revans_right_aws 2.0.1

data/lib/awsbase/benchmark_fix.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+#
+# Copyright (c) 2007-2008 RightScale Inc
+#
+# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+# a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+# "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+# without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+# distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+# permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+# the following conditions:
+#
+# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+# included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+#
+# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+# EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+# MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+# NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
+# LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+# OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+# WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+#
+#
+
+
+# A hack because there's a bug in add! in Benchmark::Tms
+module Benchmark  #:nodoc:
+  class Tms #:nodoc:
+    def add!(&blk)
+      t = Benchmark::measure(&blk)
+      @utime  = utime + t.utime
+      @stime  = stime + t.stime
+      @cutime = cutime + t.cutime
+      @cstime = cstime + t.cstime
+      @real   = real + t.real
+      self
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/awsbase/right_awsbase.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,978 @@
+#
+# Copyright (c) 2007-2008 RightScale Inc
+#
+# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+# a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+# "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+# without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+# distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+# permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+# the following conditions:
+#
+# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+# included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+#
+# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+# EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+# MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+# NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
+# LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+# OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+# WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+#
+
+# Test
+module RightAws
+#  require 'md5'
+  require 'digest/md5'
+  require 'pp'
+  
+  class AwsUtils #:nodoc:
+    @@digest1   = OpenSSL::Digest::Digest.new("sha1")
+    @@digest256 = nil
+    if OpenSSL::OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER > 0x00908000
+      @@digest256 = OpenSSL::Digest::Digest.new("sha256") rescue nil # Some installation may not support sha256
+    end
+
+    def self.utc_iso8601(time)
+      if    time.is_a?(Fixnum) then time = Time::at(time)
+      elsif time.is_a?(String) then time = Time::parse(time)
+      end
+      time.utc.strftime("%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.000Z")
+    end
+    
+    def self.sign(aws_secret_access_key, auth_string)
+      Base64.encode64(OpenSSL::HMAC.digest(@@digest1, aws_secret_access_key, auth_string)).strip
+    end
+
+    # Escape a string accordingly Amazon rulles
+    # http://docs.amazonwebservices.com/AmazonSimpleDB/2007-11-07/DeveloperGuide/index.html?REST_RESTAuth.html
+    def self.amz_escape(param)
+      param.to_s.gsub(/([^a-zA-Z0-9._~-]+)/n) do
+        '%' + $1.unpack('H2' * $1.size).join('%').upcase
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Set a timestamp and a signature version
+    def self.fix_service_params(service_hash, signature)
+      service_hash["Timestamp"] ||= utc_iso8601(Time.now) unless service_hash["Expires"]
+      service_hash["SignatureVersion"] = signature
+      service_hash
+    end
+
+    # Signature Version 0
+    # A deprecated guy (should work till septemper 2009)
+    def self.sign_request_v0(aws_secret_access_key, service_hash)
+      fix_service_params(service_hash, '0')
+      string_to_sign = "#{service_hash['Action']}#{service_hash['Timestamp'] || service_hash['Expires']}"
+      service_hash['Signature'] = AwsUtils::sign(aws_secret_access_key, string_to_sign)
+      service_hash.to_a.collect{|key,val| "#{amz_escape(key)}=#{amz_escape(val.to_s)}" }.join("&")
+    end
+
+    # Signature Version 1
+    # Another deprecated guy (should work till septemper 2009)
+    def self.sign_request_v1(aws_secret_access_key, service_hash)
+      fix_service_params(service_hash, '1')
+      string_to_sign = service_hash.sort{|a,b| (a[0].to_s.downcase)<=>(b[0].to_s.downcase)}.to_s
+      service_hash['Signature'] = AwsUtils::sign(aws_secret_access_key, string_to_sign)
+      service_hash.to_a.collect{|key,val| "#{amz_escape(key)}=#{amz_escape(val.to_s)}" }.join("&")
+    end
+
+    # Signature Version 2
+    # EC2, SQS and SDB requests must be signed by this guy.
+    # See:  http://docs.amazonwebservices.com/AmazonSimpleDB/2007-11-07/DeveloperGuide/index.html?REST_RESTAuth.html
+    #       http://developer.amazonwebservices.com/connect/entry.jspa?externalID=1928
+    def self.sign_request_v2(aws_secret_access_key, service_hash, http_verb, host, uri)
+      fix_service_params(service_hash, '2')
+      # select a signing method (make an old openssl working with sha1)
+      # make 'HmacSHA256' to be a default one
+      service_hash['SignatureMethod'] = 'HmacSHA256' unless ['HmacSHA256', 'HmacSHA1'].include?(service_hash['SignatureMethod'])
+      service_hash['SignatureMethod'] = 'HmacSHA1'   unless @@digest256
+      # select a digest
+      digest = (service_hash['SignatureMethod'] == 'HmacSHA256' ? @@digest256 : @@digest1)
+      # form string to sign
+      canonical_string = service_hash.keys.sort.map do |key|
+        "#{amz_escape(key)}=#{amz_escape(service_hash[key])}"
+      end.join('&')
+      string_to_sign = "#{http_verb.to_s.upcase}\n#{host.downcase}\n#{uri}\n#{canonical_string}"
+      # sign the string
+      signature      = amz_escape(Base64.encode64(OpenSSL::HMAC.digest(digest, aws_secret_access_key, string_to_sign)).strip)
+      "#{canonical_string}&Signature=#{signature}"
+    end
+
+    # From Amazon's SQS Dev Guide, a brief description of how to escape:
+    # "URL encode the computed signature and other query parameters as specified in 
+    # RFC1738, section 2.2. In addition, because the + character is interpreted as a blank space 
+    # by Sun Java classes that perform URL decoding, make sure to encode the + character 
+    # although it is not required by RFC1738."
