reline 0.4.3 → 0.5.0

data/lib/reline/line_editor.rb

@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@ require 'tempfile'
 class Reline::LineEditor
   # TODO: undo
   # TODO: Use "private alias_method" idiom after drop Ruby 2.5.
-  attr_reader :line
   attr_reader :byte_pointer
   attr_accessor :confirm_multiline_termination_proc
   attr_accessor :completion_proc
@@ -14,7 +13,6 @@ class Reline::LineEditor
   attr_accessor :output_modifier_proc
   attr_accessor :prompt_proc
   attr_accessor :auto_indent_proc
-  attr_accessor :pre_input_hook
   attr_accessor :dig_perfect_match_proc
   attr_writer :output
 
@@ -48,15 +46,17 @@ class Reline::LineEditor
     PERFECT_MATCH = :perfect_match
   end
 
+  RenderedScreen = Struct.new(:base_y, :lines, :cursor_y, keyword_init: true)
+
   CompletionJourneyData = Struct.new(:preposing, :postposing, :list, :pointer)
   MenuInfo = Struct.new(:target, :list)
 
-  PROMPT_LIST_CACHE_TIMEOUT = 0.5
   MINIMUM_SCROLLBAR_HEIGHT = 1
 
   def initialize(config, encoding)
     @config = config
     @completion_append_character = ''
+    @screen_size = Reline::IOGate.get_screen_size
     reset_variables(encoding: encoding)
   end
 
@@ -65,73 +65,38 @@ class Reline::LineEditor
   end
 
   def set_pasting_state(in_pasting)
+    # While pasting, text to be inserted is stored to @continuous_insertion_buffer.
+    # After pasting, this buffer should be force inserted.
+    process_insert(force: true) if @in_pasting && !in_pasting
     @in_pasting = in_pasting
   end
 
-  def simplified_rendering?
-    if finished?
-      false
-    elsif @just_cursor_moving and not @rerender_all
-      true
-    else
-      not @rerender_all and not finished? and @in_pasting
-    end
-  end
-
   private def check_mode_string
-    mode_string = nil
     if @config.show_mode_in_prompt
       if @config.editing_mode_is?(:vi_command)
-        mode_string = @config.vi_cmd_mode_string
+        @config.vi_cmd_mode_string
       elsif @config.editing_mode_is?(:vi_insert)
-        mode_string = @config.vi_ins_mode_string
+        @config.vi_ins_mode_string
       elsif @config.editing_mode_is?(:emacs)
-        mode_string = @config.emacs_mode_string
+        @config.emacs_mode_string
       else
-        mode_string = '?'
+        '?'
       end
     end
-    if mode_string != @prev_mode_string
-      @rerender_all = true
-    end
-    @prev_mode_string = mode_string
-    mode_string
   end
 
-  private def check_multiline_prompt(buffer, force_recalc: false)
+  private def check_multiline_prompt(buffer, mode_string)
     if @vi_arg
       prompt = "(arg: #{@vi_arg}) "
-      @rerender_all = true
     elsif @searching_prompt
       prompt = @searching_prompt
-      @rerender_all = true
     else
       prompt = @prompt
     end
-    if simplified_rendering? && !force_recalc
-      mode_string = check_mode_string
-      prompt = mode_string + prompt if mode_string
-      return [prompt, calculate_width(prompt, true), [prompt] * buffer.size]
-    end
     if @prompt_proc
-      use_cached_prompt_list = false
-      if @cached_prompt_list
-        if @just_cursor_moving
-          use_cached_prompt_list = true
-        elsif Time.now.to_f < (@prompt_cache_time + PROMPT_LIST_CACHE_TIMEOUT) and buffer.size == @cached_prompt_list.size
-          use_cached_prompt_list = true
-        end
-      end
-      use_cached_prompt_list = false if @rerender_all
-      if use_cached_prompt_list
-        prompt_list = @cached_prompt_list
-      else
-        prompt_list = @cached_prompt_list = @prompt_proc.(buffer).map { |pr| pr.gsub("\n", "\\n") }
-        @prompt_cache_time = Time.now.to_f
-      end
+      prompt_list = @prompt_proc.(buffer).map { |pr| pr.gsub("\n", "\\n") }
       prompt_list.map!{ prompt } if @vi_arg or @searching_prompt
       prompt_list = [prompt] if prompt_list.empty?
-      mode_string = check_mode_string
       prompt_list = prompt_list.map{ |pr| mode_string + pr } if mode_string
       prompt = prompt_list[@line_index]
       prompt = prompt_list[0] if prompt.nil?
@@ -141,21 +106,17 @@ class Reline::LineEditor
           prompt_list << prompt_list.last
         end
       end
-      prompt_width = calculate_width(prompt, true)
-      [prompt, prompt_width, prompt_list]
+      prompt_list
     else
-      mode_string = check_mode_string
       prompt = mode_string + prompt if mode_string
-      prompt_width = calculate_width(prompt, true)
-      [prompt, prompt_width, nil]
+      [prompt] * buffer.size
     end
   end
 
   def reset(prompt = '', encoding:)
-    @rest_height = (Reline::IOGate.get_screen_size.first - 1) - Reline::IOGate.cursor_pos.y
     @screen_size = Reline::IOGate.get_screen_size
-    @screen_height = @screen_size.first
     reset_variables(prompt, encoding: encoding)
+    @rendered_screen.base_y = Reline::IOGate.cursor_pos.y
     Reline::IOGate.set_winch_handler do
       @resized = true
     end
@@ -184,54 +145,25 @@ class Reline::LineEditor
 
   def resize
     return unless @resized
-    @resized = false
-    @rest_height = (Reline::IOGate.get_screen_size.first - 1) - Reline::IOGate.cursor_pos.y
-    old_screen_size = @screen_size
+
     @screen_size = Reline::IOGate.get_screen_size
-    @screen_height = @screen_size.first
-    if old_screen_size.last < @screen_size.last # columns increase
-      @rerender_all = true
-      rerender
-    else
-      back = 0
-      new_buffer = whole_lines
-      prompt, prompt_width, prompt_list = check_multiline_prompt(new_buffer)
-      new_buffer.each_with_index do |line, index|
-        prompt_width = calculate_width(prompt_list[index], true) if @prompt_proc
-        width = prompt_width + calculate_width(line)
-        height = calculate_height_by_width(width)
-        back += height
-      end
-      @highest_in_all = back
-      @highest_in_this = calculate_height_by_width(prompt_width + @cursor_max)
-      @first_line_started_from =
-        if @line_index.zero?
-          0
-        else
-          calculate_height_by_lines(@buffer_of_lines[0..(@line_index - 1)], prompt_list || prompt)
-        end
-      if @prompt_proc
-        prompt = prompt_list[@line_index]
-        prompt_width = calculate_width(prompt, true)
-      end
-      calculate_nearest_cursor
-      @started_from = calculate_height_by_width(prompt_width + @cursor) - 1
-      Reline::IOGate.move_cursor_column((prompt_width + @cursor) % @screen_size.last)
-      @highest_in_this = calculate_height_by_width(prompt_width + @cursor_max)
-      @rerender_all = true
-    end
+    @resized = false
+    scroll_into_view
+    Reline::IOGate.move_cursor_up @rendered_screen.cursor_y
+    @rendered_screen.base_y = Reline::IOGate.cursor_pos.y
+    @rendered_screen.lines = []
+    @rendered_screen.cursor_y = 0
+    render_differential
   end
 
   def set_signal_handlers
     @old_trap = Signal.trap('INT') {
-      clear_dialog(0)
-      if @scroll_partial_screen
-        move_cursor_down(@screen_height - (@line_index - @scroll_partial_screen) - 1)
-      else
-        move_cursor_down(@highest_in_all - @line_index - 1)
-      end
-      Reline::IOGate.move_cursor_column(0)
-      scroll_down(1)
+      clear_dialogs
+      scrolldown = render_differential
+      Reline::IOGate.scroll_down scrolldown
+      Reline::IOGate.move_cursor_column 0
+      @rendered_screen.lines = []
+      @rendered_screen.cursor_y = 0
       case @old_trap
       when 'DEFAULT', 'SYSTEM_DEFAULT'
         raise Interrupt
@@ -260,7 +192,6 @@ class Reline::LineEditor
     @is_multiline = false
     @finished = false
     @cleared = false
-    @rerender_all = false
     @history_pointer = nil
     @kill_ring ||= Reline::KillRing.new
     @vi_clipboard = ''
@@ -272,43 +203,29 @@ class Reline::LineEditor
     @completion_state = CompletionState::NORMAL
     @perfect_matched = nil
     @menu_info = nil
-    @first_prompt = true
     @searching_prompt = nil
     @first_char = true
-    @add_newline_to_end_of_buffer = false
-    @just_cursor_moving = nil
-    @cached_prompt_list = nil
-    @prompt_cache_time = nil
+    @just_cursor_moving = false
     @eof = false
     @continuous_insertion_buffer = String.new(encoding: @encoding)
-    @scroll_partial_screen = nil
-    @prev_mode_string = nil
+    @scroll_partial_screen = 0
     @drop_terminate_spaces = false
     @in_pasting = false
     @auto_indent_proc = nil
     @dialogs = []
-    @previous_rendered_dialog_y = 0
-    @last_key = nil
     @resized = false
+    @cache = {}
+    @rendered_screen = RenderedScreen.new(base_y: 0, lines: [], cursor_y: 0)
     reset_line
   end
 
   def reset_line
-    @cursor = 0
-    @cursor_max = 0
     @byte_pointer = 0
     @buffer_of_lines = [String.new(encoding: @encoding)]
     @line_index = 0
-    @previous_line_index = nil
-    @line = @buffer_of_lines[0]
-    @first_line_started_from = 0
-    @move_up = 0
-    @started_from = 0
-    @highest_in_this = 1
-    @highest_in_all = 1
+    @cache.clear
     @line_backup_in_history = nil
     @multibyte_buffer = String.new(encoding: 'ASCII-8BIT')
-    @check_new_auto_indent = false
   end
 
   def multiline_on
@@ -319,68 +236,44 @@ class Reline::LineEditor
     @is_multiline = false
   end
 
-  private def calculate_height_by_lines(lines, prompt)
-    result = 0
-    prompt_list = prompt.is_a?(Array) ? prompt : nil
-    lines.each_with_index { |line, i|
-      prompt = prompt_list[i] if prompt_list and prompt_list[i]
-      result += calculate_height_by_width(calculate_width(prompt, true) + calculate_width(line))
-    }
-    result
-  end
-
   private def insert_new_line(cursor_line, next_line)
-    @line = cursor_line
     @buffer_of_lines.insert(@line_index + 1, String.new(next_line, encoding: @encoding))
-    @previous_line_index = @line_index
+    @buffer_of_lines[@line_index] = cursor_line
     @line_index += 1
-    @just_cursor_moving = false
-  end
-
-  private def calculate_height_by_width(width)
-    width.div(@screen_size.last) + 1
+    @byte_pointer = 0
+    if @auto_indent_proc && !@in_pasting
+      if next_line.empty?
+        (
+          # For compatibility, use this calculation instead of just `process_auto_indent @line_index - 1, cursor_dependent: false`
+          indent1 = @auto_indent_proc.(@buffer_of_lines.take(@line_index - 1).push(''), @line_index - 1, 0, true)
+          indent2 = @auto_indent_proc.(@buffer_of_lines.take(@line_index), @line_index - 1, @buffer_of_lines[@line_index - 1].bytesize, false)
+          indent = indent2 || indent1
+          @buffer_of_lines[@line_index - 1] = ' ' * indent + @buffer_of_lines[@line_index - 1].gsub(/\A */, '')
+        )
+        process_auto_indent @line_index, add_newline: true
+      else
+        process_auto_indent @line_index - 1, cursor_dependent: false
+        process_auto_indent @line_index, add_newline: true # Need for compatibility
+        process_auto_indent @line_index, cursor_dependent: false
+      end
+    end
   end
 
   private def split_by_width(str, max_width)
     Reline::Unicode.split_by_width(str, max_width, @encoding)
   end
 
-  private def scroll_down(val)
-    if val <= @rest_height
-      Reline::IOGate.move_cursor_down(val)
-      @rest_height -= val
-    else
-      Reline::IOGate.move_cursor_down(@rest_height)
-      Reline::IOGate.scroll_down(val - @rest_height)
-      @rest_height = 0
-    end
-  end
-
-  private def move_cursor_up(val)
-    if val > 0
-      Reline::IOGate.move_cursor_up(val)
-      @rest_height += val
-    elsif val < 0
-      move_cursor_down(-val)
-    end
-  end
-
-  private def move_cursor_down(val)
-    if val > 0
-      Reline::IOGate.move_cursor_down(val)
-      @rest_height -= val
-      @rest_height = 0 if @rest_height < 0
-    elsif val < 0
-      move_cursor_up(-val)
-    end
+  def current_byte_pointer_cursor
+    calculate_width(current_line.byteslice(0, @byte_pointer))
   end
 
-  private def calculate_nearest_cursor(line_to_calc = @line, cursor = @cursor, started_from = @started_from, byte_pointer = @byte_pointer, update = true)
+  private def calculate_nearest_cursor(cursor)
+    line_to_calc = current_line
     new_cursor_max = calculate_width(line_to_calc)
     new_cursor = 0
     new_byte_pointer = 0
     height = 1
-    max_width = @screen_size.last
+    max_width = screen_width
     if @config.editing_mode_is?(:vi_command)
       last_byte_size = Reline::Unicode.get_prev_mbchar_size(line_to_calc, line_to_calc.bytesize)
       if last_byte_size > 0
@@ -406,110 +299,241 @@ class Reline::LineEditor
       end
       new_byte_pointer += gc.bytesize
     end
-    new_started_from = height - 1
-    if update
-      @cursor = new_cursor
-      @cursor_max = new_cursor_max
-      @started_from = new_started_from
-      @byte_pointer = new_byte_pointer
-    else
-      [new_cursor, new_cursor_max, new_started_from, new_byte_pointer]
+    @byte_pointer = new_byte_pointer
+  end
+
+  def with_cache(key, *deps)
+    cached_deps, value = @cache[key]
+    if cached_deps != deps
+      @cache[key] = [deps, value = yield(*deps, cached_deps, value)]
     end
+    value
   end
 
-  def rerender_all
-    @rerender_all = true
-    process_insert(force: true)
-    rerender
+  def modified_lines
+    with_cache(__method__, whole_lines, finished?) do |whole, complete|
+      modify_lines(whole, complete)
+    end
   end
 
