rdf-n3 2.2.0 → 3.1.2

data/lib/rdf/n3/writer.rb

@@ -1,42 +1,39 @@
 # coding: utf-8
 module RDF::N3
   ##
-  # A Turtle serialiser in Ruby
+  # A Notation-3 serialiser in Ruby
   #
   # Note that the natural interface is to write a whole graph at a time.
   # Writing statements or Triples will create a graph to add them to
   # and then serialize the graph.
   #
-  # @example Obtaining a Turtle writer class
+  # @example Obtaining a N3 writer class
   #   RDF::Writer.for(:n3)         #=> RDF::N3::Writer
   #   RDF::Writer.for("etc/test.n3")
-  #   RDF::Writer.for("etc/test.ttl")
   #   RDF::Writer.for(file_name:      "etc/test.n3")
-  #   RDF::Writer.for(file_name:      "etc/test.ttl")
   #   RDF::Writer.for(file_extension: "n3")
-  #   RDF::Writer.for(file_extension: "ttl")
   #   RDF::Writer.for(content_type:   "text/n3")
   #
-  # @example Serializing RDF graph into an Turtle file
+  # @example Serializing RDF graph into an N3 file
   #   RDF::N3::Writer.open("etc/test.n3") do |writer|
   #     writer << graph
   #   end
   #
-  # @example Serializing RDF statements into an Turtle file
+  # @example Serializing RDF statements into an N3 file
   #   RDF::N3::Writer.open("etc/test.n3") do |writer|
   #     graph.each_statement do |statement|
   #       writer << statement
   #     end
   #   end
   #
-  # @example Serializing RDF statements into an Turtle string
+  # @example Serializing RDF statements into an N3 string
   #   RDF::N3::Writer.buffer do |writer|
   #     graph.each_statement do |statement|
   #       writer << statement
   #     end
   #   end
   #
-  # The writer will add prefix definitions, and use them for creating @prefix definitions, and minting QNames
+  # The writer will add prefix definitions, and use them for creating @prefix definitions, and minting pnames
   #
   # @example Creating @base and @prefix definitions in output
   #   RDF::N3::Writer.buffer(base_uri: "http://example.com/", prefixes: {
@@ -52,12 +49,17 @@ module RDF::N3
   class Writer < RDF::Writer
     format RDF::N3::Format
     include RDF::Util::Logger
-    QNAME = Meta::REGEXPS[:"http://www.w3.org/2000/10/swap/grammar/n3#qname"]
+    include Terminals
+    using Refinements
 
-    # @return [Graph] Graph of statements serialized
+    # @return [RDF::Repository] Repository of statements serialized
+    attr_accessor :repo
+
+    # @return [RDF::Graph] Graph being serialized
     attr_accessor :graph
-    # @return [URI] Base URI used for relativizing URIs
-    attr_accessor :base_uri
+
+    # @return [Array<RDF::Node>] formulae names
+    attr_accessor :formula_names
 
     ##
     # N3 Writer options
@@ -78,7 +80,7 @@ module RDF::N3
     end
 
     ##
-    # Initializes the Turtle writer instance.
+    # Initializes the N3 writer instance.
     #
     # @param  [IO, File] output
     #   the output stream
@@ -105,11 +107,15 @@ module RDF::N3
     # @yieldreturn [void]
     # @yield  [writer]
     # @yieldparam [RDF::Writer] writer
-    def initialize(output = $stdout, options = {}, &block)
+    def initialize(output = $stdout, **options, &block)
+      @repo = RDF::N3::Repository.new
+      @uri_to_pname = {}
+      @uri_to_prefix = {}
       super do
-        @graph = RDF::Graph.new
-        @uri_to_qname = {}
-        @uri_to_prefix = {}
+        if base_uri
+          @uri_to_prefix[base_uri.to_s.end_with?('#', '/') ? base_uri : RDF::URI("#{base_uri}#")] = nil
+        end
+        reset
         if block_given?
           case block.arity
             when 0 then instance_eval(&block)
@@ -128,7 +134,19 @@ module RDF::N3
     # @raise  [NotImplementedError] unless implemented in subclass
     # @abstract
     def write_triple(subject, predicate, object)
-      @graph.insert(RDF::Statement(subject, predicate, object))
+      repo.insert(RDF::Statement(subject, predicate, object))
+    end
+
+    ##
+    # Adds a quad to be serialized
+    # @param  [RDF::Resource] subject
+    # @param  [RDF::URI]      predicate
+    # @param  [RDF::Value]    object
+    # @param  [RDF::Resource] graph_name
+    # @return [void]
+    def write_quad(subject, predicate, object, graph_name)
+      statement = RDF::Statement.new(subject, predicate, object, graph_name: graph_name)
+      repo.insert(statement)
     end
 