+    # Avoid using CGI::escape to escape URIs. 
+    # CGI::escape will escape characters in the protocol, host, and port
+    # sections of the URI.  Only target chars in the query
+    # string should be escaped.
+    def self.URLencode(raw)
+      e = URI.escape(raw)
+      e.gsub(/\+/, "%2b")
+    end
+    
+    def self.allow_only(allowed_keys, params)
+      bogus_args = []
+      params.keys.each {|p| bogus_args.push(p) unless allowed_keys.include?(p) }
+      raise AwsError.new("The following arguments were given but are not legal for the function call #{caller_method}: #{bogus_args.inspect}") if bogus_args.length > 0
+    end
+    
+    def self.mandatory_arguments(required_args, params)
+      rargs = required_args.dup
+      params.keys.each {|p| rargs.delete(p)}
+      raise AwsError.new("The following mandatory arguments were not provided to #{caller_method}: #{rargs.inspect}") if rargs.length > 0
+    end
+    
+    def self.caller_method
+      caller[1]=~/`(.*?)'/
+      $1
+    end
+
+    def self.split_items_and_params(array)
+      items  = Array(array).flatten.compact
+      params = items.last.kind_of?(Hash) ? items.pop : {}
+      [items, params]
+    end
+  end
+
+  class AwsBenchmarkingBlock #:nodoc:
+    attr_accessor :xml, :service
+    def initialize
+      # Benchmark::Tms instance for service (Ec2, S3, or SQS) access benchmarking.
+      @service = Benchmark::Tms.new()
+      # Benchmark::Tms instance for XML parsing benchmarking.
+      @xml = Benchmark::Tms.new()
+    end
+  end
+
+  class AwsNoChange < RuntimeError
+  end
+  
+  class RightAwsBase
+
+    # Amazon HTTP Error handling
+
+    # Text, if found in an error message returned by AWS, indicates that this may be a transient
+    # error. Transient errors are automatically retried with exponential back-off.
+    AMAZON_PROBLEMS = [ 'internal service error', 
+                        'is currently unavailable',
+                        'no response from',
+                        'Please try again',
+                        'InternalError',
+                        'Internal Server Error',
+                        'ServiceUnavailable', #from SQS docs
+                        'Unavailable',
+                        'This application is not currently available',
+                        'InsufficientInstanceCapacity'
+                      ]
+    @@amazon_problems = AMAZON_PROBLEMS
+      # Returns a list of Amazon service responses which are known to be transient problems. 
+      # We have to re-request if we get any of them, because the problem will probably disappear. 
+      # By default this method returns the same value as the AMAZON_PROBLEMS const.
+    def self.amazon_problems
+      @@amazon_problems
+    end
+    
+      # Sets the list of Amazon side problems.  Use in conjunction with the
+      # getter to append problems.
+    def self.amazon_problems=(problems_list)
+      @@amazon_problems = problems_list
+    end
+    
+  end
+
+  module RightAwsBaseInterface
+    DEFAULT_SIGNATURE_VERSION = '2'
+    
+    @@caching = false
+    def self.caching
+      @@caching
+    end
+    def self.caching=(caching)
+      @@caching = caching
+    end
+
+      # Current aws_access_key_id
+    attr_reader :aws_access_key_id
+      # Current aws_secret_access_key
+    attr_reader :aws_secret_access_key
+      # Last HTTP request object
+    attr_reader :last_request
+      # Last HTTP response object
+    attr_reader :last_response
+      # Last AWS errors list (used by AWSErrorHandler)
+    attr_accessor :last_errors
+      # Last AWS request id (used by AWSErrorHandler)
+    attr_accessor :last_request_id
+      # Logger object
+    attr_accessor :logger
+      # Initial params hash
+    attr_accessor :params
+      # RightHttpConnection instance
+    attr_reader :connection
+      # Cache
+    attr_reader :cache
+      # Signature version (all services except s3)
+    attr_reader :signature_version
+
+    def init(service_info, aws_access_key_id, aws_secret_access_key, params={}) #:nodoc:
+      @params = params
+      # If one defines EC2_URL he may forget to use a single slash as an "empty service" path.
+      # Amazon does not like this therefore add this bad boy if he is missing...
+      service_info[:default_service] = '/' if service_info[:default_service].blank?
+      raise AwsError.new("AWS access keys are required to operate on #{service_info[:name]}") \
+        if aws_access_key_id.blank? || aws_secret_access_key.blank?
