resolv 0.1.0

checksums.yaml

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+SHA256:
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+  data.tar.gz: 834c5e48ead61ba3b57f25c95b63ac49724cfc1de467c50067dd9d963a95eafd
+SHA512:
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+  data.tar.gz: 8df9e5caed44b8a4ec672f3abaa053968d2f71b8c5c12316bddcff23b28fc780491b0342530c1ae21e9393a0b6319518bb22d16dacb226dc393fb53970a8ee0a

data/.github/workflows/test.yml

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+name: test
+
+on: [push, pull_request]
+
+jobs:
+  build:
+    name: build (${{ matrix.ruby }} / ${{ matrix.os }})
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        ruby: [ 2.7, 2.6, 2.5, head ]
+        os: [ ubuntu-latest, macos-latest ]
+    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
+    steps:
+    - uses: actions/checkout@master
+    - name: Set up Ruby
+      uses: ruby/setup-ruby@v1
+      with:
+        ruby-version: ${{ matrix.ruby }}
+    - name: Install dependencies
+      run: |
+        gem install bundler --no-document
+        bundle install
+    - name: Run test
+      run: rake test

data/.gitignore

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+/.bundle/
+/.yardoc
+/_yardoc/
+/coverage/
+/doc/
+/pkg/
+/spec/reports/
+/tmp/

data/Gemfile

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+source "https://rubygems.org"
+
+gem "rake"
+gem "test-unit"

data/LICENSE.txt

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+Copyright (C) 1993-2013 Yukihiro Matsumoto. All rights reserved.
+
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
+are met:
+1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
+notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
+documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+
+THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
+ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
+IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
+ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
+FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
+DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
+OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
+HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
+LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
+OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
+SUCH DAMAGE.

data/README.md

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+# Resolv
+
+Resolv is a thread-aware DNS resolver library written in Ruby.  Resolv can
+handle multiple DNS requests concurrently without blocking the entire Ruby
+interpreter.
+
+## Installation
+
+Add this line to your application's Gemfile:
+
+```ruby
+gem 'resolv'
+```
+
+And then execute:
+
+    $ bundle install
+
+Or install it yourself as:
+
+    $ gem install resolv
+
+## Usage
+
+
+```ruby
+p Resolv.getaddress "www.ruby-lang.org"
+p Resolv.getname "210.251.121.214"
+
+Resolv::DNS.open do |dns|
+  ress = dns.getresources "www.ruby-lang.org", Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::A
+  p ress.map(&:address)
+  ress = dns.getresources "ruby-lang.org", Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::MX
+  p ress.map { |r| [r.exchange.to_s, r.preference] }
+end
+```
+
+## Development
+
+After checking out the repo, run `bin/setup` to install dependencies. Then, run `rake test` to run the tests. You can also run `bin/console` for an interactive prompt that will allow you to experiment.
+
+To install this gem onto your local machine, run `bundle exec rake install`. To release a new version, update the version number in `version.rb`, and then run `bundle exec rake release`, which will create a git tag for the version, push git commits and tags, and push the `.gem` file to [rubygems.org](https://rubygems.org).
+
+## Contributing
+
+Bug reports and pull requests are welcome on GitHub at https://github.com/ruby/resolv.
+

data/Rakefile

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+require "bundler/gem_tasks"
+require "rake/testtask"
+
+Rake::TestTask.new(:test) do |t|
+  t.libs << "test/lib"
+  t.ruby_opts << "-rhelper"
+  t.test_files = FileList["test/**/test_*.rb"]
+end
+
+task :default => :test

data/bin/console

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+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+
+require "bundler/setup"
+require "resolv"
+
+# You can add fixtures and/or initialization code here to make experimenting
+# with your gem easier. You can also use a different console, if you like.
+
+# (If you use this, don't forget to add pry to your Gemfile!)
+# require "pry"
+# Pry.start
+
+require "irb"
+IRB.start(__FILE__)

data/bin/setup

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+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+set -euo pipefail
+IFS=$'\n\t'
+set -vx
+
+bundle install
+
+# Do any other automated setup that you need to do here

