recaptcha 4.14.0 → 5.14.0

data/README.md

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
+
 # reCAPTCHA
+[![Gem Version](https://badge.fury.io/rb/recaptcha.svg)](https://badge.fury.io/rb/recaptcha)
 
 Author:    Jason L Perry (http://ambethia.com)<br/>
 Copyright: Copyright (c) 2007-2013 Jason L Perry<br/>
@@ -6,42 +8,89 @@ License:   [MIT](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/MIT/)<br/>
 Info:      https://github.com/ambethia/recaptcha<br/>
 Bugs:      https://github.com/ambethia/recaptcha/issues<br/>
 
-This plugin adds helpers for the [reCAPTCHA API](https://www.google.com/recaptcha). In your
-views you can use the `recaptcha_tags` method to embed the needed javascript,
-and you can validate in your controllers with `verify_recaptcha` or `verify_recaptcha!`,
-which throws an error on failiure.
+This gem provides helper methods for the [reCAPTCHA API](https://www.google.com/recaptcha). In your
+views you can use the `recaptcha_tags` method to embed the needed javascript, and you can validate
+in your controllers with `verify_recaptcha` or `verify_recaptcha!`, which raises an error on
+failure.
+
+
+# Table of Contents
+1. [Obtaining a key](#obtaining-a-key)
+2. [Rails Installation](#rails-installation)
+3. [Sinatra / Rack / Ruby Installation](#sinatra--rack--ruby-installation)
+4. [reCAPTCHA V2 API & Usage](#recaptcha-v2-api-and-usage)
+  - [`recaptcha_tags`](#recaptcha_tags)
+  - [`verify_recaptcha`](#verify_recaptcha)
+  - [`invisible_recaptcha_tags`](#invisible_recaptcha_tags)
+5. [reCAPTCHA V3 API & Usage](#recaptcha-v3-api-and-usage)
+  - [`recaptcha_v3`](#recaptcha_v3)
+  - [`verify_recaptcha` (use with v3)](#verify_recaptcha-use-with-v3)
+  - [`recaptcha_reply`](#recaptcha_reply)
+6. [I18n Support](#i18n-support)
+7. [Testing](#testing)
+8. [Alternative API Key Setup](#alternative-api-key-setup)
+
+## Obtaining a key
+
+Go to the [reCAPTCHA admin console](https://www.google.com/recaptcha/admin) to obtain a reCAPTCHA API key.
+
+The reCAPTCHA type(s) that you choose for your key will determine which methods to use below.
+
+| reCAPTCHA type                               | Methods to use | Description |
+|----------------------------------------------|----------------|-------------|
+| v3                                           | [`recaptcha_v3`](#recaptcha_v3)                         | Verify requests with a [score](https://developers.google.com/recaptcha/docs/v3#score)
+| v2 Checkbox<br/>("I'm not a robot" Checkbox) | [`recaptcha_tags`](#recaptcha_tags)                     | Validate requests with the "I'm not a robot" checkbox |
+| v2 Invisible<br/>(Invisible reCAPTCHA badge) | [`invisible_recaptcha_tags`](#invisible_recaptcha_tags) | Validate requests in the background |
+
+Note: You can _only_ use methods that match your key's type. You cannot use v2 methods with a v3
+key or use `recaptcha_tags` with a v2 Invisible key, for example. Otherwise you will get an
+error like "Invalid key type" or "This site key is not enabled for the invisible captcha."
+
+Note: Enter `localhost` or `127.0.0.1` as the domain if using in development with `localhost:3000`.
 
 ## Rails Installation
 
-[obtain a reCAPTCHA API key](https://www.google.com/recaptcha/admin). Note: Use localhost or 127.0.0.1 in domain if using localhost:3000.
+**If you are having issues with Rails 7, Turbo, and Stimulus, make sure to check [this Wiki page](https://github.com/ambethia/recaptcha/wiki/Recaptcha-with-Turbo-and-Stimulus)!**
 
