riverqueue 0.11.0 → 0.12.0

data/lib/driver/runtime.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,661 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "time"
+
+module River::Driver
+  # Database operations used by River's worker runtime. Driver gems implement a
+  # small set of raw SQL primitives and include this module so the state machine
+  # stays identical across ActiveRecord and Sequel.
+  module Runtime
+    def init_driver
+      postgres_capabilities if runtime_postgres?
+    end
+
+    def postgres_capabilities
+      @postgres_capabilities_cache.fetch(runtime_connection_pool) do
+        row = runtime_query_rows(<<~SQL).first
+          SELECT version()::text AS product,
+                 current_setting('server_version_num')::int AS version_num,
+                 coalesce(current_setting('yb_enable_listen_notify', true), 'off')::boolean AS yb_listen_notify_enabled
+        SQL
+        PostgresCapabilities.new(
+          product: runtime_value(row, :product),
+          version_num: runtime_value(row, :version_num),
+          yb_listen_notify_enabled: runtime_value(row, :yb_listen_notify_enabled) == true
+        )
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Notifications and rows must commit together. The insertion drivers call
+    # this inside their transaction; PostgreSQL defers delivery until commit.
+    private def postgres_notify_insert(params)
+      queues = params.select { |param| param.state == River::JOB_STATE_AVAILABLE }.map(&:queue).uniq
+      return if queues.empty?
+      return unless postgres_capabilities.supports_listen_notify
+
+      payloads = queues.map { |queue| "(#{runtime_quote(JSON.generate(queue: queue))})" }.join(",")
+      runtime_execute("SELECT pg_notify(current_schema() || '.river_insert', payload) FROM (VALUES #{payloads}) AS notifications(payload)")
+    end
+
+    def job_cancel(id, now: Time.now.utc)
+      original_id = Integer(id)
+      transaction do
+        updated_id = runtime_returning_ids(<<~SQL).first
+          UPDATE river_job
+          SET state = CASE WHEN state = 'running' THEN state ELSE 'cancelled' END,
+              finalized_at = CASE WHEN state = 'running' THEN finalized_at ELSE #{runtime_time(now)} END,
+              metadata = #{runtime_merge_metadata("cancel_attempted_at" => now.iso8601(6))}
+          WHERE id = #{original_id}
+            AND state NOT IN ('cancelled', 'completed', 'discarded')
+            AND finalized_at IS NULL
+          RETURNING id
+        SQL
+        row = job_get_by_id(updated_id || original_id)
+        # Other engines interrupt running workers through this notification;
+        # the durable marker remains Ruby's polling fallback.
+        runtime_notify("river_control", action: "cancel", job_id: row.id, queue: row.queue) if updated_id
+        row
+      end
+    end
+
+    def job_claim(id:, attempted_by:, allow_scheduled: false, now: Time.now.utc)
+      predicate = "id = #{Integer(id)} AND state IN ('available', 'retryable', 'scheduled')"
+      predicate += " AND scheduled_at <= #{runtime_time(now)}" unless allow_scheduled
+
+      runtime_claim_jobs(predicate, 1, attempted_by, now).first
+    end
+
+    # Drivers may combine the cancellation probe and completion atomically.
+    # :cancelled asks the runtime to apply its normal cancellation/error hooks.
+    def job_complete(id:, finalized_at:, metadata: nil, now: Time.now.utc)
+      id = Integer(id)
+      return :cancelled if job_get_cancelled_ids([id]).include?(id)
+
+      job_set_state_if_running(id: id, finalized_at: finalized_at, metadata: metadata, now: now, state: "completed")
+    end
+
+    def job_delete(id)
+      existing = job_get_by_id(id)
+      return nil unless existing
+      return existing if existing.state == River::JOB_STATE_RUNNING
+
+      deleted_id = runtime_returning_ids("DELETE FROM river_job WHERE id = #{Integer(id)} AND state != 'running' RETURNING id").first
+      deleted_id ? existing : job_get_by_id(id)
+    end
+
+    def job_delete_finalized(retention:, now: Time.now.utc, max: 1_000)
+      clauses = retention.filter_map do |state, seconds|
+        next unless seconds
+
+        "(state = #{runtime_quote(state.to_s)} AND finalized_at < #{runtime_time(now - seconds)})"
+      end
+
+      return 0 if clauses.empty?
