rbtree3 0.5.0

data/dict.h

@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+/*
+ * Dictionary Abstract Data Type
+ * Copyright (C) 1997 Kaz Kylheku <kaz@ashi.footprints.net>
+ *
+ * Free Software License:
+ *
+ * All rights are reserved by the author, with the following exceptions:
+ * Permission is granted to freely reproduce and distribute this software,
+ * possibly in exchange for a fee, provided that this copyright notice appears
+ * intact. Permission is also granted to adapt this software to produce
+ * derivative works, as long as the modified versions carry this copyright
+ * notice and additional notices stating that the work has been modified.
+ * This source code may be translated into executable form and incorporated
+ * into proprietary software; there is no requirement for such software to
+ * contain a copyright notice related to this source.
+ *
+ * $Id: dict.h,v 1.9 2005/10/06 05:16:35 kuma Exp $
+ * $Name:  $
+ */
+
+/*
+ * Modified for Ruby/RBTree by OZAWA Takuma.
+ */
+
+#ifndef DICT_H
+#define DICT_H
+
+#include <limits.h>
+
+/*
+ * Blurb for inclusion into C++ translation units
+ */
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+#endif
+
+typedef unsigned long dictcount_t;
+#define DICTCOUNT_T_MAX ULONG_MAX
+
+/*
+ * The dictionary is implemented as a red-black tree
+ */
+
+typedef enum { dnode_red, dnode_black } dnode_color_t;
+
+typedef struct dnode_t {
+    struct dnode_t *dict_left;
+    struct dnode_t *dict_right;
+    struct dnode_t *dict_parent;
+    dnode_color_t dict_color;
+    const void *dict_key;
+    void *dict_data;
+} dnode_t;
+
+typedef int (*dict_comp_t)(const void *, const void *, void *);
+typedef dnode_t *(*dnode_alloc_t)(void *);
+typedef void (*dnode_free_t)(dnode_t *, void *);
+
+typedef int (*dict_value_eql_t)(const void *, const void *);
+
+typedef struct dict_t {
+    dnode_t dict_nilnode;
+    dictcount_t dict_nodecount;
+    dict_comp_t dict_compare;
+    dnode_alloc_t dict_allocnode;
+    dnode_free_t dict_freenode;
+    void *dict_context;
+    int dict_dupes;
+} dict_t;
+
+typedef void (*dnode_process_t)(dict_t *, dnode_t *, void *);
+
+typedef struct dict_load_t {
+    dict_t *dict_dictptr;
+    dnode_t dict_nilnode;
+} dict_load_t;
+
+extern dict_t *dict_create(dict_comp_t);
+extern void dict_set_allocator(dict_t *, dnode_alloc_t, dnode_free_t, void *);
+extern void dict_destroy(dict_t *);
+extern void dict_free_nodes(dict_t *);
+extern void dict_free(dict_t *);
+extern dict_t *dict_init(dict_t *, dict_comp_t);
+extern void dict_init_like(dict_t *, const dict_t *);
+extern int dict_verify(dict_t *);
+extern int dict_similar(const dict_t *, const dict_t *);
+extern dnode_t *dict_lookup(dict_t *, const void *);
+extern dnode_t *dict_lower_bound(dict_t *, const void *);
+extern dnode_t *dict_upper_bound(dict_t *, const void *);
+extern int dict_insert(dict_t *, dnode_t *, const void *);
+extern dnode_t *dict_delete(dict_t *, dnode_t *);
+extern int dict_alloc_insert(dict_t *, const void *, void *);
+extern void dict_delete_free(dict_t *, dnode_t *);
+extern dnode_t *dict_first(dict_t *);
+extern dnode_t *dict_last(dict_t *);
+extern dnode_t *dict_next(dict_t *, dnode_t *);
+extern dnode_t *dict_prev(dict_t *, dnode_t *);
+extern dictcount_t dict_count(dict_t *);
+extern int dict_isempty(dict_t *);
+extern int dict_isfull(dict_t *);
+extern int dict_contains(dict_t *, dnode_t *);
+extern void dict_allow_dupes(dict_t *);
+extern int dnode_is_in_a_dict(dnode_t *);
