regexp_parser 2.7.0 → 2.12.0

data/lib/regexp_parser/expression/subexpression.rb

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 module Regexp::Expression
   class Subexpression < Regexp::Expression::Base
     include Enumerable
@@ -11,16 +13,15 @@ module Regexp::Expression
 
     # Override base method to clone the expressions as well.
     def initialize_copy(orig)
-      self.expressions = orig.expressions.map(&:clone)
+      self.expressions = orig.expressions.map do |exp|
+        exp.clone.tap { |copy| copy.parent = self }
+      end
       super
     end
 
     def <<(exp)
-      if exp.is_a?(WhiteSpace) && last && last.is_a?(WhiteSpace)
-        last.merge(exp)
-      else
-        expressions << exp
-      end
+      exp.parent = self
+      expressions << exp
     end
 
     %w[[] at each empty? fetch index join last length values_at].each do |method|
@@ -38,11 +39,7 @@ module Regexp::Expression
     end
 
     def te
-      ts + to_s.length
-    end
-
-    def parts
-      expressions
+      ts + base_length
     end
 
     def to_h
@@ -52,14 +49,21 @@ module Regexp::Expression
       )
     end
 
-    def terminal?
-      false
-    end
-
-    private
+    def extract_quantifier_target(quantifier_description)
+      pre_quantifier_decorations = []
+      target = expressions.reverse.find do |exp|
+        if exp.decorative?
+          exp.custom_to_s_handling = true
+          pre_quantifier_decorations << exp.text
+          next
+        end
+        exp
+      end
+      target or raise Regexp::Parser::ParserError,
+        "No valid target found for '#{quantifier_description}' quantifier"
 
-    def intersperse(expressions, separator)
-      expressions.flat_map { |exp| [exp, separator] }.slice(0...-1)
+      target.pre_quantifier_decorations = pre_quantifier_decorations
+      target
     end
   end
 end

data/lib/regexp_parser/expression.rb

@@ -1,34 +1,42 @@
-require 'regexp_parser/error'
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 
-require 'regexp_parser/expression/shared'
-require 'regexp_parser/expression/base'
-require 'regexp_parser/expression/quantifier'
-require 'regexp_parser/expression/subexpression'
-require 'regexp_parser/expression/sequence'
-require 'regexp_parser/expression/sequence_operation'
+require_relative 'error'
 
-require 'regexp_parser/expression/classes/alternation'
-require 'regexp_parser/expression/classes/anchor'
-require 'regexp_parser/expression/classes/backreference'
-require 'regexp_parser/expression/classes/character_set'
-require 'regexp_parser/expression/classes/character_set/intersection'
-require 'regexp_parser/expression/classes/character_set/range'
-require 'regexp_parser/expression/classes/character_type'
-require 'regexp_parser/expression/classes/conditional'
-require 'regexp_parser/expression/classes/escape_sequence'
-require 'regexp_parser/expression/classes/free_space'
-require 'regexp_parser/expression/classes/group'
-require 'regexp_parser/expression/classes/keep'
-require 'regexp_parser/expression/classes/literal'
-require 'regexp_parser/expression/classes/posix_class'
-require 'regexp_parser/expression/classes/root'
-require 'regexp_parser/expression/classes/unicode_property'
+require_relative 'expression/shared'
+require_relative 'expression/base'
+require_relative 'expression/quantifier'
+require_relative 'expression/subexpression'
+require_relative 'expression/sequence'
+require_relative 'expression/sequence_operation'
 