-  def rerender
-    return if @line.nil?
-    if @menu_info
-      scroll_down(@highest_in_all - @first_line_started_from)
-      @rerender_all = true
+  def prompt_list
+    with_cache(__method__, whole_lines, check_mode_string, @vi_arg, @searching_prompt) do |lines, mode_string|
+      check_multiline_prompt(lines, mode_string)
     end
-    if @menu_info
-      show_menu
-      @menu_info = nil
-    end
-    prompt, prompt_width, prompt_list = check_multiline_prompt(whole_lines)
-    cursor_column = (prompt_width + @cursor) % @screen_size.last
-    if @cleared
-      clear_screen_buffer(prompt, prompt_list, prompt_width)
-      @cleared = false
-      return
+  end
+
+  def screen_height
+    @screen_size.first
+  end
+
+  def screen_width
+    @screen_size.last
+  end
+
+  def screen_scroll_top
+    @scroll_partial_screen
+  end
+
+  def wrapped_lines
+    with_cache(__method__, @buffer_of_lines.size, modified_lines, prompt_list, screen_width) do |n, lines, prompts, width, prev_cache_key, cached_value|
+      prev_n, prev_lines, prev_prompts, prev_width = prev_cache_key
+      cached_wraps = {}
+      if prev_width == width
+        prev_n.times do |i|
+          cached_wraps[[prev_prompts[i], prev_lines[i]]] = cached_value[i]
+        end
+      end
+
+      n.times.map do |i|
+        prompt = prompts[i]
+        line = lines[i]
+        cached_wraps[[prompt, line]] || split_by_width("#{prompt}#{line}", width).first.compact
+      end
     end
-    if @is_multiline and finished? and @scroll_partial_screen
-      # Re-output all code higher than the screen when finished.
-      Reline::IOGate.move_cursor_up(@first_line_started_from + @started_from - @scroll_partial_screen)
-      Reline::IOGate.move_cursor_column(0)
-      @scroll_partial_screen = nil
-      new_lines = whole_lines
-      prompt, prompt_width, prompt_list = check_multiline_prompt(new_lines)
-      modify_lines(new_lines).each_with_index do |line, index|
-        @output.write "#{prompt_list ? prompt_list[index] : prompt}#{line}\r\n"
-        Reline::IOGate.erase_after_cursor
-      end
-      @output.flush
-      clear_dialog(cursor_column)
-      return
+  end
+
+  def calculate_overlay_levels(overlay_levels)
+    levels = []
+    overlay_levels.each do |x, w, l|
+      levels.fill(l, x, w)
     end
-    new_highest_in_this = calculate_height_by_width(prompt_width + calculate_width(@line.nil? ? '' : @line))
-    rendered = false
-    if @add_newline_to_end_of_buffer
-      clear_dialog_with_trap_key(cursor_column)
-      rerender_added_newline(prompt, prompt_width, prompt_list)
-      @add_newline_to_end_of_buffer = false
-    else
-      if @just_cursor_moving and not @rerender_all
-        clear_dialog_with_trap_key(cursor_column)
-        rendered = just_move_cursor
-        @just_cursor_moving = false
-        return
-      elsif @previous_line_index or new_highest_in_this != @highest_in_this
-        clear_dialog_with_trap_key(cursor_column)
-        rerender_changed_current_line
-        @previous_line_index = nil
-        rendered = true
-      elsif @rerender_all
-        rerender_all_lines
-        @rerender_all = false
-        rendered = true
+    levels
+  end
+
+  def render_line_differential(old_items, new_items)
+    old_levels = calculate_overlay_levels(old_items.zip(new_items).each_with_index.map {|((x, w, c), (nx, _nw, nc)), i| [x, w, c == nc && x == nx ? i : -1] if x }.compact)
+    new_levels = calculate_overlay_levels(new_items.each_with_index.map { |(x, w), i| [x, w, i] if x }.compact).take(screen_width)
+    base_x = 0
+    new_levels.zip(old_levels).chunk { |n, o| n == o ? :skip : n || :blank }.each do |level, chunk|
+      width = chunk.size
+      if level == :skip
+        # do nothing
+      elsif level == :blank
+        Reline::IOGate.move_cursor_column base_x
+        @output.write "#{Reline::IOGate::RESET_COLOR}#{' ' * width}"
       else
+        x, w, content = new_items[level]
+        content = Reline::Unicode.take_range(content, base_x - x, width) unless x == base_x && w == width
+        Reline::IOGate.move_cursor_column base_x
+        @output.write "#{Reline::IOGate::RESET_COLOR}#{content}#{Reline::IOGate::RESET_COLOR}"
       end
+      base_x += width
     end
-    if @is_multiline
-      if finished?
-        # Always rerender on finish because output_modifier_proc may return a different output.
-        new_lines = whole_lines
-        line = modify_lines(new_lines)[@line_index]
-        clear_dialog(cursor_column)
-        prompt, prompt_width, prompt_list = check_multiline_prompt(new_lines)
-        render_partial(prompt, prompt_width, line, @first_line_started_from)
-        move_cursor_down(@highest_in_all - (@first_line_started_from + @highest_in_this - 1) - 1)
-        scroll_down(1)
-        Reline::IOGate.move_cursor_column(0)
-        Reline::IOGate.erase_after_cursor
-      else
-        if not rendered and not @in_pasting
-          line = modify_lines(whole_lines)[@line_index]
-          prompt, prompt_width, prompt_list = check_multiline_prompt(whole_lines)
-          render_partial(prompt, prompt_width, line, @first_line_started_from)
-        end
-        render_dialog(cursor_column)
+    if old_levels.size > new_levels.size
+      Reline::IOGate.move_cursor_column new_levels.size
+      Reline::IOGate.erase_after_cursor
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Calculate cursor position in word wrapped content.
+  def wrapped_cursor_position
+    prompt_width = calculate_width(prompt_list[@line_index], true)
+    line_before_cursor = whole_lines[@line_index].byteslice(0, @byte_pointer)
+    wrapped_line_before_cursor = split_by_width(' ' * prompt_width + line_before_cursor, screen_width).first.compact
+    wrapped_cursor_y = wrapped_lines[0...@line_index].sum(&:size) + wrapped_line_before_cursor.size - 1
+    wrapped_cursor_x = calculate_width(wrapped_line_before_cursor.last)
+    [wrapped_cursor_x, wrapped_cursor_y]
+  end
+
+  def clear_dialogs
+    @dialogs.each do |dialog|
+      dialog.contents = nil
+      dialog.trap_key = nil
+    end
+  end
+
+  def update_dialogs(key = nil)
+    wrapped_cursor_x, wrapped_cursor_y = wrapped_cursor_position
+    @dialogs.each do |dialog|
+      dialog.trap_key = nil
+      update_each_dialog(dialog, wrapped_cursor_x, wrapped_cursor_y - screen_scroll_top, key)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def render_finished
+    clear_rendered_lines
+    render_full_content
+  end
+
+  def clear_rendered_lines
+    Reline::IOGate.move_cursor_up @rendered_screen.cursor_y
+    Reline::IOGate.move_cursor_column 0
+
+    num_lines = @rendered_screen.lines.size
+    return unless num_lines && num_lines >= 1
+
+    Reline::IOGate.move_cursor_down num_lines - 1
+    (num_lines - 1).times do
+      Reline::IOGate.erase_after_cursor
+      Reline::IOGate.move_cursor_up 1
+    end
+    Reline::IOGate.erase_after_cursor
+    @rendered_screen.lines = []
+    @rendered_screen.cursor_y = 0
+  end
+
+  def render_full_content
+    lines = @buffer_of_lines.size.times.map do |i|
+      line = prompt_list[i] + modified_lines[i]
+      wrapped_lines, = split_by_width(line, screen_width)
+      wrapped_lines.last.empty? ? "#{line} " : line
+    end
+    @output.puts lines.map { |l| "#{l}\r\n" }.join
+  end
+
+  def print_nomultiline_prompt(prompt)
+    return unless prompt && !@is_multiline
+
+    # Readline's test `TestRelineAsReadline#test_readline` requires first output to be prompt, not cursor reset escape sequence.
+    @rendered_screen.lines = [[[0, Reline::Unicode.calculate_width(prompt, true), prompt]]]
+    @rendered_screen.cursor_y = 0
+    @output.write prompt
+  end
+
+  def render_differential
+    wrapped_cursor_x, wrapped_cursor_y = wrapped_cursor_position
+
+    rendered_lines = @rendered_screen.lines
+    new_lines = wrapped_lines.flatten[screen_scroll_top, screen_height].map do |l|
+      [[0, Reline::Unicode.calculate_width(l, true), l]]
+    end
+    if @menu_info
+      @menu_info.list.sort!.each do |item|
+        new_lines << [[0, Reline::Unicode.calculate_width(item), item]]
       end
-      @buffer_of_lines[@line_index] = @line
-      @rest_height = 0 if @scroll_partial_screen
-    else
-      line = modify_lines(whole_lines)[@line_index]
-      render_partial(prompt, prompt_width, line, 0)
-      if finished?
-        scroll_down(1)
-        Reline::IOGate.move_cursor_column(0)
-        Reline::IOGate.erase_after_cursor
+      @menu_info = nil # TODO: do not change state here
+    end
+
+    @dialogs.each_with_index do |dialog, index|
+      next unless dialog.contents
+
+      x_range, y_range = dialog_range dialog, wrapped_cursor_y - screen_scroll_top
+      y_range.each do |row|
+        next if row < 0 || row >= screen_height
+        dialog_rows = new_lines[row] ||= []
+        dialog_rows[index + 1] = [x_range.begin, dialog.width, dialog.contents[row - y_range.begin]]
+      end
+    end
+
+    cursor_y = @rendered_screen.cursor_y
+    if new_lines != rendered_lines
+      # Hide cursor while rendering to avoid cursor flickering.
+      Reline::IOGate.hide_cursor
+      num_lines = [[new_lines.size, rendered_lines.size].max, screen_height].min
+      if @rendered_screen.base_y + num_lines > screen_height
+        Reline::IOGate.scroll_down(num_lines - cursor_y - 1)
+        @rendered_screen.base_y = screen_height - num_lines
+        cursor_y = num_lines - 1
+      end
+      num_lines.times do |i|
+        rendered_line = rendered_lines[i] || []
+        line_to_render = new_lines[i] || []
+        next if rendered_line == line_to_render
+
+        Reline::IOGate.move_cursor_down i - cursor_y
+        cursor_y = i
+        unless rendered_lines[i]
+          Reline::IOGate.move_cursor_column 0
+          Reline::IOGate.erase_after_cursor
+        end
+        render_line_differential(rendered_line, line_to_render)
       end
+      @rendered_screen.lines = new_lines
+      Reline::IOGate.show_cursor
     end
+    y = wrapped_cursor_y - screen_scroll_top
+    Reline::IOGate.move_cursor_column wrapped_cursor_x
+    Reline::IOGate.move_cursor_down y - cursor_y
+    @rendered_screen.cursor_y = y
+    new_lines.size - y
+  end
+
+  def current_row
+    wrapped_lines.flatten[wrapped_cursor_y]
+  end
+
+  def upper_space_height(wrapped_cursor_y)
+    wrapped_cursor_y - screen_scroll_top
+  end
+
+  def rest_height(wrapped_cursor_y)
+    screen_height - wrapped_cursor_y + screen_scroll_top - @rendered_screen.base_y - 1
+  end
+
+  def handle_cleared
+    return unless @cleared
+
+    @cleared = false
+    Reline::IOGate.clear_screen
+    @screen_size = Reline::IOGate.get_screen_size
+    @rendered_screen.lines = []
+    @rendered_screen.base_y = 0
+    @rendered_screen.cursor_y = 0
+  end
+
+  def rerender
+    handle_cleared
+    render_differential unless @in_pasting
   end
 
   class DialogProcScope
@@ -563,17 +587,16 @@ class Reline::LineEditor
     end
 
     def screen_width
-      @line_editor.instance_variable_get(:@screen_size).last
+      @line_editor.screen_width
     end
 
     def screen_height
-      @line_editor.instance_variable_get(:@screen_size).first
+      @line_editor.screen_height
     end
 
     def preferred_dialog_height
-      rest_height = @line_editor.instance_variable_get(:@rest_height)
-      scroll_partial_screen = @line_editor.instance_variable_get(:@scroll_partial_screen) || 0
-      [cursor_pos.y - scroll_partial_screen, rest_height, (screen_height + 6) / 5].max
+      _wrapped_cursor_x, wrapped_cursor_y = @line_editor.wrapped_cursor_position
+      [@line_editor.upper_space_height(wrapped_cursor_y), @line_editor.rest_height(wrapped_cursor_y), (screen_height + 6) / 5].max
     end
 
     def completion_journey_data
@@ -646,14 +669,6 @@ class Reline::LineEditor
   end
 
   DIALOG_DEFAULT_HEIGHT = 20
-  private def render_dialog(cursor_column)
-    changes = @dialogs.map do |dialog|
-      old_dialog = dialog.dup
-      update_each_dialog(dialog, cursor_column)
-      [old_dialog, dialog]
-    end
-    render_dialog_changes(changes, cursor_column)
-  end
 
   private def padding_space_with_escape_sequences(str, width)
     padding_width = width - calculate_width(str, true)
@@ -662,118 +677,15 @@ class Reline::LineEditor
     str + (' ' * padding_width)
   end
 
-  private def range_subtract(base_ranges, subtract_ranges)
-    indices = base_ranges.flat_map(&:to_a).uniq.sort - subtract_ranges.flat_map(&:to_a)
-    chunks = indices.chunk_while { |a, b| a + 1 == b }
-    chunks.map { |a| a.first...a.last + 1 }
-  end
-
   private def dialog_range(dialog, dialog_y)
     x_range = dialog.column...dialog.column + dialog.width
     y_range = dialog_y + dialog.vertical_offset...dialog_y + dialog.vertical_offset + dialog.contents.size
     [x_range, y_range]
   end
 