     ##
@@ -138,28 +156,51 @@ module RDF::N3
     # @see    #write_triple
     def write_epilogue
       @max_depth = @options[:max_depth] || 3
-      @base_uri = RDF::URI(@options[:base_uri])
 
       self.reset
 
-      log_debug {"\nserialize: graph: #{@graph.size}"}
+      log_debug("\nserialize: repo:") {repo.size}
 
       preprocess
+
       start_document
 
-      order_subjects.each do |subject|
-        unless is_done?(subject)
-          statement(subject)
+      @formula_names = repo.graph_names(unique: true)
+
+      with_graph(nil) do
+        count = 0
+        order_subjects.each do |subject|
+          unless is_done?(subject)
+            statement(subject, count)
+            count += 1
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Output any formulae not already serialized using owl:sameAs
+        formula_names.each do |graph_name|
+          next if graph_done?(graph_name)
+
+          # Add graph_name to @formulae
+          @formulae[graph_name] = true
+
+          log_debug {"formula(#{graph_name})"}
+          @output.write("\n#{indent}")
+          p_term(graph_name, :subject)
+          @output.write(" ")
+          predicate(RDF::OWL.sameAs)
+          @output.write(" ")
+          formula(graph_name, :graph_name)
+          @output.write(" .\n")
         end
       end
 
       super
     end
-    
-    # Return a QName for the URI, or nil. Adds namespace of QName to defined prefixes
+
+    # Return a pname for the URI, or nil. Adds namespace of pname to defined prefixes
     # @param [RDF::Resource] resource
     # @return [String, nil] value to use to identify URI
-    def get_qname(resource)
+    def get_pname(resource)
       case resource
       when RDF::Node
         return options[:unique_bnodes] ? resource.to_unique_base : resource.to_base
@@ -169,56 +210,55 @@ module RDF::N3
         return nil
       end
 
-      log_debug {"get_qname(#{resource}), std?}"}
-      qname = case
-      when @uri_to_qname.has_key?(uri)
-        return @uri_to_qname[uri]
+      #log_debug {"get_pname(#{resource}), std?}"}
+      pname = case
+      when @uri_to_pname.key?(uri)
+        return @uri_to_pname[uri]
       when u = @uri_to_prefix.keys.detect {|u| uri.index(u.to_s) == 0}
         # Use a defined prefix
         prefix = @uri_to_prefix[u]
-        prefix(prefix, u) unless u.to_s.empty? # Define for output
-        log_debug {"get_qname: add prefix #{prefix.inspect} => #{u}"}
-        uri.sub(u.to_s, "#{prefix}:")
+        unless u.to_s.empty?
+          prefix(prefix, u) unless u.to_s.empty?
+          #log_debug("get_pname") {"add prefix #{prefix.inspect} => #{u}"}
+          uri.sub(u.to_s, "#{prefix}:")
+        end
       when @options[:standard_prefixes] && vocab = RDF::Vocabulary.each.to_a.detect {|v| uri.index(v.to_uri.to_s) == 0}
         prefix = vocab.__name__.to_s.split('::').last.downcase
         @uri_to_prefix[vocab.to_uri.to_s] = prefix
         prefix(prefix, vocab.to_uri) # Define for output
-        log_debug {"get_qname: add standard prefix #{prefix.inspect} => #{vocab.to_uri}"}
+        #log_debug {"get_pname: add standard prefix #{prefix.inspect} => #{vocab.to_uri}"}
         uri.sub(vocab.to_uri.to_s, "#{prefix}:")
       else
         nil
       end
-      
-      # Make sure qname is a valid qname
-      if qname
-        md = QNAME.match(qname)
-        qname = nil unless md.to_s.length == qname.length
+
+      # Make sure pname is a valid pname
+      if pname
+        md = PNAME_LN.match(pname) || PNAME_NS.match(pname)
+        pname = nil unless md.to_s.length == pname.length
       end
 