-require 'regexp_parser/expression/methods/construct'
-require 'regexp_parser/expression/methods/human_name'
-require 'regexp_parser/expression/methods/match'
-require 'regexp_parser/expression/methods/match_length'
-require 'regexp_parser/expression/methods/options'
-require 'regexp_parser/expression/methods/strfregexp'
-require 'regexp_parser/expression/methods/tests'
-require 'regexp_parser/expression/methods/traverse'
+require_relative 'expression/classes/alternation'
+require_relative 'expression/classes/anchor'
+require_relative 'expression/classes/backreference'
+require_relative 'expression/classes/character_set'
+require_relative 'expression/classes/character_set/intersection'
+require_relative 'expression/classes/character_set/range'
+require_relative 'expression/classes/character_type'
+require_relative 'expression/classes/conditional'
+require_relative 'expression/classes/escape_sequence'
+require_relative 'expression/classes/free_space'
+require_relative 'expression/classes/group'
+require_relative 'expression/classes/keep'
+require_relative 'expression/classes/literal'
+require_relative 'expression/classes/posix_class'
+require_relative 'expression/classes/root'
+require_relative 'expression/classes/unicode_property'
+
+require_relative 'expression/methods/construct'
+require_relative 'expression/methods/escape_sequence_char'
+require_relative 'expression/methods/escape_sequence_codepoint'
+require_relative 'expression/methods/human_name'
+require_relative 'expression/methods/match'
+require_relative 'expression/methods/match_length'
+require_relative 'expression/methods/negative'
+require_relative 'expression/methods/options'
+require_relative 'expression/methods/parts'
+require_relative 'expression/methods/printing'
+require_relative 'expression/methods/referenced_expressions'
+require_relative 'expression/methods/strfregexp'
+require_relative 'expression/methods/tests'
+require_relative 'expression/methods/traverse'

data/lib/regexp_parser/lexer.rb

@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 # A very thin wrapper around the scanner that breaks quantified literal runs,
 # collects emitted tokens into an array, calculates their nesting depth, and
 # normalizes tokens for the parser, and checks if they are implemented by the
@@ -6,7 +8,7 @@ class Regexp::Lexer
 
   OPENING_TOKENS = %i[
     capture passive lookahead nlookahead lookbehind nlookbehind
-    atomic options options_switch named absence
+    atomic options options_switch named absence open
   ].freeze
 
   CLOSING_TOKENS = %i[close].freeze
@@ -89,24 +91,32 @@ class Regexp::Lexer
                 :nesting, :set_nesting, :conditional_nesting, :shift
 
   def ascend(type, token)
+    return unless CLOSING_TOKENS.include?(token)
+
     case type
     when :group, :assertion
-      self.nesting = nesting - 1 if CLOSING_TOKENS.include?(token)
+      self.nesting = nesting - 1
     when :set
-      self.set_nesting = set_nesting - 1 if token == :close
+      self.set_nesting = set_nesting - 1
     when :conditional
-      self.conditional_nesting = conditional_nesting - 1 if token == :close
+      self.conditional_nesting = conditional_nesting - 1
+    else
+      raise "unhandled nesting type #{type}"
     end
   end
 
   def descend(type, token)
+    return unless OPENING_TOKENS.include?(token)
+
     case type
     when :group, :assertion
-      self.nesting = nesting + 1 if OPENING_TOKENS.include?(token)
+      self.nesting = nesting + 1
     when :set
-      self.set_nesting = set_nesting + 1 if token == :open
+      self.set_nesting = set_nesting + 1
     when :conditional
-      self.conditional_nesting = conditional_nesting + 1 if token == :open
+      self.conditional_nesting = conditional_nesting + 1
+    else
+      raise "unhandled nesting type #{type}"
     end
   end
 

data/lib/regexp_parser/parser.rb

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
-require 'regexp_parser/error'
-require 'regexp_parser/expression'
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative 'error'
+require_relative 'expression'
 
 class Regexp::Parser
   include Regexp::Expression
@@ -232,7 +234,7 @@ class Regexp::Parser
       node << Backreference::NameRecursionLevel.new(token, active_opts)
     when :name_call
       node << Backreference::NameCall.new(token, active_opts)
-    when :number, :number_ref
+    when :number, :number_ref # TODO: split in v3.0.0
       node << Backreference::Number.new(token, active_opts)
     when :number_recursion_ref
       node << Backreference::NumberRecursionLevel.new(token, active_opts).tap do |exp|
@@ -272,9 +274,9 @@ class Regexp::Parser
       nest_conditional(Conditional::Expression.new(token, active_opts))
     when :condition
       conditional_nesting.last.condition = Conditional::Condition.new(token, active_opts)
-      conditional_nesting.last.add_sequence(active_opts)
+      conditional_nesting.last.add_sequence(active_opts, { ts: token.te })
     when :separator
-      conditional_nesting.last.add_sequence(active_opts)
+      conditional_nesting.last.add_sequence(active_opts, { ts: token.te })
       self.node = conditional_nesting.last.branches.last
     when :close
       conditional_nesting.pop
@@ -319,9 +321,11 @@ class Regexp::Parser
     when :codepoint_list; node << EscapeSequence::CodepointList.new(token, active_opts)
     when :hex;            node << EscapeSequence::Hex.new(token, active_opts)
     when :octal;          node << EscapeSequence::Octal.new(token, active_opts)
+    when :utf8_hex;       node << EscapeSequence::UTF8Hex.new(token, active_opts)
 