-  private def render_dialog_changes(changes, cursor_column)
-    # Collect x-coordinate range and content of previous and current dialogs for each line
-    old_dialog_ranges = {}
-    new_dialog_ranges = {}
-    new_dialog_contents = {}
-    changes.each do |old_dialog, new_dialog|
-      if old_dialog.contents
-        x_range, y_range = dialog_range(old_dialog, @previous_rendered_dialog_y)
-        y_range.each do |y|
-          (old_dialog_ranges[y] ||= []) << x_range
-        end
-      end
-      if new_dialog.contents
-        x_range, y_range = dialog_range(new_dialog, @first_line_started_from + @started_from)
-        y_range.each do |y|
-          (new_dialog_ranges[y] ||= []) << x_range
-          (new_dialog_contents[y] ||= []) << [x_range, new_dialog.contents[y - y_range.begin]]
-        end
-      end
-    end
-    return if old_dialog_ranges.empty? && new_dialog_ranges.empty?
-
-    # Calculate x-coordinate ranges to restore text that was hidden behind dialogs for each line
-    ranges_to_restore = {}
-    subtract_cache = {}
-    old_dialog_ranges.each do |y, old_x_ranges|
-      new_x_ranges = new_dialog_ranges[y] || []
-      ranges = subtract_cache[[old_x_ranges, new_x_ranges]] ||= range_subtract(old_x_ranges, new_x_ranges)
-      ranges_to_restore[y] = ranges if ranges.any?
-    end
-
-    # Create visual_lines for restoring text hidden behind dialogs
-    if ranges_to_restore.any?
-      lines = whole_lines
-      prompt, _prompt_width, prompt_list = check_multiline_prompt(lines, force_recalc: true)
-      modified_lines = modify_lines(lines, force_recalc: true)
-      visual_lines = []
-      modified_lines.each_with_index { |l, i|
-        pr = prompt_list ? prompt_list[i] : prompt
-        vl, = split_by_width(pr + l, @screen_size.last)
-        vl.compact!
-        visual_lines.concat(vl)
-      }
-    end
-
-    # Clear and rerender all dialogs line by line
-    Reline::IOGate.hide_cursor
-    ymin, ymax = (ranges_to_restore.keys + new_dialog_ranges.keys).minmax
-    scroll_partial_screen = @scroll_partial_screen || 0
-    screen_y_range = scroll_partial_screen..(scroll_partial_screen + @screen_height - 1)
-    ymin = ymin.clamp(screen_y_range.begin, screen_y_range.end)
-    ymax = ymax.clamp(screen_y_range.begin, screen_y_range.end)
-    dialog_y = @first_line_started_from + @started_from
-    cursor_y = dialog_y
-    if @highest_in_all <= ymax
-      scroll_down(ymax - cursor_y)
-      move_cursor_up(ymax - cursor_y)
-    end
-    (ymin..ymax).each do |y|
-      move_cursor_down(y - cursor_y)
-      cursor_y = y
-      new_x_ranges = new_dialog_ranges[y]
-      restore_ranges = ranges_to_restore[y]
-      # Restore text that was hidden behind dialogs
-      if restore_ranges
-        line = visual_lines[y] || ''
-        restore_ranges.each do |range|
-          col = range.begin
-          width = range.end - range.begin
-          s = padding_space_with_escape_sequences(Reline::Unicode.take_range(line, col, width), width)
-          Reline::IOGate.move_cursor_column(col)
-          @output.write "\e[0m#{s}\e[0m"
-        end
-        max_column = [calculate_width(line, true), new_x_ranges&.map(&:end)&.max || 0].max
-        if max_column < restore_ranges.map(&:end).max
-          Reline::IOGate.move_cursor_column(max_column)
-          Reline::IOGate.erase_after_cursor
-        end
-      end
-      # Render dialog contents
-      new_dialog_contents[y]&.each do |x_range, content|
-        Reline::IOGate.move_cursor_column(x_range.begin)
-        @output.write "\e[0m#{content}\e[0m"
-      end
-    end
-    move_cursor_up(cursor_y - dialog_y)
-    Reline::IOGate.move_cursor_column(cursor_column)
-    Reline::IOGate.show_cursor
-
-    @previous_rendered_dialog_y = dialog_y
-  end
-
-  private def update_each_dialog(dialog, cursor_column)
-    if @in_pasting
-      dialog.contents = nil
-      dialog.trap_key = nil
-      return
-    end
-    dialog.set_cursor_pos(cursor_column, @first_line_started_from + @started_from)
-    dialog_render_info = dialog.call(@last_key)
+  private def update_each_dialog(dialog, cursor_column, cursor_row, key = nil)
+    dialog.set_cursor_pos(cursor_column, cursor_row)
+    dialog_render_info = dialog.call(key)
     if dialog_render_info.nil? or dialog_render_info.contents.nil? or dialog_render_info.contents.empty?
       dialog.contents = nil
       dialog.trap_key = nil
@@ -813,23 +725,22 @@ class Reline::LineEditor
     else
       scrollbar_pos = nil
     end
-    upper_space = @first_line_started_from - @started_from
     dialog.column = dialog_render_info.pos.x
     dialog.width += @block_elem_width if scrollbar_pos
-    diff = (dialog.column + dialog.width) - (@screen_size.last)
+    diff = (dialog.column + dialog.width) - screen_width
     if diff > 0
       dialog.column -= diff
     end
-    if (@rest_height - dialog_render_info.pos.y) >= height
+    if rest_height(screen_scroll_top + cursor_row) - dialog_render_info.pos.y >= height
       dialog.vertical_offset = dialog_render_info.pos.y + 1
-    elsif upper_space >= height
+    elsif cursor_row >= height
       dialog.vertical_offset = dialog_render_info.pos.y - height
     else
       dialog.vertical_offset = dialog_render_info.pos.y + 1
     end
     if dialog.column < 0
       dialog.column = 0
-      dialog.width = @screen_size.last
+      dialog.width = screen_width
     end
     face = Reline::Face[dialog_render_info.face || :default]
     scrollbar_sgr = face[:scrollbar]
@@ -856,373 +767,14 @@ class Reline::LineEditor
     end
   end
 
-  private def clear_dialog(cursor_column)
-    changes = @dialogs.map do |dialog|
-      old_dialog = dialog.dup
-      dialog.contents = nil
-      [old_dialog, dialog]
-    end
-    render_dialog_changes(changes, cursor_column)
-  end
-
-  private def clear_dialog_with_trap_key(cursor_column)
-    clear_dialog(cursor_column)
-    @dialogs.each do |dialog|
-      dialog.trap_key = nil
-    end
-  end
-
-  private def calculate_scroll_partial_screen(highest_in_all, cursor_y)
-    if @screen_height < highest_in_all
-      old_scroll_partial_screen = @scroll_partial_screen
-      if cursor_y == 0
-        @scroll_partial_screen = 0
-      elsif cursor_y == (highest_in_all - 1)
-        @scroll_partial_screen = highest_in_all - @screen_height
-      else
-        if @scroll_partial_screen
-          if cursor_y <= @scroll_partial_screen
-            @scroll_partial_screen = cursor_y
-          elsif (@scroll_partial_screen + @screen_height - 1) < cursor_y
-            @scroll_partial_screen = cursor_y - (@screen_height - 1)
-          end
-        else
-          if cursor_y > (@screen_height - 1)
-            @scroll_partial_screen = cursor_y - (@screen_height - 1)
-          else
-            @scroll_partial_screen = 0
-          end
-        end
-      end
-      if @scroll_partial_screen != old_scroll_partial_screen
-        @rerender_all = true
-      end
-    else
-      if @scroll_partial_screen
-        @rerender_all = true
-      end
-      @scroll_partial_screen = nil
-    end
-  end
-
-  private def rerender_added_newline(prompt, prompt_width, prompt_list)
-    @buffer_of_lines[@previous_line_index] = @line
-    @line = @buffer_of_lines[@line_index]
-    @previous_line_index = nil
-    if @in_pasting
-      scroll_down(1)
-    else
-      lines = whole_lines
-      prev_line_prompt = @prompt_proc ? prompt_list[@line_index - 1] : prompt
-      prev_line_prompt_width = @prompt_proc ? calculate_width(prev_line_prompt, true) : prompt_width
-      prev_line = modify_lines(lines)[@line_index - 1]
-      move_cursor_up(@started_from)
-      render_partial(prev_line_prompt, prev_line_prompt_width, prev_line, @first_line_started_from + @started_from, with_control: false)
-      scroll_down(1)
-      render_partial(prompt, prompt_width, @line, @first_line_started_from + @started_from + 1, with_control: false)
-    end
-    @cursor = @cursor_max = calculate_width(@line)
-    @byte_pointer = @line.bytesize
-    @highest_in_all += @highest_in_this
-    @highest_in_this = calculate_height_by_width(prompt_width + @cursor_max)
-    @first_line_started_from += @started_from + 1
-    @started_from = calculate_height_by_width(prompt_width + @cursor) - 1
-  end
-
-  def just_move_cursor
-    prompt, prompt_width, prompt_list = check_multiline_prompt(@buffer_of_lines)
-    move_cursor_up(@started_from)
-    new_first_line_started_from =
-      if @line_index.zero?
-        0
-      else
-        calculate_height_by_lines(@buffer_of_lines[0..(@line_index - 1)], prompt_list || prompt)
-      end
-    first_line_diff = new_first_line_started_from - @first_line_started_from
-    @cursor, @cursor_max, _, @byte_pointer = calculate_nearest_cursor(@buffer_of_lines[@line_index], @cursor, @started_from, @byte_pointer, false)
-    new_started_from = calculate_height_by_width(prompt_width + @cursor) - 1
-    calculate_scroll_partial_screen(@highest_in_all, new_first_line_started_from + new_started_from)
-    @previous_line_index = nil
-    @line = @buffer_of_lines[@line_index]
-    if @rerender_all
-      rerender_all_lines
-      @rerender_all = false
-      true
-    else
-      @first_line_started_from = new_first_line_started_from
-      @started_from = new_started_from
-      move_cursor_down(first_line_diff + @started_from)
-      Reline::IOGate.move_cursor_column((prompt_width + @cursor) % @screen_size.last)
-      false
-    end
-  end
-
-  private def rerender_changed_current_line
-    new_lines = whole_lines
-    prompt, prompt_width, prompt_list = check_multiline_prompt(new_lines)
-    all_height = calculate_height_by_lines(new_lines, prompt_list || prompt)
-    diff = all_height - @highest_in_all
-    move_cursor_down(@highest_in_all - @first_line_started_from - @started_from - 1)
-    if diff > 0
-      scroll_down(diff)
-      move_cursor_up(all_height - 1)
-    elsif diff < 0
-      (-diff).times do
-        Reline::IOGate.move_cursor_column(0)
-        Reline::IOGate.erase_after_cursor
-        move_cursor_up(1)
-      end
-      move_cursor_up(all_height - 1)
-    else
-      move_cursor_up(all_height - 1)
-    end
-    @highest_in_all = all_height
-    back = render_whole_lines(new_lines, prompt_list || prompt, prompt_width)
-    move_cursor_up(back)
-    if @previous_line_index
-      @buffer_of_lines[@previous_line_index] = @line
-      @line = @buffer_of_lines[@line_index]
-    end
-    @first_line_started_from =
-      if @line_index.zero?
-        0
-      else
-        calculate_height_by_lines(@buffer_of_lines[0..(@line_index - 1)], prompt_list || prompt)
-      end
-    if @prompt_proc
-      prompt = prompt_list[@line_index]
-      prompt_width = calculate_width(prompt, true)
-    end
-    move_cursor_down(@first_line_started_from)
-    calculate_nearest_cursor
-    @started_from = calculate_height_by_width(prompt_width + @cursor) - 1
-    move_cursor_down(@started_from)
-    Reline::IOGate.move_cursor_column((prompt_width + @cursor) % @screen_size.last)
-    @highest_in_this = calculate_height_by_width(prompt_width + @cursor_max)
-  end
-
-  private def rerender_all_lines
-    move_cursor_up(@first_line_started_from + @started_from)
-    Reline::IOGate.move_cursor_column(0)
-    back = 0
-    new_buffer = whole_lines
-    prompt, prompt_width, prompt_list = check_multiline_prompt(new_buffer)
-    new_buffer.each_with_index do |line, index|
-      prompt_width = calculate_width(prompt_list[index], true) if @prompt_proc
-      width = prompt_width + calculate_width(line)
-      height = calculate_height_by_width(width)
-      back += height
-    end
-    old_highest_in_all = @highest_in_all
-    if @line_index.zero?
-      new_first_line_started_from = 0
-    else
-      new_first_line_started_from = calculate_height_by_lines(new_buffer[0..(@line_index - 1)], prompt_list || prompt)
-    end
-    new_started_from = calculate_height_by_width(prompt_width + @cursor) - 1
-    calculate_scroll_partial_screen(back, new_first_line_started_from + new_started_from)
-    if @scroll_partial_screen
-      move_cursor_up(@first_line_started_from + @started_from)
-      scroll_down(@screen_height - 1)
-      move_cursor_up(@screen_height)
-      Reline::IOGate.move_cursor_column(0)
-    elsif back > old_highest_in_all
-      scroll_down(back - 1)
-      move_cursor_up(back - 1)
-    elsif back < old_highest_in_all
-      scroll_down(back)
-      Reline::IOGate.erase_after_cursor
-      (old_highest_in_all - back - 1).times do
-        scroll_down(1)
-        Reline::IOGate.erase_after_cursor
-      end
-      move_cursor_up(old_highest_in_all - 1)
-    end
-    render_whole_lines(new_buffer, prompt_list || prompt, prompt_width)
-    if @prompt_proc
-      prompt = prompt_list[@line_index]
-      prompt_width = calculate_width(prompt, true)
-    end
-    @highest_in_this = calculate_height_by_width(prompt_width + @cursor_max)
-    @highest_in_all = back
-    @first_line_started_from = new_first_line_started_from
-    @started_from = new_started_from
-    if @scroll_partial_screen
-      Reline::IOGate.move_cursor_up(@screen_height - (@first_line_started_from + @started_from - @scroll_partial_screen) - 1)
-      Reline::IOGate.move_cursor_column((prompt_width + @cursor) % @screen_size.last)
-    else
-      move_cursor_down(@first_line_started_from + @started_from - back + 1)
-      Reline::IOGate.move_cursor_column((prompt_width + @cursor) % @screen_size.last)
-    end
-  end
-
-  private def render_whole_lines(lines, prompt, prompt_width)
-    rendered_height = 0
-    modify_lines(lines).each_with_index do |line, index|
-      if prompt.is_a?(Array)
-        line_prompt = prompt[index]
-        prompt_width = calculate_width(line_prompt, true)
-      else
-        line_prompt = prompt
-      end
-      height = render_partial(line_prompt, prompt_width, line, rendered_height, with_control: false)
-      if index < (lines.size - 1)
-        if @scroll_partial_screen
-          if (@scroll_partial_screen - height) < rendered_height and (@scroll_partial_screen + @screen_height - 1) >= (rendered_height + height)
-            move_cursor_down(1)
-          end
-        else
-          scroll_down(1)
-        end
-        rendered_height += height
-      else
-        rendered_height += height - 1
-      end
-    end
-    rendered_height
-  end
-
-  private def render_partial(prompt, prompt_width, line_to_render, this_started_from, with_control: true)
-    visual_lines, height = split_by_width(line_to_render.nil? ? prompt : prompt + line_to_render, @screen_size.last)
-    cursor_up_from_last_line = 0
-    if @scroll_partial_screen
-      last_visual_line = this_started_from + (height - 1)
-      last_screen_line = @scroll_partial_screen + (@screen_height - 1)
-      if (@scroll_partial_screen - this_started_from) >= height
-        # Render nothing because this line is before the screen.
-        visual_lines = []
-      elsif this_started_from > last_screen_line
-        # Render nothing because this line is after the screen.
-        visual_lines = []
-      else
-        deleted_lines_before_screen = []
-        if @scroll_partial_screen > this_started_from and last_visual_line >= @scroll_partial_screen
-          # A part of visual lines are before the screen.
-          deleted_lines_before_screen = visual_lines.shift((@scroll_partial_screen - this_started_from) * 2)
-          deleted_lines_before_screen.compact!
-        end
-        if this_started_from <= last_screen_line and last_screen_line < last_visual_line
-          # A part of visual lines are after the screen.
-          visual_lines.pop((last_visual_line - last_screen_line) * 2)
-        end
-        move_cursor_up(deleted_lines_before_screen.size - @started_from)
-        cursor_up_from_last_line = @started_from - deleted_lines_before_screen.size
-      end
-    end
-    if with_control
-      if height > @highest_in_this
-        diff = height - @highest_in_this
-        scroll_down(diff)
-        @highest_in_all += diff
-        @highest_in_this = height
-        move_cursor_up(diff)
-      elsif height < @highest_in_this
-        diff = @highest_in_this - height
-        @highest_in_all -= diff
-        @highest_in_this = height
-      end
-      move_cursor_up(@started_from)
-      @started_from = calculate_height_by_width(prompt_width + @cursor) - 1
-      cursor_up_from_last_line = height - 1 - @started_from
-    end
-    if Reline::Unicode::CSI_REGEXP.match?(prompt + line_to_render)
-      @output.write "\e[0m" # clear character decorations
-    end
-    visual_lines.each_with_index do |line, index|
-      Reline::IOGate.move_cursor_column(0)
-      if line.nil?
-        if calculate_width(visual_lines[index - 1], true) == Reline::IOGate.get_screen_size.last
-          # reaches the end of line
-          if Reline::IOGate.win? and Reline::IOGate.win_legacy_console?
-            # A newline is automatically inserted if a character is rendered at
-            # eol on command prompt.
-          else
-            # When the cursor is at the end of the line and erases characters
-            # after the cursor, some terminals delete the character at the
-            # cursor position.
-            move_cursor_down(1)
-            Reline::IOGate.move_cursor_column(0)
-          end
-        else
-          Reline::IOGate.erase_after_cursor
-          move_cursor_down(1)
-          Reline::IOGate.move_cursor_column(0)
-        end
-        next
-      end
-      @output.write line
-      if Reline::IOGate.win? and Reline::IOGate.win_legacy_console? and calculate_width(line, true) == Reline::IOGate.get_screen_size.last
-        # A newline is automatically inserted if a character is rendered at eol on command prompt.
-        @rest_height -= 1 if @rest_height > 0
-      end
-      @output.flush
-      if @first_prompt
-        @first_prompt = false
-        @pre_input_hook&.call
-      end
-    end
-    unless visual_lines.empty?
-      Reline::IOGate.erase_after_cursor
-      Reline::IOGate.move_cursor_column(0)
-    end
-    if with_control
-      # Just after rendring, so the cursor is on the last line.
-      if finished?
-        Reline::IOGate.move_cursor_column(0)
-      else
-        # Moves up from bottom of lines to the cursor position.
-        move_cursor_up(cursor_up_from_last_line)
-        # This logic is buggy if a fullwidth char is wrapped because there is only one halfwidth at end of a line.
-        Reline::IOGate.move_cursor_column((prompt_width + @cursor) % @screen_size.last)
-      end
-    end
-    height
-  end
-
-  private def modify_lines(before, force_recalc: false)
-    return before if !force_recalc && (before.nil? || before.empty? || simplified_rendering?)
-
-    if after = @output_modifier_proc&.call("#{before.join("\n")}\n", complete: finished?)
+  private def modify_lines(before, complete)
+    if after = @output_modifier_proc&.call("#{before.join("\n")}\n", complete: complete)
       after.lines("\n").map { |l| l.chomp('') }
     else
       before
     end
   end
 