data/lib/resolv.rb

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+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require 'socket'
+require 'timeout'
+require 'io/wait'
+
+begin
+  require 'securerandom'
+rescue LoadError
+end
+
+# Resolv is a thread-aware DNS resolver library written in Ruby.  Resolv can
+# handle multiple DNS requests concurrently without blocking the entire Ruby
+# interpreter.
+#
+# See also resolv-replace.rb to replace the libc resolver with Resolv.
+#
+# Resolv can look up various DNS resources using the DNS module directly.
+#
+# Examples:
+#
+#   p Resolv.getaddress "www.ruby-lang.org"
+#   p Resolv.getname "210.251.121.214"
+#
+#   Resolv::DNS.open do |dns|
+#     ress = dns.getresources "www.ruby-lang.org", Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::A
+#     p ress.map(&:address)
+#     ress = dns.getresources "ruby-lang.org", Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::MX
+#     p ress.map { |r| [r.exchange.to_s, r.preference] }
+#   end
+#
+#
+# == Bugs
+#
+# * NIS is not supported.
+# * /etc/nsswitch.conf is not supported.
+
+class Resolv
+
+  ##
+  # Looks up the first IP address for +name+.
+
+  def self.getaddress(name)
+    DefaultResolver.getaddress(name)
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # Looks up all IP address for +name+.
+
+  def self.getaddresses(name)
+    DefaultResolver.getaddresses(name)
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # Iterates over all IP addresses for +name+.
+
+  def self.each_address(name, &block)
+    DefaultResolver.each_address(name, &block)
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # Looks up the hostname of +address+.
+
+  def self.getname(address)
+    DefaultResolver.getname(address)
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # Looks up all hostnames for +address+.
+
+  def self.getnames(address)
+    DefaultResolver.getnames(address)
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # Iterates over all hostnames for +address+.
+
+  def self.each_name(address, &proc)
+    DefaultResolver.each_name(address, &proc)
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # Creates a new Resolv using +resolvers+.
+
+  def initialize(resolvers=[Hosts.new, DNS.new])
+    @resolvers = resolvers
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # Looks up the first IP address for +name+.
+
+  def getaddress(name)
+    each_address(name) {|address| return address}
+    raise ResolvError.new("no address for #{name}")
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # Looks up all IP address for +name+.
+
+  def getaddresses(name)
+    ret = []
+    each_address(name) {|address| ret << address}
+    return ret
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # Iterates over all IP addresses for +name+.
+
+  def each_address(name)
+    if AddressRegex =~ name
+      yield name
+      return
+    end
+    yielded = false
+    @resolvers.each {|r|
+      r.each_address(name) {|address|
+        yield address.to_s
+        yielded = true
+      }
+      return if yielded
+    }
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # Looks up the hostname of +address+.
+
+  def getname(address)
+    each_name(address) {|name| return name}
+    raise ResolvError.new("no name for #{address}")
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # Looks up all hostnames for +address+.
+
+  def getnames(address)
+    ret = []
+    each_name(address) {|name| ret << name}
+    return ret
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # Iterates over all hostnames for +address+.
+
+  def each_name(address)
+    yielded = false
+    @resolvers.each {|r|
+      r.each_name(address) {|name|
+        yield name.to_s
+        yielded = true
+      }
+      return if yielded
+    }
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # Indicates a failure to resolve a name or address.
+
+  class ResolvError < StandardError; end
+
+  ##
+  # Indicates a timeout resolving a name or address.
+
+  class ResolvTimeout < Timeout::Error; end
+
+  ##
+  # Resolv::Hosts is a hostname resolver that uses the system hosts file.
+
+  class Hosts
+    if /mswin|mingw|cygwin/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM and
+      begin
+        require 'win32/resolv'
+        DefaultFileName = Win32::Resolv.get_hosts_path || IO::NULL
+      rescue LoadError
+      end
+    end
+    DefaultFileName ||= '/etc/hosts'
+
+    ##
+    # Creates a new Resolv::Hosts, using +filename+ for its data source.
+
+    def initialize(filename = DefaultFileName)
+      @filename = filename
+      @mutex = Thread::Mutex.new
+      @initialized = nil
+    end
+
+    def lazy_initialize # :nodoc:
+      @mutex.synchronize {
+        unless @initialized
+          @name2addr = {}
+          @addr2name = {}
+          File.open(@filename, 'rb') {|f|
+            f.each {|line|
+              line.sub!(/#.*/, '')
+              addr, hostname, *aliases = line.split(/\s+/)
+              next unless addr
+              @addr2name[addr] = [] unless @addr2name.include? addr
+              @addr2name[addr] << hostname
+              @addr2name[addr] += aliases
+              @name2addr[hostname] = [] unless @name2addr.include? hostname
+              @name2addr[hostname] << addr
+              aliases.each {|n|
+                @name2addr[n] = [] unless @name2addr.include? n
+                @name2addr[n] << addr
+              }
+            }
+          }
+          @name2addr.each {|name, arr| arr.reverse!}
+          @initialized = true
+        end
+      }
+      self
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Gets the IP address of +name+ from the hosts file.
+
+    def getaddress(name)
+      each_address(name) {|address| return address}
+      raise ResolvError.new("#{@filename} has no name: #{name}")
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Gets all IP addresses for +name+ from the hosts file.
+
+    def getaddresses(name)
+      ret = []
+      each_address(name) {|address| ret << address}
+      return ret
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Iterates over all IP addresses for +name+ retrieved from the hosts file.
+
+    def each_address(name, &proc)
+      lazy_initialize
+      @name2addr[name]&.each(&proc)
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Gets the hostname of +address+ from the hosts file.
+
+    def getname(address)
+      each_name(address) {|name| return name}
+      raise ResolvError.new("#{@filename} has no address: #{address}")
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Gets all hostnames for +address+ from the hosts file.
+
+    def getnames(address)
+      ret = []
+      each_name(address) {|name| ret << name}
+      return ret
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Iterates over all hostnames for +address+ retrieved from the hosts file.
+
+    def each_name(address, &proc)
+      lazy_initialize
+      @addr2name[address]&.each(&proc)
+    end
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # Resolv::DNS is a DNS stub resolver.
+  #
+  # Information taken from the following places:
+  #
+  # * STD0013
+  # * RFC 1035
+  # * ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/iana/assignments/dns-parameters
+  # * etc.
+
+  class DNS
+
+    ##
+    # Default DNS Port
+
+    Port = 53
+
+    ##
+    # Default DNS UDP packet size
+
+    UDPSize = 512
+
+    ##
+    # Creates a new DNS resolver.  See Resolv::DNS.new for argument details.
+    #
+    # Yields the created DNS resolver to the block, if given, otherwise
+    # returns it.
+
+    def self.open(*args)
+      dns = new(*args)
+      return dns unless block_given?
+      begin
+        yield dns
+      ensure
+        dns.close
+      end
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Creates a new DNS resolver.
+    #
+    # +config_info+ can be:
+    #
+    # nil:: Uses /etc/resolv.conf.
+    # String:: Path to a file using /etc/resolv.conf's format.
+    # Hash:: Must contain :nameserver, :search and :ndots keys.
+    # :nameserver_port can be used to specify port number of nameserver address.
+    #
+    # The value of :nameserver should be an address string or
+    # an array of address strings.
+    # - :nameserver => '8.8.8.8'
+    # - :nameserver => ['8.8.8.8', '8.8.4.4']
+    #
+    # The value of :nameserver_port should be an array of
+    # pair of nameserver address and port number.
+    # - :nameserver_port => [['8.8.8.8', 53], ['8.8.4.4', 53]]
+    #
+    # Example:
+    #
+    #   Resolv::DNS.new(:nameserver => ['210.251.121.21'],
+    #                   :search => ['ruby-lang.org'],
+    #                   :ndots => 1)
+
+    def initialize(config_info=nil)
+      @mutex = Thread::Mutex.new
+      @config = Config.new(config_info)
+      @initialized = nil
+    end
+
+    # Sets the resolver timeouts.  This may be a single positive number
+    # or an array of positive numbers representing timeouts in seconds.
+    # If an array is specified, a DNS request will retry and wait for
+    # each successive interval in the array until a successful response
+    # is received.  Specifying +nil+ reverts to the default timeouts:
+    # [ 5, second = 5 * 2 / nameserver_count, 2 * second, 4 * second ]
+    #
+    # Example:
+    #
+    #   dns.timeouts = 3
+    #
+    def timeouts=(values)
+      @config.timeouts = values
+    end
+
+    def lazy_initialize # :nodoc:
+      @mutex.synchronize {
+        unless @initialized
+          @config.lazy_initialize
+          @initialized = true
+        end
+      }
+      self
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Closes the DNS resolver.
+
+    def close
+      @mutex.synchronize {
+        if @initialized
+          @initialized = false
+        end
+      }
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Gets the IP address of +name+ from the DNS resolver.
+    #
+    # +name+ can be a Resolv::DNS::Name or a String.  Retrieved address will
+    # be a Resolv::IPv4 or Resolv::IPv6
+
+    def getaddress(name)
+      each_address(name) {|address| return address}
+      raise ResolvError.new("DNS result has no information for #{name}")
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Gets all IP addresses for +name+ from the DNS resolver.
+    #
+    # +name+ can be a Resolv::DNS::Name or a String.  Retrieved addresses will
+    # be a Resolv::IPv4 or Resolv::IPv6
+
+    def getaddresses(name)
+      ret = []
+      each_address(name) {|address| ret << address}
+      return ret
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Iterates over all IP addresses for +name+ retrieved from the DNS
+    # resolver.
+    #
+    # +name+ can be a Resolv::DNS::Name or a String.  Retrieved addresses will
+    # be a Resolv::IPv4 or Resolv::IPv6
+
+    def each_address(name)
+      each_resource(name, Resource::IN::A) {|resource| yield resource.address}
+      if use_ipv6?
+        each_resource(name, Resource::IN::AAAA) {|resource| yield resource.address}
+      end
+    end
+
+    def use_ipv6? # :nodoc:
+      begin
+        list = Socket.ip_address_list
+      rescue NotImplementedError
+        return true
+      end
+      list.any? {|a| a.ipv6? && !a.ipv6_loopback? && !a.ipv6_linklocal? }
+    end
+    private :use_ipv6?
+
+    ##
+    # Gets the hostname for +address+ from the DNS resolver.
+    #
+    # +address+ must be a Resolv::IPv4, Resolv::IPv6 or a String.  Retrieved
+    # name will be a Resolv::DNS::Name.
+
+    def getname(address)
+      each_name(address) {|name| return name}
+      raise ResolvError.new("DNS result has no information for #{address}")