     when :control
       if token.text =~ /\A(?:\\C-\\M|\\c\\M)/
+        # TODO: emit :meta_control_sequence token in v3.0.0
         node << EscapeSequence::MetaControl.new(token, active_opts)
       else
         node << EscapeSequence::Control.new(token, active_opts)
@@ -329,6 +333,7 @@ class Regexp::Parser
 
     when :meta_sequence
       if token.text =~ /\A\\M-\\[Cc]/
+        # TODO: emit :meta_control_sequence token in v3.0.0:
         node << EscapeSequence::MetaControl.new(token, active_opts)
       else
         node << EscapeSequence::Meta.new(token, active_opts)
@@ -349,11 +354,7 @@ class Regexp::Parser
     when :comment
       node << Comment.new(token, active_opts)
     when :whitespace
-      if node.last.is_a?(WhiteSpace)
-        node.last.merge(WhiteSpace.new(token, active_opts))
-      else
-        node << WhiteSpace.new(token, active_opts)
-      end
+      node << WhiteSpace.new(token, active_opts)
     else
       raise UnknownTokenError.new('FreeSpace', token)
     end
@@ -381,96 +382,97 @@ class Regexp::Parser
   def sequence_operation(klass, token)
     unless node.instance_of?(klass)
       operator = klass.new(token, active_opts)
-      sequence = operator.add_sequence(active_opts)
+      sequence = operator.add_sequence(active_opts, { ts: token.ts })
       sequence.expressions = node.expressions
       node.expressions = []
       nest(operator)
     end
-    node.add_sequence(active_opts)
+    node.add_sequence(active_opts, { ts: token.te })
   end
 
   def posixclass(token)
     node << PosixClass.new(token, active_opts)
   end
 
-  include Regexp::Expression::UnicodeProperty
-  UPTokens = Regexp::Syntax::Token::UnicodeProperty
+  UP = Regexp::Expression::Property
+  UPTokens = Regexp::Syntax::Token::Property
 
   def property(token)
     case token.token
-    when :alnum;                  node << Alnum.new(token, active_opts)
-    when :alpha;                  node << Alpha.new(token, active_opts)
-    when :ascii;                  node << Ascii.new(token, active_opts)
-    when :blank;                  node << Blank.new(token, active_opts)
-    when :cntrl;                  node << Cntrl.new(token, active_opts)
-    when :digit;                  node << Digit.new(token, active_opts)
-    when :graph;                  node << Graph.new(token, active_opts)
-    when :lower;                  node << Lower.new(token, active_opts)
-    when :print;                  node << Print.new(token, active_opts)
-    when :punct;                  node << Punct.new(token, active_opts)
-    when :space;                  node << Space.new(token, active_opts)
-    when :upper;                  node << Upper.new(token, active_opts)
-    when :word;                   node << Word.new(token, active_opts)
-    when :xdigit;                 node << Xdigit.new(token, active_opts)
-    when :xposixpunct;            node << XPosixPunct.new(token, active_opts)
+    when :alnum;                  node << UP::Alnum.new(token, active_opts)
+    when :alpha;                  node << UP::Alpha.new(token, active_opts)
+    when :ascii;                  node << UP::Ascii.new(token, active_opts)
+    when :blank;                  node << UP::Blank.new(token, active_opts)
+    when :cntrl;                  node << UP::Cntrl.new(token, active_opts)
+    when :digit;                  node << UP::Digit.new(token, active_opts)
+    when :graph;                  node << UP::Graph.new(token, active_opts)
+    when :lower;                  node << UP::Lower.new(token, active_opts)
+    when :print;                  node << UP::Print.new(token, active_opts)
+    when :punct;                  node << UP::Punct.new(token, active_opts)
+    when :space;                  node << UP::Space.new(token, active_opts)
+    when :upper;                  node << UP::Upper.new(token, active_opts)
+    when :word;                   node << UP::Word.new(token, active_opts)
+    when :xdigit;                 node << UP::Xdigit.new(token, active_opts)
+    when :xposixpunct;            node << UP::XPosixPunct.new(token, active_opts)
 
