+give you a better experience of how exactly the pieces fit together.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>You can also skip all the boring learning-by-doing part and play around with
+the source of the todo-list example shipping with Ramaze.</p></div>
+<div class="admonitionblock">
+<table><tr>
+<td class="icon">
+<div class="title">Note</div>
+</td>
+<td class="content">The example and this tutorial differ in some points, it is recommended to
+actually work through the tutorial first and read the example afterwards, it
+takes the basics taught here one step further by utilizing the Model.</td>
+</tr></table>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>You can find the example it in the <tt>examples/app/todolist/</tt> directory of your
+Ramaze distribution.
+To find out where that is located (as this differs widely between systems), you
+can follow these steps in <tt>irb</tt>:</p></div>
+<div class="listingblock">
+<div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 2.11.1
+by Lorenzo Bettini
+http://www.lorenzobettini.it
+http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
+<pre><tt><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000080">require</span></span> <span style="color: #FF0000">'rubygems'</span>
+<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># =&gt; true</span></span>
+<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000080">require</span></span> <span style="color: #FF0000">'ramaze'</span>
+<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># =&gt; true</span></span>
+File<span style="color: #990000">.</span>expand_path<span style="color: #990000">(</span>Ramaze<span style="color: #990000">::</span>BASEDIR <span style="color: #990000">+</span> <span style="color: #FF0000">'/../examples/app/todolist'</span><span style="color: #990000">)</span>
+<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># =&gt; "/home/manveru/c/ramaze/examples/app/todolist"</span></span></tt></pre></div></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>To start things off, we will create a basic directory structure looking like this:</p></div>
+<div class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre><tt>.
+|-- controller
+|-- layout
+|-- model
+|-- public
+|   |-- css
+`-- view</tt></pre>
+</div></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>Doing that is quite simple: <tt>mkdir -p controller layout model public/css view</tt></p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>Alright, done? Let&#8217;s go to the next step.</p></div>
+</div>
+<h2 id="_second_step_hello_world">Second Step. Hello, World!</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph"><p>To make sure Ramaze is installed, and working correctly we will follow an old
+tradition, we create a file at the root of your application directory called
+<em>start.rb</em> with following content:</p></div>
+<div class="listingblock">
+<div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 2.11.1
+by Lorenzo Bettini
+http://www.lorenzobettini.it
+http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
+<pre><tt><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000080">require</span></span> <span style="color: #FF0000">'rubygems'</span>
+<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000080">require</span></span> <span style="color: #FF0000">'ramaze'</span>
+
+<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">class</span></span> MainController <span style="color: #990000">&lt;</span> Ramaze<span style="color: #990000">::</span>Controller
+  <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">def</span></span> index
+    <span style="color: #FF0000">"Hello, World!"</span>
+  <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span>
+<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span>
+
+Ramaze<span style="color: #990000">.</span>start</tt></pre></div></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>Now we run it:</p></div>
+<div class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre><tt>delta ~/tmp/tutorial % ruby start.rb
+D [2009-03-30 14:15:01 $2124] DEBUG | : Using webrick
+I [2009-03-30 14:15:01 $2124]  INFO | : WEBrick 1.3.1
+I [2009-03-30 14:15:01 $2124]  INFO | : ruby 1.9.2 (2009-03-02) [i686-linux]
+D [2009-03-30 14:15:01 $2124] DEBUG | : TCPServer.new(0.0.0.0, 7000)
+D [2009-03-30 14:15:01 $2124] DEBUG | : Rack::Handler::WEBrick is mounted on /.
+I [2009-03-30 14:15:01 $2124]  INFO | : WEBrick::HTTPServer#start: pid=2124 port=7000</tt></pre>
+</div></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>The logging output tells us that a server was started, listening to all
+connections at port 7000. If you open your browser and go to
+<a href="http://localhost:7000/">http://localhost:7000/</a> you should be able to see <em>Hello, World!</em>.</p></div>
+</div>
+<h2 id="_third_step_m_like_model">Third Step. M, like Model</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph"><p>Model is a term from the MVC paradigm, meaning the representation of data
+within your application.
+Ramaze doesn&#8217;t promote a particular way for this part of your application, and
+how you are supposed to integrate it. Since there are quite a number of ways to
+represent data and none is clearly superior to another, this would be both
+futile and short-sighted.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>For the purpose of this tutorial we will use a lightweight database access
+toolkit for Ruby called <a href="http://sequel.rubyforge.org/">Sequel</a>.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>Sequel is designed to take the hassle away from connecting to databases and
+manipulating them. Sequel deals with all the boring stuff like maintaining
+connections, formatting SQL correctly and fetching records so you can
+concentrate on your application.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>Being familiar with it is not a requirement for this tutorial, but will help
+you tremendously when it comes to writing your own applications.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>Installing Sequel is as simple as installing Ramaze: <tt>gem install sequel</tt>.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>In this tutorial we are going to use the light-weight
+<a href="http://www.sqlite.org/">sqlite</a> database.