+      @aws_access_key_id     = aws_access_key_id
+      @aws_secret_access_key = aws_secret_access_key
+      # if the endpoint was explicitly defined - then use it
+      if @params[:endpoint_url]
+        @params[:server]   = URI.parse(@params[:endpoint_url]).host
+        @params[:port]     = URI.parse(@params[:endpoint_url]).port
+        @params[:service]  = URI.parse(@params[:endpoint_url]).path
+        # make sure the 'service' path is not empty
+        @params[:service]  = service_info[:default_service] if @params[:service].blank?
+        @params[:protocol] = URI.parse(@params[:endpoint_url]).scheme
+        @params[:region]   = nil
+      else
+        @params[:server]   ||= service_info[:default_host]
+        @params[:server]     = "#{@params[:region]}.#{@params[:server]}" if @params[:region]
+        @params[:port]     ||= service_info[:default_port]
+        @params[:service]  ||= service_info[:default_service]
+        @params[:protocol] ||= service_info[:default_protocol]
+      end
+#      @params[:multi_thread] ||= defined?(AWS_DAEMON)
+      @params[:connections] ||= :shared # || :dedicated
+      @params[:max_connections] ||= 10
+      @params[:connection_lifetime] ||= 20*60
+      @params[:api_version]  ||= service_info[:default_api_version]
+      @logger = @params[:logger]
+      @logger = RAILS_DEFAULT_LOGGER if !@logger && defined?(RAILS_DEFAULT_LOGGER)
+      @logger = Logger.new(STDOUT)   if !@logger
+      @logger.info "New #{self.class.name} using #{@params[:connections]} connections mode"
+      @error_handler = nil
+      @cache = {}
+      @signature_version = (params[:signature_version] || DEFAULT_SIGNATURE_VERSION).to_s
+    end
+
+    def signed_service_params(aws_secret_access_key, service_hash, http_verb=nil, host=nil, service=nil )
+      case signature_version.to_s
+      when '0' then AwsUtils::sign_request_v0(aws_secret_access_key, service_hash)
+      when '1' then AwsUtils::sign_request_v1(aws_secret_access_key, service_hash)
+      when '2' then AwsUtils::sign_request_v2(aws_secret_access_key, service_hash, http_verb, host, service)
+      else raise AwsError.new("Unknown signature version (#{signature_version.to_s}) requested")
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Returns +true+ if the describe_xxx responses are being cached 
+    def caching?
+      @params.key?(:cache) ? @params[:cache] : @@caching
+    end
+    
+    # Check if the aws function response hits the cache or not.
+    # If the cache hits:
+    # - raises an +AwsNoChange+ exception if +do_raise+ == +:raise+.
+    # - returnes parsed response from the cache if it exists or +true+ otherwise.
+    # If the cache miss or the caching is off then returns +false+.
+    def cache_hits?(function, response, do_raise=:raise)
+      result = false
+      if caching?
+        function = function.to_sym
+        # get rid of requestId (this bad boy was added for API 2008-08-08+ and it is uniq for every response)
+        # feb 04, 2009 (load balancer uses 'RequestId' hence use 'i' modifier to hit it also)
+        response = response.sub(%r{<requestId>.+?</requestId>}i, '')
+        response_md5 = MD5.md5(response).to_s
+        # check for changes
+        unless @cache[function] && @cache[function][:response_md5] == response_md5
+          # well, the response is new, reset cache data
+          update_cache(function, {:response_md5 => response_md5, 
+                                  :timestamp    => Time.now, 
+                                  :hits         => 0, 
+                                  :parsed       => nil})
+        else
+          # aha, cache hits, update the data and throw an exception if needed
+          @cache[function][:hits] += 1
+          if do_raise == :raise
+            raise(AwsNoChange, "Cache hit: #{function} response has not changed since "+
+                               "#{@cache[function][:timestamp].strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')}, "+
+                               "hits: #{@cache[function][:hits]}.")
+          else
+            result = @cache[function][:parsed] || true
+          end
+        end
+      end
+      result
+    end
+    
+    def update_cache(function, hash)
+      (@cache[function.to_sym] ||= {}).merge!(hash) if caching?
+    end
+    
+    def on_exception(options={:raise=>true, :log=>true}) # :nodoc:
+      raise if $!.is_a?(AwsNoChange)
+      AwsError::on_aws_exception(self, options)
+    end
+    
+#      # Return +true+ if this instance works in multi_thread mode and +false+ otherwise.
+#    def multi_thread
+#      @params[:multi_thread]
+#    end
+
+    # ACF, AMS, EC2, LBS and SDB uses this guy
+    # SQS and S3 use their own methods
+    def generate_request_impl(verb, action, options={}) #:nodoc:
+      # Form a valid http verb: 'GET' or 'POST' (all the other are not supported now)
+      http_verb = verb.to_s.upcase
+      # remove empty keys from request options
+      options.delete_if { |key, value| value.nil? }
+      # prepare service data
+      service_hash = {"Action"         => action,
+                      "AWSAccessKeyId" => @aws_access_key_id,
+                      "Version"        => @params[:api_version] }
+      service_hash.merge!(options)
+      # Sign request options
+      service_params = signed_service_params(@aws_secret_access_key, service_hash, http_verb, @params[:server], @params[:service])
+      # Use POST if the length of the query string is too large
+      # see http://docs.amazonwebservices.com/AmazonSimpleDB/2007-11-07/DeveloperGuide/MakingRESTRequests.html
+      if http_verb != 'POST' && service_params.size > 2000
+        http_verb = 'POST'
+        if signature_version == '2'
+          service_params = signed_service_params(@aws_secret_access_key, service_hash, http_verb, @params[:server], @params[:service])
+        end
+      end
+      # create a request
+      case http_verb
+      when 'GET'
+        request = Net::HTTP::Get.new("#{@params[:service]}?#{service_params}")
+      when 'POST'
+        request      = Net::HTTP::Post.new(@params[:service])
+        request.body = service_params
+        request['Content-Type'] = 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=utf-8'
+      else
+        raise "Unsupported HTTP verb #{verb.inspect}!"