     # only in Oniguruma (old rubies)
-    when :newline;                node << Newline.new(token, active_opts)
-
-    when :any;                    node << Any.new(token, active_opts)
-    when :assigned;               node << Assigned.new(token, active_opts)
-
-    when :letter;                 node << Letter::Any.new(token, active_opts)
-    when :cased_letter;           node << Letter::Cased.new(token, active_opts)
-    when :uppercase_letter;       node << Letter::Uppercase.new(token, active_opts)
-    when :lowercase_letter;       node << Letter::Lowercase.new(token, active_opts)
-    when :titlecase_letter;       node << Letter::Titlecase.new(token, active_opts)
-    when :modifier_letter;        node << Letter::Modifier.new(token, active_opts)
-    when :other_letter;           node << Letter::Other.new(token, active_opts)
-
-    when :mark;                   node << Mark::Any.new(token, active_opts)
-    when :combining_mark;         node << Mark::Combining.new(token, active_opts)
-    when :nonspacing_mark;        node << Mark::Nonspacing.new(token, active_opts)
-    when :spacing_mark;           node << Mark::Spacing.new(token, active_opts)
-    when :enclosing_mark;         node << Mark::Enclosing.new(token, active_opts)
-
-    when :number;                 node << Number::Any.new(token, active_opts)
-    when :decimal_number;         node << Number::Decimal.new(token, active_opts)
-    when :letter_number;          node << Number::Letter.new(token, active_opts)
-    when :other_number;           node << Number::Other.new(token, active_opts)
-
-    when :punctuation;            node << Punctuation::Any.new(token, active_opts)
-    when :connector_punctuation;  node << Punctuation::Connector.new(token, active_opts)
-    when :dash_punctuation;       node << Punctuation::Dash.new(token, active_opts)
-    when :open_punctuation;       node << Punctuation::Open.new(token, active_opts)
-    when :close_punctuation;      node << Punctuation::Close.new(token, active_opts)
-    when :initial_punctuation;    node << Punctuation::Initial.new(token, active_opts)
-    when :final_punctuation;      node << Punctuation::Final.new(token, active_opts)
-    when :other_punctuation;      node << Punctuation::Other.new(token, active_opts)
-
-    when :separator;              node << Separator::Any.new(token, active_opts)
-    when :space_separator;        node << Separator::Space.new(token, active_opts)
-    when :line_separator;         node << Separator::Line.new(token, active_opts)
-    when :paragraph_separator;    node << Separator::Paragraph.new(token, active_opts)
-
-    when :symbol;                 node << Symbol::Any.new(token, active_opts)
-    when :math_symbol;            node << Symbol::Math.new(token, active_opts)
-    when :currency_symbol;        node << Symbol::Currency.new(token, active_opts)
-    when :modifier_symbol;        node << Symbol::Modifier.new(token, active_opts)
-    when :other_symbol;           node << Symbol::Other.new(token, active_opts)
-
-    when :other;                  node << Codepoint::Any.new(token, active_opts)
-    when :control;                node << Codepoint::Control.new(token, active_opts)
-    when :format;                 node << Codepoint::Format.new(token, active_opts)
-    when :surrogate;              node << Codepoint::Surrogate.new(token, active_opts)
-    when :private_use;            node << Codepoint::PrivateUse.new(token, active_opts)
-    when :unassigned;             node << Codepoint::Unassigned.new(token, active_opts)
-
-    when *UPTokens::Age;          node << Age.new(token, active_opts)
-    when *UPTokens::Derived;      node << Derived.new(token, active_opts)
-    when *UPTokens::Emoji;        node << Emoji.new(token, active_opts)
-    when *UPTokens::Script;       node << Script.new(token, active_opts)
-    when *UPTokens::UnicodeBlock; node << Block.new(token, active_opts)
+    when :newline;                node << UP::Newline.new(token, active_opts)
+