+
+      ids = runtime_query_rows(<<~SQL).map { |row| runtime_value(row, :id).to_i }
+        SELECT id FROM river_job WHERE #{clauses.join(" OR ")} ORDER BY id LIMIT #{Integer(max)}
+      SQL
+      return 0 if ids.empty?
+
+      runtime_returning_ids(<<~SQL).length
+        DELETE FROM river_job
+        WHERE id IN (#{ids.join(",")}) AND (#{clauses.join(" OR ")})
+        RETURNING id
+      SQL
+    end
+
+    def job_delete_if_running(id)
+      runtime_returning_ids("DELETE FROM river_job WHERE id = #{Integer(id)} AND state = 'running' RETURNING id").any?
+    end
+
+    def job_delete_many(params)
+      transaction do
+        jobs = job_list(params).reject { |job| job.state == River::JOB_STATE_RUNNING }
+        next [] if jobs.empty?
+
+        ids = jobs.map(&:id)
+        deleted = runtime_returning_ids(<<~SQL)
+          DELETE FROM river_job
+          WHERE id IN (#{ids.join(",")}) AND state != 'running'
+          RETURNING id
+        SQL
+        jobs.select { |job| deleted.include?(job.id) }
+      end
+    end
+
+    def job_get_available(queue:, max:, attempted_by:, kinds: nil, now: Time.now.utc)
+      return [] if kinds&.empty?
+
+      predicate = "state = 'available' AND queue = #{runtime_quote(queue)} AND scheduled_at <= #{runtime_time(now)}"
+      predicate += " AND #{runtime_in_clause("kind", kinds)}" if kinds
+      runtime_claim_jobs(predicate, max, attempted_by, now)
+    end
+
+    def job_get_cancelled_ids(ids)
+      return [] if ids.empty?
+
+      runtime_query_rows("SELECT id FROM river_job WHERE id IN (#{ids.map { |id| Integer(id) }.join(",")}) AND (#{runtime_cancel_attempted}) ORDER BY id")
+        .map { |row| runtime_value(row, :id).to_i }
+    end
+
+    def job_list(params = nil)
+      params ||= River::JobListParams.new
+      return runtime_job_list_without_params if params == :all
+
+      clauses = [] #: Array[String]
+      clauses << runtime_cursor_clause(params) if params.after
+      clauses << "id #{(params.sort_order == :asc) ? ">" : "<"} #{Integer(params.after_id)}" if params.after_id
+      clauses << runtime_in_clause("id", params.ids.map { |value| Integer(value) }) if params.ids&.any?
+      clauses << runtime_in_clause("kind", params.kinds) if params.kinds&.any?
+      clauses << runtime_in_clause("priority", params.priorities.map { |value| Integer(value) }) if params.priorities&.any?
+      clauses << runtime_in_clause("queue", params.queues) if params.queues&.any?
+      clauses << runtime_in_clause("state", params.states) if params.states&.any?
+
+      finalized = params.sort_by == :finalized_at && params.states&.length == 1 &&
+        %w[cancelled completed discarded].include?(params.states.first)
+      # Schemas require finalized timestamps for terminal states. Spell this out
+      # so PostgreSQL can use the partial (state, finalized_at) index.
+      clauses << "finalized_at IS NOT NULL" if finalized
+      # Explicit NULLS LAST prevents a backward index scan, even when there are
+      # no nulls. Only request it for timestamps that can actually be null.