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Gets all hostnames for +address+ from the DNS resolver.
+    #
+    # +address+ must be a Resolv::IPv4, Resolv::IPv6 or a String.  Retrieved
+    # names will be Resolv::DNS::Name instances.
+
+    def getnames(address)
+      ret = []
+      each_name(address) {|name| ret << name}
+      return ret
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Iterates over all hostnames for +address+ retrieved from the DNS
+    # resolver.
+    #
+    # +address+ must be a Resolv::IPv4, Resolv::IPv6 or a String.  Retrieved
+    # names will be Resolv::DNS::Name instances.
+
+    def each_name(address)
+      case address
+      when Name
+        ptr = address
+      when IPv4, IPv6
+        ptr = address.to_name
+      when IPv4::Regex
+        ptr = IPv4.create(address).to_name
+      when IPv6::Regex
+        ptr = IPv6.create(address).to_name
+      else
+        raise ResolvError.new("cannot interpret as address: #{address}")
+      end
+      each_resource(ptr, Resource::IN::PTR) {|resource| yield resource.name}
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Look up the +typeclass+ DNS resource of +name+.
+    #
+    # +name+ must be a Resolv::DNS::Name or a String.
+    #
+    # +typeclass+ should be one of the following:
+    #
+    # * Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::A
+    # * Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::AAAA
+    # * Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::ANY
+    # * Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::CNAME
+    # * Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::HINFO
+    # * Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::MINFO
+    # * Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::MX
+    # * Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::NS
+    # * Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::PTR
+    # * Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::SOA
+    # * Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::TXT
+    # * Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::WKS
+    #
+    # Returned resource is represented as a Resolv::DNS::Resource instance,
+    # i.e. Resolv::DNS::Resource::IN::A.
+
+    def getresource(name, typeclass)
+      each_resource(name, typeclass) {|resource| return resource}
+      raise ResolvError.new("DNS result has no information for #{name}")
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Looks up all +typeclass+ DNS resources for +name+.  See #getresource for
+    # argument details.
+
+    def getresources(name, typeclass)
+      ret = []
+      each_resource(name, typeclass) {|resource| ret << resource}
+      return ret
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Iterates over all +typeclass+ DNS resources for +name+.  See
+    # #getresource for argument details.
+
+    def each_resource(name, typeclass, &proc)
+      fetch_resource(name, typeclass) {|reply, reply_name|
+        extract_resources(reply, reply_name, typeclass, &proc)
+      }
+    end
+
+    def fetch_resource(name, typeclass)
+      lazy_initialize
+      begin
+        requester = make_udp_requester
+      rescue Errno::EACCES
+        # fall back to TCP
+      end
+      senders = {}
+      begin
+        @config.resolv(name) {|candidate, tout, nameserver, port|
+          requester ||= make_tcp_requester(nameserver, port)
+          msg = Message.new
+          msg.rd = 1
+          msg.add_question(candidate, typeclass)
+          unless sender = senders[[candidate, nameserver, port]]
+            sender = requester.sender(msg, candidate, nameserver, port)
+            next if !sender
+            senders[[candidate, nameserver, port]] = sender
+          end
+          reply, reply_name = requester.request(sender, tout)
+          case reply.rcode
+          when RCode::NoError
+            if reply.tc == 1 and not Requester::TCP === requester
+              requester.close
+              # Retry via TCP:
+              requester = make_tcp_requester(nameserver, port)
+              senders = {}
+              # This will use TCP for all remaining candidates (assuming the
+              # current candidate does not already respond successfully via
+              # TCP).  This makes sense because we already know the full
+              # response will not fit in an untruncated UDP packet.
+              redo
+            else
+              yield(reply, reply_name)
+            end
+            return
+          when RCode::NXDomain
+            raise Config::NXDomain.new(reply_name.to_s)
+          else
+            raise Config::OtherResolvError.new(reply_name.to_s)
+          end
+        }
+      ensure
+        requester&.close
+      end
+    end
+
+    def make_udp_requester # :nodoc:
+      nameserver_port = @config.nameserver_port
+      if nameserver_port.length == 1
+        Requester::ConnectedUDP.new(*nameserver_port[0])
+      else
+        Requester::UnconnectedUDP.new(*nameserver_port)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def make_tcp_requester(host, port) # :nodoc:
+      return Requester::TCP.new(host, port)
+    end
+
+    def extract_resources(msg, name, typeclass) # :nodoc:
+      if typeclass < Resource::ANY
+        n0 = Name.create(name)
+        msg.each_resource {|n, ttl, data|
+          yield data if n0 == n
+        }
+      end
+      yielded = false
+      n0 = Name.create(name)
+      msg.each_resource {|n, ttl, data|
+        if n0 == n
+          case data
+          when typeclass
+            yield data
+            yielded = true
+          when Resource::CNAME
+            n0 = data.name
+          end
+        end
+      }
+      return if yielded
+      msg.each_resource {|n, ttl, data|
+        if n0 == n
+          case data
+          when typeclass
+            yield data
+          end
+        end
+      }
+    end
+
+    if defined? SecureRandom
+      def self.random(arg) # :nodoc:
+        begin
+          SecureRandom.random_number(arg)
+        rescue NotImplementedError
+          rand(arg)
+        end
+      end
+    else
+      def self.random(arg) # :nodoc:
+        rand(arg)
+      end
+    end
+
+    RequestID = {} # :nodoc:
+    RequestIDMutex = Thread::Mutex.new # :nodoc:
+
+    def self.allocate_request_id(host, port) # :nodoc:
+      id = nil
+      RequestIDMutex.synchronize {
+        h = (RequestID[[host, port]] ||= {})
+        begin
+          id = random(0x0000..0xffff)
+        end while h[id]
+        h[id] = true
+      }
+      id
+    end
+
+    def self.free_request_id(host, port, id) # :nodoc:
+      RequestIDMutex.synchronize {
+        key = [host, port]
+        if h = RequestID[key]
+          h.delete id
+          if h.empty?
+            RequestID.delete key
+          end
+        end
+      }
+    end
+
+    def self.bind_random_port(udpsock, bind_host="0.0.0.0") # :nodoc:
+      begin
+        port = random(1024..65535)
+        udpsock.bind(bind_host, port)
+      rescue Errno::EADDRINUSE, # POSIX
+             Errno::EACCES, # SunOS: See PRIV_SYS_NFS in privileges(5)
+             Errno::EPERM # FreeBSD: security.mac.portacl.port_high is configurable.  See mac_portacl(4).
+        retry
+      end
+    end
+
+    class Requester # :nodoc:
+      def initialize
+        @senders = {}
+        @socks = nil
+      end
+
+      def request(sender, tout)
+        start = Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC)
+        timelimit = start + tout
+        begin
+          sender.send
+        rescue Errno::EHOSTUNREACH, # multi-homed IPv6 may generate this
+               Errno::ENETUNREACH
+          raise ResolvTimeout
+        end
+        while true
+          before_select = Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC)
+          timeout = timelimit - before_select
+          if timeout <= 0
+            raise ResolvTimeout
+          end
+          if @socks.size == 1
+            select_result = @socks[0].wait_readable(timeout) ? [ @socks ] : nil
+          else
+            select_result = IO.select(@socks, nil, nil, timeout)
+          end
+          if !select_result
+            after_select = Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC)
+            next if after_select < timelimit
+            raise ResolvTimeout
+          end
+          begin
+            reply, from = recv_reply(select_result[0])
+          rescue Errno::ECONNREFUSED, # GNU/Linux, FreeBSD
+                 Errno::ECONNRESET # Windows
+            # No name server running on the server?
+            # Don't wait anymore.
+            raise ResolvTimeout
+          end
+          begin
+            msg = Message.decode(reply)
+          rescue DecodeError
+            next # broken DNS message ignored
+          end
+          if s = sender_for(from, msg)
+            break
+          else
+            # unexpected DNS message ignored
+          end
+        end
+        return msg, s.data
+      end
+
+      def sender_for(addr, msg)
+        @senders[[addr,msg.id]]
+      end
+
+      def close
+        socks = @socks
+        @socks = nil
+        socks&.each(&:close)
+      end
+
+      class Sender # :nodoc:
+        def initialize(msg, data, sock)
+          @msg = msg
+          @data = data
+          @sock = sock
+        end
+      end
+
+      class UnconnectedUDP < Requester # :nodoc:
+        def initialize(*nameserver_port)
+          super()
+          @nameserver_port = nameserver_port
+          @initialized = false
+          @mutex = Thread::Mutex.new
+        end
+
+        def lazy_initialize
+          @mutex.synchronize {
+            next if @initialized
+            @initialized = true
+            @socks_hash = {}
+            @socks = []
+            @nameserver_port.each {|host, port|
+              if host.index(':')
+                bind_host = "::"
+                af = Socket::AF_INET6
+              else
+                bind_host = "0.0.0.0"
+                af = Socket::AF_INET
+              end
+              next if @socks_hash[bind_host]
+              begin
+                sock = UDPSocket.new(af)
+              rescue Errno::EAFNOSUPPORT
+                next # The kernel doesn't support the address family.
+              end
+              @socks << sock
+              @socks_hash[bind_host] = sock
+              sock.do_not_reverse_lookup = true
+              DNS.bind_random_port(sock, bind_host)
+            }
+          }
+          self
+        end
+
+        def recv_reply(readable_socks)
+          lazy_initialize
+          reply, from = readable_socks[0].recvfrom(UDPSize)
+          return reply, [from[3],from[1]]
+        end
+
+        def sender(msg, data, host, port=Port)
+          host = Addrinfo.ip(host).ip_address
+          lazy_initialize
+          sock = @socks_hash[host.index(':') ? "::" : "0.0.0.0"]
+          return nil if !sock
+          service = [host, port]
+          id = DNS.allocate_request_id(host, port)
+          request = msg.encode
+          request[0,2] = [id].pack('n')
+          return @senders[[service, id]] =
+            Sender.new(request, data, sock, host, port)
+        end
+
+        def close
+          @mutex.synchronize {
+            if @initialized
+              super
+              @senders.each_key {|service, id|
+                DNS.free_request_id(service[0], service[1], id)
+              }
+              @initialized = false
+            end
+          }
+        end
+
+        class Sender < Requester::Sender # :nodoc:
+          def initialize(msg, data, sock, host, port)