+      end
+      # prepare output hash
+      { :request  => request,
+        :server   => @params[:server],
+        :port     => @params[:port],
+        :protocol => @params[:protocol] }
+    end
+
+    def get_connection(aws_service, request) #:nodoc
+      server_url = "#{request[:protocol]}://#{request[:server]}:#{request[:port]}}"
+      #
+      case @params[:connections].to_s
+      when 'dedicated'
+        @connections_storage ||= {}
+      else # 'dedicated'
+        @connections_storage = (Thread.current[aws_service] ||= {})
+      end
+      #
+      @connections_storage[server_url] ||= {}
+      @connections_storage[server_url][:last_used_at] = Time.now
+      @connections_storage[server_url][:connection] ||= Rightscale::HttpConnection.new(:exception => RightAws::AwsError, :logger => @logger)
+      # keep X most recent connections (but were used not far than Y minutes ago)
+      connections = 0
+      @connections_storage.to_a.sort{|i1, i2| i2[1][:last_used_at] <=> i1[1][:last_used_at]}.to_a.each do |i|
+        if i[0] != server_url && (@params[:max_connections] <= connections  || i[1][:last_used_at] < Time.now - @params[:connection_lifetime])
+          # delete the connection from the list
+          @connections_storage.delete(i[0])
+          # then finish it
+          i[1][:connection].finish((@params[:max_connections] <= connections) ? "out-of-limit" : "out-of-date") rescue nil
+        else
+          connections += 1
+        end
+      end
+      @connections_storage[server_url][:connection]
+    end
+
+    # All services uses this guy.
+    def request_info_impl(aws_service, benchblock, request, parser, &block) #:nodoc:
+      @connection    = get_connection(aws_service, request)
+      @last_request  = request[:request]
+      @last_response = nil
+      response = nil
+      blockexception = nil
+
+      if(block != nil)
+        # TRB 9/17/07 Careful - because we are passing in blocks, we get a situation where
+        # an exception may get thrown in the block body (which is high-level
+        # code either here or in the application) but gets caught in the
+        # low-level code of HttpConnection.  The solution is not to let any
+        # exception escape the block that we pass to HttpConnection::request.
+        # Exceptions can originate from code directly in the block, or from user
+        # code called in the other block which is passed to response.read_body.
+        benchblock.service.add! do
+          responsehdr = @connection.request(request) do |response|
+          #########
+            begin
+              @last_response = response
+              if response.is_a?(Net::HTTPSuccess)
+                @error_handler = nil
+                response.read_body(&block)
+              else
+                @error_handler = AWSErrorHandler.new(self, parser, :errors_list => self.class.amazon_problems) unless @error_handler
+                check_result   = @error_handler.check(request)
+                if check_result
+                  @error_handler = nil
+                  return check_result 
+                end
+                raise AwsError.new(@last_errors, @last_response.code, @last_request_id)
+              end
+            rescue Exception => e
+              blockexception = e
+            end
+          end
+          #########
+
+          #OK, now we are out of the block passed to the lower level
+          if(blockexception)
+            raise blockexception
+          end
+          benchblock.xml.add! do
+            parser.parse(responsehdr)
+          end
+          return parser.result
+        end
+      else
+        benchblock.service.add!{ response = @connection.request(request) }
+          # check response for errors...
+        @last_response = response
+        if response.is_a?(Net::HTTPSuccess)
+          @error_handler = nil
+          benchblock.xml.add! { parser.parse(response) }
+          return parser.result
+        else
+          @error_handler = AWSErrorHandler.new(self, parser, :errors_list => self.class.amazon_problems) unless @error_handler
+          check_result   = @error_handler.check(request)
+          if check_result
+            @error_handler = nil
+            return check_result 
+          end
+          raise AwsError.new(@last_errors, @last_response.code, @last_request_id)
+        end
+      end
+    rescue
+      @error_handler = nil
+      raise
+    end
+
+    def request_cache_or_info(method, link, parser_class, benchblock, use_cache=true) #:nodoc:
+      # We do not want to break the logic of parsing hence will use a dummy parser to process all the standard
+      # steps (errors checking etc). The dummy parser does nothig - just returns back the params it received.
+      # If the caching is enabled and hit then throw  AwsNoChange.