+This requires the <a href="http://rubyforge.org/projects/sqlite-ruby">sqlite-ruby</a>
+bindings.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>You can try to <tt>gem install sqlite</tt>, which will complain if your system doesn&#8217;t
+provide bindings, in which case I have to refer you to <a href="http://sqlite.org">http://sqlite.org</a>.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>In order to use Sequel we also need a database connection.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>So we create a new file at <em>model/init.rb</em> with following content:</p></div>
+<div class="listingblock">
+<div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 2.11.1
+by Lorenzo Bettini
+http://www.lorenzobettini.it
+http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
+<pre><tt><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000080">require</span></span> <span style="color: #FF0000">'sequel'</span>
+
+Sequel<span style="color: #990000">::</span>Model<span style="color: #990000">.</span>plugin<span style="color: #990000">(:</span>schema<span style="color: #990000">)</span>
+
+DB <span style="color: #990000">=</span> Sequel<span style="color: #990000">.</span>sqlite<span style="color: #990000">(</span><span style="color: #FF0000">'todolist.db'</span><span style="color: #990000">)</span></tt></pre></div></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>The <tt>:schema</tt> plugin is required since Sequel 3.0, if you run a version prior
+to 2.12 you may remove this line if it gives you any problems.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>Next we edit <em>start.rb</em>, remove the <tt>Hello</tt> class, and add a require for the
+file, <em>start.rb</em> should look like this now:</p></div>
+<div class="listingblock">
+<div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 2.11.1
+by Lorenzo Bettini
+http://www.lorenzobettini.it
+http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
+<pre><tt><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000080">require</span></span> <span style="color: #FF0000">'rubygems'</span>
+<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000080">require</span></span> <span style="color: #FF0000">'ramaze'</span>
+
+<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000080">require</span></span> <span style="color: #FF0000">'model/init'</span>
+
+Ramaze<span style="color: #990000">.</span>start</tt></pre></div></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>This should hook us up with a database, but anyone familiar with SQL will now
+ask how we are going to create our schema.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>So our next step is to create the actual model for our data, for this we create another file at <em>model/task.rb</em>:</p></div>
+<div class="listingblock">
+<div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 2.11.1
+by Lorenzo Bettini
+http://www.lorenzobettini.it
+http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
+<pre><tt><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">class</span></span> Task <span style="color: #990000">&lt;</span> Sequel<span style="color: #990000">::</span>Model
+  set_schema <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">do</span></span>
+    primary_key <span style="color: #990000">:</span>id
+
+    varchar <span style="color: #990000">:</span>title<span style="color: #990000">,</span> <span style="color: #990000">:</span>unique <span style="color: #990000">=&gt;</span> <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">true</span></span><span style="color: #990000">,</span> <span style="color: #990000">:</span>empty <span style="color: #990000">=&gt;</span> <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">false</span></span>
+    boolean <span style="color: #990000">:</span>done<span style="color: #990000">,</span> <span style="color: #990000">:</span>default <span style="color: #990000">=&gt;</span> <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">false</span></span>
+  <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span>
+
+  create_table <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">unless</span></span> table_exists?
+
+  <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">if</span></span> empty?
+    create <span style="color: #990000">:</span>title <span style="color: #990000">=&gt;</span> <span style="color: #FF0000">'Laundry'</span>
+    create <span style="color: #990000">:</span>title <span style="color: #990000">=&gt;</span> <span style="color: #FF0000">'Wash dishes'</span>
+  <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span>
+<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span></tt></pre></div></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>For this tutorial we will not bother with migrations, although Sequel does have
+very good support for them as well, but seriously, this is a really simple
+schema that probably won&#8217;t change much over the next few years.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>Finally, add a line to your <em>model/init.rb</em> that requires <em>model/task.rb</em>:</p></div>
+<div class="listingblock">
+<div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 2.11.1
+by Lorenzo Bettini
+http://www.lorenzobettini.it
+http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
+<pre><tt><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000080">require</span></span> <span style="color: #FF0000">'sequel'</span>
+
+Sequel<span style="color: #990000">::</span>Model<span style="color: #990000">.</span>plugin<span style="color: #990000">(:</span>schema<span style="color: #990000">)</span>
+
+DB <span style="color: #990000">=</span> Sequel<span style="color: #990000">.</span>sqlite<span style="color: #990000">(</span><span style="color: #FF0000">'todolist.db'</span><span style="color: #990000">)</span>
+
+<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000080">require</span></span> <span style="color: #FF0000">'model/task'</span></tt></pre></div></div>
+</div>
+<h2 id="_fourth_step_v_like_view">Fourth Step, V, like View</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph"><p>To see anything of the data in your Model we will have to add the second
+element in MVC, the View.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>We are going to use the templating engine shipping with Ramaze, called Etanni.
+It has a very simple syntax compatible with SGML and XML documents.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>When handling a request to <em>/</em>, Ramaze will automatically try to find an Action
+called <em>index</em>. Don&#8217;t bother too much about what Action means just yet, we will
+explain that in more detail later when we come to layouts.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>To start we put some contents into <em>view/index.xhtml</em> (xhtml is the default
+filename-extension for Etanni templates)</p></div>
+<div class="listingblock">
+<div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 2.11.1
+by Lorenzo Bettini
+http://www.lorenzobettini.it
+http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
+<pre><tt><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000080">&lt;!DOCTYPE</span></span> <span style="color: #009900">html</span> <span style="color: #009900">PUBLIC</span> <span style="color: #FF0000">"-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN"</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000080">&gt;</span></span>
+<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;html&gt;</span></span>
+  <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;head&gt;</span></span>
+    <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;title&gt;</span></span>TodoList<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;/title&gt;</span></span>
+    <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;meta</span></span> <span style="color: #009900">http-equiv</span><span style="color: #990000">=</span><span style="color: #FF0000">"content-type"</span> <span style="color: #009900">content</span><span style="color: #990000">=</span><span style="color: #FF0000">"text/html; charset=UTF-8"</span> <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">/&gt;</span></span>
+  <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;/head&gt;</span></span>
+  <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;body&gt;</span></span>
+    <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;h1&gt;</span></span>TodoList<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;/h1&gt;</span></span>
+    <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;ul&gt;</span></span>
+      &lt;?r Task.each do |task| ?&gt;
+        <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;li&gt;</span></span>#{ h(task.title) }: #{ task.done }<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;/li&gt;</span></span>
+      &lt;?r end ?&gt;
+    <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;/ul&gt;</span></span>
+  <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;/body&gt;</span></span>
+<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;/html&gt;</span></span></tt></pre></div></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>The <em>&lt;?r ?&gt;</em> and <em>#{ }</em> elements enclose ruby code that will be executed when
+the template is being rendered (on every request to <em>index</em>).
+Code within <em>&lt;?r ?&gt;</em> is only executed and will not show up in the resulting
+document, while code within <em>#{ }</em> will be interpolated.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>In this template we iterate over all the data stored in the Task model,
+yielding a list of task titles and the respective status of the task.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>That wasn&#8217;t too hard, right?</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>Now, so we can get our instant pleasure of seeing the result of our (hard)
+work, let&#8217;s see how this looks like in a browser, start your application like above with <tt>ruby start.rb</tt> and open <a href="http://localhost:7000/">http://localhost:7000/</a>.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>The template expanded to something like (only showing the interesting part):</p></div>
+<div class="listingblock">
+<div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 2.11.1
+by Lorenzo Bettini
+http://www.lorenzobettini.it
+http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
+<pre><tt><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;ul&gt;</span></span>
+  <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;li&gt;</span></span>Laundry: false<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;/li&gt;</span></span>
+  <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;li&gt;</span></span>Wash dishes: false<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;/li&gt;</span></span>
+<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;/ul&gt;</span></span></tt></pre></div></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>That wasn&#8217;t too bad, huh?</p></div>
+</div>
+<h2 id="_fifth_step_c_like_controller">Fifth Step, C, like Controller</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph"><p>The last part of the MVC paradigm is the Controller. As the name indicates it
+gives you control over the interaction between Model and View.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>Wouldn&#8217;t it be nice to have a way to add and remove items on our to-do list?