-```Ruby
+```ruby
 gem "recaptcha"
 ```
 
-Keep keys out of the code base with environment variables.<br/>
-Set in production and locally use [dotenv](https://github.com/bkeepers/dotenv), make sure to add it above recaptcha.
+You can keep keys out of the code base with environment variables or with Rails [secrets](https://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/Rails/Application.html#method-i-secrets).<br/>
 
-Otherwise see [Alternative API key setup](#alternative-api-key-setup).
+In development, you can use the [dotenv](https://github.com/bkeepers/dotenv) gem. (Make sure to add it above `gem 'recaptcha'`.)
 
-```
-export RECAPTCHA_SITE_KEY  = '6Lc6BAAAAAAAAChqRbQZcn_yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy'
+See [Alternative API key setup](#alternative-api-key-setup) for more ways to configure or override
+keys. See also the
+[Configuration](https://www.rubydoc.info/github/ambethia/recaptcha/master/Recaptcha/Configuration)
+documentation.
+
+```shell
+export RECAPTCHA_SITE_KEY   = '6Lc6BAAAAAAAAChqRbQZcn_yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy'
 export RECAPTCHA_SECRET_KEY = '6Lc6BAAAAAAAAKN3DRm6VA_xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx'
 ```
 
-Add `recaptcha_tags` to the forms you want to protect.
+If you have an Enterprise API key:
 
-```Erb
+```shell
+export RECAPTCHA_ENTERPRISE            = 'true'
+export RECAPTCHA_ENTERPRISE_API_KEY    = 'AIzvFyE3TU-g4K_Kozr9F1smEzZSGBVOfLKyupA'
+export RECAPTCHA_ENTERPRISE_PROJECT_ID = 'my-project'
+```
+
+Add `recaptcha_tags` to the forms you want to protect:
+
+```erb
 <%= form_for @foo do |f| %>
-  # ... other tags
+  # …
   <%= recaptcha_tags %>
-  # ... other tags
+  # …
 <% end %>
 ```
 
-And, add `verify_recaptcha` logic to each form action that you've protected.
+Then, add `verify_recaptcha` logic to each form action that you've protected:
 
-```Ruby
+```ruby
 # app/controllers/users_controller.rb
 @user = User.new(params[:user].permit(:name))
 if verify_recaptcha(model: @user) && @user.save
@@ -50,6 +99,7 @@ else
   render 'new'
 end
 ```
+Please note that this setup uses [`reCAPTCHA_v2`](#recaptcha-v2-api-and-usage). For a `recaptcha_v3` use, please refer to [`reCAPTCHA_v3 setup`](#examples).
 
 ## Sinatra / Rack / Ruby installation
 
@@ -57,63 +107,125 @@ See [sinatra demo](/demo/sinatra) for details.
 
  - add `gem 'recaptcha'` to `Gemfile`
  - set env variables
- - `include Recaptcha::ClientHelper` where you need `recaptcha_tags`
- - `include Recaptcha::Verify` where you need `verify_recaptcha`
+ - `include Recaptcha::Adapters::ViewMethods` where you need `recaptcha_tags`
+ - `include Recaptcha::Adapters::ControllerMethods` where you need `verify_recaptcha`
 
-## recaptcha_tags
 
-Some of the options available:
+## reCAPTCHA v2 API and Usage
+
+### `recaptcha_tags`
+
+Use this when your key's reCAPTCHA type is "v2 Checkbox".
+
+The following options are available:
+
+| Option              | Description |
+|---------------------|-------------|
+| `:theme`            | Specify the theme to be used per the API. Available options: `dark` and `light`. (default: `light`) |
+| `:ajax`             | Render the dynamic AJAX captcha per the API. (default: `false`) |
+| `:site_key`         | Override site API key from configuration |
+| `:error`            | Override the error code returned from the reCAPTCHA API (default: `nil`) |
+| `:size`             | Specify a size (default: `nil`) |
+| `:nonce`            | Optional. Sets nonce attribute for script. Can be generated via `SecureRandom.base64(32)`. (default: `nil`) |
+| `:id`               | Specify an html id attribute (default: `nil`) |
+| `:callback`         | Optional. Name of success callback function, executed when the user submits a successful response |
+| `:expired_callback` | Optional. Name of expiration callback function, executed when the reCAPTCHA response expires and the user needs to re-verify. |
+| `:error_callback`   | Optional. Name of error callback function, executed when reCAPTCHA encounters an error (e.g. network connectivity) |
+| `:noscript`         | Include `<noscript>` content (default: `true`)|
+
+[JavaScript resource (api.js) parameters](https://developers.google.com/recaptcha/docs/invisible#js_param):
 