+      # P.S. caching works for the whole images list only! (when the list param is blank)
+      # check cache
+      response, params = request_info(link, RightDummyParser.new)
+      cache_hits?(method.to_sym, response.body) if use_cache
+      parser = parser_class.new(:logger => @logger)
+      benchblock.xml.add!{ parser.parse(response, params) }
+      result = block_given? ? yield(parser) : parser.result
+      # update parsed data
+      update_cache(method.to_sym, :parsed => result) if use_cache
+      result
+    end
+
+    # Returns Amazons request ID for the latest request
+    def last_request_id
+      @last_response && @last_response.body.to_s[%r{<requestId>(.+?)</requestId>}i] && $1
+    end
+
+    # Format array of items into Amazons handy hash ('?' is a place holder):
+    #
+    #  amazonize_list('Item', ['a', 'b', 'c']) =>
+    #    { 'Item.1' => 'a', 'Item.2' => 'b', 'Item.3' => 'c' }
+    #
+    #  amazonize_list('Item.?.instance', ['a', 'c']) #=>
+    #    { 'Item.1.instance' => 'a', 'Item.2.instance' => 'c' }
+    #
+    #  amazonize_list(['Item.?.Name', 'Item.?.Value'], {'A' => 'a', 'B' => 'b'}) #=>
+    #    { 'Item.1.Name' => 'A', 'Item.1.Value' => 'a',
+    #      'Item.2.Name' => 'B', 'Item.2.Value' => 'b'  }
+    #
+    #  amazonize_list(['Item.?.Name', 'Item.?.Value'], [['A','a'], ['B','b']]) #=>
+    #    { 'Item.1.Name' => 'A', 'Item.1.Value' => 'a',
+    #      'Item.2.Name' => 'B', 'Item.2.Value' => 'b'  }
+    #
+    #  amazonize_list(['Filter.?.Key', 'Filter.?.Value.?'], {'A' => ['aa','ab'], 'B' => ['ba','bb']}) #=>
+    #  amazonize_list(['Filter.?.Key', 'Filter.?.Value.?'], [['A',['aa','ab']], ['B',['ba','bb']]])   #=>
+    #    {"Filter.1.Key"=>"A",
+    #     "Filter.1.Value.1"=>"aa",
+    #     "Filter.1.Value.2"=>"ab",
+    #     "Filter.2.Key"=>"B",
+    #     "Filter.2.Value.1"=>"ba",
+    #     "Filter.2.Value.2"=>"bb"}
+    def amazonize_list(masks, list) #:nodoc:
+      groups = {}
+      Array(list).each_with_index do |list_item, i|
+        Array(masks).each_with_index do |mask, mask_idx|
+          key = mask[/\?/] ? mask.dup : mask.dup + '.?'
+          key.sub!('?', (i+1).to_s)
+          value = Array(list_item)[mask_idx]
+          if value.is_a?(Array)
+            groups.merge!(amazonize_list(key, value))
+          else
+            groups[key] = value
+          end
+        end
+      end
+      groups
+    end
+
+    BLOCK_DEVICE_KEY_MAPPING = {                                                           # :nodoc:
+      :device_name               => 'DeviceName',
+      :virtual_name              => 'VirtualName',
+      :no_device                 => 'NoDevice',
+      :ebs_snapshot_id           => 'Ebs.SnapshotId',
+      :ebs_volume_size           => 'Ebs.VolumeSize',
+      :ebs_delete_on_termination => 'Ebs.DeleteOnTermination' }
+
+    def amazonize_block_device_mappings(block_device_mappings, key = 'BlockDeviceMapping') # :nodoc:
+      result = {}
+      unless block_device_mappings.blank?
+        block_device_mappings = [block_device_mappings] unless block_device_mappings.is_a?(Array)
+        block_device_mappings.each_with_index do |b, idx|
+          BLOCK_DEVICE_KEY_MAPPING.each do |local_name, remote_name|
+            value = b[local_name]
+            case local_name
+            when :no_device then value = value ? '' : nil   # allow to pass :no_device as boolean
+            end
+            result["#{key}.#{idx+1}.#{remote_name}"] = value unless value.nil?
+          end
+        end
+      end
+      result
+    end
+
+  end
+
+
+  # Exception class to signal any Amazon errors. All errors occuring during calls to Amazon's
+  # web services raise this type of error.
+  # Attribute inherited by RuntimeError:
+  #  message    - the text of the error, generally as returned by AWS in its XML response.
+  class AwsError < RuntimeError
+    
+    # either an array of errors where each item is itself an array of [code, message]),
+    # or an error string if the error was raised manually, as in <tt>AwsError.new('err_text')</tt>
+    attr_reader :errors
+    
+    # Request id (if exists)
+    attr_reader :request_id
+    
+    # Response HTTP error code
+    attr_reader :http_code
+    
+    def initialize(errors=nil, http_code=nil, request_id=nil)
+      @errors      = errors
+      @request_id  = request_id
+      @http_code   = http_code
+      super(@errors.is_a?(Array) ? @errors.map{|code, msg| "#{code}: #{msg}"}.join("; ") : @errors.to_s)
+    end
+    
+    # Does any of the error messages include the regexp +pattern+?
+    # Used to determine whether to retry request.