+Editing the model every time would be quite tiresome and problematic to do
+remotely.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>Well, come along, I&#8217;ll give you a short intro to the concept of controllers.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>In the way MVC is structured, the Controller provides the data in a nice way
+for the View, removing all of the data-preparation and most of the logic from
+the templates. This makes it firstly simple to change the front end of your
+application and secondly provides excellent ways of changing the complete
+Structure of the Model or View independent from each other.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>OK, enough of the theory, you will see the benefits in an instant, first of all
+we will implement marking a task as done.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>Go on and create the file <em>controller/task.rb</em> with following contents:</p></div>
+<div class="listingblock">
+<div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 2.11.1
+by Lorenzo Bettini
+http://www.lorenzobettini.it
+http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
+<pre><tt><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">class</span></span> Tasks <span style="color: #990000">&lt;</span> Ramaze<span style="color: #990000">::</span>Controller
+  map <span style="color: #FF0000">'/'</span>
+
+  <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">def</span></span> close<span style="color: #990000">(</span>title<span style="color: #990000">)</span>
+    task <span style="color: #990000">=</span> Task<span style="color: #990000">[:</span>title <span style="color: #990000">=&gt;</span> title<span style="color: #990000">]</span>
+    task<span style="color: #990000">.</span>done <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">true</span></span>
+    task<span style="color: #990000">.</span>save
+
+    redirect_referrer
+  <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span>
+<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span></tt></pre></div></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>That does following:</p></div>
+<div class="ulist"><ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Define a <tt>Tasks</tt> class as a subclass of <tt>Ramaze::Controller</tt>.
+</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>
+Tell Ramaze that a request to <em>/</em> goes to this Controller.
+</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>
+Define a <tt>#close</tt> method that requires a <tt>title</tt> argument.
+</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>
+Query for a task that has the given title.
+</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>
+Set the status of the task to done and store the change to the database.
+</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>
+Redirect the client to where it came from.
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>And we add a require to <em>controller/task.rb</em> to our <em>start.rb</em>:</p></div>
+<div class="listingblock">
+<div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 2.11.1
+by Lorenzo Bettini
+http://www.lorenzobettini.it
+http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
+<pre><tt><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000080">require</span></span> <span style="color: #FF0000">'rubygems'</span>
+<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000080">require</span></span> <span style="color: #FF0000">'ramaze'</span>
+
+<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000080">require</span></span> <span style="color: #FF0000">'model/init'</span>
+<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000080">require</span></span> <span style="color: #FF0000">'controller/task'</span>
+
+Ramaze<span style="color: #990000">.</span>start</tt></pre></div></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>Next we will have to modify the <em>view/index.xhtml</em> to contain a link that will
+change the status of a task:</p></div>
+<div class="listingblock">
+<div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 2.11.1
+by Lorenzo Bettini
+http://www.lorenzobettini.it
+http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
+<pre><tt><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;ul&gt;</span></span>
+  &lt;?r Task.each do |task| ?&gt;
+    <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;li&gt;</span></span>
+      #{ h(task.title) }: #{ task.done },
+      (#{ anchor('close', 'close', task.title) })
+    <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;/li&gt;</span></span>
+  &lt;?r end ?&gt;
+<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;/ul&gt;</span></span></tt></pre></div></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>Now we have an additional link next to each task that allows us to set it to
+done.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>An even shorter way of writing that line using default aliases, that you will
+encounter in other applications, is:</p></div>
+<div class="listingblock">
+<div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 2.11.1
+by Lorenzo Bettini
+http://www.lorenzobettini.it
+http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
+<pre><tt>a<span style="color: #990000">(</span><span style="color: #FF0000">'close'</span><span style="color: #990000">,</span> <span style="color: #FF0000">'close'</span><span style="color: #990000">,</span> task<span style="color: #990000">.</span>title<span style="color: #990000">)</span></tt></pre></div></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>But for the purpose of this tutorial we&#8217;ll try to be as explicit as possible.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>Now that&#8217;s a lot of things at once, but I&#8217;m sure you will be able to keep up,
+the hardest part is behind us.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>Don&#8217;t forget to try the new functionality in your browser, wash your dishes and
+do your laundry and come back for the next episode.</p></div>
+</div>
+<h2 id="_sixth_step_clean_rinse_repeat">Sixth Step, Clean, Rinse, Repeat</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph"><p>Now that you have closed (and hopefully done) all of your chores, it&#8217;s time to
+open them again, so you won&#8217;t be without work tomorrow.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>Let&#8217;s add a method to our Controller that will let us open a closed task:</p></div>
+<div class="listingblock">
+<div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 2.11.1
+by Lorenzo Bettini
+http://www.lorenzobettini.it
+http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
+<pre><tt><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">class</span></span> Tasks <span style="color: #990000">&lt;</span> Ramaze<span style="color: #990000">::</span>Controller
+  map <span style="color: #FF0000">'/'</span>
+
+  <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">def</span></span> close<span style="color: #990000">(</span>title<span style="color: #990000">)</span>
+    task <span style="color: #990000">=</span> Task<span style="color: #990000">[:</span>title <span style="color: #990000">=&gt;</span> title<span style="color: #990000">]</span>
+    task<span style="color: #990000">.</span>done <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">true</span></span>
+    task<span style="color: #990000">.</span>save
+
+    redirect_referrer
+  <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span>
+
+  <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">def</span></span> open<span style="color: #990000">(</span>title<span style="color: #990000">)</span>
+    task <span style="color: #990000">=</span> Task<span style="color: #990000">[:</span>title <span style="color: #990000">=&gt;</span> title<span style="color: #990000">]</span>
+    task<span style="color: #990000">.</span>done <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">false</span></span>
+    task<span style="color: #990000">.</span>save
+
+    redirect_referrer
+  <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span>
+<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span></tt></pre></div></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>And add a link to that action:</p></div>
+<div class="listingblock">
+<div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 2.11.1
+by Lorenzo Bettini
+http://www.lorenzobettini.it
+http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
+<pre><tt><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;ul&gt;</span></span>