+            super(msg, data, sock)
+            @host = host
+            @port = port
+          end
+          attr_reader :data
+
+          def send
+            raise "@sock is nil." if @sock.nil?
+            @sock.send(@msg, 0, @host, @port)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      class ConnectedUDP < Requester # :nodoc:
+        def initialize(host, port=Port)
+          super()
+          @host = host
+          @port = port
+          @mutex = Thread::Mutex.new
+          @initialized = false
+        end
+
+        def lazy_initialize
+          @mutex.synchronize {
+            next if @initialized
+            @initialized = true
+            is_ipv6 = @host.index(':')
+            sock = UDPSocket.new(is_ipv6 ? Socket::AF_INET6 : Socket::AF_INET)
+            @socks = [sock]
+            sock.do_not_reverse_lookup = true
+            DNS.bind_random_port(sock, is_ipv6 ? "::" : "0.0.0.0")
+            sock.connect(@host, @port)
+          }
+          self
+        end
+
+        def recv_reply(readable_socks)
+          lazy_initialize
+          reply = readable_socks[0].recv(UDPSize)
+          return reply, nil
+        end
+
+        def sender(msg, data, host=@host, port=@port)
+          lazy_initialize
+          unless host == @host && port == @port
+            raise RequestError.new("host/port don't match: #{host}:#{port}")
+          end
+          id = DNS.allocate_request_id(@host, @port)
+          request = msg.encode
+          request[0,2] = [id].pack('n')
+          return @senders[[nil,id]] = Sender.new(request, data, @socks[0])
+        end
+
+        def close
+          @mutex.synchronize do
+            if @initialized
+              super
+              @senders.each_key {|from, id|
+                DNS.free_request_id(@host, @port, id)
+              }
+              @initialized = false
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        class Sender < Requester::Sender # :nodoc:
+          def send
+            raise "@sock is nil." if @sock.nil?
+            @sock.send(@msg, 0)
+          end
+          attr_reader :data
+        end
+      end
+
+      class MDNSOneShot < UnconnectedUDP # :nodoc:
+        def sender(msg, data, host, port=Port)
+          lazy_initialize
+          id = DNS.allocate_request_id(host, port)
+          request = msg.encode
+          request[0,2] = [id].pack('n')
+          sock = @socks_hash[host.index(':') ? "::" : "0.0.0.0"]
+          return @senders[id] =
+            UnconnectedUDP::Sender.new(request, data, sock, host, port)
+        end
+
+        def sender_for(addr, msg)
+          lazy_initialize
+          @senders[msg.id]
+        end
+      end
+
+      class TCP < Requester # :nodoc:
+        def initialize(host, port=Port)
+          super()
+          @host = host
+          @port = port
+          sock = TCPSocket.new(@host, @port)
+          @socks = [sock]
+          @senders = {}
+        end
+
+        def recv_reply(readable_socks)
+          len = readable_socks[0].read(2).unpack('n')[0]
+          reply = @socks[0].read(len)
+          return reply, nil
+        end
+
+        def sender(msg, data, host=@host, port=@port)
+          unless host == @host && port == @port
+            raise RequestError.new("host/port don't match: #{host}:#{port}")
+          end
+          id = DNS.allocate_request_id(@host, @port)
+          request = msg.encode
+          request[0,2] = [request.length, id].pack('nn')
+          return @senders[[nil,id]] = Sender.new(request, data, @socks[0])
+        end
+
+        class Sender < Requester::Sender # :nodoc:
+          def send
+            @sock.print(@msg)
+            @sock.flush
+          end
+          attr_reader :data
+        end
+
+        def close
+          super
+          @senders.each_key {|from,id|
+            DNS.free_request_id(@host, @port, id)
+          }
+        end
+      end
+
+      ##
+      # Indicates a problem with the DNS request.
+
+      class RequestError < StandardError
+      end
+    end
+
+    class Config # :nodoc:
+      def initialize(config_info=nil)
+        @mutex = Thread::Mutex.new
+        @config_info = config_info
+        @initialized = nil
+        @timeouts = nil
+      end
+
+      def timeouts=(values)
+        if values
+          values = Array(values)
+          values.each do |t|
+            Numeric === t or raise ArgumentError, "#{t.inspect} is not numeric"
+            t > 0.0 or raise ArgumentError, "timeout=#{t} must be positive"
+          end
+          @timeouts = values
+        else
+          @timeouts = nil
+        end
+      end
+
+      def Config.parse_resolv_conf(filename)
+        nameserver = []
+        search = nil
+        ndots = 1
+        File.open(filename, 'rb') {|f|
+          f.each {|line|
+            line.sub!(/[#;].*/, '')
+            keyword, *args = line.split(/\s+/)
+            next unless keyword
+            case keyword
+            when 'nameserver'
+              nameserver += args
+            when 'domain'
+              next if args.empty?
+              search = [args[0]]
+            when 'search'
+              next if args.empty?
+              search = args
+            when 'options'
+              args.each {|arg|
+                case arg
+                when /\Andots:(\d+)\z/
+                  ndots = $1.to_i
+                end
+              }
+            end
+          }
+        }
+        return { :nameserver => nameserver, :search => search, :ndots => ndots }
+      end
+
+      def Config.default_config_hash(filename="/etc/resolv.conf")
+        if File.exist? filename
+          config_hash = Config.parse_resolv_conf(filename)
+        else
+          if /mswin|cygwin|mingw|bccwin/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+            require 'win32/resolv'
+            search, nameserver = Win32::Resolv.get_resolv_info
+            config_hash = {}
+            config_hash[:nameserver] = nameserver if nameserver
+            config_hash[:search] = [search].flatten if search
+          end
+        end
+        config_hash || {}
+      end
+
+      def lazy_initialize
+        @mutex.synchronize {
+          unless @initialized
+            @nameserver_port = []
+            @search = nil
+            @ndots = 1
+            case @config_info
+            when nil
+              config_hash = Config.default_config_hash
+            when String
+              config_hash = Config.parse_resolv_conf(@config_info)
+            when Hash
+              config_hash = @config_info.dup
+              if String === config_hash[:nameserver]
+                config_hash[:nameserver] = [config_hash[:nameserver]]
+              end
+              if String === config_hash[:search]
+                config_hash[:search] = [config_hash[:search]]
+              end
+            else
+              raise ArgumentError.new("invalid resolv configuration: #{@config_info.inspect}")
+            end
+            if config_hash.include? :nameserver
+              @nameserver_port = config_hash[:nameserver].map {|ns| [ns, Port] }
+            end
+            if config_hash.include? :nameserver_port
+              @nameserver_port = config_hash[:nameserver_port].map {|ns, port| [ns, (port || Port)] }
+            end
+            @search = config_hash[:search] if config_hash.include? :search
+            @ndots = config_hash[:ndots] if config_hash.include? :ndots
+
+            if @nameserver_port.empty?
+              @nameserver_port << ['0.0.0.0', Port]
+            end
+            if @search
+              @search = @search.map {|arg| Label.split(arg) }
+            else
+              hostname = Socket.gethostname
+              if /\./ =~ hostname
+                @search = [Label.split($')]
+              else
+                @search = [[]]
+              end
+            end
+
+            if !@nameserver_port.kind_of?(Array) ||
+               @nameserver_port.any? {|ns_port|
+                  !(Array === ns_port) ||
+                  ns_port.length != 2
+                  !(String === ns_port[0]) ||
+                  !(Integer === ns_port[1])
+               }
+              raise ArgumentError.new("invalid nameserver config: #{@nameserver_port.inspect}")
+            end
+
+            if !@search.kind_of?(Array) ||
+               !@search.all? {|ls| ls.all? {|l| Label::Str === l } }
+              raise ArgumentError.new("invalid search config: #{@search.inspect}")
+            end
+
+            if !@ndots.kind_of?(Integer)
+              raise ArgumentError.new("invalid ndots config: #{@ndots.inspect}")
+            end
+
+            @initialized = true
+          end
+        }
+        self
+      end
+
+      def single?
+        lazy_initialize
+        if @nameserver_port.length == 1
+          return @nameserver_port[0]
+        else
+          return nil
+        end
+      end
+
+      def nameserver_port
+        @nameserver_port
+      end
+
+      def generate_candidates(name)
+        candidates = nil
+        name = Name.create(name)
+        if name.absolute?
+          candidates = [name]
+        else
+          if @ndots <= name.length - 1
+            candidates = [Name.new(name.to_a)]
+          else
+            candidates = []
+          end
+          candidates.concat(@search.map {|domain| Name.new(name.to_a + domain)})
+          fname = Name.create("#{name}.")
+          if !candidates.include?(fname)
+            candidates << fname
+          end
+        end
+        return candidates
+      end
+
+      InitialTimeout = 5
+
+      def generate_timeouts
+        ts = [InitialTimeout]
+        ts << ts[-1] * 2 / @nameserver_port.length
+        ts << ts[-1] * 2
+        ts << ts[-1] * 2
+        return ts
+      end
+
+      def resolv(name)
+        candidates = generate_candidates(name)
+        timeouts = @timeouts || generate_timeouts
+        begin
+          candidates.each {|candidate|
+            begin
+              timeouts.each {|tout|
+                @nameserver_port.each {|nameserver, port|
+                  begin
+                    yield candidate, tout, nameserver, port
+                  rescue ResolvTimeout
+                  end
+                }
+              }
+              raise ResolvError.new("DNS resolv timeout: #{name}")
+            rescue NXDomain
+            end
+          }
+        rescue ResolvError
+        end
+      end
+
+      ##
+      # Indicates no such domain was found.
+
+      class NXDomain < ResolvError
+      end
+
+      ##
+      # Indicates some other unhandled resolver error was encountered.
+
+      class OtherResolvError < ResolvError
+      end
+    end
+
+    module OpCode # :nodoc:
+      Query = 0
+      IQuery = 1
+      Status = 2
+      Notify = 4
+      Update = 5
+    end
+
+    module RCode # :nodoc:
+      NoError = 0
+      FormErr = 1
+      ServFail = 2
+      NXDomain = 3
+      NotImp = 4
+      Refused = 5
+      YXDomain = 6
+      YXRRSet = 7
+      NXRRSet = 8
+      NotAuth = 9
+      NotZone = 10
+      BADVERS = 16
+      BADSIG = 16
+      BADKEY = 17
+      BADTIME = 18
+      BADMODE = 19
+      BADNAME = 20
+      BADALG = 21
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Indicates that the DNS response was unable to be decoded.
+
+    class DecodeError < StandardError
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Indicates that the DNS request was unable to be encoded.
+
+    class EncodeError < StandardError
+    end
+
+    module Label # :nodoc:
+      def self.split(arg)