+    def include?(pattern)
+      if @errors.is_a?(Array)
+        @errors.each{ |code, msg| return true if code =~ pattern } 
+      else
+        return true if @errors_str =~ pattern 
+      end
+      false
+    end
+    
+    # Generic handler for AwsErrors. +aws+ is the RightAws::S3, RightAws::EC2, or RightAws::SQS
+    # object that caused the exception (it must provide last_request and last_response). Supported
+    # boolean options are:
+    # * <tt>:log</tt> print a message into the log using aws.logger to access the Logger
+    # * <tt>:puts</tt> do a "puts" of the error
+    # * <tt>:raise</tt> re-raise the error after logging
+    def self.on_aws_exception(aws, options={:raise=>true, :log=>true})
+ 	    # Only log & notify if not user error
+      if !options[:raise] || system_error?($!)
+        error_text = "#{$!.inspect}\n#{$@}.join('\n')}"
+        puts error_text if options[:puts]
+          # Log the error
+        if options[:log]
+          request  = aws.last_request  ? aws.last_request.path :  '-none-'
+          response = aws.last_response ? "#{aws.last_response.code} -- #{aws.last_response.message} -- #{aws.last_response.body}" : '-none-'
+          aws.logger.error error_text
+          aws.logger.error "Request was:  #{request}"
+          aws.logger.error "Response was: #{response}"
+        end
+      end
+      raise if options[:raise]  # re-raise an exception
+      return nil
+    end
+    
+    # True if e is an AWS system error, i.e. something that is for sure not the caller's fault.
+    # Used to force logging.
+    def self.system_error?(e)
+ 	    !e.is_a?(self) || e.message =~ /InternalError|InsufficientInstanceCapacity|Unavailable/
+    end
+
+  end
+
+
+  class AWSErrorHandler
+    # 0-100 (%) 
+    DEFAULT_CLOSE_ON_4XX_PROBABILITY = 10     
+    
+    @@reiteration_start_delay = 0.2
+    def self.reiteration_start_delay
+      @@reiteration_start_delay
+    end
+    def self.reiteration_start_delay=(reiteration_start_delay)
+      @@reiteration_start_delay = reiteration_start_delay
+    end
+
+    @@reiteration_time = 5
+    def self.reiteration_time
+      @@reiteration_time
+    end
+    def self.reiteration_time=(reiteration_time)
+      @@reiteration_time = reiteration_time
+    end
+    
+    @@close_on_error = true 
+    def self.close_on_error 
+      @@close_on_error 
+    end 
+    def self.close_on_error=(close_on_error) 
+      @@close_on_error = close_on_error 
+    end 
+ 
+    @@close_on_4xx_probability = DEFAULT_CLOSE_ON_4XX_PROBABILITY 
+    def self.close_on_4xx_probability 
+      @@close_on_4xx_probability 
+    end 
+    def self.close_on_4xx_probability=(close_on_4xx_probability) 
+      @@close_on_4xx_probability = close_on_4xx_probability 
+    end 
+ 
+    # params: 
+    #  :reiteration_time 
+    #  :errors_list 
+    #  :close_on_error           = true | false 
+    #  :close_on_4xx_probability = 1-100 
+    def initialize(aws, parser, params={}) #:nodoc:     
+      @aws           = aws              # Link to RightEc2 | RightSqs | RightS3 instance
+      @parser        = parser           # parser to parse Amazon response
+      @started_at    = Time.now
+      @stop_at       = @started_at  + (params[:reiteration_time] || @@reiteration_time) 
+      @errors_list   = params[:errors_list] || [] 
+      @reiteration_delay = @@reiteration_start_delay
+      @retries       = 0
+      # close current HTTP(S) connection on 5xx, errors from list and 4xx errors 
+      @close_on_error           = params[:close_on_error].nil? ? @@close_on_error : params[:close_on_error] 
+      @close_on_4xx_probability = params[:close_on_4xx_probability] || @@close_on_4xx_probability       
+    end
+    
+      # Returns false if 
+    def check(request)  #:nodoc:
+      result           = false
+      error_found      = false
+      redirect_detected= false
+      error_match      = nil
+      last_errors_text = ''
+      response         = @aws.last_response
+      # log error
+      request_text_data = "#{request[:protocol]}://#{request[:server]}:#{request[:port]}#{request[:request].path}"
+      # is this a redirect?
+      # yes!
+      if response.is_a?(Net::HTTPRedirection)
+        redirect_detected = true 
+      else
+        # no, it's an error ...
+        @aws.logger.warn("##### #{@aws.class.name} returned an error: #{response.code} #{response.message}\n#{response.body} #####")
+        @aws.logger.warn("##### #{@aws.class.name} request: #{request_text_data} ####")
+      end
+
+      # Extract error/redirection message from the response body
+      # Amazon claims that a redirection must have a body but somethimes it is nil....
+      if response.body && response.body[/^(<\?xml|<ErrorResponse)/]
+        error_parser = RightErrorResponseParser.new
+        @aws.class.bench_xml.add! do
+          error_parser.parse(response.body)
+        end
+        @aws.last_errors     = error_parser.errors
+        @aws.last_request_id = error_parser.requestID
+        last_errors_text     = @aws.last_errors.flatten.join("\n")
+      else
+        @aws.last_errors     = [[response.code, "#{response.message} (#{request_text_data})"]]
+        @aws.last_request_id = '-undefined-'
+        last_errors_text     = response.message
+      end
+      
+      # Ok, it is a redirect, find the new destination location
+      if redirect_detected
+        location = response['location']
+        # ... log information and ...