-| Option            | Description |
-|-------------------|-------------|
-| :noscript         | Include <noscript> content (default `true`)|
-| :theme            | Specify the theme to be used per the API. Available options: `dark` and `light`. (default `light`)|
-| :ajax             | Render the dynamic AJAX captcha per the API. (default `false`)|
-| :site_key         | Override site API key |
-| :error            | Override the error code returned from the reCAPTCHA API (default `nil`)|
-| :size             | Specify a size (default `nil`)|
-| :hl               | Optional. Forces the widget to render in a specific language. Auto-detects the user's language if unspecified. (See [language codes](https://developers.google.com/recaptcha/docs/language)) |
-| :onload           | Optional. The name of your callback function to be executed once all the dependencies have loaded. (See [explicit rendering](https://developers.google.com/recaptcha/docs/display#explicit_render))|
-| :render           | Optional. Whether to render the widget explicitly. Defaults to `onload`, which will render the widget in the first g-recaptcha tag it finds. (See [explicit rendering](https://developers.google.com/recaptcha/docs/display#explicit_render))|
-| :nonce            | Optional. Sets nonce attribute for script. Can be generated via `SecureRandom.base64(32)`. (default `nil`)|
-| :id               | Specify an html id attribute (default `nil`)|
-| :script           | If you do not need to add a script tag by helper you can set the option to false. It's necessary when you add a script tag manualy (default `true`)|
-| :callback         | Optional. Name of success callback function, executed when the user submits a successful response |
-| :expired_callback | Optional. Name of expiration callback function, executed when the reCAPTCHA response expires and the user needs to re-verify. |
-| :error_callback   | Optional. Name of error callback function, executed when reCAPTCHA encounters an error (e.g. network connectivity) |
+| Option              | Description |
+|---------------------|-------------|
+| `:onload`           | Optional. The name of your callback function to be executed once all the dependencies have loaded. (See [explicit rendering](https://developers.google.com/recaptcha/docs/display#explicit_render)) |
+| `:render`           | Optional. Whether to render the widget explicitly. Defaults to `onload`, which will render the widget in the first g-recaptcha tag it finds. (See [explicit rendering](https://developers.google.com/recaptcha/docs/display#explicit_render)) |
+| `:hl`               | Optional. Forces the widget to render in a specific language. Auto-detects the user's language if unspecified. (See [language codes](https://developers.google.com/recaptcha/docs/language)) |
+| `:script`           | Alias for `:external_script`. If you do not need to add a script tag by helper you can set the option to `false`. It's necessary when you add a script tag manualy (default: `true`). |
+| `:external_script`  | Set to `false` to avoid including a script tag for the external `api.js` resource. Useful when including multiple `recaptcha_tags` on the same page. |
+| `:script_async`     | Set to `false` to load the external `api.js` resource synchronously. (default: `true`) |
+| `:script_defer`     | Set to `true` to defer loading of external `api.js` until HTML documen has been parsed. (default: `true`) |
+
+Any unrecognized options will be added as attributes on the generated tag.
 
 You can also override the html attributes for the sizes of the generated `textarea` and `iframe`
-elements, if CSS isn't your thing. Inspect the source of `recaptcha_tags` to see these options.
+elements, if CSS isn't your thing. Inspect the [source of `recaptcha_tags`](https://github.com/ambethia/recaptcha/blob/master/lib/recaptcha/helpers.rb)
+to see these options.
 
-## verify_recaptcha
+Note that you cannot submit/verify the same response token more than once or you will get a
+`timeout-or-duplicate` error code. If you need reset the captcha and generate a new response token,
+then you need to call `grecaptcha.reset()`.
 
-This method returns `true` or `false` after processing the parameters from the reCAPTCHA widget. Why
-isn't this a model validation? Because that violates MVC. You can use it like this, or how ever you
-like. Passing in the ActiveRecord object is optional, if you do--and the captcha fails to verify--an
-error will be added to the object for you to use.
+### `verify_recaptcha`
 
-Some of the options available:
+This method returns `true` or `false` after processing the response token from the reCAPTCHA widget.
+This is usually called from your controller, as seen [above](#rails-installation).
+
+Passing in the ActiveRecord object via `model: object` is optional. If you pass a `model`—and the
+captcha fails to verify—an error will be added to the object for you to use (available as
+`object.errors`).
 