+        labels = []
+        arg.scan(/[^\.]+/) {labels << Str.new($&)}
+        return labels
+      end
+
+      class Str # :nodoc:
+        def initialize(string)
+          @string = string
+          # case insensivity of DNS labels doesn't apply non-ASCII characters. [RFC 4343]
+          # This assumes @string is given in ASCII compatible encoding.
+          @downcase = string.b.downcase
+        end
+        attr_reader :string, :downcase
+
+        def to_s
+          return @string
+        end
+
+        def inspect
+          return "#<#{self.class} #{self}>"
+        end
+
+        def ==(other)
+          return self.class == other.class && @downcase == other.downcase
+        end
+
+        def eql?(other)
+          return self == other
+        end
+
+        def hash
+          return @downcase.hash
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # A representation of a DNS name.
+
+    class Name
+
+      ##
+      # Creates a new DNS name from +arg+.  +arg+ can be:
+      #
+      # Name:: returns +arg+.
+      # String:: Creates a new Name.
+
+      def self.create(arg)
+        case arg
+        when Name
+          return arg
+        when String
+          return Name.new(Label.split(arg), /\.\z/ =~ arg ? true : false)
+        else
+          raise ArgumentError.new("cannot interpret as DNS name: #{arg.inspect}")
+        end
+      end
+
+      def initialize(labels, absolute=true) # :nodoc:
+        labels = labels.map {|label|
+          case label
+          when String then Label::Str.new(label)
+          when Label::Str then label
+          else
+            raise ArgumentError, "unexpected label: #{label.inspect}"
+          end
+        }
+        @labels = labels
+        @absolute = absolute
+      end
+
+      def inspect # :nodoc:
+        "#<#{self.class}: #{self}#{@absolute ? '.' : ''}>"
+      end
+
+      ##
+      # True if this name is absolute.
+
+      def absolute?
+        return @absolute
+      end
+
+      def ==(other) # :nodoc:
+        return false unless Name === other
+        return false unless @absolute == other.absolute?
+        return @labels == other.to_a
+      end
+
+      alias eql? == # :nodoc:
+
+      ##
+      # Returns true if +other+ is a subdomain.
+      #
+      # Example:
+      #
+      #   domain = Resolv::DNS::Name.create("y.z")
+      #   p Resolv::DNS::Name.create("w.x.y.z").subdomain_of?(domain) #=> true
+      #   p Resolv::DNS::Name.create("x.y.z").subdomain_of?(domain) #=> true
+      #   p Resolv::DNS::Name.create("y.z").subdomain_of?(domain) #=> false
+      #   p Resolv::DNS::Name.create("z").subdomain_of?(domain) #=> false
+      #   p Resolv::DNS::Name.create("x.y.z.").subdomain_of?(domain) #=> false
+      #   p Resolv::DNS::Name.create("w.z").subdomain_of?(domain) #=> false
+      #
+
+      def subdomain_of?(other)
+        raise ArgumentError, "not a domain name: #{other.inspect}" unless Name === other
+        return false if @absolute != other.absolute?
+        other_len = other.length
+        return false if @labels.length <= other_len
+        return @labels[-other_len, other_len] == other.to_a
+      end
+
+      def hash # :nodoc:
+        return @labels.hash ^ @absolute.hash
+      end
+
+      def to_a # :nodoc:
+        return @labels
+      end
+
+      def length # :nodoc:
+        return @labels.length
+      end
+
+      def [](i) # :nodoc:
+        return @labels[i]
+      end
+
+      ##
+      # returns the domain name as a string.
+      #
+      # The domain name doesn't have a trailing dot even if the name object is
+      # absolute.
+      #
+      # Example:
+      #
+      #   p Resolv::DNS::Name.create("x.y.z.").to_s #=> "x.y.z"
+      #   p Resolv::DNS::Name.create("x.y.z").to_s #=> "x.y.z"
+
+      def to_s
+        return @labels.join('.')
+      end
+    end
+
+    class Message # :nodoc:
+      @@identifier = -1
+
+      def initialize(id = (@@identifier += 1) & 0xffff)
+        @id = id
+        @qr = 0
+        @opcode = 0
+        @aa = 0
+        @tc = 0
+        @rd = 0 # recursion desired
+        @ra = 0 # recursion available
+        @rcode = 0
+        @question = []
+        @answer = []
+        @authority = []
+        @additional = []
+      end
+
+      attr_accessor :id, :qr, :opcode, :aa, :tc, :rd, :ra, :rcode
+      attr_reader :question, :answer, :authority, :additional
+
+      def ==(other)
+        return @id == other.id &&
+               @qr == other.qr &&
+               @opcode == other.opcode &&
+               @aa == other.aa &&
+               @tc == other.tc &&
+               @rd == other.rd &&
+               @ra == other.ra &&
+               @rcode == other.rcode &&
+               @question == other.question &&
+               @answer == other.answer &&
+               @authority == other.authority &&
+               @additional == other.additional
+      end
+
+      def add_question(name, typeclass)
+        @question << [Name.create(name), typeclass]
+      end
+
+      def each_question
+        @question.each {|name, typeclass|
+          yield name, typeclass
+        }
+      end
+
+      def add_answer(name, ttl, data)
+        @answer << [Name.create(name), ttl, data]
+      end
+
+      def each_answer
+        @answer.each {|name, ttl, data|
+          yield name, ttl, data
+        }
+      end
+
+      def add_authority(name, ttl, data)
+        @authority << [Name.create(name), ttl, data]
+      end
+
+      def each_authority
+        @authority.each {|name, ttl, data|
+          yield name, ttl, data
+        }
+      end
+
+      def add_additional(name, ttl, data)
+        @additional << [Name.create(name), ttl, data]
+      end
+
+      def each_additional
+        @additional.each {|name, ttl, data|
+          yield name, ttl, data
+        }
+      end
+
+      def each_resource
+        each_answer {|name, ttl, data| yield name, ttl, data}
+        each_authority {|name, ttl, data| yield name, ttl, data}
+        each_additional {|name, ttl, data| yield name, ttl, data}
+      end
+
+      def encode
+        return MessageEncoder.new {|msg|
+          msg.put_pack('nnnnnn',
+            @id,
+            (@qr & 1) << 15 |
+            (@opcode & 15) << 11 |
+            (@aa & 1) << 10 |
+            (@tc & 1) << 9 |
+            (@rd & 1) << 8 |
+            (@ra & 1) << 7 |
+            (@rcode & 15),
+            @question.length,
+            @answer.length,
+            @authority.length,
+            @additional.length)
+          @question.each {|q|
+            name, typeclass = q
+            msg.put_name(name)
+            msg.put_pack('nn', typeclass::TypeValue, typeclass::ClassValue)
+          }
+          [@answer, @authority, @additional].each {|rr|
+            rr.each {|r|
+              name, ttl, data = r
+              msg.put_name(name)
+              msg.put_pack('nnN', data.class::TypeValue, data.class::ClassValue, ttl)
+              msg.put_length16 {data.encode_rdata(msg)}
+            }
+          }
+        }.to_s
+      end
+
+      class MessageEncoder # :nodoc:
+        def initialize
+          @data = ''.dup
+          @names = {}
+          yield self
+        end
+
+        def to_s
+          return @data
+        end
+
+        def put_bytes(d)
+          @data << d
+        end
+
+        def put_pack(template, *d)
+          @data << d.pack(template)
+        end
+
+        def put_length16
+          length_index = @data.length
+          @data << "\0\0"
+          data_start = @data.length
+          yield
+          data_end = @data.length
+          @data[length_index, 2] = [data_end - data_start].pack("n")
+        end
+
+        def put_string(d)
+          self.put_pack("C", d.length)
+          @data << d
+        end
+
+        def put_string_list(ds)
+          ds.each {|d|
+            self.put_string(d)
+          }
+        end
+
+        def put_name(d)
+          put_labels(d.to_a)
+        end
+
+        def put_labels(d)
+          d.each_index {|i|
+            domain = d[i..-1]
+            if idx = @names[domain]
+              self.put_pack("n", 0xc000 | idx)
+              return
+            else
+              if @data.length < 0x4000
+                @names[domain] = @data.length
+              end
+              self.put_label(d[i])
+            end
+          }
+          @data << "\0"
+        end
+
+        def put_label(d)
+          self.put_string(d.to_s)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def Message.decode(m)
+        o = Message.new(0)
+        MessageDecoder.new(m) {|msg|
+          id, flag, qdcount, ancount, nscount, arcount =
+            msg.get_unpack('nnnnnn')
+          o.id = id
+          o.qr = (flag >> 15) & 1
+          o.opcode = (flag >> 11) & 15
+          o.aa = (flag >> 10) & 1
+          o.tc = (flag >> 9) & 1
+          o.rd = (flag >> 8) & 1
+          o.ra = (flag >> 7) & 1
+          o.rcode = flag & 15
+          (1..qdcount).each {
+            name, typeclass = msg.get_question
+            o.add_question(name, typeclass)
+          }
+          (1..ancount).each {
+            name, ttl, data = msg.get_rr
+            o.add_answer(name, ttl, data)
+          }
+          (1..nscount).each {
+            name, ttl, data = msg.get_rr
+            o.add_authority(name, ttl, data)
+          }
+          (1..arcount).each {
+            name, ttl, data = msg.get_rr
+            o.add_additional(name, ttl, data)
+          }
+        }
+        return o
+      end
+
+      class MessageDecoder # :nodoc:
+        def initialize(data)
+          @data = data
+          @index = 0
+          @limit = data.bytesize
+          yield self
+        end
+
+        def inspect
+          "\#<#{self.class}: #{@data.byteslice(0, @index).inspect} #{@data.byteslice(@index..-1).inspect}>"
+        end
+
+        def get_length16
+          len, = self.get_unpack('n')
+          save_limit = @limit
+          @limit = @index + len
+          d = yield(len)
+          if @index < @limit
+            raise DecodeError.new("junk exists")
+          elsif @limit < @index
+            raise DecodeError.new("limit exceeded")
+          end
+          @limit = save_limit
+          return d
+        end
+
+        def get_bytes(len = @limit - @index)
+          raise DecodeError.new("limit exceeded") if @limit < @index + len
+          d = @data.byteslice(@index, len)
+          @index += len
+          return d
+        end
+
+        def get_unpack(template)
+          len = 0
+          template.each_byte {|byte|
+            byte = "%c" % byte
+            case byte
+            when ?c, ?C
+              len += 1
+            when ?n
+              len += 2
+            when ?N
+              len += 4
+            else
+              raise StandardError.new("unsupported template: '#{byte.chr}' in '#{template}'")
+            end
+          }
+          raise DecodeError.new("limit exceeded") if @limit < @index + len
+          arr = @data.unpack("@#{@index}#{template}")
+          @index += len
+          return arr
+        end
+
+        def get_string
+          raise DecodeError.new("limit exceeded") if @limit <= @index
+          len = @data.getbyte(@index)
+          raise DecodeError.new("limit exceeded") if @limit < @index + 1 + len
+          d = @data.byteslice(@index + 1, len)
+          @index += 1 + len
+          return d
+        end
+
+        def get_string_list
+          strings = []
+          while @index < @limit
+            strings << self.get_string
+          end
+          strings
+        end