+        @aws.logger.info("##### #{@aws.class.name} redirect requested: #{response.code} #{response.message} #####")
+        @aws.logger.info("      Old location: #{request_text_data}")
+        @aws.logger.info("      New location: #{location}")
+        # ... fix the connection data
+        request[:server]   = URI.parse(location).host
+        request[:protocol] = URI.parse(location).scheme
+        request[:port]     = URI.parse(location).port
+      else
+        # Not a redirect but an error: try to find the error in our list
+        @errors_list.each do |error_to_find|
+          if last_errors_text[/#{error_to_find}/i]
+            error_found = true
+            error_match = error_to_find
+            @aws.logger.warn("##### Retry is needed, error pattern match: #{error_to_find} #####")
+            break
+          end
+        end
+      end
+      
+        # check the time has gone from the first error come
+      if redirect_detected || error_found
+        # Close the connection to the server and recreate a new one. 
+        # It may have a chance that one server is a semi-down and reconnection 
+        # will help us to connect to the other server 
+        if !redirect_detected && @close_on_error
+          @aws.connection.finish "#{self.class.name}: error match to pattern '#{error_match}'" 
+        end 
+                 
+        if (Time.now < @stop_at)
+          @retries += 1
+          unless redirect_detected
+            @aws.logger.warn("##### Retry ##{@retries} is being performed. Sleeping for #{@reiteration_delay} sec. Whole time: #{Time.now-@started_at} sec ####")
+            sleep @reiteration_delay 
+            @reiteration_delay *= 2
+
+            # Always make sure that the fp is set to point to the beginning(?)
+            # of the File/IO. TODO: it assumes that offset is 0, which is bad.
+            if(request[:request].body_stream && request[:request].body_stream.respond_to?(:pos))
+              begin
+                request[:request].body_stream.pos = 0
+              rescue Exception => e
+                @logger.warn("Retry may fail due to unable to reset the file pointer" +
+                             " -- #{self.class.name} : #{e.inspect}")
+              end
+            end
+          else
+            @aws.logger.info("##### Retry ##{@retries} is being performed due to a redirect.  ####")
+          end
+          result = @aws.request_info(request, @parser)
+        else
+          @aws.logger.warn("##### Ooops, time is over... ####")
+        end 
+      # aha, this is unhandled error: 
+      elsif @close_on_error 
+        # Is this a 5xx error ? 
+        if @aws.last_response.code.to_s[/^5\d\d$/] 
+          @aws.connection.finish "#{self.class.name}: code: #{@aws.last_response.code}: '#{@aws.last_response.message}'" 
+        # Is this a 4xx error ? 
+        elsif @aws.last_response.code.to_s[/^4\d\d$/] && @close_on_4xx_probability > rand(100) 
+          @aws.connection.finish "#{self.class.name}: code: #{@aws.last_response.code}: '#{@aws.last_response.message}', " + 
+                                 "probability: #{@close_on_4xx_probability}%"           
+        end
+      end
+      result
+    end
+    
+  end
+
+
+  #-----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+  class RightSaxParserCallback #:nodoc:
+    def self.include_callback 
+      include XML::SaxParser::Callbacks       
+    end 
+    def initialize(right_aws_parser) 
+      @right_aws_parser = right_aws_parser 
+    end 
+    def on_start_element(name, attr_hash) 
+      @right_aws_parser.tag_start(name, attr_hash) 
+    end   
+    def on_characters(chars) 
+      @right_aws_parser.text(chars)
+    end 
+    def on_end_element(name) 
+      @right_aws_parser.tag_end(name) 
+    end 
+    def on_start_document; end 
+    def on_comment(msg); end 
+    def on_processing_instruction(target, data); end 
+    def on_cdata_block(cdata); end 
+    def on_end_document; end 
+  end 
+ 
+  class RightAWSParser  #:nodoc:
+      # default parsing library 
+    DEFAULT_XML_LIBRARY = 'rexml' 
+      # a list of supported parsers 
+    @@supported_xml_libs = [DEFAULT_XML_LIBRARY, 'libxml'] 
+     
+    @@xml_lib = DEFAULT_XML_LIBRARY # xml library name: 'rexml' | 'libxml' 
+    def self.xml_lib
+      @@xml_lib
+    end
+    def self.xml_lib=(new_lib_name)
+      @@xml_lib = new_lib_name
+    end
+    
+    attr_accessor :result
+    attr_reader   :xmlpath
+    attr_accessor :xml_lib
+    attr_reader   :full_tag_name
+    attr_reader   :tag
+    
+    def initialize(params={})
+      @xmlpath = ''
+      @full_tag_name = ''
+      @result  = false
+      @text    = ''
+      @tag     = ''
+      @xml_lib = params[:xml_lib] || @@xml_lib
+      @logger  = params[:logger]
+      reset
+    end
+    def tag_start(name, attributes)
+      @text = ''
+      @tag  = name
+      @full_tag_name += @full_tag_name.empty? ? name : "/#{name}"
+      tagstart(name, attributes)
+      @xmlpath = @full_tag_name
+    end
+    def tag_end(name)
+      @xmlpath = @full_tag_name[/^(.*?)\/?#{name}$/] && $1
+      tagend(name)
+      @full_tag_name = @xmlpath
+    end
+    def text(text)
+      @text += text
+      tagtext(text)
+    end
+      # Parser method.