+extern dnode_t *dnode_create(void *);
+extern dnode_t *dnode_init(dnode_t *, void *);
+extern void dnode_destroy(dnode_t *);
+extern void *dnode_get(dnode_t *);
+extern const void *dnode_getkey(dnode_t *);
+extern void dnode_put(dnode_t *, void *);
+extern void dict_process(dict_t *, void *, dnode_process_t);
+extern void dict_load_begin(dict_load_t *, dict_t *);
+extern void dict_load_next(dict_load_t *, dnode_t *, const void *);
+extern void dict_load_end(dict_load_t *);
+extern void dict_merge(dict_t *, dict_t *);
+
+int dict_equal(dict_t*, dict_t*, dict_value_eql_t);
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+}
+#endif
+
+#endif

data/extconf.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+require 'mkmf'
+
+if $DEBUG
+  if CONFIG['GCC'] == 'yes'
+    $CFLAGS << ' -std=c89 -pedantic -Wno-long-long'
+  end
+  $defs << ' -Dinline=__inline'
+else
+  $defs << '-DNDEBUG'
+end
+
+have_func('rb_exec_recursive', 'ruby.h')
+create_makefile('rbtree')

data/rbtree.c

@@ -0,0 +1,1701 @@
+/*
+ * MIT License
+ * Copyright (c) 2002-2004, 2007, 2009 OZAWA Takuma
+ */
+#include <ruby/ruby.h>
+#include <ruby/version.h>
+#include <ruby/st.h>
+#include <stdarg.h>
+#include "dict.h"
+
+#define RBTREE_PROC_DEFAULT FL_USER2
+#define HASH_PROC_DEFAULT   FL_USER2
+
+#ifndef RETURN_ENUMERATOR
+#define RETURN_ENUMERATOR(obj, argc, argv) ((void)0)
+#endif
+
+VALUE RBTree;
+VALUE MultiRBTree;
+
+static ID id_bound;
+static ID id_cmp;
+static ID id_call;
+static ID id_default;
+
+typedef struct {
+    dict_t* dict;
+    VALUE ifnone;
+    int iter_lev;
+} rbtree_t;
+
+#define RBTREE(rbtree) DATA_PTR(rbtree)
+#define DICT(rbtree) ((rbtree_t*)RBTREE(rbtree))->dict
+#define IFNONE(rbtree) ((rbtree_t*)RBTREE(rbtree))->ifnone
+#define ITER_LEV(rbtree) ((rbtree_t*)RBTREE(rbtree))->iter_lev
+#define COMPARE(rbtree) DICT(rbtree)->dict_compare
+#define CONTEXT(rbtree) DICT(rbtree)->dict_context
+
+#define TO_KEY(arg) ((const void*)arg)
+#define TO_VAL(arg) ((void*)arg)
+#define GET_KEY(dnode) ((VALUE)dnode_getkey(dnode))
+#define GET_VAL(dnode) ((VALUE)dnode_get(dnode))
+#define ASSOC(dnode) rb_assoc_new(GET_KEY(dnode), GET_VAL(dnode))
+
+/*********************************************************************/
+
+static int
+cmpint(VALUE i, VALUE a, VALUE b)
+{
+    return rb_cmpint(i, a, b);
+}
+
+static void
+rbtree_free(rbtree_t* rbtree)
+{
+    dict_free_nodes(rbtree->dict);
+    dict_destroy(rbtree->dict);
+    xfree(rbtree);
+}
+
+static void
+rbtree_mark(rbtree_t* rbtree)
+{
+    if (rbtree == NULL) return;
+
+    if (rbtree->dict != NULL) {
+        dict_t* dict = rbtree->dict;
+        dnode_t* node;
+        for (node = dict_first(dict);
+             node != NULL;
+             node = dict_next(dict, node)) {
+
+            rb_gc_mark(GET_KEY(node));
+            rb_gc_mark(GET_VAL(node));
+        }
+        rb_gc_mark((VALUE)dict->dict_context);
+    }
+    rb_gc_mark(rbtree->ifnone);
+}
+
+static dnode_t*
+rbtree_alloc_node(void* context)
+{
+    return ALLOC(dnode_t);
+}
+
+static void
+rbtree_free_node(dnode_t* node, void* context)
+{
+    xfree(node);
+}
+
+static void
+rbtree_argc_error()
+{
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "wrong number of arguments");
+}
+
+static int
+rbtree_cmp(const void* key1, const void* key2, void* context)
+{
+    VALUE ret;
+    if (TYPE(key1) == T_STRING && TYPE(key2) == T_STRING)
+        return rb_str_cmp((VALUE)key1, (VALUE)key2);
+    ret = rb_funcall((VALUE)key1, id_cmp, 1, (VALUE)key2);