-| Option       | Description |
-|--------------|-------------|
-| :model       | Model to set errors.
-| :attribute   | Model attribute to receive errors. (default :base)
-| :message     | Custom error message.
-| :secret_key  | Override secret API key.
-| :timeout     | The number of seconds to wait for reCAPTCHA servers before give up. (default `3`)
-| :response    | Custom response parameter. (default: params['g-recaptcha-response'])
-| :hostname    | Expected hostname or a callable that validates the hostname, see [domain validation](https://developers.google.com/recaptcha/docs/domain_validation) and [hostname](https://developers.google.com/recaptcha/docs/verify#api-response) docs. (default: `nil`, but can be changed by setting `config.hostname`)
-| :env         | Current environment. The request to verify will be skipped if the environment is specified in configuration under `skip_verify_env`
+Why isn't this a model validation? Because that violates MVC. You can use it like this, or how ever
+you like.
 
-## invisible_recaptcha_tags
+Some of the options available:
 
-Make sure to read [Invisible reCAPTCHA](https://developers.google.com/recaptcha/docs/invisible).
+| Option                    | Description |
+|---------------------------|-------------|
+| `:model`                  | Model to set errors.
+| `:attribute`              | Model attribute to receive errors. (default: `:base`)
+| `:message`                | Custom error message.
+| `:secret_key`             | Override the secret API key from the configuration.
+| `:enterprise_api_key`     | Override the Enterprise API key from the configuration.
+| `:enterprise_project_id ` | Override the Enterprise project ID from the configuration.
+| `:timeout`                | The number of seconds to wait for reCAPTCHA servers before give up. (default: `3`)
+| `:response`               | Custom response parameter. (default: `params['g-recaptcha-response-data']`)
+| `:hostname`               | Expected hostname or a callable that validates the hostname, see [domain validation](https://developers.google.com/recaptcha/docs/domain_validation) and [hostname](https://developers.google.com/recaptcha/docs/verify#api-response) docs. (default: `nil`, but can be changed by setting `config.hostname`)
+| `:env`                    | Current environment. The request to verify will be skipped if the environment is specified in configuration under `skip_verify_env`
+
+
+### `invisible_recaptcha_tags`
+
+Use this when your key's reCAPTCHA type is "v2 Invisible".
+
+For more information, refer to: [Invisible reCAPTCHA](https://developers.google.com/recaptcha/docs/invisible).
+
+This is similar to `recaptcha_tags`, with the following additional options that are only available
+on `invisible_recaptcha_tags`:
+
+| Option              | Description |
+|---------------------|-------------|
+| `:ui`               | The type of UI to render for this "invisible" widget. (default: `:button`)<br/>`:button`: Renders a `<button type="submit">` tag with `options[:text]` as the button text.<br/>`:invisible`: Renders a `<div>` tag.<br/>`:input`: Renders a `<input type="submit">` tag with `options[:text]` as the button text. |
+| `:text`             | The text to show for the button. (default: `"Submit"`)
+| `:inline_script`    | If you do not need this helper to add an inline script tag, you can set the option to `false` (default: `true`).
+
+It also accepts most of the options that `recaptcha_tags` accepts, including the following:
+
+| Option              | Description |
+|---------------------|-------------|
+| `:site_key`         | Override site API key from configuration |
+| `:nonce`            | Optional. Sets nonce attribute for script tag. Can be generated via `SecureRandom.base64(32)`. (default: `nil`) |
+| `:id`               | Specify an html id attribute (default: `nil`) |
+| `:script`           | Same as setting both `:inline_script` and `:external_script`. If you only need one or the other, use `:inline_script` and `:external_script` instead. |
+| `:callback`         | Optional. Name of success callback function, executed when the user submits a successful response |
+| `:expired_callback` | Optional. Name of expiration callback function, executed when the reCAPTCHA response expires and the user needs to re-verify. |
+| `:error_callback`   | Optional. Name of error callback function, executed when reCAPTCHA encounters an error (e.g. network connectivity) |
+
+[JavaScript resource (api.js) parameters](https://developers.google.com/recaptcha/docs/invisible#js_param):
+
+| Option              | Description |
+|---------------------|-------------|
+| `:onload`           | Optional. The name of your callback function to be executed once all the dependencies have loaded. (See [explicit rendering](https://developers.google.com/recaptcha/docs/display#explicit_render)) |
+| `:render`           | Optional. Whether to render the widget explicitly. Defaults to `onload`, which will render the widget in the first g-recaptcha tag it finds. (See [explicit rendering](https://developers.google.com/recaptcha/docs/display#explicit_render)) |
+| `:hl`               | Optional. Forces the widget to render in a specific language. Auto-detects the user's language if unspecified. (See [language codes](https://developers.google.com/recaptcha/docs/language)) |
+| `:external_script`  | Set to `false` to avoid including a script tag for the external `api.js` resource. Useful when including multiple `recaptcha_tags` on the same page. |
+| `:script_async`     | Set to `false` to load the external `api.js` resource synchronously. (default: `true`) |
+| `:script_defer`     | Set to `false` to defer loading of external `api.js` until HTML documen has been parsed. (default: `true`) |
 
