red_amber 0.2.2 → 0.3.0

data/README.md

@@ -1,28 +1,31 @@
 # RedAmber
 
 [![Gem Version](https://badge.fury.io/rb/red_amber.svg)](https://badge.fury.io/rb/red_amber)
-[![Ruby](https://github.com/heronshoes/red_amber/actions/workflows/test.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/heronshoes/red_amber/actions/workflows/test.yml)
+[![CI](https://github.com/heronshoes/red_amber/actions/workflows/ci.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/heronshoes/red_amber/actions/workflows/ci.yml)
+[![Maintainability](https://api.codeclimate.com/v1/badges/b8a745047045d2f49daa/maintainability)](https://codeclimate.com/github/heronshoes/red_amber/maintainability)
+[![Test coverage](https://api.codeclimate.com/v1/badges/b8a745047045d2f49daa/test_coverage)](https://codeclimate.com/github/heronshoes/red_amber/test_coverage)
+[![Doc](https://img.shields.io/badge/docs-latest-blue)](https://heronshoes.github.io/red_amber/)
 [![Discussions](https://img.shields.io/github/discussions/heronshoes/red_amber)](https://github.com/heronshoes/red_amber/discussions)
 
 A simple dataframe library for Ruby.
 
-- Powered by [Red Arrow](https://github.com/apache/arrow/tree/master/ruby/red-arrow) [![Gitter Chat](https://badges.gitter.im/red-data-tools/en.svg)](https://gitter.im/red-data-tools/en)
+- Powered by [Red Arrow](https://github.com/apache/arrow/tree/master/ruby/red-arrow)
+[![Gitter Chat](https://badges.gitter.im/red-data-tools/en.svg)](https://gitter.im/red-data-tools/en)
 - Inspired by the dataframe library [Rover-df](https://github.com/ankane/rover)
 
-![screenshot from jupyterlab](doc/image/screenshot.png)
+![screenshot from jupyterlab](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/heronshoes/red_amber/main/doc/image/screenshot.png)
 
 ## Requirements
 
-Supported Ruby version is >= 2.7.
+Supported Ruby version is >= 3.0 (since RedAmber 0.3.0).
 
-Since v0.2.0, this library uses pattern matching which is an experimental feature in 2.7 . It is usable but a warning message will be shown in 2.7 .
-I recommend Ruby 3 for performance.
+- I decided to remove Ruby 2.7 without waiting for EOL because it cannot solve the problem of simultaneous use of Hash and keyword arguments when implementing DataFrame#join.
 
 ```ruby
 # Libraries required
-gem 'red-arrow',   '>= 9.0.0'
+gem 'red-arrow',   '~> 10.0.0' # Requires Apache Arrow (see installation below)
 
-gem 'red-parquet', '>= 9.0.0' # Optional, if you use IO from/to parquet
+gem 'red-parquet', '~> 10.0.0' # Optional, if you use IO from/to parquet
 gem 'rover-df',    '~> 0.3.0' # Optional, if you use IO from/to Rover::DataFrame
 ```
 
@@ -30,37 +33,61 @@ gem 'rover-df',    '~> 0.3.0' # Optional, if you use IO from/to Rover::DataFrame
 
 Install requirements before you install Red Amber.
 
-- Apache Arrow GLib (>= 9.0.0)
-
-- Apache Parquet GLib (>= 9.0.0)  # If you use IO from/to parquet
+- Apache Arrow (~> 10.0.0)
+- Apache Arrow GLib (~> 10.0.0)
+- Apache Parquet GLib (~> 10.0.0)  # If you use IO from/to parquet
 
   See [Apache Arrow install document](https://arrow.apache.org/install/).
   
-  Minimum installation example for the latest Ubuntu is in the ['Prepare the Apache Arrow' section in ci test](https://github.com/heronshoes/red_amber/blob/master/.github/workflows/test.yml) of Red Amber.
+  - Minimum installation example for the latest Ubuntu:
 
-Add this line to your Gemfile:
+      ```
+      sudo apt update
+      sudo apt install -y -V ca-certificates lsb-release wget
+      wget https://apache.jfrog.io/artifactory/arrow/$(lsb_release --id --short | tr 'A-Z' 'a-z')/apache-arrow-apt-source-latest-$(lsb_release --codename --short).deb
+      sudo apt install -y -V ./apache-arrow-apt-source-latest-$(lsb_release --codename --short).deb
+      sudo apt update
+      sudo apt install -y -V libarrow-dev
+      sudo apt install -y -V libarrow-glib-dev
+      ```
 