-      @uri_to_qname[uri] = qname
-    rescue Addressable::URI::InvalidURIError => e
-      raise RDF::WriterError, "Invalid URI #{resource.inspect}: #{e.message}"
+      @uri_to_pname[uri] = pname
     end
-    
+
     # Take a hash from predicate uris to lists of values.
     # Sort the lists of values.  Return a sorted list of properties.
-    # @param [Hash{String => Array<Resource>}] properties A hash of Property to Resource mappings
-    # @return [Array<String>}] Ordered list of properties. Uses predicate_order.
+    # @param [Hash{RDF::Term => Array<RDF::Term>}] properties A hash of Property to Resource mappings
+    # @return [Array<RDF::Term>}] Ordered list of properties. Uses predicate_order.
     def sort_properties(properties)
       # Make sorted list of properties
       prop_list = []
-      
+
       predicate_order.each do |prop|
-        next unless properties[prop.to_s]
-        prop_list << prop.to_s
+        next unless properties.key?(prop)
+        prop_list << prop
       end
-      
+
       properties.keys.sort.each do |prop|
-        next if prop_list.include?(prop.to_s)
-        prop_list << prop.to_s
+        next if prop_list.include?(prop)
+        prop_list << prop
       end
-      
-      log_debug {"sort_properties: #{prop_list.join(', ')}"}
+
       prop_list
     end
 
@@ -228,15 +268,19 @@ module RDF::N3
     # @param  [RDF::Literal, String, #to_s] literal
     # @param  [Hash{Symbol => Object}] options
     # @return [String]
-    def format_literal(literal, options = {})
+    def format_literal(literal, **options)
       literal = literal.dup.canonicalize! if @options[:canonicalize]
       case literal
       when RDF::Literal
-        case literal.datatype
+        case literal.valid? ? literal.datatype : false
         when RDF::XSD.boolean, RDF::XSD.integer, RDF::XSD.decimal
-          literal.to_s
+          literal.canonicalize.to_s
         when RDF::XSD.double
-          literal.to_s.sub('E', 'e')  # Favor lower case exponent
+          if literal.nan? || literal.infinite?
+            quoted(literal.value) + "^^#{format_uri(literal.datatype)}"
+          else
+            literal.canonicalize.to_s
+          end
         else
           text = quoted(literal.value)
           text << "@#{literal.language}" if literal.has_language?
@@ -247,48 +291,59 @@ module RDF::N3
         quoted(literal.to_s)
       end
     end
-    
+
     ##
-    # Returns the Turtle/N3 representation of a URI reference.
+    # Returns the N3 representation of a URI reference.
     #
     # @param  [RDF::URI] uri
     # @param  [Hash{Symbol => Object}] options
     # @return [String]
-    def format_uri(uri, options = {})
-      md = relativize(uri)
-      log_debug {"relativize(#{uri.inspect}) => #{md.inspect}"} if md != uri.to_s
-      md != uri.to_s ? "<#{md}>" : (get_qname(uri) || "<#{uri}>")
+    def format_uri(uri, **options)
+      md = uri == base_uri ? '' : uri.relativize(base_uri)
+      log_debug("relativize") {"#{uri.to_sxp} => <#{md.inspect}>"} if md != uri.to_s
+      md != uri.to_s ? "<#{md}>" : (get_pname(uri) || "<#{uri}>")
     end
-    
+
     ##
-    # Returns the Turtle/N3 representation of a blank node.
+    # Returns the N3 representation of a blank node.
     #
     # @param  [RDF::Node] node
     # @param  [Hash{Symbol => Object}] options
     # @return [String]
-    def format_node(node, options = {})
-      options[:unique_bnodes] ? node.to_unique_base : node.to_base
+    def format_node(node, **options)
+      if node.id.match(/^([^_]+)_[^_]+_([^_]+)$/)
+        sn, seq = $1, $2.to_i
+        seq = nil if seq == 0
+        "_:#{sn}#{seq}"
+      elsif options[:unique_bnodes]
+        node.to_unique_base
+      else
+        node.to_base
+      end
     end
-    
+
     protected
     # Output @base and @prefix definitions
     def start_document
-      @started = true
-      
-      @output.write("#{indent}@base <#{base_uri}> .\n") unless base_uri.to_s.empty?
-      
-      log_debug {"start_document: #{prefixes.inspect}"}
+      @output.write("@base <#{base_uri}> .\n") unless base_uri.to_s.empty?
+
+      log_debug("start_document: prefixes") { prefixes.inspect}
       prefixes.keys.sort_by(&:to_s).each do |prefix|
-        @output.write("#{indent}@prefix #{prefix}: <#{prefixes[prefix]}> .\n")
+        @output.write("@prefix #{prefix}: <#{prefixes[prefix]}> .\n")
+      end
+
+      # Universals and extentials at top-level
+      unless @universals.empty?
+        log_debug("start_document: universals") { @universals.inspect}
+        terms = @universals.map {|v| format_uri(RDF::URI(v.name.to_s))}
+        @output.write("@forAll #{terms.join(', ')} .\n") 
+      end
+
+      unless @existentials.empty?
+        log_debug("start_document: existentials") { @existentials.inspect}
+        terms = @existentials.map {|v| format_uri(RDF::URI(v.name.to_s.sub(/_ext$/, '')))}
+        @output.write("@forSome #{terms.join(', ')} .\n") 
       end
-    end
-    
-    # If base_uri is defined, use it to try to make uri relative
-    # @param [#to_s] uri
-    # @return [String]
-    def relativize(uri)
-      uri = uri.to_s
-      base_uri ? uri.sub(base_uri.to_s, "") : uri
     end
 