+      null_order = (params.sort_by == :finalized_at && !finalized) ? " NULLS LAST" : ""
+
+      params.metadata&.each { |key, value| clauses << runtime_metadata_equals(key, value) }
+      Array(params.tags_all).each { |tag| clauses << runtime_tag_contains(tag) }
+      if params.tags_any&.any?
+        clauses << "(" + params.tags_any.map { |tag| runtime_tag_contains(tag) }.join(" OR ") + ")"
+      end
+
+      where = clauses.empty? ? "" : "WHERE #{clauses.join(" AND ")}"
+      runtime_job_rows(<<~SQL)
+        #{where}
+        ORDER BY #{params.sort_by} #{params.sort_order.to_s.upcase}#{null_order}, id #{params.sort_order.to_s.upcase}
+        LIMIT #{params.limit}
+      SQL
+    end
+
+    def job_metadata_merge(id, metadata)
+      updated_id = runtime_returning_ids(<<~SQL).first
+        UPDATE river_job
+        SET metadata = #{runtime_merge_metadata(metadata)}
+        WHERE id = #{Integer(id)}
+        RETURNING id
+      SQL
+      updated_id ? job_get_by_id(updated_id) : nil
+    end
+
+    def job_rescue_stuck(horizon:, retry_policy:, now: Time.now.utc, max: 1_000)
+      transaction do
+        # Select only stuck jobs before applying the limit, and hold their locks
+        # until rescue finishes so a newer attempt cannot be rescued by mistake.
+        lock = runtime_postgres? ? "FOR UPDATE SKIP LOCKED" : ""
+        ids = runtime_returning_ids(<<~SQL)
+          SELECT id FROM river_job
+          WHERE state = 'running' AND attempted_at < #{runtime_time(horizon)}
+          ORDER BY id LIMIT #{Integer(max)} #{lock}
+        SQL
+        jobs = ids.map { |id| runtime_read_job(id) }
+        jobs.each do |job|
+          cancelled = job.metadata.key?("cancel_attempted_at")
+          final = cancelled || job.attempt >= job.max_attempts
+          state = if cancelled
+            River::JOB_STATE_CANCELLED
+          elsif final
+            River::JOB_STATE_DISCARDED
+          else
+            River::JOB_STATE_RETRYABLE
+          end
+          error = River::AttemptError.new(at: now, attempt: job.attempt, error: "Stuck job rescued by River", trace: "")
+          job_set_state_if_running(
+            id: job.id,
+            error: error,
+            finalized_at: final ? now : nil,
+            metadata: {"river:rescue_count" => job.metadata.fetch("river:rescue_count", 0).to_i + 1},
+            now: now,
+            scheduled_at: final ? nil : retry_policy.next_retry(job, error, now: now),
+            state: state
+          )
+        end
+
+        jobs.length
+      end
+    end
+
+    def job_retry(id, now: Time.now.utc)
+      updated_id = runtime_returning_ids(<<~SQL).first
+        UPDATE river_job
+        SET state = 'available',
+            max_attempts = CASE WHEN attempt = max_attempts THEN max_attempts + 1 ELSE max_attempts END,
+            finalized_at = NULL,
+            scheduled_at = #{runtime_time(now)}
+        WHERE id = #{Integer(id)}
+          AND state != 'running'
+          AND (state != 'available' OR scheduled_at > #{runtime_time(now)})
+        RETURNING id
+      SQL
+      job_get_by_id(updated_id || id)
+    end
+
+    def job_schedule(now: Time.now.utc, max: 1_000)
+      transaction do
+        # Hold each selected row until its transition (including uniqueness
+        # conflict handling) finishes. A concurrent retry may change its due time.