+  &lt;?r Task.each do |task| ?&gt;
+    <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;li&gt;</span></span>
+      #{ h(task.title) }: #{ task.done },
+      (#{ anchor('close', 'close', task.title) })
+      (#{ anchor('open', 'open', task.title) })
+    <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;/li&gt;</span></span>
+  &lt;?r end ?&gt;
+<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;/ul&gt;</span></span></tt></pre></div></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>OK, nothing new here, move along.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>Oh, wait!</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>Rumor has it that some mad Japanese scientist got screwed by his company (they
+produce dishwashers), so he filed a patent for the ultimate dish washing robot
+that will take care of that for you.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>Time to get rid of that task once and for all. No more dish washing yay!</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>A little modification to Controller, using destructive force.</p></div>
+<div class="listingblock">
+<div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 2.11.1
+by Lorenzo Bettini
+http://www.lorenzobettini.it
+http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
+<pre><tt><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">class</span></span> Tasks <span style="color: #990000">&lt;</span> Ramaze<span style="color: #990000">::</span>Controller
+  map <span style="color: #FF0000">'/'</span>
+
+  <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">def</span></span> close<span style="color: #990000">(</span>title<span style="color: #990000">)</span>
+    task <span style="color: #990000">=</span> Task<span style="color: #990000">[:</span>title <span style="color: #990000">=&gt;</span> title<span style="color: #990000">]</span>
+    task<span style="color: #990000">.</span>done <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">true</span></span>
+    task<span style="color: #990000">.</span>save
+
+    redirect_referrer
+  <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span>
+
+  <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">def</span></span> open<span style="color: #990000">(</span>title<span style="color: #990000">)</span>
+    task <span style="color: #990000">=</span> Task<span style="color: #990000">[:</span>title <span style="color: #990000">=&gt;</span> title<span style="color: #990000">]</span>
+    task<span style="color: #990000">.</span>done <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">false</span></span>
+    task<span style="color: #990000">.</span>save
+
+    redirect_referrer
+  <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span>
+
+  <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">def</span></span> delete<span style="color: #990000">(</span>title<span style="color: #990000">)</span>
+    task <span style="color: #990000">=</span> Task<span style="color: #990000">[:</span>title <span style="color: #990000">=&gt;</span> title<span style="color: #990000">]</span>
+    task<span style="color: #990000">.</span>destroy
+
+    redirect_referrer
+  <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span>
+<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span></tt></pre></div></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>And a link to the <tt>delete</tt> action.</p></div>
+<div class="listingblock">
+<div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 2.11.1
+by Lorenzo Bettini
+http://www.lorenzobettini.it
+http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
+<pre><tt><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;ul&gt;</span></span>
+  &lt;?r Task.each do |task| ?&gt;
+    <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;li&gt;</span></span>
+      #{ h(task.title) }: #{ task.done },
+      (#{ anchor('close', 'close', task.title)})
+      (#{ anchor('open', 'open', task.title)})
+      (#{ anchor('delete', 'delete', task.title)})
+    <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;/li&gt;</span></span>
+  &lt;?r end ?&gt;
+<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;/ul&gt;</span></span></tt></pre></div></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>And dish-washing begone!</p></div>
+</div>
+<h2 id="_seventh_step_more_tasks">Seventh Step, More Tasks</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph"><p>Sure, it would be nice if life was so simple and you only have to do your
+laundry, but that would mean a premature end for this tutorial and an obstacle
+for GTD evangelists (not that they couldn&#8217;t overcome it).</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>So now you got a smart new robot that washes your dishes, but unfortunately it
+wasn&#8217;t programmed to recharge once in a while and buy soap, no biggie, we can
+do that with little effort, but since reddit takes up all your time you keep
+forgetting about it.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>No problem, I say, adding following code to our <em>view/index.xhtml</em> will give us
+a nice little form that we can fill out in the few seconds between proving
+people on the internet wrong.</p></div>
+<div class="listingblock">
+<div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 2.11.1
+by Lorenzo Bettini
+http://www.lorenzobettini.it
+http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
+<pre><tt><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;form</span></span> <span style="color: #009900">method</span><span style="color: #990000">=</span><span style="color: #FF0000">"post"</span> <span style="color: #009900">action</span><span style="color: #990000">=</span><span style="color: #FF0000">"#{ route('create') }"</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&gt;</span></span>
+  <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;fieldset&gt;</span></span>
+    <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;legend&gt;</span></span>Add a task by entering a title.<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;/legend&gt;</span></span>
+    <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;label</span></span> <span style="color: #009900">for</span><span style="color: #990000">=</span><span style="color: #FF0000">"form-title"</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&gt;</span></span>Task title:<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;/label&gt;</span></span>
+    <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;input</span></span> <span style="color: #009900">id</span><span style="color: #990000">=</span><span style="color: #FF0000">"form-title"</span> <span style="color: #009900">name</span><span style="color: #990000">=</span><span style="color: #FF0000">"title"</span> <span style="color: #009900">type</span><span style="color: #990000">=</span><span style="color: #FF0000">"text"</span> <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">/&gt;</span></span>
+    <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;input</span></span> <span style="color: #009900">type</span><span style="color: #990000">=</span><span style="color: #FF0000">"submit"</span> <span style="color: #009900">value</span><span style="color: #990000">=</span><span style="color: #FF0000">"Create"</span> <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">/&gt;</span></span>
+  <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;/fieldset&gt;</span></span>
+<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;/form&gt;</span></span></tt></pre></div></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>Unfortunately, you see, this references the <tt>create</tt> action, and we have none
+yet. Trying to create a task will result in an error.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>So what we have to do is adding one more method to our Controller that will
+take care of actually creating the Task.</p></div>
+<div class="listingblock">
+<div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 2.11.1
+by Lorenzo Bettini
+http://www.lorenzobettini.it
+http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
+<pre><tt><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">def</span></span> create
+  <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">if</span></span> request<span style="color: #990000">.</span>post? <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">and</span></span> title <span style="color: #990000">=</span> request<span style="color: #990000">[:</span>title<span style="color: #990000">]</span>
+    title<span style="color: #990000">.</span>strip!