 ### With a single form on a page
 
 1. The `invisible_recaptcha_tags` generates a submit button for you.
 
-```Erb
+```erb
 <%= form_for @foo do |f| %>
   # ... other tags
   <%= invisible_recaptcha_tags text: 'Submit form' %>
@@ -127,14 +239,14 @@ Then, add `verify_recaptcha` to your controller as seen [above](#rails-installat
 1. You will need a custom callback function, which is called after verification with Google's reCAPTCHA service. This callback function must submit the form. Optionally, `invisible_recaptcha_tags` currently implements a JS function called `invisibleRecaptchaSubmit` that is called when no `callback` is passed. Should you wish to override `invisibleRecaptchaSubmit`, you will need to use `invisible_recaptcha_tags script: false`, see lib/recaptcha/client_helper.rb for details.
 2. The `invisible_recaptcha_tags` generates a submit button for you.
 
-```Erb
+```erb
 <%= form_for @foo, html: {id: 'invisible-recaptcha-form'} do |f| %>
   # ... other tags
   <%= invisible_recaptcha_tags callback: 'submitInvisibleRecaptchaForm', text: 'Submit form' %>
 <% end %>
 ```
 
-```Javascript
+```javascript
 // app/assets/javascripts/application.js
 var submitInvisibleRecaptchaForm = function () {
   document.getElementById("invisible-recaptcha-form").submit();
@@ -147,7 +259,7 @@ Finally, add `verify_recaptcha` to your controller as seen [above](#rails-instal
 
 1. Specify `ui` option
 
-```Erb
+```erb
 <%= form_for @foo, html: {id: 'invisible-recaptcha-form'} do |f| %>
   # ... other tags
   <button type="button" id="submit-btn">
@@ -157,7 +269,7 @@ Finally, add `verify_recaptcha` to your controller as seen [above](#rails-instal
 <% end %>
 ```
 