     # Defines rdf:type of subjects to be emitted at the beginning of the graph. Defaults to rdfs:Class
@@ -298,8 +353,18 @@ module RDF::N3
     # Defines order of predicates to to emit at begninning of a resource description. Defaults to
     # [rdf:type, rdfs:label, dc:title]
     # @return [Array<URI>]
-    def predicate_order; [RDF.type, RDF::RDFS.label, RDF::URI("http://purl.org/dc/terms/title")]; end
-    
+    def predicate_order
+      [
+        RDF.type,
+        RDF::RDFS.label,
+        RDF::RDFS.comment,
+        RDF::URI("http://purl.org/dc/terms/title"),
+        RDF::URI("http://purl.org/dc/terms/description"),
+        RDF::OWL.sameAs,
+        RDF::N3::Log.implies
+      ]
+    end
+
     # Order subjects for output. Override this to output subjects in another order.
     #
     # Uses #top_classes and #base_uri.
@@ -307,36 +372,46 @@ module RDF::N3
     def order_subjects
       seen = {}
       subjects = []
-      
+
       # Start with base_uri
-      if base_uri && @subjects.keys.include?(base_uri)
+      if base_uri && @subjects.keys.select(&:uri?).include?(base_uri)
         subjects << base_uri
         seen[base_uri] = true
       end
-      log_debug {"subjects1: #{subjects.inspect}"}
-      
+
       # Add distinguished classes
       top_classes.each do |class_uri|
-        graph.query(predicate: RDF.type, object: class_uri).map {|st| st.subject}.sort.uniq.each do |subject|
-          log_debug {"order_subjects: #{subject.inspect}"}
-          subjects << subject
-          seen[subject] = true
-        end
+        graph.query({predicate: RDF.type, object: class_uri}).
+          map {|st| st.subject}.sort.uniq.each do |subject|
+            log_debug("order_subjects") {subject.to_sxp}
+            subjects << subject
+            seen[subject] = true
+          end
+      end
+
+      # Add formulae which are subjects in this graph
+      @formulae.each_key do |bn|
+        next unless @subjects.key?(bn)
+        subjects << bn
+        seen[bn] = true
+      end
+
+      # Mark as seen lists that are part of another list
+      @lists.values.flatten.each do |v|
+        seen[v] = true if @lists.key?(v)
       end
-      log_debug {"subjects2: #{subjects.inspect}"}
-      
+
+      list_elements = []  # Lists may be top-level elements
+
       # Sort subjects by resources over bnodes, ref_counts and the subject URI itself
-      recursable = @subjects.keys.
+      recursable = (@subjects.keys - list_elements).
         select {|s| !seen.include?(s)}.
         map {|r| [r.node? ? 1 : 0, ref_count(r), r]}.
         sort
-      
-      log_debug {"subjects3: #{subjects.inspect}"}
+
       subjects += recursable.map{|r| r.last}
-      log_debug {"subjects4: #{subjects.inspect}"}
-      subjects
     end
-    
+
     # Perform any preprocessing of statements required
     def preprocess
       # Load defined prefixes
@@ -347,50 +422,52 @@ module RDF::N3
 
       prefix(nil, @options[:default_namespace]) if @options[:default_namespace]
 