+
+    <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">unless</span></span> title<span style="color: #990000">.</span>empty?
+      Task<span style="color: #990000">.</span>create <span style="color: #990000">:</span>title <span style="color: #990000">=&gt;</span> title
+    <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span>
+  <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span>
+
+  redirect route<span style="color: #990000">(</span><span style="color: #FF0000">'/'</span><span style="color: #990000">)</span>
+<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span></tt></pre></div></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>What is going on here?</p></div>
+<div class="ulist"><ul>
+<li>
+<p>
+Check whether the request was using the HTTP POST method and actually sent a
+  title with it.
+</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>
+Strip all whitespace from beginning and end of the title.
+</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>
+If the title still has something in it we go on and create a task with that
+  title.
+</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>
+Redirect back to the <tt>index</tt>
+</p>
+</li>
+</ul></div>
+</div>
+<h2 id="_eighth_step_eep_exceptions">Eighth Step, Eep, Exceptions!</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph"><p>So far, so good, but remember, when we defined the schema for <tt>Task</tt> we said we
+really want to have unique titles.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>So once you created the task <em>recharge DishBot9000</em> and try to create another
+one with the same title, you will get a nice error:</p></div>
+<div class="literalblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre><tt>Sequel::DatabaseError: SQLite3::SQLException column title is not unique</tt></pre>
+</div></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>OK, programmers ignore warnings and hide errors, let&#8217;s rescue the exception and
+just act as if nothing has happened.</p></div>
+<div class="listingblock">
+<div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 2.11.1
+by Lorenzo Bettini
+http://www.lorenzobettini.it
+http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
+<pre><tt><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">class</span></span> Tasks <span style="color: #990000">&lt;</span> Ramaze<span style="color: #990000">::</span>Controller
+  map <span style="color: #FF0000">'/'</span>
+
+  <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">def</span></span> create
+    <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">if</span></span> request<span style="color: #990000">.</span>post? <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">and</span></span> title <span style="color: #990000">=</span> request<span style="color: #990000">[:</span>title<span style="color: #990000">]</span>
+      title<span style="color: #990000">.</span>strip!
+
+      <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">unless</span></span> title<span style="color: #990000">.</span>empty?
+        Task<span style="color: #990000">.</span>create <span style="color: #990000">:</span>title <span style="color: #990000">=&gt;</span> title
+      <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span>
+    <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span>
+
+    redirect route<span style="color: #990000">(</span><span style="color: #FF0000">'/'</span><span style="color: #990000">)</span>
+  <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">rescue</span></span> Sequel<span style="color: #990000">::</span>DatabaseError
+    redirect route<span style="color: #990000">(</span><span style="color: #FF0000">'/'</span><span style="color: #990000">)</span>
+  <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span>
+
+  <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">def</span></span> close<span style="color: #990000">(</span>title<span style="color: #990000">)</span>
+    <span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># ...</span></span></tt></pre></div></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>Easy as pie, we can try to create as many identical tasks as we want, all we
+get is the same old set.</p></div>
+</div>
+<h2 id="_ninth_step_curing_your_rsi">Ninth Step, Curing your RSI</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph"><p>Something you might notice is that every time you hit the submit button and you are redirected to <tt>index</tt>, the title you just input is gone.
+What a waste of our honest effort to create a duplicate task, we all know if we
+try often enough it will eventually have to work, so let&#8217;s save us some typing.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>In our <em>view/index.xhtml</em> we modify the form input to have a default value:</p></div>
+<div class="listingblock">
+<div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 2.11.1
+by Lorenzo Bettini
+http://www.lorenzobettini.it
+http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
+<pre><tt><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;form</span></span> <span style="color: #009900">method</span><span style="color: #990000">=</span><span style="color: #FF0000">"post"</span> <span style="color: #009900">action</span><span style="color: #990000">=</span><span style="color: #FF0000">"#{ route('create') }"</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&gt;</span></span>
+  <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;fieldset&gt;</span></span>
+    <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;legend&gt;</span></span>Add a task by entering a title.<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;/legend&gt;</span></span>
+    <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;label</span></span> <span style="color: #009900">for</span><span style="color: #990000">=</span><span style="color: #FF0000">"form-title"</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&gt;</span></span>Task title:<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;/label&gt;</span></span>
+    <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;input</span></span> <span style="color: #009900">id</span><span style="color: #990000">=</span><span style="color: #FF0000">"form-title"</span> <span style="color: #009900">name</span><span style="color: #990000">=</span><span style="color: #FF0000">"title"</span> <span style="color: #009900">type</span><span style="color: #990000">=</span><span style="color: #FF0000">"text"</span> <span style="color: #009900">value</span><span style="color: #990000">=</span><span style="color: #FF0000">"#{ @title }"</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">/&gt;</span></span>
+    <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;input</span></span> <span style="color: #009900">type</span><span style="color: #990000">=</span><span style="color: #FF0000">"submit"</span> <span style="color: #009900">value</span><span style="color: #990000">=</span><span style="color: #FF0000">"Create"</span> <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">/&gt;</span></span>
+  <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;/fieldset&gt;</span></span>
+<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;/form&gt;</span></span></tt></pre></div></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>The <tt>@title</tt> is an instance-variable, those are shared between the Controller
+and View.
+We didn&#8217;t set any such variable in the Controller yet, so do it now:</p></div>
+<div class="listingblock">
+<div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 2.11.1
+by Lorenzo Bettini
+http://www.lorenzobettini.it
+http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
+<pre><tt><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">class</span></span> Tasks <span style="color: #990000">&lt;</span> Ramaze<span style="color: #990000">::</span>Controller
+  map <span style="color: #FF0000">'/'</span>
+
+  <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">def</span></span> index
+    <span style="color: #009900">@title</span> <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #FF0000">'recharge DishBot9000'</span>
+  <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span>
+
+  <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">def</span></span> create
+    <span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># ...</span></span></tt></pre></div></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>Yes, that wasn&#8217;t too bad, but is there a way to change the value of the
+<tt>@title</tt> without editing the source all the time?</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>Turns out we have to revisit the <tt>create</tt> method to give us a hint in form of a
+GET parameter and change <tt>index</tt> to pick it up.</p></div>
+<div class="listingblock">
+<div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 2.11.1
+by Lorenzo Bettini
+http://www.lorenzobettini.it
+http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
+<pre><tt>  <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">def</span></span> index
+    <span style="color: #009900">@title</span> <span style="color: #990000">=</span> request<span style="color: #990000">[:</span>title<span style="color: #990000">]</span>
+  <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span>
+
+  <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">def</span></span> create
+    <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">if</span></span> request<span style="color: #990000">.</span>post? <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">and</span></span> title <span style="color: #990000">=</span> request<span style="color: #990000">[:</span>title<span style="color: #990000">]</span>
+      title<span style="color: #990000">.</span>strip!