+    return cmpint(ret, (VALUE)key1, (VALUE)key2);
+}
+
+static int
+rbtree_user_cmp(const void* key1, const void* key2, void* cmp_proc)
+{
+    VALUE ret = rb_funcall((VALUE)cmp_proc, id_call, 2,
+                           (VALUE)key1, (VALUE)key2);
+    return cmpint(ret, (VALUE)key1, (VALUE)key2);
+}
+
+static void
+rbtree_modify(VALUE self)
+{
+    if (ITER_LEV(self) > 0)
+        rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "can't modify rbtree in iteration");
+    if (OBJ_FROZEN(self))
+        rb_error_frozen("rbtree");
+    if (!OBJ_TAINTED(self) && rb_safe_level() >= 4)
+        rb_raise(rb_eSecurityError, "Insecure: can't modify rbtree");
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rbtree_alloc(VALUE klass)
+{
+    dict_t* dict;
+    VALUE rbtree = Data_Wrap_Struct(klass, rbtree_mark, rbtree_free, 0);
+    RBTREE(rbtree) = ALLOC(rbtree_t);
+    MEMZERO(RBTREE(rbtree), rbtree_t, 1);
+
+    dict = dict_create(rbtree_cmp);
+    dict_set_allocator(dict, rbtree_alloc_node, rbtree_free_node,
+                       (void*)Qnil);
+    if (klass == MultiRBTree)
+        dict_allow_dupes(dict);
+
+    DICT(rbtree) = dict;
+    IFNONE(rbtree) = Qnil;
+    return rbtree;
+}
+
+VALUE rbtree_aset(VALUE, VALUE, VALUE);
+VALUE rbtree_clear(VALUE);
+VALUE rbtree_has_key(VALUE, VALUE);
+VALUE rbtree_update(VALUE, VALUE);
+
+/*********************************************************************/
+
+static int
+hash_to_rbtree_i(VALUE key, VALUE value, VALUE rbtree)
+{
+    if (key != Qundef)
+        rbtree_aset(rbtree, key, value);
+    return ST_CONTINUE;
+}
+
+/*
+ *
+ */
+VALUE
+rbtree_s_create(int argc, VALUE* argv, VALUE klass)
+{
+    long i;
+    VALUE rbtree;
+
+    if (argc == 1) {
+        VALUE tmp;
+
+        if (klass == RBTree && CLASS_OF(argv[0]) == MultiRBTree) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "can't convert MultiRBTree to RBTree");
+        }
+
+        if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(argv[0], klass)) {
+            rbtree = rbtree_alloc(klass);
+            rbtree_update(rbtree, argv[0]);
+            return rbtree;
+        }
+
+        tmp = rb_check_convert_type(argv[0], T_HASH, "Hash", "to_hash");
+        if (!NIL_P(tmp)) {
+            rbtree = rbtree_alloc(klass);
+            st_foreach(RHASH_TBL(tmp), hash_to_rbtree_i, rbtree);
+            return rbtree;
+        }
+
+        tmp = rb_check_array_type(argv[0]);
+        if (!NIL_P(tmp)) {
+            rbtree = rbtree_alloc(klass);
+            for (i = 0; i < RARRAY_LEN(tmp); i++) {
+                VALUE v = rb_check_array_type(RARRAY_PTR(tmp)[i]);
+                if (NIL_P(v)) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                switch(RARRAY_LEN(v)) {
+                case 1:
+                    rbtree_aset(rbtree, RARRAY_PTR(v)[0], Qnil);
+                    break;
+                case 2:
+                    rbtree_aset(rbtree, RARRAY_PTR(v)[0], RARRAY_PTR(v)[1]);
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    continue;
+                }
+            }
+            return rbtree;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (argc % 2 != 0)
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "odd number of arguments for RBTree");
+
+    rbtree = rbtree_alloc(klass);
+    for (i = 0; i < argc; i += 2)
+        rbtree_aset(rbtree, argv[i], argv[i + 1]);
+    return rbtree;
+}
+
+/*
+ *
+ */
+VALUE