-```ruby
-gem 'red_amber'
-```
+  - On Fedora 38 (Rawhide):
 
-And then execute:
+      ```
+      sudo dnf update
+      sudo dnf -y install gcc-c++ libarrow-devel libarrow-glib-devel ruby-devel
+      ```
 
-```shell
-bundle install
-```
+  - On macOS, you can install Apache Arrow C++ library using Homebrew:    
 
-Or install it yourself as:
+      ```
+      brew install apache-arrow
+      ```
 
-```shell
-gem install red_amber
+    and GLib (C) package with:
+
+      ```
+      brew install apache-arrow-glib
+      ```
+
+If you prepared Apache Arrow, add these lines to your Gemfile:
+
+```ruby
+gem 'red-arrow',   '~> 10.0.0'
+gem 'red_amber'
+gem 'red-parquet', '~> 10.0.0' # Optional, if you use IO from/to parquet
+gem 'rover-df',    '~> 0.3.0'  # Optional, if you use IO from/to Rover::DataFrame
+gem 'red-datasets-arrow'       # Optional, recommended if you use Red Datasets
+gem 'red-arrow-numo-narray'    # Optional, recommended if you use inputs from Numo::NArray
 ```
 
+And then execute `bundle install` or install it yourself as `gem install red_amber`.
+
 ## Docker image and Jupyter Notebook
 
 [RubyData Docker Stacks](https://github.com/RubyData/docker-stacks) is available as a ready-to-run Docker image containing Jupyter and useful data tools as well as RedAmber (Thanks to @mrkn).
 
-Also you can try the contents of this README interactively by [Binder](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/heronshoes/docker-stacks/RedAmber-binder?filepath=README.ipynb). 
+Also you can try the contents of this README interactively by [Binder](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/heronshoes/docker-stacks/RedAmber-binder?filepath=red-amber.ipynb). 
 [![Binder](https://mybinder.org/badge_logo.svg)](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/heronshoes/docker-stacks/RedAmber-binder?filepath=red-amber.ipynb)
 
 
@@ -69,9 +96,9 @@ Also you can try the contents of this README interactively by [Binder](https://m
 Class `RedAmber::DataFrame` represents a set of data in 2D-shape.
 The entity is a Red Arrow's Table object. 
 
-![dataframe model of RedAmber](doc/image/dataframe_model.png)
+![dataframe model of RedAmber](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/heronshoes/red_amber/main/doc/image/dataframe_model.png)
 
-Load the library.
+Let's load the library and try some examples.
 
 ```ruby
 require 'red_amber' # require 'red-amber' is also OK.
@@ -80,6 +107,11 @@ include RedAmber
 
 ### Example: diamonds dataset
 
+First do (if you do not installed) `
+gem install red-datasets-arrow
+`
+then
+
 ```ruby
 require 'datasets-arrow' # to load sample data
 
@@ -101,7 +133,7 @@ diamonds = DataFrame.new(dataset) # from v0.2.2, should be `dataset.to_arrow` if
 53939     0.75 Ideal     D        SI2          62.2     55.0     2757     5.83 ...     3.64
 ```
 
-For example, we can compute mean prices per 'cut' for the data larger than 1 carat.
+For example, we can compute mean prices per cut for the data larger than 1 carat.
 
 ```ruby
 df = diamonds
@@ -125,7 +157,7 @@ Arrow data is immutable, so these methods always return new objects.
 Next example will rename a column and create a new column by simple calcuration.
 
 ```ruby
-usdjpy = 110.0
+usdjpy = 110.0 # when the yen was stronger
 
 df.rename('mean(price)': :mean_price_USD)
   .assign(:mean_price_JPY) { mean_price_USD * usdjpy }
@@ -181,7 +213,8 @@ See [Vector.md](doc/Vector.md) for details.
 
 ## Jupyter notebook
 
-[73 Examples of Red Amber](binder/examples_of_red_amber.ipynb) shows more examples in jupyter notebook.
+[89 Examples of Red Amber](https://github.com/heronshoes/docker-stacks/blob/RedAmber-binder/binder/examples_of_red_amber.ipynb)
+([raw file](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/heronshoes/docker-stacks/RedAmber-binder/binder/examples_of_red_amber.ipynb)) shows more examples in jupyter notebook.
 