+
+        def get_name
+          return Name.new(self.get_labels)
+        end
+
+        def get_labels
+          prev_index = @index
+          save_index = nil
+          d = []
+          while true
+            raise DecodeError.new("limit exceeded") if @limit <= @index
+            case @data.getbyte(@index)
+            when 0
+              @index += 1
+              if save_index
+                @index = save_index
+              end
+              return d
+            when 192..255
+              idx = self.get_unpack('n')[0] & 0x3fff
+              if prev_index <= idx
+                raise DecodeError.new("non-backward name pointer")
+              end
+              prev_index = idx
+              if !save_index
+                save_index = @index
+              end
+              @index = idx
+            else
+              d << self.get_label
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        def get_label
+          return Label::Str.new(self.get_string)
+        end
+
+        def get_question
+          name = self.get_name
+          type, klass = self.get_unpack("nn")
+          return name, Resource.get_class(type, klass)
+        end
+
+        def get_rr
+          name = self.get_name
+          type, klass, ttl = self.get_unpack('nnN')
+          typeclass = Resource.get_class(type, klass)
+          res = self.get_length16 do
+            begin
+              typeclass.decode_rdata self
+            rescue => e
+              raise DecodeError, e.message, e.backtrace
+            end
+          end
+          res.instance_variable_set :@ttl, ttl
+          return name, ttl, res
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # A DNS query abstract class.
+
+    class Query
+      def encode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
+        raise EncodeError.new("#{self.class} is query.")
+      end
+
+      def self.decode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
+        raise DecodeError.new("#{self.class} is query.")
+      end
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # A DNS resource abstract class.
+
+    class Resource < Query
+
+      ##
+      # Remaining Time To Live for this Resource.
+
+      attr_reader :ttl
+
+      ClassHash = {} # :nodoc:
+
+      def encode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
+        raise NotImplementedError.new
+      end
+
+      def self.decode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
+        raise NotImplementedError.new
+      end
+
+      def ==(other) # :nodoc:
+        return false unless self.class == other.class
+        s_ivars = self.instance_variables
+        s_ivars.sort!
+        s_ivars.delete :@ttl
+        o_ivars = other.instance_variables
+        o_ivars.sort!
+        o_ivars.delete :@ttl
+        return s_ivars == o_ivars &&
+          s_ivars.collect {|name| self.instance_variable_get name} ==
+            o_ivars.collect {|name| other.instance_variable_get name}
+      end
+
+      def eql?(other) # :nodoc:
+        return self == other
+      end
+
+      def hash # :nodoc:
+        h = 0
+        vars = self.instance_variables
+        vars.delete :@ttl
+        vars.each {|name|
+          h ^= self.instance_variable_get(name).hash
+        }
+        return h
+      end
+
+      def self.get_class(type_value, class_value) # :nodoc:
+        return ClassHash[[type_value, class_value]] ||
+               Generic.create(type_value, class_value)
+      end
+
+      ##
+      # A generic resource abstract class.
+
+      class Generic < Resource
+
+        ##
+        # Creates a new generic resource.
+
+        def initialize(data)
+          @data = data
+        end
+
+        ##
+        # Data for this generic resource.
+
+        attr_reader :data
+
+        def encode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
+          msg.put_bytes(data)
+        end
+
+        def self.decode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
+          return self.new(msg.get_bytes)
+        end
+
+        def self.create(type_value, class_value) # :nodoc:
+          c = Class.new(Generic)
+          c.const_set(:TypeValue, type_value)
+          c.const_set(:ClassValue, class_value)
+          Generic.const_set("Type#{type_value}_Class#{class_value}", c)
+          ClassHash[[type_value, class_value]] = c
+          return c
+        end
+      end
+
+      ##
+      # Domain Name resource abstract class.
+
+      class DomainName < Resource
+
+        ##
+        # Creates a new DomainName from +name+.
+
+        def initialize(name)
+          @name = name
+        end
+
+        ##
+        # The name of this DomainName.
+
+        attr_reader :name
+
+        def encode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
+          msg.put_name(@name)
+        end
+
+        def self.decode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
+          return self.new(msg.get_name)
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Standard (class generic) RRs
+
+      ClassValue = nil # :nodoc:
+
+      ##
+      # An authoritative name server.
+
+      class NS < DomainName
+        TypeValue = 2 # :nodoc:
+      end
+
+      ##
+      # The canonical name for an alias.
+
+      class CNAME < DomainName
+        TypeValue = 5 # :nodoc:
+      end
+
+      ##
+      # Start Of Authority resource.
+
+      class SOA < Resource
+
+        TypeValue = 6 # :nodoc:
+
+        ##
+        # Creates a new SOA record.  See the attr documentation for the
+        # details of each argument.
+
+        def initialize(mname, rname, serial, refresh, retry_, expire, minimum)
+          @mname = mname
+          @rname = rname
+          @serial = serial
+          @refresh = refresh
+          @retry = retry_
+          @expire = expire
+          @minimum = minimum
+        end
+
+        ##
+        # Name of the host where the master zone file for this zone resides.
+
+        attr_reader :mname
+
+        ##
+        # The person responsible for this domain name.
+
+        attr_reader :rname
+
+        ##
+        # The version number of the zone file.
+
+        attr_reader :serial
+
+        ##
+        # How often, in seconds, a secondary name server is to check for
+        # updates from the primary name server.
+
+        attr_reader :refresh
+
+        ##
+        # How often, in seconds, a secondary name server is to retry after a
+        # failure to check for a refresh.
+
+        attr_reader :retry
+
+        ##
+        # Time in seconds that a secondary name server is to use the data
+        # before refreshing from the primary name server.
+
+        attr_reader :expire
+
+        ##
+        # The minimum number of seconds to be used for TTL values in RRs.
+
+        attr_reader :minimum
+
+        def encode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
+          msg.put_name(@mname)
+          msg.put_name(@rname)
+          msg.put_pack('NNNNN', @serial, @refresh, @retry, @expire, @minimum)
+        end
+
+        def self.decode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
+          mname = msg.get_name
+          rname = msg.get_name
+          serial, refresh, retry_, expire, minimum = msg.get_unpack('NNNNN')
+          return self.new(
+            mname, rname, serial, refresh, retry_, expire, minimum)
+        end
+      end
+
+      ##
+      # A Pointer to another DNS name.
+
+      class PTR < DomainName
+        TypeValue = 12 # :nodoc:
+      end
+
+      ##
+      # Host Information resource.
+
+      class HINFO < Resource
+
+        TypeValue = 13 # :nodoc:
+
+        ##
+        # Creates a new HINFO running +os+ on +cpu+.
+
+        def initialize(cpu, os)
+          @cpu = cpu
+          @os = os
+        end
+
+        ##
+        # CPU architecture for this resource.
+
+        attr_reader :cpu
+
+        ##
+        # Operating system for this resource.
+
+        attr_reader :os
+
+        def encode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
+          msg.put_string(@cpu)
+          msg.put_string(@os)
+        end
+
+        def self.decode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
+          cpu = msg.get_string
+          os = msg.get_string
+          return self.new(cpu, os)
+        end
+      end
+
+      ##
+      # Mailing list or mailbox information.
+
+      class MINFO < Resource
+
+        TypeValue = 14 # :nodoc:
+
+        def initialize(rmailbx, emailbx)
+          @rmailbx = rmailbx
+          @emailbx = emailbx
+        end
+
+        ##
+        # Domain name responsible for this mail list or mailbox.
+
+        attr_reader :rmailbx
+
+        ##
+        # Mailbox to use for error messages related to the mail list or mailbox.
+
+        attr_reader :emailbx
+
+        def encode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
+          msg.put_name(@rmailbx)
+          msg.put_name(@emailbx)
+        end
+
+        def self.decode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
+          rmailbx = msg.get_string
+          emailbx = msg.get_string
+          return self.new(rmailbx, emailbx)
+        end
+      end
+
+      ##
+      # Mail Exchanger resource.
+
+      class MX < Resource
+
+        TypeValue= 15 # :nodoc:
+
+        ##
+        # Creates a new MX record with +preference+, accepting mail at
+        # +exchange+.
+
+        def initialize(preference, exchange)
+          @preference = preference
+          @exchange = exchange
+        end
+
+        ##
+        # The preference for this MX.
+
+        attr_reader :preference
+
+        ##
+        # The host of this MX.
+
+        attr_reader :exchange
+
+        def encode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
+          msg.put_pack('n', @preference)
+          msg.put_name(@exchange)
+        end
+
+        def self.decode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
+          preference, = msg.get_unpack('n')
+          exchange = msg.get_name
+          return self.new(preference, exchange)
+        end
+      end
+
+      ##
+      # Unstructured text resource.
+
+      class TXT < Resource
+
+        TypeValue = 16 # :nodoc:
+
+        def initialize(first_string, *rest_strings)
+          @strings = [first_string, *rest_strings]
+        end
+
+        ##
+        # Returns an Array of Strings for this TXT record.
+
+        attr_reader :strings
+
+        ##
+        # Returns the concatenated string from +strings+.
+
+        def data
+          @strings.join("")
+        end
+
+        def encode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
+          msg.put_string_list(@strings)
+        end
+
+        def self.decode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
+          strings = msg.get_string_list
+          return self.new(*strings)
+        end
+      end
+
+      ##
+      # Location resource
+
+      class LOC < Resource
+
+        TypeValue = 29 # :nodoc:
+
+        def initialize(version, ssize, hprecision, vprecision, latitude, longitude, altitude)
+          @version    = version
+          @ssize      = Resolv::LOC::Size.create(ssize)
+          @hprecision = Resolv::LOC::Size.create(hprecision)
+          @vprecision = Resolv::LOC::Size.create(vprecision)
+          @latitude   = Resolv::LOC::Coord.create(latitude)
+          @longitude  = Resolv::LOC::Coord.create(longitude)
+          @altitude   = Resolv::LOC::Alt.create(altitude)
+        end
+
+        ##
+        # Returns the version value for this LOC record which should always be 00
+
+        attr_reader :version
+