+
+      <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">unless</span></span> title<span style="color: #990000">.</span>empty?
+        Task<span style="color: #990000">.</span>create <span style="color: #990000">:</span>title <span style="color: #990000">=&gt;</span> title
+      <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span>
+    <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span>
+
+    redirect route<span style="color: #990000">(</span><span style="color: #FF0000">'/'</span><span style="color: #990000">,</span> <span style="color: #990000">:</span>title <span style="color: #990000">=&gt;</span> title<span style="color: #990000">)</span>
+  <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">rescue</span></span> Sequel<span style="color: #990000">::</span>DatabaseError
+    redirect route<span style="color: #990000">(</span><span style="color: #FF0000">'/'</span><span style="color: #990000">,</span> <span style="color: #990000">:</span>title <span style="color: #990000">=&gt;</span> title<span style="color: #990000">)</span>
+  <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span></tt></pre></div></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>And that&#8217;s it.
+Endless hours of fun hitting the submit button lie before us!</p></div>
+</div>
+<h2 id="_tenth_step_laying_out_a_different_view_of_things">Tenth Step, Laying out a different View of things</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph"><p>We have one template, it&#8217;s a nice one, but unfortunately we&#8217;ve got ourselves
+into quite a mess here after creating hundreds of tasks.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>Our way out of this is to provide some visual feedback&#8201;&#8212;&#8201;when a task is done,
+it&#8217;s gone.
+Not forever, but at least it will not show up anymore on the <tt>index</tt> action.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>So we filter out all tasks that haven&#8217;t been done yet in the
+<em>view/index.xhtml</em>:</p></div>
+<div class="listingblock">
+<div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 2.11.1
+by Lorenzo Bettini
+http://www.lorenzobettini.it
+http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
+<pre><tt><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;ul&gt;</span></span>
+  &lt;?r Task.filter(:done =&gt; false).each do |task| ?&gt;
+    <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;li&gt;</span></span>
+      # ...</tt></pre></div></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>So off we go and add a new template at <em>view/done.xhtml</em>.</p></div>
+<div class="listingblock">
+<div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 2.11.1
+by Lorenzo Bettini
+http://www.lorenzobettini.it
+http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
+<pre><tt><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000080">&lt;!DOCTYPE</span></span> <span style="color: #009900">html</span> <span style="color: #009900">PUBLIC</span> <span style="color: #FF0000">"-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN"</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000080">&gt;</span></span>
+<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;html&gt;</span></span>
+  <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;head&gt;</span></span>
+    <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;title&gt;</span></span>TodoList<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;/title&gt;</span></span>
+    <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;meta</span></span> <span style="color: #009900">http-equiv</span><span style="color: #990000">=</span><span style="color: #FF0000">"content-type"</span> <span style="color: #009900">content</span><span style="color: #990000">=</span><span style="color: #FF0000">"text/html; charset=UTF-8"</span> <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">/&gt;</span></span>
+  <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;/head&gt;</span></span>
+  <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;body&gt;</span></span>
+    <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;h1&gt;</span></span>TodoList<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;/h1&gt;</span></span>
+
+    <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;form</span></span> <span style="color: #009900">method</span><span style="color: #990000">=</span><span style="color: #FF0000">"post"</span> <span style="color: #009900">action</span><span style="color: #990000">=</span><span style="color: #FF0000">"#{ route('create') }"</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&gt;</span></span>
+      <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;fieldset&gt;</span></span>
+        <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;legend&gt;</span></span>Add a task by entering a title.<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;/legend&gt;</span></span>
+        <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;label</span></span> <span style="color: #009900">for</span><span style="color: #990000">=</span><span style="color: #FF0000">"form-title"</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&gt;</span></span>Task title:<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;/label&gt;</span></span>
+        <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;input</span></span> <span style="color: #009900">id</span><span style="color: #990000">=</span><span style="color: #FF0000">"form-title"</span> <span style="color: #009900">name</span><span style="color: #990000">=</span><span style="color: #FF0000">"title"</span> <span style="color: #009900">type</span><span style="color: #990000">=</span><span style="color: #FF0000">"text"</span> <span style="color: #009900">value</span><span style="color: #990000">=</span><span style="color: #FF0000">"#{ @title }"</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">/&gt;</span></span>
+        <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;input</span></span> <span style="color: #009900">type</span><span style="color: #990000">=</span><span style="color: #FF0000">"submit"</span> <span style="color: #009900">value</span><span style="color: #990000">=</span><span style="color: #FF0000">"Create"</span> <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">/&gt;</span></span>
+      <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;/fieldset&gt;</span></span>
+    <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;/form&gt;</span></span>
+
+    <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;h2&gt;</span></span>Tasks done<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;/h2&gt;</span></span>
+
+    <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;ul&gt;</span></span>
+      &lt;?r Task.filter(:done =&gt; true).each do |task| ?&gt;
+        <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;li&gt;</span></span>
+          #{ h(task.title) }: #{ task.done },
+          (#{ anchor('open', 'open', task.title) })
+          (#{ anchor('delete', 'delete', task.title) })
+        <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;/li&gt;</span></span>
+      &lt;?r end ?&gt;
+    <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;/ul&gt;</span></span>
+  <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;/body&gt;</span></span>
+<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;/html&gt;</span></span></tt></pre></div></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>Having a déjà vu?</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>Yes, me too, must be an error in the matrix.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>If we want one thing from a web-framework, it&#8217;s to spare us writing repetitive
+code like this (I hope you did copy&amp;paste).</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>What we actually wanted to do is <em>sharing</em> the boilerplate around our listing