 You can try this notebook on [Binder](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/heronshoes/docker-stacks/RedAmber-binder?filepath=examples_of_red_amber.ipynb). 
 [![Binder](https://mybinder.org/badge_logo.svg)](https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/heronshoes/docker-stacks/RedAmber-binder?filepath=examples_of_red_amber.ipynb)

data/benchmark/basic.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+loop_count: 3
+
+contexts:
+  - name: HEAD
+    prelude: |
+      $LOAD_PATH.unshift(File.expand_path('lib'))
+  - name: 0.2.3
+    gems:
+      red_amber: 0.2.3
+  - name: 0.2.0
+    gems:
+      red_amber: 0.2.0
+  - name: 0.1.5
+    gems:
+      red_amber: 0.1.5
+
+prelude: |
+  require 'red_amber'
+  require 'datasets-arrow'
+
+  ds = Datasets::Rdatasets.new('nycflights13', 'flights')
+  df = RedAmber::DataFrame.new(ds.to_arrow)
+
+  slicer = df[:distance] > 1000
+  distance_km = df[:distance] * 1.852
+
+benchmark:
+  'B01: Pick([]) by a key name': |
+    df[:flight]
+
+  'B02a: Pick([]) by key names': | 
+    df[:carrier, :flight]
+
+  'B03: Pick by key names': |
+    df.pick(:carrier, :flight)
+
+  'B04: Drop by key names': |
+    df.drop(:year, :month, :day)
+
+  'B05: Pick by booleans': |
+    df.pick(df.vectors.map(&:string?))
+
+  'B06: Pick by a block': |
+    df.pick { keys.map { |key| key.end_with?('time') } }
+
+  'B07: Slice([]) by a index': |
+    df[877]
+
+  'B08: Slice by indeces': |
+    df.slice(0...5, -5..-1)
+
+  'B09: Slice([]) by booleans': |
+    df[slicer]
+
+  'B10: Slice by booleans': |
+    df.slice(slicer)
+
+  'B11: Remove by booleans': |
+    df.remove(slicer)
+
+  'B12: Slice by a block': |
+    df.slice { slicer }
+
+  'B13: Rename by Hash': |
+    df.rename(distance: :distance_mile)
+
+  'B14: Assign an existing variable': |
+    df.assign(distance: distance_km)
+
+  'B15: Assign a new variable': |
+    df.assign(distance_km: distance_km)
+
+  'B16: Sort by a key': |
+    df.sort(:distance)
+
+  'B17: Sort by keys': |
+    df.sort(:origin, '-distance')
+
+  'B18: Convert to a Hash': |
+    df.to_h
+
+  'B19: Output in TDR style': |
+    df.tdr
+
+  'B20: Inspect': |
+    df.inspect

data/benchmark/combine.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+loop_count: 3
+
+contexts:
+  - name: HEAD
+    prelude: |
+      $LOAD_PATH.unshift(File.expand_path('lib'))
+  - name: 0.2.3
+    gems:
+      red_amber: 0.2.3
+
+prelude: |
+  require 'red_amber'
+  include RedAmber
+  require 'datasets-arrow'
+
+  package = 'nycflights13'
+  airlines = DataFrame.new(Datasets::Rdatasets.new(package, 'airlines'))
+  airports = DataFrame.new(Datasets::Rdatasets.new(package, 'airports'))
+  flights  = DataFrame.new(Datasets::Rdatasets.new(package, 'flights'))
+    .pick(%i[month day carrier flight tailnum origin dest air_time distance])
+  planes   = DataFrame.new(Datasets::Rdatasets.new(package, 'planes'))
+  weather  = DataFrame.new(Datasets::Rdatasets.new(package, 'weather'))
+
+  flights_Q1 = flights.slice { month <= 3 }
+  flights_Q2 = flights.slice { month > 3 }
+
+  flights_1_2 = flights_Q1.slice { month.is_in(1, 2) }
+  flights_1_3 = flights_Q1.slice { month.is_in(1, 3) }
+
+  flights_left = flights_Q1.pick(...5)
+  flights_right = flights_Q1.pick(5..)
+
+benchmark:
+  'C01: Inner join on flights_Q1 by carrier': |
+    flights_Q1.inner_join(airlines, :carrier)
+
+  'C02: Full join on flights_Q1 by planes': |
+    flights_Q1.full_join(planes, :tailnum)
+
+  'C03: Left join on flights_Q1 by planes': |
+    flights_Q1.left_join(planes, :tailnum)
+
+  'C04: Semi join on flights_Q1 by planes': |
+    flights_Q1.semi_join(planes, :tailnum)
+
+  'C05: Anti join on flights_Q1 by planes': |
+    flights_Q1.anti_join(planes, :tailnum)
+
+  'C06: Intersection of flights_1_2 and flights_1_3': |
+    flights_1_2.intersect(flights_1_3)
+
+  'C07: Union of flights_1_2 and flights_1_3': |
+    flights_1_2.union(flights_1_3)
+
+  'C08: Difference between flights_1_2 and flights_1_3': |
+    flights_1_2.difference(flights_1_3)
+
+  'C09: Concatenate flight_Q1 on flight_Q2': |
+    flights_Q1.concatenate(flights_Q2)
+
+  'C10: Merge flights_Q1_right on flights_Q1_left': |
+    flights_left.merge(flights_right)