+rbtree_initialize(int argc, VALUE* argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    rbtree_modify(self);
+
+    if (rb_block_given_p()) {
+        if (argc > 0)
+            rbtree_argc_error();
+        IFNONE(self) = rb_block_proc();
+        FL_SET(self, RBTREE_PROC_DEFAULT);
+    } else {
+        if (argc > 1)
+            rbtree_argc_error();
+        else if (argc == 1)
+            IFNONE(self) = argv[0];
+    }
+    return self;
+}
+
+/*********************************************************************/
+
+typedef enum {
+    INITIAL_VALUE, NODE_NOT_FOUND, NODE_FOUND
+} insert_node_ret_t;
+
+typedef struct {
+    dict_t* dict;
+    dnode_t* node;
+    const void* key;
+    insert_node_ret_t ret;
+} insert_node_t;
+
+static VALUE
+insert_node_body(insert_node_t* arg)
+{
+    if (dict_insert(arg->dict, arg->node, arg->key))
+        arg->ret = NODE_NOT_FOUND;
+    else
+        arg->ret = NODE_FOUND;
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+insert_node_ensure(insert_node_t* arg)
+{
+    dict_t* dict = arg->dict;
+    dnode_t* node = arg->node;
+    switch (arg->ret) {
+    case INITIAL_VALUE:
+        dict->dict_freenode(node, dict->dict_context);
+        break;
+    case NODE_NOT_FOUND:
+        if (TYPE(arg->key) == T_STRING)
+            node->dict_key = TO_KEY(rb_str_new4(GET_KEY(node)));
+        break;
+    case NODE_FOUND:
+        dict->dict_freenode(node, dict->dict_context);
+        break;
+    }
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+static void
+rbtree_insert(VALUE self, VALUE key, VALUE value)
+{
+    insert_node_t arg;
+    dict_t* dict = DICT(self);
+    dnode_t* node = dict->dict_allocnode(dict->dict_context);
+
+    dnode_init(node, TO_VAL(value));
+
+    arg.dict = dict;
+    arg.node = node;
+    arg.key = TO_KEY(key);
+    arg.ret = INITIAL_VALUE;
+
+    rb_ensure(insert_node_body, (VALUE)&arg,
+              insert_node_ensure, (VALUE)&arg);
+}
+
+/*********************************************************************/
+
+/*
+ *
+ */
+VALUE
+rbtree_aset(VALUE self, VALUE key, VALUE value)
+{
+    rbtree_modify(self);
+
+    if (dict_isfull(DICT(self))) {
+        dnode_t* node = dict_lookup(DICT(self), TO_KEY(key));
+        if (node == NULL)
+            rb_raise(rb_eIndexError, "rbtree full");
+        else
+            dnode_put(node, TO_VAL(value));
+        return value;
+    }
+    rbtree_insert(self, key, value);
+    return value;
+}
+
+/*
+ *
+ */
+VALUE
+rbtree_aref(VALUE self, VALUE key)
+{
+    dnode_t* node = dict_lookup(DICT(self), TO_KEY(key));
+    if (node == NULL)
+        return rb_funcall(self, id_default, 1, key);
+    else
+        return GET_VAL(node);
+}
+
+/*
+ *
+ */
+VALUE
+rbtree_fetch(int argc, VALUE* argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    dnode_t* node;
+    int block_given;
+
+    if (argc == 0 || argc > 2)
+        rbtree_argc_error();
+    block_given = rb_block_given_p();
+    if (block_given && argc == 2)
+	rb_warn("block supersedes default value argument");
+
+    node = dict_lookup(DICT(self), TO_KEY(argv[0]));
+    if (node != NULL)
+        return GET_VAL(node);
+
+    if (block_given)
+        return rb_yield(argv[0]);
+    if (argc == 1)
+        rb_raise(rb_eIndexError, "key not found");
+    return argv[1];
+}
+
+/*
+ *
+ */
+VALUE
+rbtree_size(VALUE self)
+{
+    return ULONG2NUM(dict_count(DICT(self)));
+}
+
+/*
+ *
+ */
+VALUE
+rbtree_empty_p(VALUE self)
+{
+    return dict_isempty(DICT(self)) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+}