+        lock = runtime_postgres? ? "FOR UPDATE SKIP LOCKED" : ""
+        ids = runtime_query_rows(<<~SQL).map { |row| runtime_value(row, :id).to_i }
+          SELECT id FROM river_job
+          WHERE state IN ('retryable', 'scheduled') AND scheduled_at <= #{runtime_time(now)}
+          ORDER BY priority, scheduled_at, id
+          LIMIT #{Integer(max)} #{lock}
+        SQL
+        ids.each do |id|
+          transaction do
+            runtime_execute("UPDATE river_job SET state = 'available' WHERE id = #{id} AND state IN ('retryable', 'scheduled')")
+          end
+        rescue runtime_unique_violation_class
+          runtime_execute(<<~SQL)
+            UPDATE river_job
+            SET state = 'discarded', finalized_at = #{runtime_time(now)},
+                metadata = #{runtime_merge_metadata("unique_key_conflict" => "scheduler_discarded")}
+            WHERE id = #{id}
+          SQL
+        end
+
+        ids.length
+      end
+    end
+
+    def job_set_state_if_running(id:, state:, now: Time.now.utc, attempt: nil,
+      error: nil, finalized_at: nil, metadata: nil, scheduled_at: nil)
+      state = state.to_s
+      retrying = [River::JOB_STATE_AVAILABLE, River::JOB_STATE_RETRYABLE, River::JOB_STATE_SCHEDULED].include?(state)
+      cancel_path = retrying ? runtime_cancel_attempted : "false"
+
+      assignments = [] #: Array[String]
+      assignments << "attempt = CASE WHEN NOT (#{cancel_path}) THEN #{Integer(attempt)} ELSE attempt END" unless attempt.nil?
+      assignments << "errors = #{runtime_append_error(error)}" if error
+
+      assignments << "finalized_at = CASE WHEN #{cancel_path} THEN #{runtime_time(now)} ELSE #{runtime_nullable_time(finalized_at)} END"
+      assignments << "metadata = #{runtime_merge_metadata(metadata)}" unless metadata.nil? || metadata.empty?
+      assignments << "scheduled_at = CASE WHEN NOT (#{cancel_path}) THEN #{runtime_time(scheduled_at)} ELSE scheduled_at END" if scheduled_at
+
+      assignments << "state = CASE WHEN #{cancel_path} THEN 'cancelled' ELSE #{runtime_state(state)} END"
+
+      id = runtime_returning_ids(<<~SQL).first
+        UPDATE river_job
+        SET #{assignments.join(",\n    ")}
+        WHERE id = #{Integer(id)} AND state = 'running'
+        RETURNING id
+      SQL
+      id ? runtime_read_job(id) : nil
+    end
+
+    def job_update(id, params)
+      assignments = params.each.map do |field, value|
+        raise ArgumentError, "unknown update field: #{field}" unless River::JobUpdateParams.method_defined?(field)
+
+        "#{field} = #{runtime_update_value(field, value)}"
+      end
+
+      return job_get_by_id(id) if assignments.empty?
+
+      updated_id = runtime_returning_ids(<<~SQL).first
+        UPDATE river_job SET #{assignments.join(", ")}
+        WHERE id = #{Integer(id)}
+        RETURNING id
+      SQL
+      updated_id ? job_get_by_id(updated_id) : nil
+    end
+
+    def leader_acquire(id, ttl: 30, now: Time.now.utc)
+      transaction do
+        runtime_execute("DELETE FROM river_leader WHERE expires_at < #{runtime_time(now)}")
+        runtime_execute(<<~SQL)
+          INSERT INTO river_leader (leader_id, elected_at, expires_at)
+          VALUES (#{runtime_quote(id)}, #{runtime_time(now)}, #{runtime_time(now + ttl)})
+          ON CONFLICT (name) DO NOTHING
+        SQL
+        runtime_query_rows("SELECT leader_id FROM river_leader WHERE leader_id = #{runtime_quote(id)}").any?
+      end
+    end
+
+    def leader_release(id)
+      runtime_execute("DELETE FROM river_leader WHERE leader_id = #{runtime_quote(id)}")
+    end
+
+    def leader_renew(id, ttl: 30, now: Time.now.utc)
+      runtime_query_rows(<<~SQL).any?