-```Javascript
+```javascript
 // app/assets/javascripts/application.js
 document.getElementById('submit-btn').addEventListener('click', function (e) {
   // do some validation
@@ -172,28 +284,231 @@ var submitInvisibleRecaptchaForm = function () {
 };
 ```
 
-## I18n support
-reCAPTCHA passes two types of error explanation to a linked model. It will use the I18n gem
-to translate the default error message if I18n is available. To customize the messages to your locale,
-add these keys to your I18n backend:
 
-`recaptcha.errors.verification_failed` error message displayed if the captcha words didn't match
-`recaptcha.errors.recaptcha_unreachable` displayed if a timeout error occured while attempting to verify the captcha
+## reCAPTCHA v3 API and Usage
+
+The main differences from v2 are:
+1. you must specify an [action](https://developers.google.com/recaptcha/docs/v3#actions) in both frontend and backend
+1. you can choose the minimum score required for you to consider the verification a success
+   (consider the user a human and not a robot)
+1. reCAPTCHA v3 is invisible (except for the reCAPTCHA badge) and will never interrupt your users;
+   you have to choose which scores are considered an acceptable risk, and choose what to do (require
+   two-factor authentication, show a v3 challenge, etc.) if the score falls below the threshold you
+   choose
 
-Also you can translate API response errors to human friendly by adding translations to the locale (`config/locales/en.yml`):
+For more information, refer to the [v3 documentation](https://developers.google.com/recaptcha/docs/v3).
 
-```Yaml
+### Examples
+
+With v3, you can let all users log in without any intervention at all if their score is above some
+threshold, and only show a v2 checkbox recaptcha challenge (fall back to v2) if it is below the
+threshold:
+
+```erb
+  …
+  <% if @show_checkbox_recaptcha %>
+    <%= recaptcha_tags %>
+  <% else %>
+    <%= recaptcha_v3(action: 'login', site_key: ENV['RECAPTCHA_SITE_KEY_V3']) %>
+  <% end %>
+  …
+```
+
+```ruby
+# app/controllers/sessions_controller.rb
+def create
+  success = verify_recaptcha(action: 'login', minimum_score: 0.5, secret_key: ENV['RECAPTCHA_SECRET_KEY_V3'])
+  checkbox_success = verify_recaptcha unless success
+  if success || checkbox_success
+    # Perform action
+  else
+    if !success
+      @show_checkbox_recaptcha = true
+    end
+    render 'new'
+  end
+end
+```
+
+(You can also find this [example](demo/rails/app/controllers/v3_captchas_controller.rb) in the demo app.)
+
+Another example:
+
+```erb
+<%= form_for @user do |f| %>
+  …
+  <%= recaptcha_v3(action: 'registration') %>
+  …
+<% end %>
+```
+
+```ruby
+# app/controllers/users_controller.rb
+def create
+  @user = User.new(params[:user].permit(:name))
+  recaptcha_valid = verify_recaptcha(model: @user, action: 'registration')
+  if recaptcha_valid
+    if @user.save
+      redirect_to @user
+    else
+      render 'new'
+    end
+  else
+    # Score is below threshold, so user may be a bot. Show a challenge, require multi-factor
+    # authentication, or do something else.
+    render 'new'
+  end
+end
+```
+
+
+### `recaptcha_v3`
+
+Adds an inline script tag that calls `grecaptcha.execute` for the given `site_key` and `action` and
+calls the `callback` with the resulting response token. You need to verify this token with
+[`verify_recaptcha`](#verify_recaptcha-use-with-v3) in your controller in order to get the
+[score](https://developers.google.com/recaptcha/docs/v3#score).
+
+By default, this inserts a hidden `<input type="hidden" class="g-recaptcha-response">` tag. The
+value of this input will automatically be set to the response token (by the default callback
+function). This lets you include `recaptcha_v3` within a `<form>` tag and have it automatically
+submit the token as part of the form submission.
+
+Note: reCAPTCHA actually already adds its own hidden tag, like `<textarea
+id="g-recaptcha-response-data-100000" name="g-recaptcha-response-data" class="g-recaptcha-response">`,
+immediately ater the reCAPTCHA badge in the bottom right of the page — but since it is not inside of
+any `<form>` element, and since it already passes the token to the callback, this hidden `textarea`
+isn't helpful to us.
+
+If you need to submit the response token to the server in a different way than via a regular form
+submit, such as via [Ajax](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/XMLHttpRequest) or [`fetch`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Fetch_API),
+then you can either:
+1. just extract the token out of the hidden `<input>` or `<textarea>` (both of which will have a
+   predictable name/id), like `document.getElementById('g-recaptcha-response-data-my-action').value`, or
+2. write and specify a custom `callback` function. You may also want to pass `element: false` if you
+   don't have a use for the hidden input element.
+
+Note that you cannot submit/verify the same response token more than once or you
+will get a `timeout-or-duplicate` error code. If you need reset the captcha and
+generate a new response token, then you need to call `grecaptcha.execute(…)` or
+`grecaptcha.enterprise.execute(…)` again. This helper provides a JavaScript
+method (for each action) named `executeRecaptchaFor{action}` to make this
+easier. That is the same method that is invoked immediately. It simply calls
+`grecaptcha.execute` or `grecaptcha.enterprise.execute` again and then calls the
+`callback` function with the response token.
+
+You will also get a `timeout-or-duplicate` error if too much time has passed between getting the
+response token and verifying it. This can easily happen with large forms that take the user a couple
+minutes to complete. Unlike v2, where you can use the `expired-callback` to be notified when the
+response expires, v3 appears to provide no such callback. See also
+[1](https://github.com/google/recaptcha/issues/281) and
+[2](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/54437745/recaptcha-v3-how-to-deal-with-expired-token-after-idle).
+
+To deal with this, it is recommended to call the "execute" in your form's submit handler (or
+immediately before sending to the server to verify if not using a form) rather than using the