+    when :any;                    node << UP::Any.new(token, active_opts)
+    when :assigned;               node << UP::Assigned.new(token, active_opts)
+
+    when :letter;                 node << UP::Letter::Any.new(token, active_opts)
+    when :cased_letter;           node << UP::Letter::Cased.new(token, active_opts)
+    when :uppercase_letter;       node << UP::Letter::Uppercase.new(token, active_opts)
+    when :lowercase_letter;       node << UP::Letter::Lowercase.new(token, active_opts)
+    when :titlecase_letter;       node << UP::Letter::Titlecase.new(token, active_opts)
+    when :modifier_letter;        node << UP::Letter::Modifier.new(token, active_opts)
+    when :other_letter;           node << UP::Letter::Other.new(token, active_opts)
+
+    when :mark;                   node << UP::Mark::Any.new(token, active_opts)
+    when :combining_mark;         node << UP::Mark::Combining.new(token, active_opts)
+    when :nonspacing_mark;        node << UP::Mark::Nonspacing.new(token, active_opts)
+    when :spacing_mark;           node << UP::Mark::Spacing.new(token, active_opts)
+    when :enclosing_mark;         node << UP::Mark::Enclosing.new(token, active_opts)
+
+    when :number;                 node << UP::Number::Any.new(token, active_opts)
+    when :decimal_number;         node << UP::Number::Decimal.new(token, active_opts)
+    when :letter_number;          node << UP::Number::Letter.new(token, active_opts)
+    when :other_number;           node << UP::Number::Other.new(token, active_opts)
+
+    when :punctuation;            node << UP::Punctuation::Any.new(token, active_opts)
+    when :connector_punctuation;  node << UP::Punctuation::Connector.new(token, active_opts)
+    when :dash_punctuation;       node << UP::Punctuation::Dash.new(token, active_opts)
+    when :open_punctuation;       node << UP::Punctuation::Open.new(token, active_opts)
+    when :close_punctuation;      node << UP::Punctuation::Close.new(token, active_opts)
+    when :initial_punctuation;    node << UP::Punctuation::Initial.new(token, active_opts)
+    when :final_punctuation;      node << UP::Punctuation::Final.new(token, active_opts)
+    when :other_punctuation;      node << UP::Punctuation::Other.new(token, active_opts)
+
+    when :separator;              node << UP::Separator::Any.new(token, active_opts)
+    when :space_separator;        node << UP::Separator::Space.new(token, active_opts)
+    when :line_separator;         node << UP::Separator::Line.new(token, active_opts)
+    when :paragraph_separator;    node << UP::Separator::Paragraph.new(token, active_opts)
+
+    when :symbol;                 node << UP::Symbol::Any.new(token, active_opts)
+    when :math_symbol;            node << UP::Symbol::Math.new(token, active_opts)
+    when :currency_symbol;        node << UP::Symbol::Currency.new(token, active_opts)
+    when :modifier_symbol;        node << UP::Symbol::Modifier.new(token, active_opts)
+    when :other_symbol;           node << UP::Symbol::Other.new(token, active_opts)
+
+    when :other;                  node << UP::Codepoint::Any.new(token, active_opts)
+    when :control;                node << UP::Codepoint::Control.new(token, active_opts)
+    when :format;                 node << UP::Codepoint::Format.new(token, active_opts)
+    when :surrogate;              node << UP::Codepoint::Surrogate.new(token, active_opts)
+    when :private_use;            node << UP::Codepoint::PrivateUse.new(token, active_opts)
+    when :unassigned;             node << UP::Codepoint::Unassigned.new(token, active_opts)
+
+    when *UPTokens::Age;          node << UP::Age.new(token, active_opts)
+    when *UPTokens::Derived;      node << UP::Derived.new(token, active_opts)
+    when *UPTokens::Emoji;        node << UP::Emoji.new(token, active_opts)
+    when *UPTokens::Enumerated;   node << UP::Enumerated.new(token, active_opts)
+    when *UPTokens::Script;       node << UP::Script.new(token, active_opts)
+    when *UPTokens::UnicodeBlock; node << UP::Block.new(token, active_opts)
 