+        UPDATE river_leader SET expires_at = #{runtime_time(now + ttl)}
+        WHERE leader_id = #{runtime_quote(id)} AND expires_at >= #{runtime_time(now)}
+        RETURNING leader_id
+      SQL
+    end
+
+    # Bounded batches release SQLite's writer lock between maintenance passes.
+    def notification_delete_before(horizon:, max: 10_000)
+      return 0 if runtime_postgres?
+
+      runtime_returning_ids(<<~SQL).length
+        DELETE FROM river_notification
+        WHERE id IN (
+          SELECT id FROM river_notification
+          WHERE created_at < #{runtime_time(horizon)}
+          ORDER BY created_at, id LIMIT #{Integer(max)}
+        )
+        RETURNING id
+      SQL
+    end
+
+    def queue_get(name)
+      row = runtime_query_rows("SELECT #{runtime_queue_columns} FROM river_queue WHERE name = #{runtime_quote(name)}").first
+      runtime_queue_from_row(row)
+    end
+
+    def queue_list(max: 100)
+      runtime_query_rows("SELECT #{runtime_queue_columns} FROM river_queue ORDER BY name LIMIT #{Integer(max)}")
+        .map { |row| runtime_queue_from_row(row) }
+    end
+
+    def queue_pause(name, now: Time.now.utc)
+      filter = (name == "*") ? "true" : "name = #{runtime_quote(name)}"
+      runtime_execute(<<~SQL)
+        UPDATE river_queue
+        SET paused_at = CASE WHEN paused_at IS NULL THEN #{runtime_time(now)} ELSE paused_at END,
+            updated_at = CASE WHEN paused_at IS NULL THEN #{runtime_time(now)} ELSE updated_at END
+        WHERE #{filter}
+      SQL
+    end
+
+    def queue_resume(name, now: Time.now.utc)
+      filter = (name == "*") ? "true" : "name = #{runtime_quote(name)}"
+      runtime_execute(<<~SQL)
+        UPDATE river_queue
+        SET updated_at = CASE WHEN paused_at IS NOT NULL THEN #{runtime_time(now)} ELSE updated_at END,
+            paused_at = NULL
+        WHERE #{filter}
+      SQL
+    end
+
+    def queue_update(name, metadata:, now: Time.now.utc)
+      id = runtime_query_rows(<<~SQL).first
+        UPDATE river_queue SET metadata = #{runtime_json(metadata)}, updated_at = #{runtime_time(now)}
+        WHERE name = #{runtime_quote(name)} RETURNING name
+      SQL
+      id ? queue_get(name) : nil
+    end
+
+    def queue_upsert(name, metadata: {}, now: Time.now.utc)
+      runtime_execute(<<~SQL)
+        INSERT INTO river_queue (name, created_at, metadata, updated_at)
+        VALUES (#{runtime_quote(name)}, #{runtime_time(now)}, #{runtime_json(metadata)}, #{runtime_time(now)})
+        ON CONFLICT (name) DO UPDATE SET updated_at = excluded.updated_at
+      SQL
+      queue_get(name)
+    end
+
+    private def runtime_append_error(error)
+      value = error.respond_to?(:to_h) ? error.to_h : error
+      if runtime_postgres?
+        "array_append(errors, #{runtime_json(value)})"
+      else
+        encoded = "json(#{runtime_quote(JSON.generate(value))})"
+        # Damaged JSONB may contain invalid UTF-8. Preserve its bytes as hex
+        # rather than creating an unreadable JSON string by casting it to text.