+response token that gets generated when the page first loads. The `executeRecaptchaFor{action}`
+function mentioned above can be used if you want it to invoke a callback, or the
+`executeRecaptchaFor{action}Async` variant if you want a `Promise` that you can `await`. See
+[demo/rails/app/views/v3_captchas/index.html.erb](demo/rails/app/views/v3_captchas/index.html.erb)
+for an example of this.
+
+This helper is similar to the [`recaptcha_tags`](#recaptcha_tags)/[`invisible_recaptcha_tags`](#invisible_recaptcha_tags) helpers
+but only accepts the following options:
+
+| Option              | Description |
+|---------------------|-------------|
+| `:site_key`         | Override site API key |
+| `:action`           | The name of the [reCAPTCHA action](https://developers.google.com/recaptcha/docs/v3#actions). Actions may only contain alphanumeric characters and slashes, and must not be user-specific. |
+| `:nonce`            | Optional. Sets nonce attribute for script. Can be generated via `SecureRandom.base64(32)`. (default: `nil`) |
+| `:callback`         | Name of callback function to call with the token. When `element` is `:input`, this defaults to a function named `setInputWithRecaptchaResponseTokenFor#{sanitize_action(action)}` that sets the value of the hidden input to the token. |
+| `:id`               | Specify a unique `id` attribute for the `<input>` element if using `element: :input`. (default: `"g-recaptcha-response-data-"` + `action`) |
+| `:name`             | Specify a unique `name` attribute for the `<input>` element if using `element: :input`. (default: `g-recaptcha-response-data[action]`) |
+| `:script`           | Same as setting both `:inline_script` and `:external_script`. (default: `true`). |
+| `:inline_script`    | If `true`, adds an inline script tag that calls `grecaptcha.execute` for the given `site_key` and `action` and calls the `callback` with the resulting response token. Pass `false` if you want to handle calling `grecaptcha.execute` yourself. (default: `true`) |
+| `:element`          | The element to render, if any (default: `:input`)<br/>`:input`: Renders a hidden `<input type="hidden">` tag. The value of this will be set to the response token by the default `setInputWithRecaptchaResponseTokenFor{action}` callback.<br/>`false`: Doesn't render any tag. You'll have to add a custom callback that does something with the token. |
+| `:turbolinks`          | If `true`, calls the js function which executes reCAPTCHA after all the dependencies have been loaded. This cannot be used with the js param `:onload`. This makes reCAPTCHAv3 usable with turbolinks. |
+| `:ignore_no_element`  | If `true`, adds null element checker for forms that can be removed from the page by javascript like modals with forms. (default: true) |
+
+[JavaScript resource (api.js) parameters](https://developers.google.com/recaptcha/docs/invisible#js_param):
+
+| Option              | Description |
+|---------------------|-------------|
+| `:onload`           | Optional. The name of your callback function to be executed once all the dependencies have loaded. (See [explicit rendering](https://developers.google.com/recaptcha/docs/display#explicit_render))|
+| `:external_script`  | Set to `false` to avoid including a script tag for the external `api.js` resource. Useful when including multiple `recaptcha_tags` on the same page.
+| `:script_async`     | Set to `true` to load the external `api.js` resource asynchronously. (default: `false`) |
+| `:script_defer`     | Set to `true` to defer loading of external `api.js` until HTML documen has been parsed. (default: `false`) |
+
+If using `element: :input`, any unrecognized options will be added as attributes on the generated
+`<input>` element.
+
+### `verify_recaptcha` (use with v3)
+
+This works the same as for v2, except that you may pass an `action` and `minimum_score` if you wish
+to validate that the action matches or that the score is above the given threshold, respectively.
+
+```ruby
+result = verify_recaptcha(action: 'action/name')
+```
+
+| Option           | Description |
+|------------------|-------------|
+| `:action`        | The name of the [reCAPTCHA action](https://developers.google.com/recaptcha/docs/v3#actions) that we are verifying. Set to `false` or `nil` to skip verifying that the action matches.
+| `:minimum_score` | Provide a threshold to meet or exceed. Threshold should be a float between 0 and 1 which will be tested as `score >= minimum_score`. (Default: `nil`) |
+
+### Multiple actions on the same page
+
+According to https://developers.google.com/recaptcha/docs/v3#placement,
+
+> Note: You can execute reCAPTCHA as many times as you'd like with different actions on the same page.
+
+You will need to verify each action individually with a separate call to `verify_recaptcha`.
+
+```ruby
+result_a = verify_recaptcha(action: 'a')
+result_b = verify_recaptcha(action: 'b')
+```
+
+Because the response tokens for multiple actions may be submitted together in the same request, they
+are passed as a hash under `params['g-recaptcha-response-data']` with the action as the key.
+
+It is recommended to pass `external_script: false` on all but one of the calls to
+`recaptcha` since you only need to include the script tag once for a given `site_key`.
+
+## `recaptcha_reply`
+
+After `verify_recaptcha` has been called, you can call `recaptcha_reply` to get the raw reply from recaptcha. This can allow you to get the exact score returned by recaptcha should you need it.
+
+```ruby
+if verify_recaptcha(action: 'login')
+  redirect_to @user
+else
+  score = recaptcha_reply['score']
+  Rails.logger.warn("User #{@user.id} was denied login because of a recaptcha score of #{score}")
+  render 'new'
+end
+```
+
+`recaptcha_reply` will return `nil` if the the reply was not yet fetched.
+
+## I18n support
+
+reCAPTCHA supports the I18n gem (it comes with English translations)
+To override or add new languages, add to `config/locales/*.yml`
+
+```yaml
+# config/locales/en.yml
 en:
   recaptcha:
     errors:
-      verification_failed: 'Fail'
+      verification_failed: 'reCAPTCHA was incorrect, please try again.'
+      recaptcha_unreachable: 'reCAPTCHA verification server error, please try again.'
 ```
 