+      # Params:
+      #   xml_text         - xml message text(String) or Net:HTTPxxx instance (response)
+      #   params[:xml_lib] - library name: 'rexml' | 'libxml'
+    def parse(xml_text, params={})
+        # Get response body
+      xml_text = xml_text.body unless xml_text.is_a?(String)
+      @xml_lib = params[:xml_lib] || @xml_lib
+        # check that we had no problems with this library otherwise use default 
+      @xml_lib = DEFAULT_XML_LIBRARY unless @@supported_xml_libs.include?(@xml_lib)       
+        # load xml library
+      if @xml_lib=='libxml' && !defined?(XML::SaxParser)
+        begin
+          require 'xml/libxml'
+          # is it new ? - Setup SaxParserCallback 
+          if XML::Parser::VERSION >= '0.5.1.0'
+            RightSaxParserCallback.include_callback 
+          end           
+        rescue LoadError => e
+          @@supported_xml_libs.delete(@xml_lib) 
+          @xml_lib = DEFAULT_XML_LIBRARY           
+          if @logger
+            @logger.error e.inspect
+            @logger.error e.backtrace
+            @logger.info "Can not load 'libxml' library. '#{DEFAULT_XML_LIBRARY}' is used for parsing." 
+          end
+        end
+      end
+        # Parse the xml text
+      case @xml_lib
+      when 'libxml'  
+        if XML::Parser::VERSION >= '0.9.9'
+          # avoid warning on every usage
+          xml        = XML::SaxParser.string(xml_text)
+        else
+          xml        = XML::SaxParser.new 
+          xml.string = xml_text 
+        end
+        # check libxml-ruby version 
+        if XML::Parser::VERSION >= '0.5.1.0'
+          xml.callbacks = RightSaxParserCallback.new(self) 
+        else 
+          xml.on_start_element{|name, attr_hash| self.tag_start(name, attr_hash)} 
+          xml.on_characters{   |text|            self.text(text)}
+          xml.on_end_element{  |name|            self.tag_end(name)} 
+        end 
+        xml.parse
+      else
+        REXML::Document.parse_stream(xml_text, self)
+      end
+    end
+      # Parser must have a lots of methods 
+      # (see /usr/lib/ruby/1.8/rexml/parsers/streamparser.rb)
+      # We dont need most of them in RightAWSParser and method_missing helps us
+      # to skip their definition
+    def method_missing(method, *params)
+        # if the method is one of known - just skip it ...
+      return if [:comment, :attlistdecl, :notationdecl, :elementdecl, 
+                 :entitydecl, :cdata, :xmldecl, :attlistdecl, :instruction, 
+                 :doctype].include?(method)
+        # ... else - call super to raise an exception
+      super(method, params)
+    end
+      # the functions to be overriden by children (if nessesery)
+    def reset                     ; end
+    def tagstart(name, attributes); end
+    def tagend(name)              ; end
+    def tagtext(text)             ; end
+  end
+
+  #-----------------------------------------------------------------
+  #      PARSERS: Errors
+  #-----------------------------------------------------------------
+
+#<Error>
+#  <Code>TemporaryRedirect</Code>
+#  <Message>Please re-send this request to the specified temporary endpoint. Continue to use the original request endpoint for future requests.</Message>
+#  <RequestId>FD8D5026D1C5ABA3</RequestId>
+#  <Endpoint>bucket-for-k.s3-external-3.amazonaws.com</Endpoint>
+#  <HostId>ItJy8xPFPli1fq/JR3DzQd3iDvFCRqi1LTRmunEdM1Uf6ZtW2r2kfGPWhRE1vtaU</HostId>
+#  <Bucket>bucket-for-k</Bucket>
+#</Error>
+
+  class RightErrorResponseParser < RightAWSParser #:nodoc:
+    attr_accessor :errors  # array of hashes: error/message
+    attr_accessor :requestID
+#    attr_accessor :endpoint, :host_id, :bucket
+    def tagend(name)
+      case name
+        when 'RequestID' ; @requestID = @text
+        when 'Code'      ; @code      = @text
+        when 'Message'   ; @message   = @text
+#       when 'Endpoint'  ; @endpoint  = @text
+#       when 'HostId'    ; @host_id   = @text
+#       when 'Bucket'    ; @bucket    = @text
+        when 'Error'     ; @errors   << [ @code, @message ]
+      end
+    end
+    def reset
+      @errors = []
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Dummy parser - does nothing
+  # Returns the original params back
+  class RightDummyParser  # :nodoc:
+    attr_accessor :result
+    def parse(response, params={})
+      @result = [response, params]
+    end
+  end
+
+  class RightHttp2xxParser < RightAWSParser # :nodoc:
+    def parse(response)
+      @result = response.is_a?(Net::HTTPSuccess)
+    end
+  end
+
+  class RightBoolResponseParser < RightAWSParser #:nodoc:
+    def tagend(name)
+      @result = (@text=='true') if name == 'return'
+    end
+  end
+
+end
+