+        <<~SQL
+          CASE WHEN NOT json_valid(errors, 10) AND errors IS NOT NULL THEN
+                 jsonb(json_array(CASE WHEN typeof(errors) = 'blob' THEN 'invalid JSONB: ' || hex(errors) ELSE errors END, #{encoded}))
+               WHEN coalesce(json_type(errors), 'array') <> 'array' THEN jsonb(json_array(json(errors), #{encoded}))
+               ELSE jsonb(json_insert(json(coalesce(errors, jsonb('[]'))), '$[#]', #{encoded})) END
+        SQL
+      end
+    end
+
+    private def runtime_cancel_attempted
+      runtime_postgres? ? "metadata ? 'cancel_attempted_at'" : "(CASE WHEN json_valid(metadata, 10) THEN metadata -> 'cancel_attempted_at' END) IS NOT NULL"
+    end
+
+    private def runtime_claim_jobs(predicate, max, attempted_by, now)
+      transaction do
+        attempted_by_sql = if runtime_postgres?
+          "array_append(CASE WHEN cardinality(attempted_by) >= 100 THEN attempted_by[(cardinality(attempted_by) - 98):] ELSE attempted_by END, #{runtime_quote(attempted_by)})"
+        else
+          # Preserve corrupt history so decoding can fail this attempt instead
+          # of silently repairing it or aborting the entire claim batch.
+          <<~SQL
+            CASE WHEN NOT json_valid(attempted_by, 10) AND attempted_by IS NOT NULL THEN attempted_by
+                 ELSE jsonb(json_insert(json(coalesce(attempted_by, jsonb('[]'))), '$[#]', #{runtime_quote(attempted_by)})) END
+          SQL
+        end
+
+        lock_clause = runtime_postgres? ? "FOR UPDATE SKIP LOCKED" : ""
+        ids = runtime_returning_ids(<<~SQL)
+          UPDATE river_job
+          SET attempt = attempt + 1,
+              attempted_at = #{runtime_time(now)},
+              attempted_by = #{attempted_by_sql},
+              state = 'running'
+          WHERE id IN (
+            SELECT id FROM river_job
+            WHERE #{predicate}
+            ORDER BY priority ASC, scheduled_at ASC, id ASC
+            LIMIT #{Integer(max)}
+            #{lock_clause}
+          )
+          RETURNING id
+        SQL
+        ids.map { |id| runtime_read_job(id) }
+      end
+    end
+
+    private def runtime_read_job(id)
+      job_get_by_id(id)
+    rescue River::JobRowDecodeError => error
+      error.job
+    end
+
+    private def runtime_decode_postgres_job(row)
+      row = row.transform_keys(&:to_sym)
+      decoder = JobRowDecoder.new
+      decoder.finish(River::JobRow.new(
+        id: row[:id], args: decoder.decoded(:args, row[:args], default: {}),
+        attempt: row[:attempt], attempted_at: row[:attempted_at]&.getutc,
+        attempted_by: decoder.decoded(:attempted_by, row[:attempted_by], type: Array, strings: true),
+        created_at: row[:created_at].getutc,
+        errors: row[:errors]&.map { |error| JobRowDecoder.attempt_error(error) },
+        finalized_at: row[:finalized_at]&.getutc, kind: row[:kind], max_attempts: row[:max_attempts],
+        metadata: decoder.decoded(:metadata, row[:metadata], type: Hash, default: {}),
+        priority: row[:priority], queue: row[:queue], scheduled_at: row[:scheduled_at].getutc,
+        state: row[:state], tags: decoder.decoded(:tags, row[:tags], type: Array, strings: true),
+        unique_key: row[:unique_key]&.to_s,
+        unique_states: row[:unique_states] ? River::UniqueBitmask.to_states(row[:unique_states].to_i(2)) : nil
+      ))
+    end
+
+    private def runtime_decode_sqlite_job(row)
+      row = row.transform_keys(&:to_sym)
+      decoder = JobRowDecoder.new
+      errors = decoder.json(:errors, row[:errors], type: Array, default: [])
+      decoder.finish(River::JobRow.new(
+        id: row[:id], args: decoder.json(:args, row[:args], default: {}),
+        attempt: row[:attempt], attempted_at: runtime_parse_time(row[:attempted_at]),
+        attempted_by: decoder.json(:attempted_by, row[:attempted_by], type: Array, strings: true),
+        created_at: runtime_parse_time(row[:created_at]),
+        errors: errors.map { |error| JobRowDecoder.attempt_error(error) },
+        finalized_at: runtime_parse_time(row[:finalized_at]), kind: row[:kind], max_attempts: row[:max_attempts],
+        metadata: decoder.json(:metadata, row[:metadata], type: Hash, default: {}),
+        priority: row[:priority], queue: row[:queue], scheduled_at: runtime_parse_time(row[:scheduled_at]),
+        state: row[:state], tags: decoder.json(:tags, row[:tags], type: Array, strings: true),
+        unique_key: row[:unique_key]&.to_s,
+        unique_states: row[:unique_states] ? River::UniqueBitmask.to_states(row[:unique_states]) : nil
+      ))
+    end
+
+    private def runtime_in_clause(column, values)
+      "#{column} IN (#{values.map { |value| runtime_quote(value) }.join(",")})"
+    end
+
+    private def runtime_notify(topic, payload)
+      encoded = runtime_quote(JSON.generate(payload))
+      if runtime_postgres?