 ## Testing
 
 By default, reCAPTCHA is skipped in "test" and "cucumber" env. To enable it during test:
 
-```Ruby
+```ruby
 Recaptcha.configuration.skip_verify_env.delete("test")
 ```
 
@@ -201,21 +516,27 @@ Recaptcha.configuration.skip_verify_env.delete("test")
 
 ### Recaptcha.configure
 
-```Ruby
+```ruby
 # config/initializers/recaptcha.rb
 Recaptcha.configure do |config|
   config.site_key  = '6Lc6BAAAAAAAAChqRbQZcn_yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy'
   config.secret_key = '6Lc6BAAAAAAAAKN3DRm6VA_xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx'
+
   # Uncomment the following line if you are using a proxy server:
   # config.proxy = 'http://myproxy.com.au:8080'
+
+  # Uncomment the following lines if you are using the Enterprise API:
+  # config.enterprise = true
+  # config.enterprise_api_key = 'AIzvFyE3TU-g4K_Kozr9F1smEzZSGBVOfLKyupA'
+  # config.enterprise_project_id = 'my-project'
 end
 ```
 
 ### Recaptcha.with_configuration
 
-For temporary overwrites (not thread safe).
+For temporary overwrites (not thread-safe).
 
-```Ruby
+```ruby
 Recaptcha.with_configuration(site_key: '12345') do
   # Do stuff with the overwritten site_key.
 end
@@ -225,7 +546,7 @@ end
 
 Pass in keys as options at runtime, for code base with multiple reCAPTCHA setups:
 
-```Ruby
+```ruby
 recaptcha_tags site_key: '6Lc6BAAAAAAAAChqRbQZcn_yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy'
 
 # and
@@ -233,6 +554,38 @@ recaptcha_tags site_key: '6Lc6BAAAAAAAAChqRbQZcn_yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy'
 verify_recaptcha secret_key: '6Lc6BAAAAAAAAKN3DRm6VA_xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx'
 ```
 
+
+## hCaptcha support
+
+[hCaptcha](https://hcaptcha.com) is an alternative service providing reCAPTCHA API.
+
+To use hCaptcha:
+1. Set a site and a secret key as usual
+2. Set two options in `verify_url` and `api_service_url` pointing to hCaptcha API endpoints.
+3. Disable a response limit check by setting a `response_limit` to the large enough value (reCAPTCHA is limited by 4000 characters).
+4. It is not required to change a parameter name as [official docs suggest](https://docs.hcaptcha.com/switch) because API handles standard `g-recaptcha` for compatibility.
+
+```ruby
+# config/initializers/recaptcha.rb
+Recaptcha.configure do |config|
+  config.site_key  = '6Lc6BAAAAAAAAChqRbQZcn_yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy'
+  config.secret_key = '6Lc6BAAAAAAAAKN3DRm6VA_xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx'
+  config.verify_url = 'https://hcaptcha.com/siteverify'
+  config.api_server_url = 'https://hcaptcha.com/1/api.js'
+  config.response_limit = 100000
+end
+```
+
+hCaptcha uses a scoring system (higher number more likely to be a bot) which is inverse of the reCaptcha scoring system (lower number more likely to be a bot). As such, a `maximum_score` attribute is provided for use with hCaptcha.
+
+```ruby
+result = verify_recaptcha(maximum_score: 0.7)
+```
+
+| Option           | Description |
+|------------------|-------------|
+| `:maximum_score` | Provide a threshold to meet or fall below. Threshold should be a float between 0 and 1 which will be tested as `score <= maximum_score`. (Default: `nil`) |
+
 ## Misc
  - Check out the [wiki](https://github.com/ambethia/recaptcha/wiki) and leave whatever you found valuable there.
  - [Add multiple widgets to the same page](https://github.com/ambethia/recaptcha/wiki/Add-multiple-widgets-to-the-same-page)