-      @graph.each {|statement| preprocess_statement(statement)}
+      @options[:prefixes] = {}  # Will define actual used when matched
+      repo.each {|statement| preprocess_statement(statement)}
+
+      vars = repo.enum_term.to_a.uniq.select {|r| r.is_a?(RDF::Query::Variable) && !r.to_s.end_with?('_quick')}
+      @universals = vars.reject(&:existential?)
+      @existentials = vars - @universals
     end
-    
+
     # Perform any statement preprocessing required. This is used to perform reference counts and determine required
     # prefixes.
     # @param [Statement] statement
     def preprocess_statement(statement)
-      #log_debug {"preprocess: #{statement.inspect}"}
-      references = ref_count(statement.object) + 1
-      @references[statement.object] = references
-      @subjects[statement.subject] = true
-      
-      # Pre-fetch qnames, to fill prefixes
-      get_qname(statement.subject)
-      get_qname(statement.predicate)
-      get_qname(statement.object)
-      get_qname(statement.object.datatype) if statement.object.literal? && statement.object.datatype
-
-      @references[statement.predicate] = ref_count(statement.predicate) + 1
-    end
-    
-    # Return the number of times this node has been referenced in the object position
-    # @return [Integer]
-    def ref_count(node)
-      @references.fetch(node, 0)
+      #log_debug("preprocess") {statement.inspect}
+
+      # Pre-fetch pnames, to fill prefixes
+      get_pname(statement.subject)
+      get_pname(statement.predicate)
+      get_pname(statement.object)
+      get_pname(statement.object.datatype) if statement.object.literal? && statement.object.datatype
+    end
+
+    # Perform graph-specific preprocessing
+    # @param [Statement] statement
+    def preprocess_graph_statement(statement)
+      bump_reference(statement.object)
+      # Count properties of this subject
+      @subjects[statement.subject] ||= {}
+      @subjects[statement.subject][statement.predicate] ||= 0
+      @subjects[statement.subject][statement.predicate] += 1
     end
 
     # Returns indent string multiplied by the depth
     # @param [Integer] modifier Increase depth by specified amount
     # @return [String] A number of spaces, depending on current depth
     def indent(modifier = 0)
-      " " * (@depth + modifier)
+      " " * (@options.fetch(:log_depth, log_depth) * 2 + modifier)
     end
 
     # Reset internal helper instance variables
     def reset
-      @depth = 0
+      @universals, @existentials = [], []
       @lists = {}
-      @namespaces = {}
       @references = {}
       @serialized = {}
+      @graphs = {}
       @subjects = {}
-      @shortNames = {}
-      @started = false
     end
 
     ##
@@ -400,7 +477,7 @@ module RDF::N3
     # @return [String]
     def quoted(string)
       if string.to_s.match(/[\t\n\r]/)
-        string = string.gsub('\\', '\\\\').gsub('"""', '\\"""')
+        string = string.gsub('\\', '\\\\\\\\').gsub('"""', '\\"\\"\\"')
         %("""#{string}""")
       else
         "\"#{escaped(string)}\""
@@ -408,153 +485,313 @@ module RDF::N3
     end
 