-  private def show_menu
-    scroll_down(@highest_in_all - @first_line_started_from)
-    @rerender_all = true
-    @menu_info.list.sort!.each do |item|
-      Reline::IOGate.move_cursor_column(0)
-      @output.write item
-      @output.flush
-      scroll_down(1)
-    end
-    scroll_down(@highest_in_all - 1)
-    move_cursor_up(@highest_in_all - 1 - @first_line_started_from)
-  end
-
-  private def clear_screen_buffer(prompt, prompt_list, prompt_width)
-    Reline::IOGate.clear_screen
-    back = 0
-    modify_lines(whole_lines).each_with_index do |line, index|
-      if @prompt_proc
-        pr = prompt_list[index]
-        height = render_partial(pr, calculate_width(pr), line, back, with_control: false)
-      else
-        height = render_partial(prompt, prompt_width, line, back, with_control: false)
-      end
-      if index < (@buffer_of_lines.size - 1)
-        move_cursor_down(1)
-        back += height
-      end
-    end
-    move_cursor_up(back)
-    move_cursor_down(@first_line_started_from + @started_from)
-    @rest_height = (Reline::IOGate.get_screen_size.first - 1) - Reline::IOGate.cursor_pos.y
-    Reline::IOGate.move_cursor_column((prompt_width + @cursor) % @screen_size.last)
-  end
-
   def editing_mode
     @config.editing_mode
   end
@@ -1256,7 +808,7 @@ class Reline::LineEditor
         item_mbchars = item.grapheme_clusters
       end
       size = [memo_mbchars.size, item_mbchars.size].min
-      result = ''
+      result = +''
       size.times do |i|
         if @config.completion_ignore_case
           if memo_mbchars[i].casecmp?(item_mbchars[i])
@@ -1312,10 +864,8 @@ class Reline::LineEditor
         @completion_state = CompletionState::MENU
       end
       if not just_show_list and target < completed
-        @line = (preposing + completed + completion_append_character.to_s + postposing).split("\n")[@line_index] || String.new(encoding: @encoding)
+        @buffer_of_lines[@line_index] = (preposing + completed + completion_append_character.to_s + postposing).split("\n")[@line_index] || String.new(encoding: @encoding)
         line_to_pointer = (preposing + completed + completion_append_character.to_s).split("\n")[@line_index] || String.new(encoding: @encoding)
-        @cursor_max = calculate_width(@line)
-        @cursor = calculate_width(line_to_pointer)
         @byte_pointer = line_to_pointer.bytesize
       end
     end
@@ -1358,35 +908,31 @@ class Reline::LineEditor
       end
     end
     completed = @completion_journey_data.list[@completion_journey_data.pointer]
-    new_line = (@completion_journey_data.preposing + completed + @completion_journey_data.postposing).split("\n")[@line_index]
-    @line = new_line.nil? ? String.new(encoding: @encoding) : new_line
-    line_to_pointer = (@completion_journey_data.preposing + completed).split("\n")[@line_index]
-    line_to_pointer = String.new(encoding: @encoding) if line_to_pointer.nil?
-    @cursor_max = calculate_width(@line)
-    @cursor = calculate_width(line_to_pointer)
-    @byte_pointer = line_to_pointer.bytesize
+    line_to_pointer = (@completion_journey_data.preposing + completed).split("\n")[@line_index] || String.new(encoding: @encoding)
+    new_line = line_to_pointer + (@completion_journey_data.postposing.split("\n").first || '')
+    set_current_line(new_line, line_to_pointer.bytesize)
   end
 
   private def run_for_operators(key, method_symbol, &block)
     if @waiting_operator_proc
       if VI_MOTIONS.include?(method_symbol)
-        old_cursor, old_byte_pointer = @cursor, @byte_pointer
+        old_byte_pointer = @byte_pointer
         @vi_arg = @waiting_operator_vi_arg if @waiting_operator_vi_arg&.> 1
         block.(true)
         unless @waiting_proc
-          cursor_diff, byte_pointer_diff = @cursor - old_cursor, @byte_pointer - old_byte_pointer
-          @cursor, @byte_pointer = old_cursor, old_byte_pointer
-          @waiting_operator_proc.(cursor_diff, byte_pointer_diff)
+          byte_pointer_diff = @byte_pointer - old_byte_pointer
+          @byte_pointer = old_byte_pointer
+          @waiting_operator_proc.(byte_pointer_diff)
         else
           old_waiting_proc = @waiting_proc
           old_waiting_operator_proc = @waiting_operator_proc
           current_waiting_operator_proc = @waiting_operator_proc
           @waiting_proc = proc { |k|
-            old_cursor, old_byte_pointer = @cursor, @byte_pointer
+            old_byte_pointer = @byte_pointer
             old_waiting_proc.(k)
-            cursor_diff, byte_pointer_diff = @cursor - old_cursor, @byte_pointer - old_byte_pointer
-            @cursor, @byte_pointer = old_cursor, old_byte_pointer
-            current_waiting_operator_proc.(cursor_diff, byte_pointer_diff)
+            byte_pointer_diff = @byte_pointer - old_byte_pointer
+            @byte_pointer = old_byte_pointer
+            current_waiting_operator_proc.(byte_pointer_diff)
             @waiting_operator_proc = old_waiting_operator_proc
           }
         end
@@ -1397,7 +943,6 @@ class Reline::LineEditor
       @waiting_operator_proc = nil
       @waiting_operator_vi_arg = nil
       if @vi_arg
-        @rerender_all = true
         @vi_arg = nil
       end
     else
@@ -1451,7 +996,6 @@ class Reline::LineEditor
       end
       @kill_ring.process
       if @vi_arg
-        @rerender_al = true
         @vi_arg = nil
       end
     elsif @vi_arg
@@ -1471,7 +1015,6 @@ class Reline::LineEditor
         end
         @kill_ring.process
         if @vi_arg
-          @rerender_all = true
           @vi_arg = nil
         end
       end
@@ -1493,7 +1036,6 @@ class Reline::LineEditor
   end
 
   private def normal_char(key)
-    method_symbol = method_obj = nil
     if key.combined_char.is_a?(Symbol)
       process_key(key.combined_char, key.combined_char)
       return
@@ -1523,32 +1065,37 @@ class Reline::LineEditor
       end
       @multibyte_buffer.clear
     end
-    if @config.editing_mode_is?(:vi_command) and @cursor > 0 and @cursor == @cursor_max
-      byte_size = Reline::Unicode.get_prev_mbchar_size(@line, @byte_pointer)
+    if @config.editing_mode_is?(:vi_command) and @byte_pointer > 0 and @byte_pointer == current_line.bytesize
+      byte_size = Reline::Unicode.get_prev_mbchar_size(@buffer_of_lines[@line_index], @byte_pointer)
       @byte_pointer -= byte_size
-      mbchar = @line.byteslice(@byte_pointer, byte_size)
-      width = Reline::Unicode.get_mbchar_width(mbchar)
-      @cursor -= width
+    end
+  end
+
+  def update(key)
+    modified = input_key(key)
+    unless @in_pasting
+      scroll_into_view
+      @just_cursor_moving = !modified
+      update_dialogs(key)
+      @just_cursor_moving = false
     end
   end
 
   def input_key(key)
-    @last_key = key
     @config.reset_oneshot_key_bindings
     @dialogs.each do |dialog|
       if key.char.instance_of?(Symbol) and key.char == dialog.name
         return
       end
     end
-    @just_cursor_moving = nil
     if key.char.nil?
       if @first_char
-        @line = nil
+        @eof = true
       end
       finish
       return
     end
-    old_line = @line.dup
+    old_lines = @buffer_of_lines.dup
     @first_char = false
     completion_occurs = false
     if @config.editing_mode_is?(:emacs, :vi_insert) and key.char == "\C-i".ord
@@ -1591,19 +1138,20 @@ class Reline::LineEditor
       @completion_state = CompletionState::NORMAL
       @completion_journey_data = nil
     end
-    if not @in_pasting and @just_cursor_moving.nil?
-      if @previous_line_index and @buffer_of_lines[@previous_line_index] == @line
-        @just_cursor_moving = true
-      elsif @previous_line_index.nil? and @buffer_of_lines[@line_index] == @line and old_line == @line
-        @just_cursor_moving = true
-      else
-        @just_cursor_moving = false
-      end
+    if @in_pasting
+      clear_dialogs
     else
-      @just_cursor_moving = false
+      return old_lines != @buffer_of_lines
+    end
+  end
+
+  def scroll_into_view
+    _wrapped_cursor_x, wrapped_cursor_y = wrapped_cursor_position
+    if wrapped_cursor_y < screen_scroll_top
+      @scroll_partial_screen = wrapped_cursor_y
     end
-    if @is_multiline and @auto_indent_proc and not simplified_rendering? and @line
-      process_auto_indent
+    if wrapped_cursor_y >= screen_scroll_top + screen_height
+      @scroll_partial_screen = wrapped_cursor_y - screen_height + 1
     end
   end
 
@@ -1637,43 +1185,39 @@ class Reline::LineEditor
     result
   end
 
-  private def process_auto_indent
-    return if not @check_new_auto_indent and @previous_line_index # move cursor up or down
-    if @check_new_auto_indent and @previous_line_index and @previous_line_index > 0 and @line_index > @previous_line_index
-      # Fix indent of a line when a newline is inserted to the next
-      new_lines = whole_lines
-      new_indent = @auto_indent_proc.(new_lines[0..-3].push(''), @line_index - 1, 0, true)
-      md = @line.match(/\A */)
-      prev_indent = md[0].count(' ')
-      @line = ' ' * new_indent + @line.lstrip
-
-      new_indent = nil
-      result = @auto_indent_proc.(new_lines[0..-2], @line_index - 1, (new_lines[@line_index - 1].bytesize + 1), false)
-      if result
-        new_indent = result
-      end
-      if new_indent&.>= 0
-        @line = ' ' * new_indent + @line.lstrip
-      end
-    end
-    new_lines = whole_lines
-    new_indent = @auto_indent_proc.(new_lines, @line_index, @byte_pointer, @check_new_auto_indent)
-    if new_indent&.>= 0
-      md = new_lines[@line_index].match(/\A */)
-      prev_indent = md[0].count(' ')
-      if @check_new_auto_indent
-        line = @buffer_of_lines[@line_index] = ' ' * new_indent + @buffer_of_lines[@line_index].lstrip
-        @cursor = new_indent
-        @cursor_max = calculate_width(line)
-        @byte_pointer = new_indent
-      else
-        @line = ' ' * new_indent + @line.lstrip
-        @cursor += new_indent - prev_indent
-        @cursor_max = calculate_width(@line)
-        @byte_pointer += new_indent - prev_indent
-      end
+  private def process_auto_indent(line_index = @line_index, cursor_dependent: true, add_newline: false)
+    return if @in_pasting
+    return unless @auto_indent_proc
+
+    line = @buffer_of_lines[line_index]
+    byte_pointer = cursor_dependent && @line_index == line_index ? @byte_pointer : line.bytesize
+    new_indent = @auto_indent_proc.(@buffer_of_lines.take(line_index + 1).push(''), line_index, byte_pointer, add_newline)
+    return unless new_indent
+
+    @buffer_of_lines[line_index] = ' ' * new_indent + line.lstrip
+    if @line_index == line_index
+      old_indent = line[/\A */].size
+      @byte_pointer = [@byte_pointer + new_indent - old_indent, 0].max
+    end
+  end
+
+  def line()
+    current_line unless eof?
+  end
+
+  def current_line
+    @buffer_of_lines[@line_index]
+  end
+
+  def set_current_line(line, byte_pointer = nil)
+    cursor = current_byte_pointer_cursor
+    @buffer_of_lines[@line_index] = line
+    if byte_pointer
+      @byte_pointer = byte_pointer
+    else
+      calculate_nearest_cursor(cursor)
     end
-    @check_new_auto_indent = false
+    process_auto_indent
   end
 
   def retrieve_completion_block(set_completion_quote_character = false)
@@ -1687,7 +1231,7 @@ class Reline::LineEditor
     else
       quote_characters_regexp = /\A[#{Regexp.escape(Reline.completer_quote_characters)}]/
     end
-    before = @line.byteslice(0, @byte_pointer)
+    before = current_line.byteslice(0, @byte_pointer)
     rest = nil
     break_pointer = nil
     quote = nil
@@ -1695,7 +1239,7 @@ class Reline::LineEditor
     escaped_quote = nil
     i = 0
     while i < @byte_pointer do
-      slice = @line.byteslice(i, @byte_pointer - i)
+      slice = current_line.byteslice(i, @byte_pointer - i)
       unless slice.valid_encoding?
         i += 1
         next
@@ -1717,15 +1261,15 @@ class Reline::LineEditor
       elsif word_break_regexp and not quote and slice =~ word_break_regexp
         rest = $'
         i += 1
-        before = @line.byteslice(i, @byte_pointer - i)
+        before = current_line.byteslice(i, @byte_pointer - i)
         break_pointer = i
       else
         i += 1
       end
     end
-    postposing = @line.byteslice(@byte_pointer, @line.bytesize - @byte_pointer)
+    postposing = current_line.byteslice(@byte_pointer, current_line.bytesize - @byte_pointer)
     if rest
-      preposing = @line.byteslice(0, break_pointer)
+      preposing = current_line.byteslice(0, break_pointer)
       target = rest
       if set_completion_quote_character and quote
         Reline.core.instance_variable_set(:@completion_quote_character, quote)
@@ -1736,7 +1280,7 @@ class Reline::LineEditor
     else
       preposing = ''
       if break_pointer
-        preposing = @line.byteslice(0, break_pointer)
+        preposing = current_line.byteslice(0, break_pointer)
       else
         preposing = ''
       end
@@ -1756,106 +1300,67 @@ class Reline::LineEditor
 