+        ##
+        # The spherical size of this LOC
+        # in meters using scientific notation as 2 integers of XeY
+
+        attr_reader :ssize
+
+        ##
+        # The horizontal precision using ssize type values
+        # in meters using scientific notation as 2 integers of XeY
+        # for precision use value/2 e.g. 2m = +/-1m
+
+        attr_reader :hprecision
+
+        ##
+        # The vertical precision using ssize type values
+        # in meters using scientific notation as 2 integers of XeY
+        # for precision use value/2 e.g. 2m = +/-1m
+
+        attr_reader :vprecision
+
+        ##
+        # The latitude for this LOC where 2**31 is the equator
+        # in thousandths of an arc second as an unsigned 32bit integer
+
+        attr_reader :latitude
+
+        ##
+        # The longitude for this LOC where 2**31 is the prime meridian
+        # in thousandths of an arc second as an unsigned 32bit integer
+
+        attr_reader :longitude
+
+        ##
+        # The altitude of the LOC above a reference sphere whose surface sits 100km below the WGS84 spheroid
+        # in centimeters as an unsigned 32bit integer
+
+        attr_reader :altitude
+
+
+        def encode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
+          msg.put_bytes(@version)
+          msg.put_bytes(@ssize.scalar)
+          msg.put_bytes(@hprecision.scalar)
+          msg.put_bytes(@vprecision.scalar)
+          msg.put_bytes(@latitude.coordinates)
+          msg.put_bytes(@longitude.coordinates)
+          msg.put_bytes(@altitude.altitude)
+        end
+
+        def self.decode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
+          version    = msg.get_bytes(1)
+          ssize      = msg.get_bytes(1)
+          hprecision = msg.get_bytes(1)
+          vprecision = msg.get_bytes(1)
+          latitude   = msg.get_bytes(4)
+          longitude  = msg.get_bytes(4)
+          altitude   = msg.get_bytes(4)
+          return self.new(
+            version,
+            Resolv::LOC::Size.new(ssize),
+            Resolv::LOC::Size.new(hprecision),
+            Resolv::LOC::Size.new(vprecision),
+            Resolv::LOC::Coord.new(latitude,"lat"),
+            Resolv::LOC::Coord.new(longitude,"lon"),
+            Resolv::LOC::Alt.new(altitude)
+          )
+        end
+      end
+
+      ##
+      # A Query type requesting any RR.
+
+      class ANY < Query
+        TypeValue = 255 # :nodoc:
+      end
+
+      ClassInsensitiveTypes = [ # :nodoc:
+        NS, CNAME, SOA, PTR, HINFO, MINFO, MX, TXT, LOC, ANY
+      ]
+
+      ##
+      # module IN contains ARPA Internet specific RRs.
+
+      module IN
+
+        ClassValue = 1 # :nodoc:
+
+        ClassInsensitiveTypes.each {|s|
+          c = Class.new(s)
+          c.const_set(:TypeValue, s::TypeValue)
+          c.const_set(:ClassValue, ClassValue)
+          ClassHash[[s::TypeValue, ClassValue]] = c
+          self.const_set(s.name.sub(/.*::/, ''), c)
+        }
+
+        ##
+        # IPv4 Address resource
+
+        class A < Resource
+          TypeValue = 1
+          ClassValue = IN::ClassValue
+          ClassHash[[TypeValue, ClassValue]] = self # :nodoc:
+
+          ##
+          # Creates a new A for +address+.
+
+          def initialize(address)
+            @address = IPv4.create(address)
+          end
+
+          ##
+          # The Resolv::IPv4 address for this A.
+
+          attr_reader :address
+
+          def encode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
+            msg.put_bytes(@address.address)
+          end
+
+          def self.decode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
+            return self.new(IPv4.new(msg.get_bytes(4)))
+          end
+        end
+
+        ##
+        # Well Known Service resource.
+
+        class WKS < Resource
+          TypeValue = 11
+          ClassValue = IN::ClassValue
+          ClassHash[[TypeValue, ClassValue]] = self # :nodoc:
+
+          def initialize(address, protocol, bitmap)
+            @address = IPv4.create(address)
+            @protocol = protocol
+            @bitmap = bitmap
+          end
+
+          ##
+          # The host these services run on.
+
+          attr_reader :address
+
+          ##
+          # IP protocol number for these services.
+
+          attr_reader :protocol
+
+          ##
+          # A bit map of enabled services on this host.
+          #
+          # If protocol is 6 (TCP) then the 26th bit corresponds to the SMTP
+          # service (port 25).  If this bit is set, then an SMTP server should
+          # be listening on TCP port 25; if zero, SMTP service is not
+          # supported.
+
+          attr_reader :bitmap
+
+          def encode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
+            msg.put_bytes(@address.address)
+            msg.put_pack("n", @protocol)
+            msg.put_bytes(@bitmap)
+          end
+
+          def self.decode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
+            address = IPv4.new(msg.get_bytes(4))
+            protocol, = msg.get_unpack("n")
+            bitmap = msg.get_bytes
+            return self.new(address, protocol, bitmap)
+          end
+        end
+
+        ##
+        # An IPv6 address record.
+
+        class AAAA < Resource
+          TypeValue = 28
+          ClassValue = IN::ClassValue
+          ClassHash[[TypeValue, ClassValue]] = self # :nodoc:
+
+          ##
+          # Creates a new AAAA for +address+.
+
+          def initialize(address)
+            @address = IPv6.create(address)
+          end
+
+          ##
+          # The Resolv::IPv6 address for this AAAA.
+
+          attr_reader :address
+
+          def encode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
+            msg.put_bytes(@address.address)
+          end
+
+          def self.decode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
+            return self.new(IPv6.new(msg.get_bytes(16)))
+          end
+        end
+
+        ##
+        # SRV resource record defined in RFC 2782
+        #
+        # These records identify the hostname and port that a service is
+        # available at.
+
+        class SRV < Resource
+          TypeValue = 33
+          ClassValue = IN::ClassValue
+          ClassHash[[TypeValue, ClassValue]] = self # :nodoc:
+
+          # Create a SRV resource record.
+          #
+          # See the documentation for #priority, #weight, #port and #target
+          # for +priority+, +weight+, +port and +target+ respectively.
+
+          def initialize(priority, weight, port, target)
+            @priority = priority.to_int
+            @weight = weight.to_int
+            @port = port.to_int
+            @target = Name.create(target)
+          end
+
+          # The priority of this target host.
+          #
+          # A client MUST attempt to contact the target host with the
+          # lowest-numbered priority it can reach; target hosts with the same
+          # priority SHOULD be tried in an order defined by the weight field.
+          # The range is 0-65535.  Note that it is not widely implemented and
+          # should be set to zero.
+
+          attr_reader :priority
+
+          # A server selection mechanism.
+          #
+          # The weight field specifies a relative weight for entries with the
+          # same priority. Larger weights SHOULD be given a proportionately
+          # higher probability of being selected. The range of this number is
+          # 0-65535.  Domain administrators SHOULD use Weight 0 when there
+          # isn't any server selection to do, to make the RR easier to read
+          # for humans (less noisy). Note that it is not widely implemented
+          # and should be set to zero.
+
+          attr_reader :weight
+
+          # The port on this target host of this service.
+          #
+          # The range is 0-65535.
+
+          attr_reader :port
+
+          # The domain name of the target host.
+          #
+          # A target of "." means that the service is decidedly not available
+          # at this domain.
+
+          attr_reader :target
+
+          def encode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
+            msg.put_pack("n", @priority)
+            msg.put_pack("n", @weight)
+            msg.put_pack("n", @port)
+            msg.put_name(@target)
+          end
+
+          def self.decode_rdata(msg) # :nodoc:
+            priority, = msg.get_unpack("n")
+            weight,   = msg.get_unpack("n")
+            port,     = msg.get_unpack("n")
+            target    = msg.get_name
+            return self.new(priority, weight, port, target)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # A Resolv::DNS IPv4 address.
+
+  class IPv4
+
+    ##
+    # Regular expression IPv4 addresses must match.
+
+    Regex256 = /0
+               |1(?:[0-9][0-9]?)?
+               |2(?:[0-4][0-9]?|5[0-5]?|[6-9])?
+               |[3-9][0-9]?/x
+    Regex = /\A(#{Regex256})\.(#{Regex256})\.(#{Regex256})\.(#{Regex256})\z/
+
+    def self.create(arg)
+      case arg
+      when IPv4
+        return arg
+      when Regex
+        if (0..255) === (a = $1.to_i) &&
+           (0..255) === (b = $2.to_i) &&
+           (0..255) === (c = $3.to_i) &&
+           (0..255) === (d = $4.to_i)
+          return self.new([a, b, c, d].pack("CCCC"))
+        else
+          raise ArgumentError.new("IPv4 address with invalid value: " + arg)
+        end
+      else
+        raise ArgumentError.new("cannot interpret as IPv4 address: #{arg.inspect}")
+      end
+    end
+
+    def initialize(address) # :nodoc:
+      unless address.kind_of?(String)
+        raise ArgumentError, 'IPv4 address must be a string'
+      end
+      unless address.length == 4
+        raise ArgumentError, "IPv4 address expects 4 bytes but #{address.length} bytes"
+      end
+      @address = address
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # A String representation of this IPv4 address.
+
+    ##
+    # The raw IPv4 address as a String.
+
+    attr_reader :address
+
+    def to_s # :nodoc:
+      return sprintf("%d.%d.%d.%d", *@address.unpack("CCCC"))
+    end
+
+    def inspect # :nodoc:
+      return "#<#{self.class} #{self}>"
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Turns this IPv4 address into a Resolv::DNS::Name.
+
+    def to_name
+      return DNS::Name.create(
+        '%d.%d.%d.%d.in-addr.arpa.' % @address.unpack('CCCC').reverse)
+    end
+
+    def ==(other) # :nodoc:
+      return @address == other.address
+    end
+
+    def eql?(other) # :nodoc:
+      return self == other
+    end
+
+    def hash # :nodoc:
+      return @address.hash
+    end
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # A Resolv::DNS IPv6 address.
+
+  class IPv6
+
+    ##
+    # IPv6 address format a:b:c:d:e:f:g:h
+    Regex_8Hex = /\A
+      (?:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){7}
+         [0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}
+      \z/x
+
+    ##
+    # Compressed IPv6 address format a::b
+
+    Regex_CompressedHex = /\A
+      ((?:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}(?::[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4})*)?) ::
+      ((?:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}(?::[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4})*)?)
+      \z/x
+
+    ##
+    # IPv4 mapped IPv6 address format a:b:c:d:e:f:w.x.y.z
+
+    Regex_6Hex4Dec = /\A
+      ((?:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:){6,6})
+      (\d+)\.(\d+)\.(\d+)\.(\d+)
+      \z/x
+
+    ##