+of tasks, that&#8217;s what we call <em>layout</em>.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>Every action can have a layout associated with it, remember that empty <em>layout</em>
+directory in your application? That&#8217;s exactly where we will put it.</p></div>
+<div class="listingblock">
+<div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 2.11.1
+by Lorenzo Bettini
+http://www.lorenzobettini.it
+http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
+<pre><tt><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000080">&lt;!DOCTYPE</span></span> <span style="color: #009900">html</span> <span style="color: #009900">PUBLIC</span> <span style="color: #FF0000">"-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN"</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000080">&gt;</span></span>
+<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;html&gt;</span></span>
+  <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;head&gt;</span></span>
+    <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;title&gt;</span></span>TodoList<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;/title&gt;</span></span>
+    <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;meta</span></span> <span style="color: #009900">http-equiv</span><span style="color: #990000">=</span><span style="color: #FF0000">"content-type"</span> <span style="color: #009900">content</span><span style="color: #990000">=</span><span style="color: #FF0000">"text/html; charset=UTF-8"</span> <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">/&gt;</span></span>
+  <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;/head&gt;</span></span>
+  <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;body&gt;</span></span>
+    <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;h1&gt;</span></span>TodoList<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;/h1&gt;</span></span>
+    <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;form</span></span> <span style="color: #009900">method</span><span style="color: #990000">=</span><span style="color: #FF0000">"post"</span> <span style="color: #009900">action</span><span style="color: #990000">=</span><span style="color: #FF0000">"#{ route('create') }"</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&gt;</span></span>
+      <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;fieldset&gt;</span></span>
+        <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;legend&gt;</span></span>Add a task by entering a title.<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;/legend&gt;</span></span>
+        <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;label</span></span> <span style="color: #009900">for</span><span style="color: #990000">=</span><span style="color: #FF0000">"form-title"</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&gt;</span></span>Task title:<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;/label&gt;</span></span>
+        <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;input</span></span> <span style="color: #009900">id</span><span style="color: #990000">=</span><span style="color: #FF0000">"form-title"</span> <span style="color: #009900">name</span><span style="color: #990000">=</span><span style="color: #FF0000">"title"</span> <span style="color: #009900">type</span><span style="color: #990000">=</span><span style="color: #FF0000">"text"</span> <span style="color: #009900">value</span><span style="color: #990000">=</span><span style="color: #FF0000">"#{ @title }"</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">/&gt;</span></span>
+        <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;input</span></span> <span style="color: #009900">type</span><span style="color: #990000">=</span><span style="color: #FF0000">"submit"</span> <span style="color: #009900">value</span><span style="color: #990000">=</span><span style="color: #FF0000">"Create"</span> <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">/&gt;</span></span>
+      <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;/fieldset&gt;</span></span>
+    <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;/form&gt;</span></span>
+    #{ @content }
+  <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;/body&gt;</span></span>
+<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;/html&gt;</span></span></tt></pre></div></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>And to tell Ramaze which layout to use for our <tt>Tasks</tt> we&#8217;ll have to add a line
+to the Controller.</p></div>
+<div class="listingblock">
+<div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 2.11.1
+by Lorenzo Bettini
+http://www.lorenzobettini.it
+http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
+<pre><tt><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">class</span></span> Tasks <span style="color: #990000">&lt;</span> Ramaze<span style="color: #990000">::</span>Controller
+  map <span style="color: #FF0000">'/'</span>
+  layout <span style="color: #FF0000">'default'</span>
+<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">end</span></span></tt></pre></div></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>And finally, since we are fond of valid HTML and just love to get rid of boring
+boilerplate we can delete the slack from our templates.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p><em>view/index.xhtml</em> becomes:</p></div>
+<div class="listingblock">
+<div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 2.11.1
+by Lorenzo Bettini
+http://www.lorenzobettini.it
+http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
+<pre><tt><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;h2&gt;</span></span>Done Tasks<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;/h2&gt;</span></span>
+
+#{ anchor('Pending tasks', 'done') }
+
+<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;ul&gt;</span></span>
+  &lt;?r Task.filter(:done =&gt; false).each do |task| ?&gt;
+    <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;li&gt;</span></span>
+      #{ h(task.title) },
+      (#{ anchor('close', 'close', task.title) })
+      (#{ anchor('delete', 'delete', task.title) })
+    <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;/li&gt;</span></span>
+  &lt;?r end ?&gt;
+<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;/ul&gt;</span></span></tt></pre></div></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p><em>view/done.xhtml</em> becomes:</p></div>
+<div class="listingblock">
+<div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 2.11.1
+by Lorenzo Bettini
+http://www.lorenzobettini.it
+http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
+<pre><tt><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;h2&gt;</span></span>Pending Tasks<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;/h2&gt;</span></span>
+
+#{ anchor('Done tasks', 'done') }
+
+<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;ul&gt;</span></span>
+  &lt;?r Task.filter(:done =&gt; true).each do |task| ?&gt;
+    <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;li&gt;</span></span>
+      #{ h(task.title) },
+      (#{ anchor('open', 'open', task.title) })
+      (#{ anchor('delete', 'delete', task.title) })
+    <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;/li&gt;</span></span>
+  &lt;?r end ?&gt;
+<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;/ul&gt;</span></span></tt></pre></div></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>Well, that&#8217;s so much better, we even included links between the actions.</p></div>
+</div>
+<h2 id="_eleventh_step_not_all_that_is_gold_glitters_8230">Eleventh Step, not all that is gold glitters&#8230;</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph"><p>You have to admit, it&#8217;s a lot of fun having such a sophisticated application,
+but what good is it if it&#8217;s too ugly to show it even to your closest friends?