   def confirm_multiline_termination
     temp_buffer = @buffer_of_lines.dup
-    if @previous_line_index and @line_index == (@buffer_of_lines.size - 1)
-      temp_buffer[@previous_line_index] = @line
-    else
-      temp_buffer[@line_index] = @line
-    end
     @confirm_multiline_termination_proc.(temp_buffer.join("\n") + "\n")
   end
 
   def insert_text(text)
-    width = calculate_width(text)
-    if @cursor == @cursor_max
-      @line += text
+    if @buffer_of_lines[@line_index].bytesize == @byte_pointer
+      @buffer_of_lines[@line_index] += text
     else
-      @line = byteinsert(@line, @byte_pointer, text)
+      @buffer_of_lines[@line_index] = byteinsert(@buffer_of_lines[@line_index], @byte_pointer, text)
     end
     @byte_pointer += text.bytesize
-    @cursor += width
-    @cursor_max += width
+    process_auto_indent
   end
 
   def delete_text(start = nil, length = nil)
     if start.nil? and length.nil?
       if @is_multiline
         if @buffer_of_lines.size == 1
-          @line&.clear
+          @buffer_of_lines[@line_index] = ''
           @byte_pointer = 0
-          @cursor = 0
-          @cursor_max = 0
         elsif @line_index == (@buffer_of_lines.size - 1) and @line_index > 0
           @buffer_of_lines.pop
           @line_index -= 1
-          @line = @buffer_of_lines[@line_index]
           @byte_pointer = 0
-          @cursor = 0
-          @cursor_max = calculate_width(@line)
         elsif @line_index < (@buffer_of_lines.size - 1)
           @buffer_of_lines.delete_at(@line_index)
-          @line = @buffer_of_lines[@line_index]
           @byte_pointer = 0
-          @cursor = 0
-          @cursor_max = calculate_width(@line)
         end
       else
-        @line&.clear
-        @byte_pointer = 0
-        @cursor = 0
-        @cursor_max = 0
+        set_current_line('', 0)
       end
     elsif not start.nil? and not length.nil?
-      if @line
-        before = @line.byteslice(0, start)
-        after = @line.byteslice(start + length, @line.bytesize)
-        @line = before + after
-        @byte_pointer = @line.bytesize if @byte_pointer > @line.bytesize
-        str = @line.byteslice(0, @byte_pointer)
-        @cursor = calculate_width(str)
-        @cursor_max = calculate_width(@line)
+      if current_line
+        before = current_line.byteslice(0, start)
+        after = current_line.byteslice(start + length, current_line.bytesize)
+        set_current_line(before + after)
       end
     elsif start.is_a?(Range)
       range = start
       first = range.first
       last = range.last
-      last = @line.bytesize - 1 if last > @line.bytesize
-      last += @line.bytesize if last < 0
-      first += @line.bytesize if first < 0
+      last = current_line.bytesize - 1 if last > current_line.bytesize
+      last += current_line.bytesize if last < 0
+      first += current_line.bytesize if first < 0
       range = range.exclude_end? ? first...last : first..last
-      @line = @line.bytes.reject.with_index{ |c, i| range.include?(i) }.map{ |c| c.chr(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT) }.join.force_encoding(@encoding)
-      @byte_pointer = @line.bytesize if @byte_pointer > @line.bytesize
-      str = @line.byteslice(0, @byte_pointer)
-      @cursor = calculate_width(str)
-      @cursor_max = calculate_width(@line)
+      line = current_line.bytes.reject.with_index{ |c, i| range.include?(i) }.map{ |c| c.chr(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT) }.join.force_encoding(@encoding)
+      set_current_line(line)
     else
-      @line = @line.byteslice(0, start)
-      @byte_pointer = @line.bytesize if @byte_pointer > @line.bytesize
-      str = @line.byteslice(0, @byte_pointer)
-      @cursor = calculate_width(str)
-      @cursor_max = calculate_width(@line)
+      set_current_line(current_line.byteslice(0, start))
     end
   end
 
   def byte_pointer=(val)
     @byte_pointer = val
-    str = @line.byteslice(0, @byte_pointer)
-    @cursor = calculate_width(str)
-    @cursor_max = calculate_width(@line)
   end
 
   def whole_lines
-    index = @previous_line_index || @line_index
-    temp_lines = @buffer_of_lines.dup
-    temp_lines[index] = @line
-    temp_lines
+    @buffer_of_lines.dup
   end
 
   def whole_buffer
-    if @buffer_of_lines.size == 1 and @line.nil?
-      nil
-    else
-      whole_lines.join("\n")
-    end
+    whole_lines.join("\n")
   end
 
   def finished?
@@ -1864,7 +1369,6 @@ class Reline::LineEditor
 
   def finish
     @finished = true
-    @rerender_all = true
     @config.reset
   end
 
@@ -1895,14 +1399,9 @@ class Reline::LineEditor
 
   private def key_newline(key)
     if @is_multiline
-      if (@buffer_of_lines.size - 1) == @line_index and @line.bytesize == @byte_pointer
-        @add_newline_to_end_of_buffer = true
-      end
-      next_line = @line.byteslice(@byte_pointer, @line.bytesize - @byte_pointer)
-      cursor_line = @line.byteslice(0, @byte_pointer)
+      next_line = current_line.byteslice(@byte_pointer, current_line.bytesize - @byte_pointer)
+      cursor_line = current_line.byteslice(0, @byte_pointer)
       insert_new_line(cursor_line, next_line)
-      @cursor = 0
-      @check_new_auto_indent = true unless @in_pasting
     end
   end
 
@@ -1912,16 +1411,7 @@ class Reline::LineEditor
 
   private def process_insert(force: false)
     return if @continuous_insertion_buffer.empty? or (@in_pasting and not force)
-    width = Reline::Unicode.calculate_width(@continuous_insertion_buffer)
-    bytesize = @continuous_insertion_buffer.bytesize
-    if @cursor == @cursor_max
-      @line += @continuous_insertion_buffer
-    else
-      @line = byteinsert(@line, @byte_pointer, @continuous_insertion_buffer)
-    end
-    @byte_pointer += bytesize
-    @cursor += width
-    @cursor_max += width
+    insert_text(@continuous_insertion_buffer)
     @continuous_insertion_buffer.clear
   end
 
@@ -1939,9 +1429,6 @@ class Reline::LineEditor
   #            million.
   # GNU Readline:: +self-insert+ (a, b, A, 1, !, …) Insert yourself.
   private def ed_insert(key)
-    str = nil
-    width = nil
-    bytesize = nil
     if key.instance_of?(String)
       begin
         key.encode(Encoding::UTF_8)
@@ -1949,7 +1436,6 @@ class Reline::LineEditor
         return
       end
       str = key
-      bytesize = key.bytesize
     else
       begin
         key.chr.encode(Encoding::UTF_8)
@@ -1957,7 +1443,6 @@ class Reline::LineEditor
         return
       end
       str = key.chr
-      bytesize = 1
     end
     if @in_pasting
       @continuous_insertion_buffer << str
@@ -1965,28 +1450,8 @@ class Reline::LineEditor
     elsif not @continuous_insertion_buffer.empty?
       process_insert
     end
-    width = Reline::Unicode.get_mbchar_width(str)
-    if @cursor == @cursor_max
-      @line += str
-    else
-      @line = byteinsert(@line, @byte_pointer, str)
-    end
-    last_byte_size = Reline::Unicode.get_prev_mbchar_size(@line, @byte_pointer)
-    @byte_pointer += bytesize
-    last_mbchar = @line.byteslice((@byte_pointer - bytesize - last_byte_size), last_byte_size)
-    combined_char = last_mbchar + str
-    if last_byte_size != 0 and combined_char.grapheme_clusters.size == 1
-      # combined char
-      last_mbchar_width = Reline::Unicode.get_mbchar_width(last_mbchar)
-      combined_char_width = Reline::Unicode.get_mbchar_width(combined_char)
-      if combined_char_width > last_mbchar_width
-        width = combined_char_width - last_mbchar_width
-      else
-        width = 0
-      end
-    end
-    @cursor += width
-    @cursor_max += width
+
+    insert_text(str)
   end
   alias_method :ed_digit, :ed_insert
   alias_method :self_insert, :ed_insert
@@ -2008,18 +1473,11 @@ class Reline::LineEditor
   alias_method :quoted_insert, :ed_quoted_insert
 
   private def ed_next_char(key, arg: 1)
-    byte_size = Reline::Unicode.get_next_mbchar_size(@line, @byte_pointer)
-    if (@byte_pointer < @line.bytesize)
-      mbchar = @line.byteslice(@byte_pointer, byte_size)
-      width = Reline::Unicode.get_mbchar_width(mbchar)
-      @cursor += width if width
+    byte_size = Reline::Unicode.get_next_mbchar_size(current_line, @byte_pointer)
+    if (@byte_pointer < current_line.bytesize)
       @byte_pointer += byte_size
-    elsif @is_multiline and @config.editing_mode_is?(:emacs) and @byte_pointer == @line.bytesize and @line_index < @buffer_of_lines.size - 1
-      next_line = @buffer_of_lines[@line_index + 1]
-      @cursor = 0
+    elsif @is_multiline and @config.editing_mode_is?(:emacs) and @byte_pointer == current_line.bytesize and @line_index < @buffer_of_lines.size - 1
       @byte_pointer = 0
-      @cursor_max = calculate_width(next_line)
-      @previous_line_index = @line_index
       @line_index += 1
     end
     arg -= 1
@@ -2028,19 +1486,12 @@ class Reline::LineEditor
   alias_method :forward_char, :ed_next_char
 
   private def ed_prev_char(key, arg: 1)
-    if @cursor > 0
-      byte_size = Reline::Unicode.get_prev_mbchar_size(@line, @byte_pointer)
+    if @byte_pointer > 0
+      byte_size = Reline::Unicode.get_prev_mbchar_size(current_line, @byte_pointer)
       @byte_pointer -= byte_size
-      mbchar = @line.byteslice(@byte_pointer, byte_size)
-      width = Reline::Unicode.get_mbchar_width(mbchar)
-      @cursor -= width
     elsif @is_multiline and @config.editing_mode_is?(:emacs) and @byte_pointer == 0 and @line_index > 0
-      prev_line = @buffer_of_lines[@line_index - 1]
-      @cursor = calculate_width(prev_line)
-      @byte_pointer = prev_line.bytesize
-      @cursor_max = calculate_width(prev_line)
-      @previous_line_index = @line_index
       @line_index -= 1
+      @byte_pointer = current_line.bytesize
     end
     arg -= 1
     ed_prev_char(key, arg: arg) if arg > 0
@@ -2048,24 +1499,18 @@ class Reline::LineEditor
   alias_method :backward_char, :ed_prev_char
 
   private def vi_first_print(key)
-    @byte_pointer, @cursor = Reline::Unicode.vi_first_print(@line)
+    @byte_pointer, = Reline::Unicode.vi_first_print(current_line)
   end
 
   private def ed_move_to_beg(key)
-    @byte_pointer = @cursor = 0
+    @byte_pointer = 0
   end
   alias_method :beginning_of_line, :ed_move_to_beg
 
   private def ed_move_to_end(key)
     @byte_pointer = 0
-    @cursor = 0
-    byte_size = 0
-    while @byte_pointer < @line.bytesize
-      byte_size = Reline::Unicode.get_next_mbchar_size(@line, @byte_pointer)
-      if byte_size > 0
-        mbchar = @line.byteslice(@byte_pointer, byte_size)
-        @cursor += Reline::Unicode.get_mbchar_width(mbchar)
-      end
+    while @byte_pointer < current_line.bytesize
+      byte_size = Reline::Unicode.get_next_mbchar_size(current_line, @byte_pointer)
       @byte_pointer += byte_size
     end
   end
@@ -2167,19 +1612,16 @@ class Reline::LineEditor
             @buffer_of_lines = hit.split("\n")
             @buffer_of_lines = [String.new(encoding: @encoding)] if @buffer_of_lines.empty?
             @line_index = @buffer_of_lines.size - 1
-            @line = @buffer_of_lines.last
-            @byte_pointer = @line.bytesize
-            @cursor = @cursor_max = calculate_width(@line)
-            @rerender_all = true
+            @byte_pointer = current_line.bytesize
             @searching_prompt = "(%s)`%s'" % [prompt_name, search_word]
           else
-            @line = hit
+            @buffer_of_lines = [hit]
+            @byte_pointer = hit.bytesize
             @searching_prompt = "(%s)`%s': %s" % [prompt_name, search_word, hit]
           end
           last_hit = hit
         else
           if @is_multiline
-            @rerender_all = true
             @searching_prompt = "(failed %s)`%s'" % [prompt_name, search_word]
           else
             @searching_prompt = "(failed %s)`%s': %s" % [prompt_name, search_word, last_hit]
@@ -2194,7 +1636,7 @@ class Reline::LineEditor
       if @is_multiline
         @line_backup_in_history = whole_buffer
       else
-        @line_backup_in_history = @line
+        @line_backup_in_history = current_line
       end
     end
     searcher = generate_searcher
@@ -2214,35 +1656,26 @@ class Reline::LineEditor
           @buffer_of_lines = buffer.split("\n")
           @buffer_of_lines = [String.new(encoding: @encoding)] if @buffer_of_lines.empty?
           @line_index = @buffer_of_lines.size - 1
-          @line = @buffer_of_lines.last
-          @rerender_all = true
         else
-          @line = buffer
+          @buffer_of_lines = [buffer]
         end
         @searching_prompt = nil
         @waiting_proc = nil
-        @cursor_max = calculate_width(@line)
-        @cursor = @byte_pointer = 0
-        @rerender_all = true
-        @cached_prompt_list = nil
+        @byte_pointer = 0
         searcher.resume(-1)
       when "\C-g".ord
         if @is_multiline
           @buffer_of_lines = @line_backup_in_history.split("\n")
           @buffer_of_lines = [String.new(encoding: @encoding)] if @buffer_of_lines.empty?
           @line_index = @buffer_of_lines.size - 1
-          @line = @buffer_of_lines.last
-          @rerender_all = true
         else
-          @line = @line_backup_in_history
+          @buffer_of_lines = [@line_backup_in_history]
         end
         @history_pointer = nil
         @searching_prompt = nil
         @waiting_proc = nil
         @line_backup_in_history = nil
-        @cursor_max = calculate_width(@line)
-        @cursor = @byte_pointer = 0
-        @rerender_all = true
+        @byte_pointer = 0
       else
         chr = k.is_a?(String) ? k : k.chr(Encoding::ASCII_8BIT)
         if chr.match?(/[[:print:]]/) or k == "\C-h".ord or k == "\C-?".ord or k == "\C-r".ord or k == "\C-s".ord
@@ -2258,18 +1691,13 @@ class Reline::LineEditor
             @buffer_of_lines = line.split("\n")
             @buffer_of_lines = [String.new(encoding: @encoding)] if @buffer_of_lines.empty?
             @line_index = @buffer_of_lines.size - 1
-            @line = @buffer_of_lines.last
-            @rerender_all = true
           else
-            @line_backup_in_history = @line
-            @line = line
+            @line_backup_in_history = current_line
+            @buffer_of_lines = [line]
           end
           @searching_prompt = nil
           @waiting_proc = nil
-          @cursor_max = calculate_width(@line)
-          @cursor = @byte_pointer = 0
-          @rerender_all = true
-          @cached_prompt_list = nil
+          @byte_pointer = 0
           searcher.resume(-1)
         end
       end
@@ -2290,9 +1718,9 @@ class Reline::LineEditor
     history = nil
     h_pointer = nil
     line_no = nil
-    substr = @line.slice(0, @byte_pointer)
+    substr = current_line.slice(0, @byte_pointer)
     if @history_pointer.nil?
-      return if not @line.empty? and substr.empty?
+      return if not current_line.empty? and substr.empty?
       history = Reline::HISTORY
     elsif @history_pointer.zero?
       history = nil
@@ -2318,23 +1746,23 @@ class Reline::LineEditor
     end
     return if h_pointer.nil?
     @history_pointer = h_pointer
+    cursor = current_byte_pointer_cursor
     if @is_multiline
       @buffer_of_lines = Reline::HISTORY[@history_pointer].split("\n")
       @buffer_of_lines = [String.new(encoding: @encoding)] if @buffer_of_lines.empty?
       @line_index = line_no
-      @line = @buffer_of_lines[@line_index]
-      @rerender_all = true
+      calculate_nearest_cursor(cursor)
     else
-      @line = Reline::HISTORY[@history_pointer]
+      @buffer_of_lines = [Reline::HISTORY[@history_pointer]]
+      calculate_nearest_cursor(cursor)
     end
-    @cursor_max = calculate_width(@line)
     arg -= 1
     ed_search_prev_history(key, arg: arg) if arg > 0
   end
   alias_method :history_search_backward, :ed_search_prev_history
 