data/benchmark/dataframe.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+loop_count: 3
+
+contexts:
+  - name: HEAD
+    prelude: |
+      $LOAD_PATH.unshift(File.expand_path('lib'))
+  - name: 0.2.3
+    gems:
+      red_amber: 0.2.3
+  - name: 0.2.0
+    gems:
+      red_amber: 0.2.0
+
+prelude: |
+  require 'red_amber'
+  require 'datasets-arrow'
+
+  diamonds = RedAmber::DataFrame.new(Datasets::Diamonds.new.to_arrow)
+
+  starwars = RedAmber::DataFrame.new(Datasets::Rdataset.new('dplyr', 'starwars').to_arrow)
+
+  uri = URI("https://raw.githubusercontent.com/heronshoes/red_amber/master/test/entity/import_cars.tsv")
+  import_cars = RedAmber::DataFrame.load(uri)
+
+  ds = Datasets::Rdataset.new('openintro', 'simpsons_paradox_covid')
+  simpsons_paradox_covid = RedAmber::DataFrame.new(ds.to_arrow)
+
+benchmark:
+  'D01: Diamonds test': |
+    diamonds
+      .slice { v(:carat) > 1 }
+      .pick(:cut, :price)
+      .group(:cut)
+      .mean
+      .sort('-mean(price)')
+      .rename('mean(price)': :mean_price_USD)
+      .assign { [:mean_price_JPY, v(:mean_price_USD) * 110.0] }
+
+  'D02: Starwars test': |
+    starwars
+      .drop { keys.select { |key| key.end_with?('color') } }
+      .remove { v(:species) == 'NA' }
+      .group(:species) { [count(:species), mean(:height, :mass)] }
+      .slice { v(:count) > 1 }
+
+  'D03: Inport cars test': |
+    import_cars
+      .to_long(:Year, name: :Manufacturer, value: :Num_of_imported)
+      .to_wide(name: :Manufacturer, value: :Num_of_imported)
+      .transpose
+
+  'D04: Simpsons paradox test': |
+    simpsons_paradox_covid[simpsons_paradox_covid[:age_group] == 'under 50']
+      .group(:vaccine_status, :outcome)
+      .count
+      .then { |df| df.to_wide(name: :vaccine_status, value: df.keys[-1]) }
+      .assign do
+        [
+          [:'vaccinated_%', (100.0 * v(:vaccinated) / v(:vaccinated).sum)],
+          [:'unvaccinated_%', (100.0 * v(:unvaccinated) / v(:unvaccinated).sum)]
+        ]
+      end

data/benchmark/drop_nil.yml

@@ -1,11 +1,23 @@
+contexts:
+  - gems:
+      red_amber: 0.1.8
+  - gems:
+      red_amber: 0.2.2
+  - name: HEAD
+    prelude: |
+      $LOAD_PATH.unshift(File.expand_path('lib'))
+      require 'red_amber'
+
 prelude: |
   require 'datasets-arrow'
   require 'red_amber'
 
   penguins = RedAmber::DataFrame.new(Datasets::Penguins.new.to_arrow)
 