+They will never become addicted enough to your fancy todo-list to actually do
+all the work for you.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>Let&#8217;s do things with style, with a style-sheet.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>Now is the time to fire up your editor, point it at <em>public/css/screen.css</em> and
+churn out something of your liking.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>We will not cover this part in the tutorial, an example style-sheet is located
+in the example todo-list.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>What we do cover is adding it to your application, or the <tt>&lt;head&gt;</tt> in
+<em>layout/default.xhtml</em> to be exact:</p></div>
+<div class="listingblock">
+<div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 2.11.1
+by Lorenzo Bettini
+http://www.lorenzobettini.it
+http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
+<pre><tt><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000080">&lt;!DOCTYPE</span></span> <span style="color: #009900">html</span> <span style="color: #009900">PUBLIC</span> <span style="color: #FF0000">"-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN"</span><span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #000080">&gt;</span></span>
+<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;html&gt;</span></span>
+  <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;head&gt;</span></span>
+    <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;title&gt;</span></span>TodoList<span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;/title&gt;</span></span>
+    <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;meta</span></span> <span style="color: #009900">http-equiv</span><span style="color: #990000">=</span><span style="color: #FF0000">"content-type"</span> <span style="color: #009900">content</span><span style="color: #990000">=</span><span style="color: #FF0000">"text/html; charset=UTF-8"</span> <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">/&gt;</span></span>
+    <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;link</span></span> <span style="color: #009900">rel</span><span style="color: #990000">=</span><span style="color: #FF0000">"stylesheet"</span> <span style="color: #009900">type</span><span style="color: #990000">=</span><span style="color: #FF0000">"text/css"</span> <span style="color: #009900">href</span><span style="color: #990000">=</span><span style="color: #FF0000">"/css/screen.css"</span> <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">/&gt;</span></span>
+  <span style="font-weight: bold"><span style="color: #0000FF">&lt;/head&gt;</span></span></tt></pre></div></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>Voilà, you now have acquired the Certificate of Ramazeness and all your friends
+and enemies envy you.</p></div>
+</div>
+<h2 id="_twelfth_step_configuring_configurable_configurability">Twelfth Step, configuring configurable configurability</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="paragraph"><p>To round up this tutorial a bit, let&#8217;s introduce you to configuration in Ramaze.
+There are a number of ways to configure Ramaze, but here we&#8217;ll just see the
+most common ones with some options you&#8217;ll most likely want to change.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>First of all, you have been running your ramaze application always on the same
+port, <tt>7000</tt>, which prevents you from starting more than one instance or other
+applications.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>To change the port, you can, for example:</p></div>
+<div class="listingblock">
+<div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 2.11.1
+by Lorenzo Bettini
+http://www.lorenzobettini.it
+http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
+<pre><tt>Ramaze<span style="color: #990000">.</span>options<span style="color: #990000">.</span>adapter<span style="color: #990000">.</span>port <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #993399">80</span></tt></pre></div></div>
+<div class="admonitionblock">
+<table><tr>
+<td class="icon">
+<div class="title">Note</div>
+</td>
+<td class="content">Running a server on a port below 1024 will require root privileges and is
+      generally not advised for applications that don&#8217;t drop their privileges
+      after establishing a connection.
+      Please have a look at <a href="http://wiki.ramaze.net/Deployment">http://wiki.ramaze.net/Deployment</a> for better ways
+      to deploy your site using a reverse proxy like apache, lighttpd, or
+      nginx.</td>
+</tr></table>
+</div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>OK, a different port is fine, but how about some speed-boost? For this we will
+need a faster server like <a href="http://mongrel.rubyforge.org">Mongrel</a> or
+<a href="http://thin.rubyforge.org">Thin</a>.</p></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>You can install either one via:</p></div>
+<div class="listingblock">
+<div class="content">
+<pre><tt>gem install thin
+gem install mongrel</tt></pre>
+</div></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>Now to the configuration:</p></div>
+<div class="listingblock">
+<div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 2.11.1
+by Lorenzo Bettini
+http://www.lorenzobettini.it
+http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
+<pre><tt><span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># The default is WEBrick</span></span>
+Ramaze<span style="color: #990000">.</span>options<span style="color: #990000">.</span>adapter<span style="color: #990000">.</span>adapter <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #990000">:</span>webrick
+
+<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># How about using Mongrel instead?</span></span>
+Ramaze<span style="color: #990000">.</span>options<span style="color: #990000">.</span>adapter<span style="color: #990000">.</span>adapter <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #990000">:</span>mongrel
+
+<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># Or maybe Thin?</span></span>
+Ramaze<span style="color: #990000">.</span>options<span style="color: #990000">.</span>adapter<span style="color: #990000">.</span>adapter <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #990000">:</span>thin</tt></pre></div></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>For the full performance, switch Ramaze into <tt>:live</tt> mode:</p></div>
+<div class="listingblock">
+<div class="content"><!-- Generator: GNU source-highlight 2.11.1
+by Lorenzo Bettini
+http://www.lorenzobettini.it
+http://www.gnu.org/software/src-highlite -->
+<pre><tt><span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># The default is :dev</span></span>
+Ramaze<span style="color: #990000">.</span>options<span style="color: #990000">.</span>mode <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #990000">:</span>live
+
+<span style="font-style: italic"><span style="color: #9A1900"># And here comes :live</span></span>
+Ramaze<span style="color: #990000">.</span>options<span style="color: #990000">.</span>mode <span style="color: #990000">=</span> <span style="color: #990000">:</span>live</tt></pre></div></div>
+<div class="paragraph"><p>The major differences between <tt>:dev</tt> and <tt>:live</tt> are that in <tt>:live</tt> mode your
+code won&#8217;t be automatically reloaded if it has changed and we don&#8217;t run every
+request through <tt>Rack::Lint</tt>, which helps you to stay within the
+request/response specifications required by Rack.</p></div>
+</div>
+<h2 id="glossary">Glossary</h2>
+<div class="sectionbody">
+<div class="dlist glossary"><dl>
+<dt>
+RDBMS
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<p>
+  Relational Database Management System
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt>
+ORM
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<p>
+  Object Relationship Mapper: Maps data into objects and assists in querying
+  and manipulation
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt>
+MVC
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<p>
+  Model, View, Controller: one of the patterns traditionally used for GUIs in Smalltalk.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Etanni
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<p>
+  Innate spelled backwards.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Innate
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<p>
+  Core of Ramaze.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Rack
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<p>
+  HTTP abstraction layer and interface used by the majority of Ruby web-frameworks.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt>
+Templating engine
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<p>
+  Used to process so-called templates with inlined source code or instructions
+  to produce dynamic resulting documents. Examples for traditional templating
+  engines are XSLT, SSI, ERB.
+</p>
+</dd>
+<dt>
+RSI
+</dt>
+<dd>
+<p>
+  Repetive Strain Injury, prevalent among the members of the church of Emacs.
+</p>
+</dd>
+</dl></div>
+</div>
+<div id="footer">
+<div id="footer-text">
+Version 2.0<br />
+Last updated 2009-05-10 10:37:49 JST
+</div>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>