+        return unless postgres_capabilities.supports_listen_notify
+
+        runtime_execute("SELECT pg_notify(current_schema() || '.' || #{runtime_quote(topic)}, #{encoded})")
+      else
+        runtime_execute("INSERT INTO river_notification (topic, payload) VALUES (#{runtime_quote(topic)}, #{encoded})")
+      end
+    end
+
+    private def sqlite_insert_nonces(params)
+      keys = {} #: Hash[String, bool]
+      params.map do |param|
+        key = param.unique_key
+        if key && !key.empty? && River::UniqueBitmask.to_states((param.unique_states || "0").to_i(2)).include?(param.state)
+          # PostgreSQL rejects batches that upsert the same indexed row twice.
+          raise ArgumentError, "unique key appears more than once in batch" if keys[key]
+
+          keys[key] = true
+        end
+        SecureRandom.hex(8)
+      end
+    end
+
+    private def runtime_cursor_clause(params)
+      cursor = params.after
+      comparison = (params.sort_order == :asc) ? ">" : "<"
+      id_clause = "id #{comparison} #{Integer(cursor.id)}"
+      return id_clause if params.sort_by == :id
+
+      column = params.sort_by
+      return "(#{column} IS NULL AND #{id_clause})" if cursor.value.nil?
+
+      value = runtime_time(cursor.value)
+      "(#{column} IS NULL OR #{column} #{comparison} #{value} OR (#{column} = #{value} AND #{id_clause}))"
+    end
+
+    private def runtime_json(value)
+      encoded = value.is_a?(String) ? value : JSON.generate(value)
+      runtime_postgres? ? "#{runtime_quote(encoded)}::jsonb" : "jsonb(#{runtime_quote(encoded)})"
+    end
+
+    private def runtime_merge_metadata(metadata)
+      if runtime_postgres?
+        "metadata || #{runtime_json(metadata)}"
+      else
+        # PostgreSQL's || replaces top-level values, including JSON null.
+        # JSON Merge Patch would recursively merge objects and delete nulls.
+        merged = metadata.reduce("metadata") do |expression, (key, value)|
+          path = runtime_quote("$.#{JSON.generate(key.to_s)}")
+          "jsonb_set(#{expression}, #{path}, jsonb(#{runtime_quote(JSON.generate(value))}))"
+        end
+        "CASE WHEN json_valid(metadata, 10) THEN #{merged} ELSE metadata END"
+      end
+    end
+
+    private def runtime_metadata_equals(key, value)
+      encoded = runtime_quote(JSON.generate(value))
+      if runtime_postgres?
+        "metadata -> #{runtime_quote(key.to_s)} = #{encoded}::jsonb"
+      else
+        # Compare JSON trees so object key order is immaterial, while strings,
+        # booleans, null, and missing keys remain distinct. json_each also treats
+        # the requested metadata key literally instead of as a JSON path.