     private
-    
+
     # Checks if l is a valid RDF list, i.e. no nodes have other properties.
-    def is_valid_list(l)
-      #log_debug {"is_valid_list: #{l.inspect}"}
-      return (l.node? && RDF::List.new(subject: l, graph: @graph).valid?) || l == RDF.nil
-    end
-    
-    def do_list(l)
-      list = RDF::List.new(subject: l, graph: @graph)
-      log_debug {"do_list: #{list.inspect}"}
-      position = :subject
-      list.each_statement do |st|
-        next unless st.predicate == RDF.first
-        log_debug {" list this: #{st.subject} first: #{st.object}[#{position}]"}
-        path(st.object, position)
-        subject_done(st.subject)
-        position = :object
-      end
-    end
-    
-    def p_list(node, position)
-      return false if !is_valid_list(node)
-      #log_debug {"p_list: #{node.inspect}, #{position}"}
-
-      @output.write(position == :subject ? "(" : " (")
-      @depth += 2
-      do_list(node)
-      @depth -= 2
-      @output.write(')')
+    def collection?(l)
+      return @lists.key?(l) || l.list?
     end
-    
-    def p_squared?(node, position)
-      node.node? &&
-        !@serialized.has_key?(node) &&
-        ref_count(node) <= 1
-    end
-    
-    def p_squared(node, position)
-      return false unless p_squared?(node, position)
-
-      #log_debug {"p_squared: #{node.inspect}, #{position}"}
-      subject_done(node)
-      @output.write(position == :subject ? '[' : ' [')
-      @depth += 2
-      predicate_list(node)
-      @depth -= 2
-      @output.write(']')
-      
-      true
+
+    def collection(node, position)
+      return false if !collection?(node)
+      log_debug("collection") do
+        "#{node.to_sxp}, " +
+        "pos: #{position}, " +
+        "rc: #{ref_count(node)}"
+      end
+
+      @output.write("(")
+      log_depth do
+        list = node.list? ? node : @lists[node]
+        log_debug("collection") {list.inspect}
+        subject_done(RDF.nil)
+        subject_done(node)
+        index = 0
+        list.each do |li|
+          log_debug("(list first)") {"#{li}[#{position}]"}
+          @output.write(" ") if index > 0
+          path(li, :object)
+          subject_done(li)
+          index += 1
+        end
+      end
+      @output.write(')')
     end
-    
-    def p_default(node, position)
-      #log_debug {"p_default: #{node.inspect}, #{position}"}
-      l = (position == :subject ? "" : " ") + format_term(node, options)
+
+    # Default singular resource representation.
+    def p_term(resource, position)
+      #log_debug("p_term") {"#{resource.to_sxp}, #{position}"}
+      l = if resource.is_a?(RDF::Query::Variable)
+        if resource.to_s.end_with?('_quick')
+          '?' + RDF::URI(resource.name).fragment.sub(/_quick$/, '')
+        else
+          format_term(RDF::URI(resource.name.to_s.sub(/_ext$/, '')))
+        end
+      elsif resource == RDF.nil
+        "()"
+      else
+        format_term(resource, **options)
+      end
       @output.write(l)
     end
-    
-    def path(node, position)
-      log_debug do
-        "path: #{node.inspect}, " +
+
+    # Represent a resource in subject, predicate or object position.
+    # Use either collection, blankNodePropertyList or singular resource notation.
+    def path(resource, position)
+      log_debug("path") do
+        "#{resource.to_sxp}, " +
         "pos: #{position}, " +
-        "[]: #{is_valid_list(node)}, " +
-        "p2?: #{p_squared?(node, position)}, " +
-        "rc: #{ref_count(node)}"
+        "{}?: #{formula?(resource, position).inspect}, " +
+        "()?: #{collection?(resource).inspect}, " +
+        "[]?: #{blankNodePropertyList?(resource, position).inspect}, " +
+        "rc: #{ref_count(resource)}"
       end
-      raise RDF::WriterError, "Cannot serialize node '#{node}'" unless p_list(node, position) || p_squared(node, position) || p_default(node, position)
+      raise RDF::WriterError, "Cannot serialize resource '#{resource}'" unless
+        formula(resource, position) ||
+        collection(resource, position) ||
+        blankNodePropertyList(resource, position) ||
+        p_term(resource, position)
     end
-    
-    def verb(node)
-      log_debug {"verb: #{node.inspect}"}
-      if node == RDF.type
-        @output.write(" a")
+
+    def predicate(resource)
+      log_debug("predicate") {resource.to_sxp}
+      case resource
+      when RDF.type
+        @output.write("a")
+      when RDF::OWL.sameAs
+        @output.write("=")
+      when RDF::N3::Log.implies
+        @output.write("=>")
       else
-        path(node, :predicate)
+        log_depth {path(resource, :predicate)}
       end
     end
-    
-    def object_list(objects)
-      log_debug {"object_list: #{objects.inspect}"}
+
+    # Render an objectList having a common subject and predicate
+    def objectList(objects)
+      log_debug("objectList") {objects.inspect}
       return if objects.empty?
 