+
+/*
+ *
+ */
+VALUE
+rbtree_default(int argc, VALUE* argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE key = Qnil;
+    if (argc == 1)
+        key = argv[0];
+    else if (argc > 1)
+        rbtree_argc_error();
+
+    if (FL_TEST(self, RBTREE_PROC_DEFAULT)) {
+        if (argc == 0) return Qnil;
+        return rb_funcall(IFNONE(self), id_call, 2, self, key);
+    }
+    return IFNONE(self);
+}
+
+/*
+ *
+ */
+VALUE
+rbtree_set_default(VALUE self, VALUE ifnone)
+{
+    rbtree_modify(self);
+    IFNONE(self) = ifnone;
+    FL_UNSET(self, RBTREE_PROC_DEFAULT);
+    return ifnone;
+}
+
+/*
+ *
+ */
+VALUE
+rbtree_default_proc(VALUE self)
+{
+    if (FL_TEST(self, RBTREE_PROC_DEFAULT))
+        return IFNONE(self);
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+static int
+value_eq(const void* key1, const void* key2)
+{
+    return rb_equal((VALUE)key1, (VALUE)key2) != 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ *
+ */
+VALUE
+rbtree_equal(VALUE self, VALUE other)
+{
+    int ret;
+    if (self == other)
+        return Qtrue;
+    if (!rb_obj_is_kind_of(other, MultiRBTree))
+        return Qfalse;
+    ret = dict_equal(DICT(self), DICT(other), value_eq);
+    return ret ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+}
+
+/*********************************************************************/
+
+typedef enum {
+    EACH_NEXT, EACH_STOP
+} each_return_t;
+
+typedef each_return_t (*each_callback_func)(dnode_t*, void*);
+
+typedef struct {
+    VALUE self;
+    each_callback_func func;
+    void* arg;
+    int reverse;
+} rbtree_each_arg_t;
+
+static VALUE
+rbtree_each_ensure(VALUE self)
+{
+    ITER_LEV(self)--;
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rbtree_each_body(rbtree_each_arg_t* arg)
+{
+    VALUE self = arg->self;
+    dict_t* dict = DICT(self);
+    dnode_t* node;
+    dnode_t* first_node;
+    dnode_t* (*next_func)(dict_t*, dnode_t*);
+
+    if (arg->reverse) {
+        first_node = dict_last(dict);
+        next_func = dict_prev;
+    } else {
+        first_node = dict_first(dict);
+        next_func = dict_next;
+    }
+
+    ITER_LEV(self)++;
+    for (node = first_node;
+         node != NULL;
+         node = next_func(dict, node)) {
+
+        if (arg->func(node, arg->arg) == EACH_STOP)
+            break;
+    }
+    return self;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rbtree_for_each(VALUE self, each_callback_func func, void* arg)
+{
+    rbtree_each_arg_t each_arg;
+    each_arg.self = self;
+    each_arg.func = func;
+    each_arg.arg = arg;
+    each_arg.reverse = 0;
+    return rb_ensure(rbtree_each_body, (VALUE)&each_arg,
+                     rbtree_each_ensure, self);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rbtree_reverse_for_each(VALUE self, each_callback_func func, void* arg)
+{
+    rbtree_each_arg_t each_arg;
+    each_arg.self = self;
+    each_arg.func = func;
+    each_arg.arg = arg;
+    each_arg.reverse = 1;
+    return rb_ensure(rbtree_each_body, (VALUE)&each_arg,
+                     rbtree_each_ensure, self);
+}
+
+/*********************************************************************/
+
+static each_return_t
+each_i(dnode_t* node, void* arg)
+{
+    rb_yield(ASSOC(node));
+    return EACH_NEXT;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   rbtree.each {|key, value| block} => rbtree
+ *
+ * Calls block once for each key in order, passing the key and value
+ * as a two-element array parameters.