+        columns = "fullkey, CASE WHEN type IN ('integer', 'real') THEN 'number' ELSE type END, atom"
+        actual = <<~SQL
+          SELECT #{columns} FROM json_tree(CASE entry.type
+            WHEN 'text' THEN json_quote(entry.value)
+            WHEN 'null' THEN 'null'
+            WHEN 'true' THEN 'true'
+            WHEN 'false' THEN 'false'
+            ELSE entry.value END)
+        SQL
+        expected = "SELECT #{columns} FROM json_tree(#{encoded})"
+        <<~SQL
+          EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM json_each(metadata) AS entry
+            WHERE entry.key = #{runtime_quote(key.to_s)}
+              AND NOT EXISTS (#{actual} EXCEPT #{expected})
+              AND NOT EXISTS (#{expected} EXCEPT #{actual}))
+        SQL
+      end
+    end
+
+    private def runtime_nullable_time(value)
+      value ? runtime_time(value) : "NULL"
+    end
+
+    private def runtime_parse_json(value)
+      value.is_a?(String) ? JSON.parse(value) : value.to_h
+    end
+
+    private def runtime_parse_time(value)
+      return nil unless value
+
+      if value.respond_to?(:getutc)
+        value.getutc
+      else
+        Time.parse(value.to_s + (value.to_s.match?(/(?:Z|[+-]\d{2}:?\d{2})\z/) ? "" : " UTC")).utc
+      end
+    end
+
+    private def runtime_queue_columns
+      runtime_postgres? ? "name, created_at, metadata, paused_at, updated_at" : "name, CAST(created_at AS text) AS created_at, json(metadata) AS metadata, CAST(paused_at AS text) AS paused_at, CAST(updated_at AS text) AS updated_at"
+    end
+
+    private def runtime_queue_from_row(row)
+      return nil unless row
+
+      River::Queue.new(
+        runtime_value(row, :name),
+        runtime_parse_time(runtime_value(row, :created_at)),
+        runtime_parse_json(runtime_value(row, :metadata)),
+        runtime_parse_time(runtime_value(row, :paused_at)),
+        runtime_parse_time(runtime_value(row, :updated_at))
+      )
+    end
+
+    private def runtime_returning_ids(sql)
+      runtime_query_rows(sql).map { |row| runtime_value(row, :id).to_i }
+    end
+
+    private def runtime_state(value)
+      runtime_postgres? ? "#{runtime_quote(value)}::river_job_state" : runtime_quote(value)
+    end
+
+    private def runtime_tag_contains(tag)
+      if runtime_postgres?
+        "tags @> ARRAY[#{runtime_quote(tag)}]::varchar[]"
+      else
+        "EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM json_each(json(tags)) WHERE value = #{runtime_quote(tag)})"
+      end
+    end
+
+    private def runtime_time(value)
+      raise ArgumentError, "time cannot be nil" unless value
+
+      cast = runtime_postgres? ? "::timestamptz" : ""
+      encoded = if runtime_postgres?
+        value.getutc.iso8601(6)
+      else
+        value.getutc.round(3).strftime("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%3N")
+      end
+      "#{runtime_quote(encoded)}#{cast}"
+    end
+
+    private def runtime_update_value(field, value)
+      case field
+      when :attempt, :max_attempts
+        Integer(value).to_s
+      when :attempted_at, :finalized_at
+        value ? runtime_time(value) : "NULL"
+      when :attempted_by
+        runtime_postgres? ? "ARRAY[#{Array(value).map { |item| runtime_quote(item) }.join(",")}]::text[]" : runtime_json(Array(value))
+      when :errors
+        input_values = Array(value) #: Array[untyped]
+        values = input_values.map { |error| error.respond_to?(:to_h) ? error.to_h : error }
+        runtime_postgres? ? "ARRAY[#{values.map { |item| runtime_json(item) }.join(",")}]::jsonb[]" : runtime_json(values)
+      when :metadata
+        runtime_json(value)
+      when :state
+        runtime_state(value)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end