-  def drop_nil(penguins)
-    penguins.remove { vectors.map { |v| v.is_nil} }
+  def remove_nil(penguins)
+    penguins.remove { vectors.map(&:is_nil).reduce(&:|) }
   end
 
-benchmark: drop_nil(penguins)
+benchmark:
+  'Remove and reduce': remove_nil(penguins)
+  'remove_nil method': penguins.remove_nil

data/benchmark/group.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+loop_count: 3
+
+contexts:
+  - name: HEAD
+    prelude: |
+      $LOAD_PATH.unshift(File.expand_path('lib'))
+  - name: 0.2.3
+    gems:
+      red_amber: 0.2.3
+  - name: 0.2.2
+    gems:
+      red_amber: 0.2.2
+
+prelude: |
+  require 'red_amber'
+  require 'datasets-arrow'
+
+  ds = Datasets::Rdatasets.new('nycflights13', 'flights')
+  df = RedAmber::DataFrame.new(ds.to_arrow)
+    .assign(:flight) { flight.map(&:to_s) }
+
+  slicer = df[:distance] > 1000
+  distance_km = df[:distance] * 1.852
+
+benchmark:
+  'G01: sum distance by destination': |
+    df.group(:dest).sum(:distance)
+
+  'G02: sum arr_delay by month and day': |
+    df.group(:month, :day).sum(:arr_delay)
+
+  'G03: sum arr_delay, mean distance by flight': |
+    df.group(:flight) { [sum(:arr_delay), mean(:distance)] }
+
+  'G04: mean air_time, distance by flight': |
+    df.group(:flight).mean(:air_time, :distance)
+
+  'G05: sum dep_delay, arr_delay by carrer': |
+    df.group(:carrier).sum(:dep_delay, :arr_delay)

data/benchmark/reshape.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+loop_count: 3
+
+contexts:
+  - name: HEAD
+    prelude: |
+      $LOAD_PATH.unshift(File.expand_path('lib'))
+  - name: 0.2.3
+    gems:
+      red_amber: 0.2.3
+  - name: 0.2.2
+    gems:
+      red_amber: 0.2.2
+
+prelude: |
+  require 'red_amber'
+  require 'datasets-arrow'
+
+  ds = Datasets::Rdatasets.new('tidyr', 'billboard')
+  df = RedAmber::DataFrame.new(ds.to_arrow)
+  sub_df = df.pick(:track, df.keys.select{ |k| k.start_with? 'wk' })
+  long_df = df.to_long(:artist, :track, :'date.entered', name: :week, value: :rank)
+
+benchmark:
+  'R01: Transpose a DataFrame': |
+    sub_df.transpose(name: :week)
+
+  'R02: Reshape to longer DataFrame': |
+    df.to_long(:artist, :track, :'date.entered', name: :week, value: :rank)
+
+  'R03: Reshape to wider DataFrame': |
+    long_df.to_wide(name: :week, value: :rank)

data/benchmark/{csv_load_penguins.yml → rover/csv_load_penguins.yml}

@@ -2,12 +2,12 @@ prelude: |
   require 'rover'
   require 'red_amber'
 
-  penguins_csv = 'benchmark/cache/penguins.csv'
+  penguins_csv = 'tmp/penguins.csv'
 
   unless File.exist?(penguins_csv)
     require 'datasets-arrow'
-    arrow = Datasets::Penguins.new.to_arrow
-    RedAmber::DataFrame.new(arrow).save(penguins_csv)
+    ds = Datasets::Penguins.new
+    RedAmber::DataFrame.new(ds).save(penguins_csv)
   end
 
 benchmark:

data/benchmark/rover/flights.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+contexts:
+  - gems:
+      red_amber: 0.2.2
+  - name: HEAD
+    prelude: |
+      $LOAD_PATH.unshift(File.expand_path('lib'))
+      require 'red_amber'
+
+prelude: |
+  require 'rover'
+  require 'datasets-arrow'
+  ds = Datasets::Rdatasets.new('nycflights13', 'flights')
+  df = RedAmber::DataFrame.new(ds)
+  rover = Rover::DataFrame.new(df.to_h)
+  group_keys = [:month, :origin]
+  summary_key = :air_time
+
+benchmark:
+  'penguins Group by Rover': |
+    rover.group(group_keys).count
+
+  'penguins Group by RedAmber': |
+    df.group(group_keys).count