+    # Compressed IPv4 mapped IPv6 address format a::b:w.x.y.z
+
+    Regex_CompressedHex4Dec = /\A
+      ((?:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}(?::[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4})*)?) ::
+      ((?:[0-9A-Fa-f]{1,4}:)*)
+      (\d+)\.(\d+)\.(\d+)\.(\d+)
+      \z/x
+
+    ##
+    # A composite IPv6 address Regexp.
+
+    Regex = /
+      (?:#{Regex_8Hex}) |
+      (?:#{Regex_CompressedHex}) |
+      (?:#{Regex_6Hex4Dec}) |
+      (?:#{Regex_CompressedHex4Dec})/x
+
+    ##
+    # Creates a new IPv6 address from +arg+ which may be:
+    #
+    # IPv6:: returns +arg+.
+    # String:: +arg+ must match one of the IPv6::Regex* constants
+
+    def self.create(arg)
+      case arg
+      when IPv6
+        return arg
+      when String
+        address = ''.b
+        if Regex_8Hex =~ arg
+          arg.scan(/[0-9A-Fa-f]+/) {|hex| address << [hex.hex].pack('n')}
+        elsif Regex_CompressedHex =~ arg
+          prefix = $1
+          suffix = $2
+          a1 = ''.b
+          a2 = ''.b
+          prefix.scan(/[0-9A-Fa-f]+/) {|hex| a1 << [hex.hex].pack('n')}
+          suffix.scan(/[0-9A-Fa-f]+/) {|hex| a2 << [hex.hex].pack('n')}
+          omitlen = 16 - a1.length - a2.length
+          address << a1 << "\0" * omitlen << a2
+        elsif Regex_6Hex4Dec =~ arg
+          prefix, a, b, c, d = $1, $2.to_i, $3.to_i, $4.to_i, $5.to_i
+          if (0..255) === a && (0..255) === b && (0..255) === c && (0..255) === d
+            prefix.scan(/[0-9A-Fa-f]+/) {|hex| address << [hex.hex].pack('n')}
+            address << [a, b, c, d].pack('CCCC')
+          else
+            raise ArgumentError.new("not numeric IPv6 address: " + arg)
+          end
+        elsif Regex_CompressedHex4Dec =~ arg
+          prefix, suffix, a, b, c, d = $1, $2, $3.to_i, $4.to_i, $5.to_i, $6.to_i
+          if (0..255) === a && (0..255) === b && (0..255) === c && (0..255) === d
+            a1 = ''.b
+            a2 = ''.b
+            prefix.scan(/[0-9A-Fa-f]+/) {|hex| a1 << [hex.hex].pack('n')}
+            suffix.scan(/[0-9A-Fa-f]+/) {|hex| a2 << [hex.hex].pack('n')}
+            omitlen = 12 - a1.length - a2.length
+            address << a1 << "\0" * omitlen << a2 << [a, b, c, d].pack('CCCC')
+          else
+            raise ArgumentError.new("not numeric IPv6 address: " + arg)
+          end
+        else
+          raise ArgumentError.new("not numeric IPv6 address: " + arg)
+        end
+        return IPv6.new(address)
+      else
+        raise ArgumentError.new("cannot interpret as IPv6 address: #{arg.inspect}")
+      end
+    end
+
+    def initialize(address) # :nodoc:
+      unless address.kind_of?(String) && address.length == 16
+        raise ArgumentError.new('IPv6 address must be 16 bytes')
+      end
+      @address = address
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # The raw IPv6 address as a String.
+
+    attr_reader :address
+
+    def to_s # :nodoc:
+      address = sprintf("%x:%x:%x:%x:%x:%x:%x:%x", *@address.unpack("nnnnnnnn"))
+      unless address.sub!(/(^|:)0(:0)+(:|$)/, '::')
+        address.sub!(/(^|:)0(:|$)/, '::')
+      end
+      return address
+    end
+
+    def inspect # :nodoc:
+      return "#<#{self.class} #{self}>"
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Turns this IPv6 address into a Resolv::DNS::Name.
+    #--
+    # ip6.arpa should be searched too. [RFC3152]
+
+    def to_name
+      return DNS::Name.new(
+        @address.unpack("H32")[0].split(//).reverse + ['ip6', 'arpa'])
+    end
+
+    def ==(other) # :nodoc:
+      return @address == other.address
+    end
+
+    def eql?(other) # :nodoc:
+      return self == other
+    end
+
+    def hash # :nodoc:
+      return @address.hash
+    end
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # Resolv::MDNS is a one-shot Multicast DNS (mDNS) resolver.  It blindly
+  # makes queries to the mDNS addresses without understanding anything about
+  # multicast ports.
+  #
+  # Information taken form the following places:
+  #
+  # * RFC 6762
+
+  class MDNS < DNS
+
+    ##
+    # Default mDNS Port
+
+    Port = 5353
+
+    ##
+    # Default IPv4 mDNS address
+
+    AddressV4 = '224.0.0.251'
+
+    ##
+    # Default IPv6 mDNS address
+
+    AddressV6 = 'ff02::fb'
+
+    ##
+    # Default mDNS addresses
+
+    Addresses = [
+      [AddressV4, Port],
+      [AddressV6, Port],
+    ]
+
+    ##
+    # Creates a new one-shot Multicast DNS (mDNS) resolver.
+    #
+    # +config_info+ can be:
+    #
+    # nil::
+    #   Uses the default mDNS addresses
+    #
+    # Hash::
+    #   Must contain :nameserver or :nameserver_port like
+    #   Resolv::DNS#initialize.
+
+    def initialize(config_info=nil)
+      if config_info then
+        super({ nameserver_port: Addresses }.merge(config_info))
+      else
+        super(nameserver_port: Addresses)
+      end
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Iterates over all IP addresses for +name+ retrieved from the mDNS
+    # resolver, provided name ends with "local".  If the name does not end in
+    # "local" no records will be returned.
+    #
+    # +name+ can be a Resolv::DNS::Name or a String.  Retrieved addresses will
+    # be a Resolv::IPv4 or Resolv::IPv6
+
+    def each_address(name)
+      name = Resolv::DNS::Name.create(name)
+
+      return unless name[-1].to_s == 'local'
+
+      super(name)
+    end
+
+    def make_udp_requester # :nodoc:
+      nameserver_port = @config.nameserver_port
+      Requester::MDNSOneShot.new(*nameserver_port)
+    end
+
+  end
+
+  module LOC
+
+    ##
+    # A Resolv::LOC::Size
+
+    class Size
+
+      Regex = /^(\d+\.*\d*)[m]$/
+
+      ##
+      # Creates a new LOC::Size from +arg+ which may be:
+      #
+      # LOC::Size:: returns +arg+.
+      # String:: +arg+ must match the LOC::Size::Regex constant
+
+      def self.create(arg)
+        case arg
+        when Size
+          return arg
+        when String
+          scalar = ''
+          if Regex =~ arg
+            scalar = [(($1.to_f*(1e2)).to_i.to_s[0].to_i*(2**4)+(($1.to_f*(1e2)).to_i.to_s.length-1))].pack("C")
+          else
+            raise ArgumentError.new("not a properly formed Size string: " + arg)
+          end
+          return Size.new(scalar)
+        else
+          raise ArgumentError.new("cannot interpret as Size: #{arg.inspect}")
+        end
+      end
+
+      def initialize(scalar)
+        @scalar = scalar
+      end
+
+      ##
+      # The raw size
+
+      attr_reader :scalar
+
+      def to_s # :nodoc:
+        s = @scalar.unpack("H2").join.to_s
+        return ((s[0].to_i)*(10**(s[1].to_i-2))).to_s << "m"
+      end
+
+      def inspect # :nodoc:
+        return "#<#{self.class} #{self}>"
+      end
+
+      def ==(other) # :nodoc:
+        return @scalar == other.scalar
+      end
+
+      def eql?(other) # :nodoc:
+        return self == other
+      end
+
+      def hash # :nodoc:
+        return @scalar.hash
+      end
+
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # A Resolv::LOC::Coord
+
+    class Coord
+
+      Regex = /^(\d+)\s(\d+)\s(\d+\.\d+)\s([NESW])$/
+
+      ##
+      # Creates a new LOC::Coord from +arg+ which may be:
+      #
+      # LOC::Coord:: returns +arg+.
+      # String:: +arg+ must match the LOC::Coord::Regex constant
+
+      def self.create(arg)
+        case arg
+        when Coord
+          return arg
+        when String
+          coordinates = ''
+          if Regex =~ arg && $1.to_f < 180
+            m = $~
+            hemi = (m[4][/[NE]/]) || (m[4][/[SW]/]) ? 1 : -1
+            coordinates = [ ((m[1].to_i*(36e5)) + (m[2].to_i*(6e4)) +
+                             (m[3].to_f*(1e3))) * hemi+(2**31) ].pack("N")
+            orientation = m[4][/[NS]/] ? 'lat' : 'lon'
+          else
+            raise ArgumentError.new("not a properly formed Coord string: " + arg)
+          end
+          return Coord.new(coordinates,orientation)
+        else
+          raise ArgumentError.new("cannot interpret as Coord: #{arg.inspect}")
+        end
+      end
+
+      def initialize(coordinates,orientation)
+        unless coordinates.kind_of?(String)
+          raise ArgumentError.new("Coord must be a 32bit unsigned integer in hex format: #{coordinates.inspect}")
+        end
+        unless orientation.kind_of?(String) && orientation[/^lon$|^lat$/]
+          raise ArgumentError.new('Coord expects orientation to be a String argument of "lat" or "lon"')
+        end
+        @coordinates = coordinates
+        @orientation = orientation
+      end
+
+      ##
+      # The raw coordinates
+
+      attr_reader :coordinates
+
+      ## The orientation of the hemisphere as 'lat' or 'lon'
+
+      attr_reader :orientation
+
+      def to_s # :nodoc:
+          c = @coordinates.unpack("N").join.to_i
+          val      = (c - (2**31)).abs
+          fracsecs = (val % 1e3).to_i.to_s
+          val      = val / 1e3
+          secs     = (val % 60).to_i.to_s
+          val      = val / 60
+          mins     = (val % 60).to_i.to_s
+          degs     = (val / 60).to_i.to_s
+          posi = (c >= 2**31)
+          case posi
+          when true
+            hemi = @orientation[/^lat$/] ? "N" : "E"
+          else
+            hemi = @orientation[/^lon$/] ? "W" : "S"
+          end
+          return degs << " " << mins << " " << secs << "." << fracsecs << " " << hemi
+      end
+
+      def inspect # :nodoc:
+        return "#<#{self.class} #{self}>"
+      end
+
+      def ==(other) # :nodoc:
+        return @coordinates == other.coordinates
+      end
+
+      def eql?(other) # :nodoc:
+        return self == other
+      end
+
+      def hash # :nodoc:
+        return @coordinates.hash
+      end
+
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # A Resolv::LOC::Alt
+
+    class Alt
+
+      Regex = /^([+-]*\d+\.*\d*)[m]$/
+
+      ##
+      # Creates a new LOC::Alt from +arg+ which may be:
+      #
+      # LOC::Alt:: returns +arg+.
+      # String:: +arg+ must match the LOC::Alt::Regex constant
+
+      def self.create(arg)
+        case arg
+        when Alt
+          return arg
+        when String
+          altitude = ''
+          if Regex =~ arg
+            altitude = [($1.to_f*(1e2))+(1e7)].pack("N")
+          else
+            raise ArgumentError.new("not a properly formed Alt string: " + arg)
+          end
+          return Alt.new(altitude)
+        else
+          raise ArgumentError.new("cannot interpret as Alt: #{arg.inspect}")
+        end
+      end
+
+      def initialize(altitude)
+        @altitude = altitude
+      end
+
+      ##
+      # The raw altitude
+
+      attr_reader :altitude
+
+      def to_s # :nodoc:
+        a = @altitude.unpack("N").join.to_i
+        return ((a.to_f/1e2)-1e5).to_s + "m"
+      end
+
+      def inspect # :nodoc:
+        return "#<#{self.class} #{self}>"
+      end
+
+      def ==(other) # :nodoc:
+        return @altitude == other.altitude
+      end
+
+      def eql?(other) # :nodoc:
+        return self == other
+      end
+
+      def hash # :nodoc:
+        return @altitude.hash
+      end
+
+    end
+
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # Default resolver to use for Resolv class methods.
+
+  DefaultResolver = self.new
+
+  ##
+  # Replaces the resolvers in the default resolver with +new_resolvers+.  This
+  # allows resolvers to be changed for resolv-replace.
+
+  def DefaultResolver.replace_resolvers new_resolvers
+    @resolvers = new_resolvers
+  end
+
+  ##
+  # Address Regexp to use for matching IP addresses.
+
+  AddressRegex = /(?:#{IPv4::Regex})|(?:#{IPv6::Regex})/
+
+end
+