   private def ed_search_next_history(key, arg: 1)
-    substr = @line.slice(0, @byte_pointer)
+    substr = current_line.slice(0, @byte_pointer)
     if @history_pointer.nil?
       return
     elsif @history_pointer == (Reline::HISTORY.size - 1) and not substr.empty?
@@ -2365,21 +1793,21 @@ class Reline::LineEditor
       if @history_pointer.nil? and substr.empty?
         @buffer_of_lines = []
         @line_index = 0
+        @byte_pointer = 0
       else
+        cursor = current_byte_pointer_cursor
         @buffer_of_lines = Reline::HISTORY[@history_pointer].split("\n")
         @line_index = line_no
+        calculate_nearest_cursor(cursor)
       end
       @buffer_of_lines = [String.new(encoding: @encoding)] if @buffer_of_lines.empty?
-      @line = @buffer_of_lines[@line_index]
-      @rerender_all = true
     else
       if @history_pointer.nil? and substr.empty?
-        @line = ''
+        set_current_line('', 0)
       else
-        @line = Reline::HISTORY[@history_pointer]
+        set_current_line(Reline::HISTORY[@history_pointer])
       end
     end
-    @cursor_max = calculate_width(@line)
     arg -= 1
     ed_search_next_history(key, arg: arg) if arg > 0
   end
@@ -2387,8 +1815,9 @@ class Reline::LineEditor
 
   private def ed_prev_history(key, arg: 1)
     if @is_multiline and @line_index > 0
-      @previous_line_index = @line_index
+      cursor = current_byte_pointer_cursor
       @line_index -= 1
+      calculate_nearest_cursor(cursor)
       return
     end
     if Reline::HISTORY.empty?
@@ -2396,16 +1825,17 @@ class Reline::LineEditor
     end
     if @history_pointer.nil?
       @history_pointer = Reline::HISTORY.size - 1
+      cursor = current_byte_pointer_cursor
       if @is_multiline
         @line_backup_in_history = whole_buffer
         @buffer_of_lines = Reline::HISTORY[@history_pointer].split("\n")
         @buffer_of_lines = [String.new(encoding: @encoding)] if @buffer_of_lines.empty?
         @line_index = @buffer_of_lines.size - 1
-        @line = @buffer_of_lines.last
-        @rerender_all = true
+        calculate_nearest_cursor(cursor)
       else
-        @line_backup_in_history = @line
-        @line = Reline::HISTORY[@history_pointer]
+        @line_backup_in_history = whole_buffer
+        @buffer_of_lines = [Reline::HISTORY[@history_pointer]]
+        calculate_nearest_cursor(cursor)
       end
     elsif @history_pointer.zero?
       return
@@ -2416,20 +1846,16 @@ class Reline::LineEditor
         @buffer_of_lines = Reline::HISTORY[@history_pointer].split("\n")
         @buffer_of_lines = [String.new(encoding: @encoding)] if @buffer_of_lines.empty?
         @line_index = @buffer_of_lines.size - 1
-        @line = @buffer_of_lines.last
-        @rerender_all = true
       else
-        Reline::HISTORY[@history_pointer] = @line
+        Reline::HISTORY[@history_pointer] = whole_buffer
         @history_pointer -= 1
-        @line = Reline::HISTORY[@history_pointer]
+        @buffer_of_lines = [Reline::HISTORY[@history_pointer]]
       end
     end
     if @config.editing_mode_is?(:emacs, :vi_insert)
-      @cursor_max = @cursor = calculate_width(@line)
-      @byte_pointer = @line.bytesize
+      @byte_pointer = current_line.bytesize
     elsif @config.editing_mode_is?(:vi_command)
-      @byte_pointer = @cursor = 0
-      @cursor_max = calculate_width(@line)
+      @byte_pointer = 0
     end
     arg -= 1
     ed_prev_history(key, arg: arg) if arg > 0
@@ -2438,8 +1864,9 @@ class Reline::LineEditor
 
   private def ed_next_history(key, arg: 1)
     if @is_multiline and @line_index < (@buffer_of_lines.size - 1)
-      @previous_line_index = @line_index
+      cursor = current_byte_pointer_cursor
       @line_index += 1
+      calculate_nearest_cursor(cursor)
       return
     end
     if @history_pointer.nil?
@@ -2450,11 +1877,9 @@ class Reline::LineEditor
         @buffer_of_lines = @line_backup_in_history.split("\n")
         @buffer_of_lines = [String.new(encoding: @encoding)] if @buffer_of_lines.empty?
         @line_index = 0
-        @line = @buffer_of_lines.first
-        @rerender_all = true
       else
         @history_pointer = nil
-        @line = @line_backup_in_history
+        @buffer_of_lines = [@line_backup_in_history]
       end
     else
       if @is_multiline
@@ -2463,21 +1888,16 @@ class Reline::LineEditor
         @buffer_of_lines = Reline::HISTORY[@history_pointer].split("\n")
         @buffer_of_lines = [String.new(encoding: @encoding)] if @buffer_of_lines.empty?
         @line_index = 0
-        @line = @buffer_of_lines.first
-        @rerender_all = true
       else
-        Reline::HISTORY[@history_pointer] = @line
+        Reline::HISTORY[@history_pointer] = whole_buffer
         @history_pointer += 1
-        @line = Reline::HISTORY[@history_pointer]
+        @buffer_of_lines = [Reline::HISTORY[@history_pointer]]
       end
     end
-    @line = '' unless @line
     if @config.editing_mode_is?(:emacs, :vi_insert)
-      @cursor_max = @cursor = calculate_width(@line)
-      @byte_pointer = @line.bytesize
+      @byte_pointer = current_line.bytesize
     elsif @config.editing_mode_is?(:vi_command)
-      @byte_pointer = @cursor = 0
-      @cursor_max = calculate_width(@line)
+      @byte_pointer = 0
     end
     arg -= 1
     ed_next_history(key, arg: arg) if arg > 0
@@ -2503,14 +1923,14 @@ class Reline::LineEditor
           end
         else
           # should check confirm_multiline_termination to finish?
-          @previous_line_index = @line_index
           @line_index = @buffer_of_lines.size - 1
+          @byte_pointer = current_line.bytesize
           finish
         end
       end
     else
       if @history_pointer
-        Reline::HISTORY[@history_pointer] = @line
+        Reline::HISTORY[@history_pointer] = whole_buffer
         @history_pointer = nil
       end
       finish
@@ -2518,25 +1938,18 @@ class Reline::LineEditor
   end
 
   private def em_delete_prev_char(key, arg: 1)
-    if @is_multiline and @cursor == 0 and @line_index > 0
-      @buffer_of_lines[@line_index] = @line
-      @cursor = calculate_width(@buffer_of_lines[@line_index - 1])
-      @byte_pointer = @buffer_of_lines[@line_index - 1].bytesize
-      @buffer_of_lines[@line_index - 1] += @buffer_of_lines.delete_at(@line_index)
-      @line_index -= 1
-      @line = @buffer_of_lines[@line_index]
-      @cursor_max = calculate_width(@line)
-      @rerender_all = true
-    elsif @cursor > 0
-      byte_size = Reline::Unicode.get_prev_mbchar_size(@line, @byte_pointer)
-      @byte_pointer -= byte_size
-      @line, mbchar = byteslice!(@line, @byte_pointer, byte_size)
-      width = Reline::Unicode.get_mbchar_width(mbchar)
-      @cursor -= width
-      @cursor_max -= width
+    arg.times do
+      if @is_multiline and @byte_pointer == 0 and @line_index > 0
+        @byte_pointer = @buffer_of_lines[@line_index - 1].bytesize
+        @buffer_of_lines[@line_index - 1] += @buffer_of_lines.delete_at(@line_index)
+        @line_index -= 1
+      elsif @byte_pointer > 0
+        byte_size = Reline::Unicode.get_prev_mbchar_size(current_line, @byte_pointer)
+        line, = byteslice!(current_line, @byte_pointer - byte_size, byte_size)
+        set_current_line(line, @byte_pointer - byte_size)
+      end
     end
-    arg -= 1
-    em_delete_prev_char(key, arg: arg) if arg > 0
+    process_auto_indent
   end
   alias_method :backward_delete_char, :em_delete_prev_char
 
@@ -2546,19 +1959,12 @@ class Reline::LineEditor
   #                the line. With a negative numeric argument, kill backward
   #                from the cursor to the beginning of the current line.
   private def ed_kill_line(key)
-    if @line.bytesize > @byte_pointer
-      @line, deleted = byteslice!(@line, @byte_pointer, @line.bytesize - @byte_pointer)
-      @byte_pointer = @line.bytesize
-      @cursor = @cursor_max = calculate_width(@line)
+    if current_line.bytesize > @byte_pointer
+      line, deleted = byteslice!(current_line, @byte_pointer, current_line.bytesize - @byte_pointer)
+      set_current_line(line, line.bytesize)
       @kill_ring.append(deleted)
-    elsif @is_multiline and @byte_pointer == @line.bytesize and @buffer_of_lines.size > @line_index + 1
-      @cursor = calculate_width(@line)
-      @byte_pointer = @line.bytesize
-      @line += @buffer_of_lines.delete_at(@line_index + 1)
-      @cursor_max = calculate_width(@line)
-      @buffer_of_lines[@line_index] = @line
-      @rerender_all = true
-      @rest_height += 1
+    elsif @is_multiline and @byte_pointer == current_line.bytesize and @buffer_of_lines.size > @line_index + 1
+      set_current_line(current_line + @buffer_of_lines.delete_at(@line_index + 1), current_line.bytesize)
     end
   end
   alias_method :kill_line, :ed_kill_line
@@ -2577,11 +1983,9 @@ class Reline::LineEditor
   #                to the beginning of the current line.
   private def vi_kill_line_prev(key)
     if @byte_pointer > 0
-      @line, deleted = byteslice!(@line, 0, @byte_pointer)
-      @byte_pointer = 0
+      line, deleted = byteslice!(current_line, 0, @byte_pointer)
+      set_current_line(line, 0)
       @kill_ring.append(deleted, true)
-      @cursor_max = calculate_width(@line)
-      @cursor = 0
     end
   end
   alias_method :unix_line_discard, :vi_kill_line_prev
@@ -2591,45 +1995,30 @@ class Reline::LineEditor
   # GNU Readline:: +kill-whole-line+ (not bound) Kill all characters on the
   #                current line, no matter where point is.
   private def em_kill_line(key)
-    if @line.size > 0
-      @kill_ring.append(@line.dup, true)
-      @line.clear
-      @byte_pointer = 0
-      @cursor_max = 0
-      @cursor = 0
+    if current_line.size > 0
+      @kill_ring.append(current_line.dup, true)
+      set_current_line('', 0)
     end
   end
   alias_method :kill_whole_line, :em_kill_line
 
   private def em_delete(key)
-    if @line.empty? and (not @is_multiline or @buffer_of_lines.size == 1) and key == "\C-d".ord
-      @line = nil
-      if @buffer_of_lines.size > 1
-        scroll_down(@highest_in_all - @first_line_started_from)
-      end
-      Reline::IOGate.move_cursor_column(0)
+    if current_line.empty? and (not @is_multiline or @buffer_of_lines.size == 1) and key == "\C-d".ord
       @eof = true
       finish
-    elsif @byte_pointer < @line.bytesize
-      splitted_last = @line.byteslice(@byte_pointer, @line.bytesize)
+    elsif @byte_pointer < current_line.bytesize
+      splitted_last = current_line.byteslice(@byte_pointer, current_line.bytesize)
       mbchar = splitted_last.grapheme_clusters.first
-      width = Reline::Unicode.get_mbchar_width(mbchar)
-      @cursor_max -= width
-      @line, = byteslice!(@line, @byte_pointer, mbchar.bytesize)
-    elsif @is_multiline and @byte_pointer == @line.bytesize and @buffer_of_lines.size > @line_index + 1
-      @cursor = calculate_width(@line)
-      @byte_pointer = @line.bytesize
-      @line += @buffer_of_lines.delete_at(@line_index + 1)
-      @cursor_max = calculate_width(@line)
-      @buffer_of_lines[@line_index] = @line
-      @rerender_all = true
-      @rest_height += 1
+      line, = byteslice!(current_line, @byte_pointer, mbchar.bytesize)
+      set_current_line(line)
+    elsif @is_multiline and @byte_pointer == current_line.bytesize and @buffer_of_lines.size > @line_index + 1
+      set_current_line(current_line + @buffer_of_lines.delete_at(@line_index + 1), current_line.bytesize)
     end
   end
   alias_method :delete_char, :em_delete
 
   private def em_delete_or_list(key)
-    if @line.empty? or @byte_pointer < @line.bytesize
+    if current_line.empty? or @byte_pointer < current_line.bytesize
       em_delete(key)
     else # show completed list
       result = call_completion_proc
@@ -2642,29 +2031,16 @@ class Reline::LineEditor
 
   private def em_yank(key)
     yanked = @kill_ring.yank
-    if yanked
-      @line = byteinsert(@line, @byte_pointer, yanked)
-      yanked_width = calculate_width(yanked)
-      @cursor += yanked_width
-      @cursor_max += yanked_width
-      @byte_pointer += yanked.bytesize
-    end
+    insert_text(yanked) if yanked
   end
   alias_method :yank, :em_yank
 