+ */
+VALUE
+rbtree_each(VALUE self)
+{
+    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(self, 0, NULL);
+    return rbtree_for_each(self, each_i, NULL);
+}
+
+static each_return_t
+each_pair_i(dnode_t* node, void* arg)
+{
+    rb_yield_values(2, GET_KEY(node), GET_VAL(node));
+    return EACH_NEXT;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   rbtree.each_pair {|key, value| block} => rbtree
+ *
+ * Calls block once for each key in order, passing the key and value
+ * as parameters.
+ */
+VALUE
+rbtree_each_pair(VALUE self)
+{
+    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(self, 0, NULL);
+    return rbtree_for_each(self, each_pair_i, NULL);
+}
+
+static each_return_t
+each_key_i(dnode_t* node, void* arg)
+{
+    rb_yield(GET_KEY(node));
+    return EACH_NEXT;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   rbtree.each_key {|key| block} => rbtree
+ *
+ * Calls block once for each key in order, passing the key as
+ * parameters.
+ */
+VALUE
+rbtree_each_key(VALUE self)
+{
+    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(self, 0, NULL);
+    return rbtree_for_each(self, each_key_i, NULL);
+}
+
+static each_return_t
+each_value_i(dnode_t* node, void* arg)
+{
+    rb_yield(GET_VAL(node));
+    return EACH_NEXT;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   rbtree.each_value {|value| block} => rbtree
+ *
+ * Calls block once for each key in order, passing the value as
+ * parameters.
+ */
+VALUE
+rbtree_each_value(VALUE self)
+{
+    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(self, 0, NULL);
+    return rbtree_for_each(self, each_value_i, NULL);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   rbtree.reverse_each {|key, value| block} => rbtree
+ *
+ * Calls block once for each key in reverse order, passing the key and
+ * value as parameters.
+ */
+VALUE
+rbtree_reverse_each(VALUE self)
+{
+    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(self, 0, NULL);
+    return rbtree_reverse_for_each(self, each_pair_i, NULL);
+}
+
+static each_return_t
+aset_i(dnode_t* node, void* self)
+{
+    rbtree_aset((VALUE)self, GET_KEY(node), GET_VAL(node));
+    return EACH_NEXT;
+}
+
+static void
+copy_dict(VALUE src, VALUE dest, dict_comp_t cmp,  void* context)
+{
+    VALUE temp = rbtree_alloc(CLASS_OF(dest));
+    COMPARE(temp) = cmp;
+    CONTEXT(temp) = context;
+    rbtree_for_each(src, aset_i, (void*)temp);
+    {
+        dict_t* t = DICT(temp);
+        DICT(temp) = DICT(dest);
+        DICT(dest) = t;
+    }
+    rbtree_free(RBTREE(temp));
+    rb_gc_force_recycle(temp);
+}
+
+/*
+ *
+ */
+VALUE
+rbtree_initialize_copy(VALUE self, VALUE other)
+{
+    if (self == other)
+        return self;
+    if (!rb_obj_is_kind_of(other, CLASS_OF(self))) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "wrong argument type %s (expected %s)",
+                 rb_class2name(CLASS_OF(other)),
+                 rb_class2name(CLASS_OF(self)));
+    }
+