-      objects.each_with_index do |obj, i|
-        @output.write(",\n#{indent(4)}") if i > 0
-        path(obj, :object)
+      log_depth do
+        objects.each_with_index do |obj, i|
+          if i > 0 && (formula?(obj, :object) || blankNodePropertyList?(obj, :object))
+            @output.write ", "
+          elsif i > 0
+            @output.write ",\n#{indent(4)}"
+          end
+          path(obj, :object)
+        end
       end
     end
-    
-    def predicate_list(subject)
+
+    # Render a predicateObjectList having a common subject.
+    # @return [Integer] the number of properties serialized
+    def predicateObjectList(subject, from_bpl = false)
       properties = {}
-      @graph.query(subject: subject) do |st|
-        properties[st.predicate.to_s] ||= []
-        properties[st.predicate.to_s] << st.object
+      @graph.enum_statement.select {|s| s.subject.sameTerm?(subject)}.each do |st|
+        (properties[st.predicate] ||= []) << st.object
       end
 
-      prop_list = sort_properties(properties) - [RDF.first.to_s, RDF.rest.to_s]
-      log_debug {"predicate_list: #{prop_list.inspect}"}
-      return if prop_list.empty?
+      prop_list = sort_properties(properties)
+      prop_list -= [RDF.first, RDF.rest] if @lists.key?(subject)
+      log_debug("predicateObjectList") { "subject: #{subject.to_sxp}, properties: #{prop_list.join(', ')}" }
+      return 0 if prop_list.empty?
 