   private def em_yank_pop(key)
     yanked, prev_yank = @kill_ring.yank_pop
     if yanked
-      prev_yank_width = calculate_width(prev_yank)
-      @cursor -= prev_yank_width
-      @cursor_max -= prev_yank_width
-      @byte_pointer -= prev_yank.bytesize
-      @line, = byteslice!(@line, @byte_pointer, prev_yank.bytesize)
-      @line = byteinsert(@line, @byte_pointer, yanked)
-      yanked_width = calculate_width(yanked)
-      @cursor += yanked_width
-      @cursor_max += yanked_width
-      @byte_pointer += yanked.bytesize
+      line, = byteslice!(current_line, @byte_pointer - prev_yank.bytesize, prev_yank.bytesize)
+      set_current_line(line, @byte_pointer - prev_yank.bytesize)
+      insert_text(yanked)
     end
   end
   alias_method :yank_pop, :em_yank_pop
@@ -2675,131 +2051,112 @@ class Reline::LineEditor
   alias_method :clear_screen, :ed_clear_screen
 
   private def em_next_word(key)
-    if @line.bytesize > @byte_pointer
-      byte_size, width = Reline::Unicode.em_forward_word(@line, @byte_pointer)
+    if current_line.bytesize > @byte_pointer
+      byte_size, _ = Reline::Unicode.em_forward_word(current_line, @byte_pointer)
       @byte_pointer += byte_size
-      @cursor += width
     end
   end
   alias_method :forward_word, :em_next_word
 
   private def ed_prev_word(key)
     if @byte_pointer > 0
-      byte_size, width = Reline::Unicode.em_backward_word(@line, @byte_pointer)
+      byte_size, _ = Reline::Unicode.em_backward_word(current_line, @byte_pointer)
       @byte_pointer -= byte_size
-      @cursor -= width
     end
   end
   alias_method :backward_word, :ed_prev_word
 
   private def em_delete_next_word(key)
-    if @line.bytesize > @byte_pointer
-      byte_size, width = Reline::Unicode.em_forward_word(@line, @byte_pointer)
-      @line, word = byteslice!(@line, @byte_pointer, byte_size)
+    if current_line.bytesize > @byte_pointer
+      byte_size, _ = Reline::Unicode.em_forward_word(current_line, @byte_pointer)
+      line, word = byteslice!(current_line, @byte_pointer, byte_size)
+      set_current_line(line)
       @kill_ring.append(word)
-      @cursor_max -= width
     end
   end
   alias_method :kill_word, :em_delete_next_word
 
   private def ed_delete_prev_word(key)
     if @byte_pointer > 0
-      byte_size, width = Reline::Unicode.em_backward_word(@line, @byte_pointer)
-      @line, word = byteslice!(@line, @byte_pointer - byte_size, byte_size)
+      byte_size, _ = Reline::Unicode.em_backward_word(current_line, @byte_pointer)
+      line, word = byteslice!(current_line, @byte_pointer - byte_size, byte_size)
+      set_current_line(line, @byte_pointer - byte_size)
       @kill_ring.append(word, true)
-      @byte_pointer -= byte_size
-      @cursor -= width
-      @cursor_max -= width
     end
   end
   alias_method :backward_kill_word, :ed_delete_prev_word
 
   private def ed_transpose_chars(key)
     if @byte_pointer > 0
-      if @cursor_max > @cursor
-        byte_size = Reline::Unicode.get_next_mbchar_size(@line, @byte_pointer)
-        mbchar = @line.byteslice(@byte_pointer, byte_size)
-        width = Reline::Unicode.get_mbchar_width(mbchar)
-        @cursor += width
+      if @byte_pointer < current_line.bytesize
+        byte_size = Reline::Unicode.get_next_mbchar_size(current_line, @byte_pointer)
         @byte_pointer += byte_size
       end
-      back1_byte_size = Reline::Unicode.get_prev_mbchar_size(@line, @byte_pointer)
+      back1_byte_size = Reline::Unicode.get_prev_mbchar_size(current_line, @byte_pointer)
       if (@byte_pointer - back1_byte_size) > 0
-        back2_byte_size = Reline::Unicode.get_prev_mbchar_size(@line, @byte_pointer - back1_byte_size)
+        back2_byte_size = Reline::Unicode.get_prev_mbchar_size(current_line, @byte_pointer - back1_byte_size)
         back2_pointer = @byte_pointer - back1_byte_size - back2_byte_size
-        @line, back2_mbchar = byteslice!(@line, back2_pointer, back2_byte_size)
-        @line = byteinsert(@line, @byte_pointer - back2_byte_size, back2_mbchar)
+        line, back2_mbchar = byteslice!(current_line, back2_pointer, back2_byte_size)
+        set_current_line(byteinsert(line, @byte_pointer - back2_byte_size, back2_mbchar))
       end
     end
   end
   alias_method :transpose_chars, :ed_transpose_chars
 
   private def ed_transpose_words(key)
-    left_word_start, middle_start, right_word_start, after_start = Reline::Unicode.ed_transpose_words(@line, @byte_pointer)
-    before = @line.byteslice(0, left_word_start)
-    left_word = @line.byteslice(left_word_start, middle_start - left_word_start)
-    middle = @line.byteslice(middle_start, right_word_start - middle_start)
-    right_word = @line.byteslice(right_word_start, after_start - right_word_start)
-    after = @line.byteslice(after_start, @line.bytesize - after_start)
+    left_word_start, middle_start, right_word_start, after_start = Reline::Unicode.ed_transpose_words(current_line, @byte_pointer)
+    before = current_line.byteslice(0, left_word_start)
+    left_word = current_line.byteslice(left_word_start, middle_start - left_word_start)
+    middle = current_line.byteslice(middle_start, right_word_start - middle_start)
+    right_word = current_line.byteslice(right_word_start, after_start - right_word_start)
+    after = current_line.byteslice(after_start, current_line.bytesize - after_start)
     return if left_word.empty? or right_word.empty?
-    @line = before + right_word + middle + left_word + after
     from_head_to_left_word = before + right_word + middle + left_word
-    @byte_pointer = from_head_to_left_word.bytesize
-    @cursor = calculate_width(from_head_to_left_word)
+    set_current_line(from_head_to_left_word + after, from_head_to_left_word.bytesize)
   end
   alias_method :transpose_words, :ed_transpose_words
 
   private def em_capitol_case(key)
-    if @line.bytesize > @byte_pointer
-      byte_size, _, new_str = Reline::Unicode.em_forward_word_with_capitalization(@line, @byte_pointer)
-      before = @line.byteslice(0, @byte_pointer)
-      after = @line.byteslice((@byte_pointer + byte_size)..-1)
-      @line = before + new_str + after
-      @byte_pointer += new_str.bytesize
-      @cursor += calculate_width(new_str)
+    if current_line.bytesize > @byte_pointer
+      byte_size, _, new_str = Reline::Unicode.em_forward_word_with_capitalization(current_line, @byte_pointer)
+      before = current_line.byteslice(0, @byte_pointer)
+      after = current_line.byteslice((@byte_pointer + byte_size)..-1)
+      set_current_line(before + new_str + after, @byte_pointer + new_str.bytesize)
     end
   end
   alias_method :capitalize_word, :em_capitol_case
 
   private def em_lower_case(key)
-    if @line.bytesize > @byte_pointer
-      byte_size, = Reline::Unicode.em_forward_word(@line, @byte_pointer)
-      part = @line.byteslice(@byte_pointer, byte_size).grapheme_clusters.map { |mbchar|
+    if current_line.bytesize > @byte_pointer
+      byte_size, = Reline::Unicode.em_forward_word(current_line, @byte_pointer)
+      part = current_line.byteslice(@byte_pointer, byte_size).grapheme_clusters.map { |mbchar|
         mbchar =~ /[A-Z]/ ? mbchar.downcase : mbchar
       }.join
-      rest = @line.byteslice((@byte_pointer + byte_size)..-1)
-      @line = @line.byteslice(0, @byte_pointer) + part
-      @byte_pointer = @line.bytesize
-      @cursor = calculate_width(@line)
-      @cursor_max = @cursor + calculate_width(rest)
-      @line += rest
+      rest = current_line.byteslice((@byte_pointer + byte_size)..-1)
+      line = current_line.byteslice(0, @byte_pointer) + part
+      set_current_line(line + rest, line.bytesize)
     end
   end
   alias_method :downcase_word, :em_lower_case
 
   private def em_upper_case(key)
-    if @line.bytesize > @byte_pointer
-      byte_size, = Reline::Unicode.em_forward_word(@line, @byte_pointer)
-      part = @line.byteslice(@byte_pointer, byte_size).grapheme_clusters.map { |mbchar|
+    if current_line.bytesize > @byte_pointer
+      byte_size, = Reline::Unicode.em_forward_word(current_line, @byte_pointer)
+      part = current_line.byteslice(@byte_pointer, byte_size).grapheme_clusters.map { |mbchar|
         mbchar =~ /[a-z]/ ? mbchar.upcase : mbchar
       }.join
-      rest = @line.byteslice((@byte_pointer + byte_size)..-1)
-      @line = @line.byteslice(0, @byte_pointer) + part
-      @byte_pointer = @line.bytesize
-      @cursor = calculate_width(@line)
-      @cursor_max = @cursor + calculate_width(rest)
-      @line += rest
+      rest = current_line.byteslice((@byte_pointer + byte_size)..-1)
+      line = current_line.byteslice(0, @byte_pointer) + part
+      set_current_line(line + rest, line.bytesize)
     end
   end
   alias_method :upcase_word, :em_upper_case
 
   private def em_kill_region(key)
     if @byte_pointer > 0
-      byte_size, width = Reline::Unicode.em_big_backward_word(@line, @byte_pointer)
-      @line, deleted = byteslice!(@line, @byte_pointer - byte_size, byte_size)
-      @byte_pointer -= byte_size
-      @cursor -= width
-      @cursor_max -= width
+      byte_size, _ = Reline::Unicode.em_big_backward_word(current_line, @byte_pointer)
+      line, deleted = byteslice!(current_line, @byte_pointer - byte_size, byte_size)
+      set_current_line(line, @byte_pointer - byte_size)
       @kill_ring.append(deleted, true)
     end
   end
@@ -2827,10 +2184,9 @@ class Reline::LineEditor
   alias_method :vi_movement_mode, :vi_command_mode
 
   private def vi_next_word(key, arg: 1)
-    if @line.bytesize > @byte_pointer
-      byte_size, width = Reline::Unicode.vi_forward_word(@line, @byte_pointer, @drop_terminate_spaces)
+    if current_line.bytesize > @byte_pointer
+      byte_size, _ = Reline::Unicode.vi_forward_word(current_line, @byte_pointer, @drop_terminate_spaces)
       @byte_pointer += byte_size
-      @cursor += width
     end
     arg -= 1
     vi_next_word(key, arg: arg) if arg > 0
@@ -2838,38 +2194,32 @@ class Reline::LineEditor
 
   private def vi_prev_word(key, arg: 1)
     if @byte_pointer > 0
-      byte_size, width = Reline::Unicode.vi_backward_word(@line, @byte_pointer)
+      byte_size, _ = Reline::Unicode.vi_backward_word(current_line, @byte_pointer)
       @byte_pointer -= byte_size
-      @cursor -= width
     end
     arg -= 1
     vi_prev_word(key, arg: arg) if arg > 0
   end
 
   private def vi_end_word(key, arg: 1, inclusive: false)
-    if @line.bytesize > @byte_pointer
-      byte_size, width = Reline::Unicode.vi_forward_end_word(@line, @byte_pointer)
+    if current_line.bytesize > @byte_pointer
+      byte_size, _ = Reline::Unicode.vi_forward_end_word(current_line, @byte_pointer)
       @byte_pointer += byte_size
-      @cursor += width
     end
     arg -= 1
     if inclusive and arg.zero?
-      byte_size = Reline::Unicode.get_next_mbchar_size(@line, @byte_pointer)
+      byte_size = Reline::Unicode.get_next_mbchar_size(current_line, @byte_pointer)
       if byte_size > 0
-        c = @line.byteslice(@byte_pointer, byte_size)
-        width = Reline::Unicode.get_mbchar_width(c)
         @byte_pointer += byte_size
-        @cursor += width
       end
     end
     vi_end_word(key, arg: arg) if arg > 0
   end
 
   private def vi_next_big_word(key, arg: 1)
-    if @line.bytesize > @byte_pointer
-      byte_size, width = Reline::Unicode.vi_big_forward_word(@line, @byte_pointer)
+    if current_line.bytesize > @byte_pointer
+      byte_size, _ = Reline::Unicode.vi_big_forward_word(current_line, @byte_pointer)
       @byte_pointer += byte_size
-      @cursor += width
     end
     arg -= 1
     vi_next_big_word(key, arg: arg) if arg > 0
@@ -2877,50 +2227,39 @@ class Reline::LineEditor
 
   private def vi_prev_big_word(key, arg: 1)
     if @byte_pointer > 0
-      byte_size, width = Reline::Unicode.vi_big_backward_word(@line, @byte_pointer)
+      byte_size, _ = Reline::Unicode.vi_big_backward_word(current_line, @byte_pointer)
       @byte_pointer -= byte_size
-      @cursor -= width
     end
     arg -= 1
     vi_prev_big_word(key, arg: arg) if arg > 0
   end
 
   private def vi_end_big_word(key, arg: 1, inclusive: false)
-    if @line.bytesize > @byte_pointer
-      byte_size, width = Reline::Unicode.vi_big_forward_end_word(@line, @byte_pointer)
+    if current_line.bytesize > @byte_pointer
+      byte_size, _ = Reline::Unicode.vi_big_forward_end_word(current_line, @byte_pointer)
       @byte_pointer += byte_size
-      @cursor += width
     end
     arg -= 1
     if inclusive and arg.zero?
-      byte_size = Reline::Unicode.get_next_mbchar_size(@line, @byte_pointer)
+      byte_size = Reline::Unicode.get_next_mbchar_size(current_line, @byte_pointer)
       if byte_size > 0
-        c = @line.byteslice(@byte_pointer, byte_size)
-        width = Reline::Unicode.get_mbchar_width(c)
         @byte_pointer += byte_size
-        @cursor += width
       end
     end
     vi_end_big_word(key, arg: arg) if arg > 0
   end
 
   private def vi_delete_prev_char(key)
-    if @is_multiline and @cursor == 0 and @line_index > 0
-      @buffer_of_lines[@line_index] = @line
-      @cursor = calculate_width(@buffer_of_lines[@line_index - 1])
+    if @is_multiline and @byte_pointer == 0 and @line_index > 0
       @byte_pointer = @buffer_of_lines[@line_index - 1].bytesize
       @buffer_of_lines[@line_index - 1] += @buffer_of_lines.delete_at(@line_index)
       @line_index -= 1
-      @line = @buffer_of_lines[@line_index]
-      @cursor_max = calculate_width(@line)
-      @rerender_all = true
-    elsif @cursor > 0
-      byte_size = Reline::Unicode.get_prev_mbchar_size(@line, @byte_pointer)
+      process_auto_indent cursor_dependent: false
+    elsif @byte_pointer > 0
+      byte_size = Reline::Unicode.get_prev_mbchar_size(current_line, @byte_pointer)
       @byte_pointer -= byte_size
-      @line, mbchar = byteslice!(@line, @byte_pointer, byte_size)
-      width = Reline::Unicode.get_mbchar_width(mbchar)
-      @cursor -= width
-      @cursor_max -= width
+      line, _ = byteslice!(current_line, @byte_pointer, byte_size)
+      set_current_line(line)
     end
   end
 