     else
       raise UnknownTokenError.new('UnicodeProperty', token)
@@ -478,8 +480,7 @@ class Regexp::Parser
   end
 
   def quantifier(token)
-    target_node = node.expressions.reverse.find { |exp| !exp.is_a?(FreeSpace) }
-    target_node or raise ParserError, "No valid target found for '#{token.text}'"
+    target_node = node.extract_quantifier_target(token.text)
 
     # in case of chained quantifiers, wrap target in an implicit passive group
     # description of the problem: https://github.com/ammar/regexp_parser/issues/3
@@ -527,6 +528,8 @@ class Regexp::Parser
   end
 
   def open_set(token)
+    # TODO: this and Quantifier are the only cases where Expression#token
+    # does not match the scanner/lexer output. Fix in v3.0.0.
     token.token = :character
     nest(CharacterSet.new(token, active_opts))
   end
@@ -575,22 +578,25 @@ class Regexp::Parser
     options_stack.last
   end
 
-  # Assigns referenced expressions to refering expressions, e.g. if there is
+  # Assigns referenced expressions to referring expressions, e.g. if there is
   # an instance of Backreference::Number, its #referenced_expression is set to
   # the instance of Group::Capture that it refers to via its number.
   def assign_referenced_expressions
-    # find all referencable and refering expressions
-    targets = { 0 => root }
+    # find all referenceable and referring expressions
+    targets = { 0 => [root] }
     referrers = []
     root.each_expression do |exp|
-      exp.is_a?(Group::Capture) && targets[exp.identifier] = exp
-      referrers << exp if exp.referential?
+      if exp.referential?
+        referrers << exp
+      elsif exp.is_a?(Group::Capture)
+        (targets[exp.identifier] ||= []) << exp
+      end
     end
-    # assign reference expression to refering expressions
+    # assign referenced expressions to referring expressions
     # (in a second iteration because there might be forward references)
     referrers.each do |exp|
-      exp.referenced_expression = targets[exp.reference] ||
-        raise(ParserError, "Invalid reference: #{exp.reference}")
+      exp.referenced_expressions = targets[exp.reference] ||
+        raise(ParserError, "Invalid reference #{exp.reference} at pos #{exp.ts}")
     end
   end
 end # module Regexp::Parser

data/lib/regexp_parser/scanner/errors/premature_end_error.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+class Regexp::Scanner
+  # Unexpected end of pattern
+  class PrematureEndError < ScannerError
+    def initialize(where = '')
+      super "Premature end of pattern at #{where}"
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/regexp_parser/scanner/errors/scanner_error.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative '../../../regexp_parser/error'
+
+class Regexp::Scanner
+  # General scanner error (catch all)
+  class ScannerError < Regexp::Parser::Error; end
+end

data/lib/regexp_parser/scanner/errors/validation_error.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+class Regexp::Scanner
+  # Base for all scanner validation errors
+  class ValidationError < ScannerError
+    # Centralizes and unifies the handling of validation related errors.
+    def self.for(type, problem, reason = nil)
+      types.fetch(type).new(problem, reason)
+    end
+
+    def self.types
+      @types ||= {
+        backref:      InvalidBackrefError,
+        group:        InvalidGroupError,
+        group_option: InvalidGroupOption,
+        posix_class:  UnknownPosixClassError,
+        property:     UnknownUnicodePropertyError,
+        sequence:     InvalidSequenceError,
+      }
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Invalid sequence format. Used for escape sequences, mainly.
+  class InvalidSequenceError < ValidationError
+    def initialize(what = 'sequence', where = '')
+      super "Invalid #{what} at #{where}"
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Invalid group. Used for named groups.
+  class InvalidGroupError < ValidationError
+    def initialize(what, reason)
+      super "Invalid #{what}, #{reason}."
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Invalid groupOption. Used for inline options.
+  # TODO: should become InvalidGroupOptionError in v3.0.0 for consistency
+  class InvalidGroupOption < ValidationError
+    def initialize(option, text)
+      super "Invalid group option #{option} in #{text}"
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Invalid back reference. Used for name a number refs/calls.
+  class InvalidBackrefError < ValidationError
+    def initialize(what, reason)
+      super "Invalid back reference #{what}, #{reason}"
+    end
+  end
+
+  # The property name was not recognized by the scanner.
+  class UnknownUnicodePropertyError < ValidationError
+    def initialize(name, _)
+      super "Unknown unicode character property name #{name}"
+    end
+  end
+
+  # The POSIX class name was not recognized by the scanner.
+  class UnknownPosixClassError < ValidationError
+    def initialize(text, _)
+      super "Unknown POSIX class #{text}"
+    end
+  end
+end