data/benchmark/rover/penguins.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+contexts:
+  - gems:
+      red_amber: 0.2.2
+  - name: HEAD
+    prelude: |
+      $LOAD_PATH.unshift(File.expand_path('lib'))
+      require 'red_amber'
+
+prelude: |
+  require 'rover'
+  require 'datasets-arrow'
+  ds = Datasets::Penguins.new
+  df = RedAmber::DataFrame.new(ds)
+  rover = Rover::DataFrame.new(df.to_h)
+  group_keys = [:species, :island]
+  summary_key = :body_mass_g
+
+benchmark:
+  'penguins Group by Rover': |
+    rover.group(group_keys).mean(summary_key)
+
+  'penguins Group by RedAmber': |
+    df.group(group_keys).mean(summary_key)

data/benchmark/rover/planes.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+contexts:
+  - gems:
+      red_amber: 0.2.2
+  - name: HEAD
+    prelude: |
+      $LOAD_PATH.unshift(File.expand_path('lib'))
+      require 'red_amber'
+
+prelude: |
+  require 'rover'
+  require 'datasets-arrow'
+  ds = Datasets::Rdatasets.new('nycflights13', 'planes')
+  df = RedAmber::DataFrame.new(ds)
+  rover = Rover::DataFrame.new(df.to_h)
+  group_keys = [:engines, :engine]
+  summary_key = :seats
+
+benchmark:
+  'penguins Group by Rover': |
+    rover.group(group_keys).mean(summary_key)
+
+  'penguins Group by RedAmber': |
+    df.group(group_keys).mean(summary_key)

data/benchmark/rover/weather.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+contexts:
+  - gems:
+      red_amber: 0.2.2
+  - name: HEAD
+    prelude: |
+      $LOAD_PATH.unshift(File.expand_path('lib'))
+      require 'red_amber'
+
+prelude: |
+  require 'rover'
+  require 'datasets-arrow'
+  ds = Datasets::Rdatasets.new('nycflights13', 'weather')
+  df = RedAmber::DataFrame.new(ds)
+  rover = Rover::DataFrame.new(df.to_h)
+  group_keys = [:month, :origin]
+  summary_key = :temp
+
+benchmark:
+  'penguins Group by Rover': |
+    rover.group(group_keys).mean(summary_key)
+
+  'penguins Group by RedAmber': |
+    df.group(group_keys).mean(summary_key)

data/benchmark/vector.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+loop_count: 10
+
+contexts:
+  - name: HEAD
+    prelude: |
+      $LOAD_PATH.unshift(File.expand_path('lib'))
+  - name: 0.2.0
+    gems:
+      red_amber: 0.2.0
+
+prelude: |
+  require 'red_amber'
+  include RedAmber
+  require 'datasets-arrow'
+
+  ds = Datasets::Rdatasets.new('nycflights13', 'flights')
+  flights = RedAmber::DataFrame.new(ds.to_arrow)
+  df = flights.slice { flights[:month] <= 6 }
+
+  tailnum_vector = df[:tailnum]
+  distance_vector = df[:distance]
+
+  strings = tailnum_vector.to_a
+  arrow_array = tailnum_vector.data
+  integers = df[:dep_delay].to_a
+  boolean_vector = df[:air_time].is_nil
+  index_vector = Vector.new(0...boolean_vector.size).filter(boolean_vector)
+  replacer = index_vector.data.map(&:to_s)
+  booleans = boolean_vector.to_a
+
+benchmark:
+  'V01: Vector.new from integer Array': |
+    Vector.new(integers)
+
+  'V02: Vector.new from string Array': |
+    Vector.new(strings)
+
+  'V03: Vector.new from boolean Vector': |
+    Vector.new(boolean_vector)
+
+  'V04: Vector#sum': |
+    distance_vector.mean
+
+  'V05: Vector#*': |
+    distance_vector * 1.852
+
+  'V06: Vector#[booleans]': |
+    tailnum_vector[booleans]
+
+  'V07: Vector#[boolean_vector]': |
+    tailnum_vector[boolean_vector]
+
+  'V08: Vector#[index_vector]': |
+    tailnum_vector[index_vector]
+
+  'V09: Vector#replace': |
+    tailnum_vector.replace(booleans, replacer)
+
+  'V10: Vector#replace with broad casting': |
+    tailnum_vector.replace(booleans, 'x')