@@ -2935,16 +2274,14 @@ class Reline::LineEditor
   end
 
   private def ed_delete_prev_char(key, arg: 1)
-    deleted = ''
+    deleted = +''
     arg.times do
-      if @cursor > 0
-        byte_size = Reline::Unicode.get_prev_mbchar_size(@line, @byte_pointer)
+      if @byte_pointer > 0
+        byte_size = Reline::Unicode.get_prev_mbchar_size(current_line, @byte_pointer)
         @byte_pointer -= byte_size
-        @line, mbchar = byteslice!(@line, @byte_pointer, byte_size)
+        line, mbchar = byteslice!(current_line, @byte_pointer, byte_size)
+        set_current_line(line)
         deleted.prepend(mbchar)
-        width = Reline::Unicode.get_mbchar_width(mbchar)
-        @cursor -= width
-        @cursor_max -= width
       end
     end
     copy_for_vi(deleted)
@@ -2952,20 +2289,18 @@ class Reline::LineEditor
 
   private def vi_zero(key)
     @byte_pointer = 0
-    @cursor = 0
   end
 
   private def vi_change_meta(key, arg: 1)
     @drop_terminate_spaces = true
-    @waiting_operator_proc = proc { |cursor_diff, byte_pointer_diff|
+    @waiting_operator_proc = proc { |byte_pointer_diff|
       if byte_pointer_diff > 0
-        @line, cut = byteslice!(@line, @byte_pointer, byte_pointer_diff)
+        line, cut = byteslice!(current_line, @byte_pointer, byte_pointer_diff)
       elsif byte_pointer_diff < 0
-        @line, cut = byteslice!(@line, @byte_pointer + byte_pointer_diff, -byte_pointer_diff)
+        line, cut = byteslice!(current_line, @byte_pointer + byte_pointer_diff, -byte_pointer_diff)
       end
+      set_current_line(line)
       copy_for_vi(cut)
-      @cursor += cursor_diff if cursor_diff < 0
-      @cursor_max -= cursor_diff.abs
       @byte_pointer += byte_pointer_diff if byte_pointer_diff < 0
       @config.editing_mode = :vi_insert
       @drop_terminate_spaces = false
@@ -2974,26 +2309,24 @@ class Reline::LineEditor
   end
 
   private def vi_delete_meta(key, arg: 1)
-    @waiting_operator_proc = proc { |cursor_diff, byte_pointer_diff|
+    @waiting_operator_proc = proc { |byte_pointer_diff|
       if byte_pointer_diff > 0
-        @line, cut = byteslice!(@line, @byte_pointer, byte_pointer_diff)
+        line, cut = byteslice!(current_line, @byte_pointer, byte_pointer_diff)
       elsif byte_pointer_diff < 0
-        @line, cut = byteslice!(@line, @byte_pointer + byte_pointer_diff, -byte_pointer_diff)
+        line, cut = byteslice!(current_line, @byte_pointer + byte_pointer_diff, -byte_pointer_diff)
       end
       copy_for_vi(cut)
-      @cursor += cursor_diff if cursor_diff < 0
-      @cursor_max -= cursor_diff.abs
-      @byte_pointer += byte_pointer_diff if byte_pointer_diff < 0
+      set_current_line(line || '', @byte_pointer + (byte_pointer_diff < 0 ? byte_pointer_diff : 0))
     }
     @waiting_operator_vi_arg = arg
   end
 
   private def vi_yank(key, arg: 1)
-    @waiting_operator_proc = proc { |cursor_diff, byte_pointer_diff|
+    @waiting_operator_proc = proc { |byte_pointer_diff|
       if byte_pointer_diff > 0
-        cut = @line.byteslice(@byte_pointer, byte_pointer_diff)
+        cut = current_line.byteslice(@byte_pointer, byte_pointer_diff)
       elsif byte_pointer_diff < 0
-        cut = @line.byteslice(@byte_pointer + byte_pointer_diff, -byte_pointer_diff)
+        cut = current_line.byteslice(@byte_pointer + byte_pointer_diff, -byte_pointer_diff)
       end
       copy_for_vi(cut)
     }
@@ -3001,12 +2334,8 @@ class Reline::LineEditor
   end
 
   private def vi_list_or_eof(key)
-    if (not @is_multiline and @line.empty?) or (@is_multiline and @line.empty? and @buffer_of_lines.size == 1)
-      @line = nil
-      if @buffer_of_lines.size > 1
-        scroll_down(@highest_in_all - @first_line_started_from)
-      end
-      Reline::IOGate.move_cursor_column(0)
+    if (not @is_multiline and current_line.empty?) or (@is_multiline and current_line.empty? and @buffer_of_lines.size == 1)
+      set_current_line('', 0)
       @eof = true
       finish
     else
@@ -3017,18 +2346,15 @@ class Reline::LineEditor
   alias_method :vi_eof_maybe, :vi_list_or_eof
 
   private def ed_delete_next_char(key, arg: 1)
-    byte_size = Reline::Unicode.get_next_mbchar_size(@line, @byte_pointer)
-    unless @line.empty? || byte_size == 0
-      @line, mbchar = byteslice!(@line, @byte_pointer, byte_size)
+    byte_size = Reline::Unicode.get_next_mbchar_size(current_line, @byte_pointer)
+    unless current_line.empty? || byte_size == 0
+      line, mbchar = byteslice!(current_line, @byte_pointer, byte_size)
       copy_for_vi(mbchar)
-      width = Reline::Unicode.get_mbchar_width(mbchar)
-      @cursor_max -= width
-      if @cursor > 0 and @cursor >= @cursor_max
-        byte_size = Reline::Unicode.get_prev_mbchar_size(@line, @byte_pointer)
-        mbchar = @line.byteslice(@byte_pointer - byte_size, byte_size)
-        width = Reline::Unicode.get_mbchar_width(mbchar)
-        @byte_pointer -= byte_size
-        @cursor -= width
+      if @byte_pointer > 0 && current_line.bytesize == @byte_pointer + byte_size
+        byte_size = Reline::Unicode.get_prev_mbchar_size(line, @byte_pointer)
+        set_current_line(line, @byte_pointer - byte_size)
+      else
+        set_current_line(line, @byte_pointer)
       end
     end
     arg -= 1
@@ -3041,20 +2367,14 @@ class Reline::LineEditor
     end
     if @history_pointer.nil?
       @history_pointer = 0
-      @line_backup_in_history = @line
-      @line = Reline::HISTORY[@history_pointer]
-      @cursor_max = calculate_width(@line)
-      @cursor = 0
-      @byte_pointer = 0
+      @line_backup_in_history = current_line
+      set_current_line(Reline::HISTORY[@history_pointer], 0)
     elsif @history_pointer.zero?
       return
     else
-      Reline::HISTORY[@history_pointer] = @line
+      Reline::HISTORY[@history_pointer] = current_line
       @history_pointer = 0
-      @line = Reline::HISTORY[@history_pointer]
-      @cursor_max = calculate_width(@line)
-      @cursor = 0
-      @byte_pointer = 0
+      set_current_line(Reline::HISTORY[@history_pointer], 0)
     end
   end
 
@@ -3063,7 +2383,7 @@ class Reline::LineEditor
       if @is_multiline
         fp.write whole_lines.join("\n")
       else
-        fp.write @line
+        fp.write current_line
       end
       fp.path
     }
@@ -3072,21 +2392,16 @@ class Reline::LineEditor
       @buffer_of_lines = File.read(path).split("\n")
       @buffer_of_lines = [String.new(encoding: @encoding)] if @buffer_of_lines.empty?
       @line_index = 0
-      @line = @buffer_of_lines[@line_index]
-      @rerender_all = true
     else
-      @line = File.read(path)
+      @buffer_of_lines = File.read(path).split("\n")
     end
     finish
   end
 
   private def vi_paste_prev(key, arg: 1)
     if @vi_clipboard.size > 0
-      @line = byteinsert(@line, @byte_pointer, @vi_clipboard)
-      @cursor_max += calculate_width(@vi_clipboard)
       cursor_point = @vi_clipboard.grapheme_clusters[0..-2].join
-      @cursor += calculate_width(cursor_point)
-      @byte_pointer += cursor_point.bytesize
+      set_current_line(byteinsert(current_line, @byte_pointer, @vi_clipboard), @byte_pointer + cursor_point.bytesize)
     end
     arg -= 1
     vi_paste_prev(key, arg: arg) if arg > 0
@@ -3094,11 +2409,9 @@ class Reline::LineEditor
 
   private def vi_paste_next(key, arg: 1)
     if @vi_clipboard.size > 0
-      byte_size = Reline::Unicode.get_next_mbchar_size(@line, @byte_pointer)
-      @line = byteinsert(@line, @byte_pointer + byte_size, @vi_clipboard)
-      @cursor_max += calculate_width(@vi_clipboard)
-      @cursor += calculate_width(@vi_clipboard)
-      @byte_pointer += @vi_clipboard.bytesize
+      byte_size = Reline::Unicode.get_next_mbchar_size(current_line, @byte_pointer)
+      line = byteinsert(current_line, @byte_pointer + byte_size, @vi_clipboard)
+      set_current_line(line, @byte_pointer + @vi_clipboard.bytesize)
     end
     arg -= 1
     vi_paste_next(key, arg: arg) if arg > 0
@@ -3122,12 +2435,13 @@ class Reline::LineEditor
   end
 
   private def vi_to_column(key, arg: 0)
-    @byte_pointer, @cursor = @line.grapheme_clusters.inject([0, 0]) { |total, gc|
+    current_row_width = calculate_width(current_row)
+    @byte_pointer, = current_line.grapheme_clusters.inject([0, 0]) { |total, gc|
       # total has [byte_size, cursor]
       mbchar_width = Reline::Unicode.get_mbchar_width(gc)
       if (total.last + mbchar_width) >= arg
         break total
-      elsif (total.last + mbchar_width) >= @cursor_max
+      elsif (total.last + mbchar_width) >= current_row_width
         break total
       else
         total = [total.first + gc.bytesize, total.last + mbchar_width]
@@ -3139,26 +2453,22 @@ class Reline::LineEditor
   private def vi_replace_char(key, arg: 1)
     @waiting_proc = ->(k) {
       if arg == 1
-        byte_size = Reline::Unicode.get_next_mbchar_size(@line, @byte_pointer)
-        before = @line.byteslice(0, @byte_pointer)
+        byte_size = Reline::Unicode.get_next_mbchar_size(current_line, @byte_pointer)
+        before = current_line.byteslice(0, @byte_pointer)
         remaining_point = @byte_pointer + byte_size
-        after = @line.byteslice(remaining_point, @line.bytesize - remaining_point)
-        @line = before + k.chr + after
-        @cursor_max = calculate_width(@line)
+        after = current_line.byteslice(remaining_point, current_line.bytesize - remaining_point)
+        set_current_line(before + k.chr + after)
         @waiting_proc = nil
       elsif arg > 1
         byte_size = 0
         arg.times do
-          byte_size += Reline::Unicode.get_next_mbchar_size(@line, @byte_pointer + byte_size)
+          byte_size += Reline::Unicode.get_next_mbchar_size(current_line, @byte_pointer + byte_size)
         end
-        before = @line.byteslice(0, @byte_pointer)
+        before = current_line.byteslice(0, @byte_pointer)
         remaining_point = @byte_pointer + byte_size
-        after = @line.byteslice(remaining_point, @line.bytesize - remaining_point)
+        after = current_line.byteslice(remaining_point, current_line.bytesize - remaining_point)
         replaced = k.chr * arg
-        @line = before + replaced + after
-        @byte_pointer += replaced.bytesize
-        @cursor += calculate_width(replaced)
-        @cursor_max = calculate_width(@line)
+        set_current_line(before + replaced + after, @byte_pointer + replaced.bytesize)
         @waiting_proc = nil
       end
     }
@@ -3181,7 +2491,7 @@ class Reline::LineEditor
     prev_total = nil
     total = nil
     found = false
-    @line.byteslice(@byte_pointer..-1).grapheme_clusters.each do |mbchar|
+    current_line.byteslice(@byte_pointer..-1).grapheme_clusters.each do |mbchar|
       # total has [byte_size, cursor]
       unless total
         # skip cursor point
@@ -3201,21 +2511,16 @@ class Reline::LineEditor
       end
     end
     if not need_prev_char and found and total
-      byte_size, width = total
+      byte_size, _ = total
       @byte_pointer += byte_size
-      @cursor += width
     elsif need_prev_char and found and prev_total
-      byte_size, width = prev_total
+      byte_size, _ = prev_total
       @byte_pointer += byte_size
-      @cursor += width
     end
     if inclusive
-      byte_size = Reline::Unicode.get_next_mbchar_size(@line, @byte_pointer)
+      byte_size = Reline::Unicode.get_next_mbchar_size(current_line, @byte_pointer)
       if byte_size > 0
-        c = @line.byteslice(@byte_pointer, byte_size)
-        width = Reline::Unicode.get_mbchar_width(c)
         @byte_pointer += byte_size
-        @cursor += width
       end
     end
     @waiting_proc = nil
@@ -3238,7 +2543,7 @@ class Reline::LineEditor
     prev_total = nil
     total = nil
     found = false
-    @line.byteslice(0..@byte_pointer).grapheme_clusters.reverse_each do |mbchar|
+    current_line.byteslice(0..@byte_pointer).grapheme_clusters.reverse_each do |mbchar|
       # total has [byte_size, cursor]
       unless total
         # skip cursor point
@@ -3258,26 +2563,19 @@ class Reline::LineEditor
       end
     end
     if not need_next_char and found and total
-      byte_size, width = total
+      byte_size, _ = total
       @byte_pointer -= byte_size
-      @cursor -= width
     elsif need_next_char and found and prev_total
-      byte_size, width = prev_total
+      byte_size, _ = prev_total
       @byte_pointer -= byte_size
-      @cursor -= width
     end
     @waiting_proc = nil
   end
 
   private def vi_join_lines(key, arg: 1)
     if @is_multiline and @buffer_of_lines.size > @line_index + 1
-      @cursor = calculate_width(@line)
-      @byte_pointer = @line.bytesize
-      @line += ' ' + @buffer_of_lines.delete_at(@line_index + 1).lstrip
-      @cursor_max = calculate_width(@line)
-      @buffer_of_lines[@line_index] = @line
-      @rerender_all = true
-      @rest_height += 1
+      next_line = @buffer_of_lines.delete_at(@line_index + 1).lstrip
+      set_current_line(current_line + ' ' + next_line, current_line.bytesize)
     end
     arg -= 1
     vi_join_lines(key, arg: arg) if arg > 0
@@ -3291,10 +2589,7 @@ class Reline::LineEditor
   private def em_exchange_mark(key)
     return unless @mark_pointer
     new_pointer = [@byte_pointer, @line_index]
-    @previous_line_index = @line_index
     @byte_pointer, @line_index = @mark_pointer
-    @cursor = calculate_width(@line.byteslice(0, @byte_pointer))
-    @cursor_max = calculate_width(@line)
     @mark_pointer = new_pointer
   end
   alias_method :exchange_point_and_mark, :em_exchange_mark