-      prop_list.each_with_index do |prop, i|
-        begin
-          @output.write(";\n#{indent(2)}") if i > 0
-          verb(prop[0, 2] == "_:" ? RDF::Node.intern(prop.split(':').last) : RDF::URI.intern(prop))
-          object_list(properties[prop])
-        rescue Addressable::URI::InvalidURIError => e
-          log_debug {"Predicate #{prop.inspect} is an invalid URI: #{e.message}"}
+      @output.write("\n#{indent(2)}") if properties.keys.length > 1 && from_bpl
+      log_depth do
+        prop_list.each_with_index do |prop, i|
+          begin
+            @output.write(";\n#{indent(2)}") if i > 0
+            predicate(prop)
+            @output.write(" ")
+            objectList(properties[prop])
+          end
         end
       end
+      properties.keys.length
+    end
+
+    # Can subject be represented as a blankNodePropertyList?
+    def blankNodePropertyList?(resource, position)
+      resource.node? &&
+        !formula?(resource, position) &&
+        !collection?(resource) &&
+        (!is_done?(resource) || position == :subject) &&
+        ref_count(resource) == (position == :object ? 1 : 0) &&
+        !repo.has_graph?(resource)
+    end
+
+    def blankNodePropertyList(resource, position)
+      return false unless blankNodePropertyList?(resource, position)
+
+      log_debug("blankNodePropertyList") {resource.to_sxp}
+      subject_done(resource)
+      @output.write((position == :subject ? "\n#{indent}[" : '['))
+      num_props = log_depth {predicateObjectList(resource, true)}
+      @output.write((num_props > 1 ? "\n#{indent(2)}" : "") + (position == :subject ? '] .' : ']'))
+      true
     end
-    
-    def s_squared?(subject)
-      ref_count(subject) == 0 && subject.node? && !is_valid_list(subject)
-    end
-    
-    def s_squared(subject)
-      return false unless s_squared?(subject)
-      
-      log_debug {"s_squared: #{subject.inspect}"}
-      @output.write("\n#{indent} [")
-      @depth += 1
-      predicate_list(subject)
-      @depth -= 1
-      @output.write("] .")
+
+    # Can subject be represented as a formula?
+    def formula?(resource, position)
+      !!@formulae[resource]
+    end
+
+    def formula(resource, position)
+      return false unless formula?(resource, position)
+
+      log_debug("formula") {resource.to_sxp}
+      subject_done(resource)
+      @output.write('{')
+      count = 0
+      log_depth do
+        with_graph(resource) do
+          order_subjects.each do |subject|
+            unless is_done?(subject)
+              statement(subject, count)
+              count += 1
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+      @output.write((count > 0 ? "#{indent}" : "") + '}')
       true
     end
-    
-    def s_default(subject)
+
+    # Render triples having the same subject using an explicit subject
+    def triples(subject)
       @output.write("\n#{indent}")
       path(subject, :subject)
-      predicate_list(subject)
-      @output.write(" .")
+      @output.write(" ")
+      num_props = predicateObjectList(subject)
+      @output.puts("#{num_props > 0 ? ' ' : ''}.")
       true
     end
-    
-    def statement(subject)
-      log_debug {"statement: #{subject.inspect}, s2?: #{s_squared?(subject)}"}
+
+    def statement(subject, count)
+      log_debug("statement") do
+        "#{subject.to_sxp}, " +
+        "{}?: #{formula?(subject, :subject).inspect}, " +
+        "()?: #{collection?(subject).inspect}, " +
+        "[]?: #{blankNodePropertyList?(subject, :subject).inspect}, "
+      end
       subject_done(subject)
-      s_squared(subject) || s_default(subject)
-      @output.write("\n")
+      blankNodePropertyList(subject, :subject) || triples(subject)
+      @output.puts if count > 0 || graph.graph_name
+    end
+
+    # Return the number of times this node has been referenced in the object position
+    # @return [Integer]
+    def ref_count(node)
+      @references.fetch(node, 0)
     end
-    
+
+    # Increase the reference count of this resource
+    # @param [RDF::Resource] resource
+    # @return [Integer] resulting reference count
+    def bump_reference(resource)
+      @references[resource] = ref_count(resource) + 1
+    end
+
     def is_done?(subject)
       @serialized.include?(subject)
     end
-    
+
     # Mark a subject as done.
     def subject_done(subject)
       @serialized[subject] = true
     end
+
+    def graph_done?(subject)
+       @graphs.include?(subject)
+    end
+
+    # Mark a graph as done.
+    def graph_done(graph_name)
+      @graphs[graph_name] = true
+    end
+
+    # Process a graph projection
+    def with_graph(graph_name)
+      old_lists, @lists = @lists, {}
+      old_references, @references = @references, {}
+      old_serialized, @serialized = @serialized, {}
+      old_subjects, @subjects = @subjects, {}
+      old_graph, @graph = @graph, repo.project_graph(graph_name)
+      old_formulae, @formulae = @formulae, {}
+
+      graph_done(graph_name)
+
+      lists = {}
+      graph.each do |statement|
+        preprocess_graph_statement(statement)
+        [statement.subject, statement.object].each do |resource|
+          @formulae[resource] = true if
+            resource.node? &&
+            (formula_names.include?(resource) || resource.id.start_with?('_form_'))
+
+          # First-class list may have members which are formulae, and need reference counts
+          if resource.list?
+            resource.each_descendant do |term|
+              bump_reference(term)
+              @formulae[term] = true if
+                term.node? &&
+                (formula_names.include?(term) || term.id.start_with?('_form_'))
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Collect list elements
+        if [RDF.first, RDF.rest].include?(statement.predicate) && statement.subject.node?
+          lists[statement.subject] ||= {}
+          lists[statement.subject][statement.predicate] = statement.object
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Remove list entries after head with more than two properties (other than rdf:type)
+      rests = lists.values.map {|props| props[RDF.rest]}
+
+      # Remove non-head lists that have too many properties
+      rests.select do |bn|
+        pc = 0
+        @subjects.fetch(bn, {}).each do |pred, count|
+          next if pred == RDF.type
+          pc += count
+        end
+        lists.delete(bn) if pc > 2
+      end
+
+      # Values for this list element, recursive
+      def list_values(bn, lists)
+        raise "no list" unless lists.has_key?(bn)
+        first, rest = lists[bn][RDF.first], lists[bn][RDF.rest]
+        (rest == RDF.nil ? [] : list_values(rest, lists)).unshift(first)
+      rescue
+        lists.delete(bn)
+        raise $!
+      end
+
+      # Create value arrays for each entry
+      lists.each do |bn, props|
+        begin
+          @lists[bn] = list_values(bn, lists)
+        rescue
+          # Skip this list element, if it raises an exception
+          lists.delete(bn)
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Mark all remaining rests done
+      rests.each {|bn| subject_done(bn) if lists.include?(bn)}
+
+      # Remove entries that are referenced as rdf:rest of some entry
+      lists.each do |bn, props|
+        @lists.delete(props[RDF.rest])
+      end
+
+      # Record nodes in subject or object
+      yield
+    ensure
+      @graph, @lists, @references, @serialized, @subjects, @formulae = old_graph, old_lists, old_references, old_serialized, old_subjects, old_formulae
+    end
   end
 end