+    copy_dict(other, self, COMPARE(other), CONTEXT(other));
+
+    IFNONE(self) = IFNONE(other);
+    if (FL_TEST(other, RBTREE_PROC_DEFAULT))
+        FL_SET(self, RBTREE_PROC_DEFAULT);
+    else
+        FL_UNSET(self, RBTREE_PROC_DEFAULT);
+    return self;
+}
+
+/*
+ *
+ */
+VALUE
+rbtree_values_at(int argc, VALUE* argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    long i;
+    VALUE ary = rb_ary_new();
+
+    for (i = 0; i < argc; i++)
+        rb_ary_push(ary, rbtree_aref(self, argv[i]));
+    return ary;
+}
+
+static each_return_t
+select_i(dnode_t* node, void* ary)
+{
+    if (RTEST(rb_yield_values(2, GET_KEY(node), GET_VAL(node))))
+        rb_ary_push((VALUE)ary, ASSOC(node));
+    return EACH_NEXT;
+}
+
+/*
+ *
+ */
+VALUE
+rbtree_select(VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE ary;
+
+    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(self, 0, NULL);
+    ary = rb_ary_new();
+    rbtree_for_each(self, select_i, (void*)ary);
+    return ary;
+}
+
+static each_return_t
+index_i(dnode_t* node, void* arg_)
+{
+    VALUE* arg = (VALUE*)arg_;
+    if (rb_equal(GET_VAL(node), arg[1])) {
+        arg[0] = GET_KEY(node);
+        return EACH_STOP;
+    }
+    return EACH_NEXT;
+}
+
+/*
+ *
+ */
+VALUE
+rbtree_index(VALUE self, VALUE value)
+{
+    VALUE arg[2];
+    arg[0] = Qnil;
+    arg[1] = value;
+    rbtree_for_each(self, index_i, (void*)&arg);
+    return arg[0];
+}
+
+/*
+ *
+ */
+VALUE
+rbtree_clear(VALUE self)
+{
+    rbtree_modify(self);
+    dict_free_nodes(DICT(self));
+    return self;
+}
+
+/*
+ *
+ */
+VALUE
+rbtree_delete(VALUE self, VALUE key)
+{
+    dict_t* dict = DICT(self);
+    dnode_t* node;
+    VALUE value;
+
+    rbtree_modify(self);
+    node = dict_lookup(dict, TO_KEY(key));
+    if (node == NULL)
+        return rb_block_given_p() ? rb_yield(key) : Qnil;
+    value = GET_VAL(node);
+    dict_delete_free(dict, node);
+    return value;
+}
+
+/*********************************************************************/
+
+typedef struct dnode_list_t_ {
+    struct dnode_list_t_* prev;
+    dnode_t* node;
+} dnode_list_t;
+
+typedef struct {
+    VALUE self;
+    dnode_list_t* list;
+    int raised;
+} rbtree_delete_if_arg_t;
+
+static VALUE
+rbtree_delete_if_ensure(rbtree_delete_if_arg_t* arg)
+{
+    dict_t* dict = DICT(arg->self);
+    dnode_list_t* list = arg->list;
+
+    if (--ITER_LEV(arg->self) == 0) {
+        while (list != NULL) {
+            dnode_list_t* l = list;
+            if (!arg->raised)
+                dict_delete_free(dict, l->node);
+            list = l->prev;
+            xfree(l);
+        }
+    }
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rbtree_delete_if_body(rbtree_delete_if_arg_t* arg)
+{
+    VALUE self = arg->self;
+    dict_t* dict = DICT(self);
+    dnode_t* node;
+
+    arg->raised = 1;
+    ITER_LEV(self)++;
+    for (node = dict_first(dict);
+         node != NULL;
+         node = dict_next(dict, node)) {
+
+        if (RTEST(rb_yield_values(2, GET_KEY(node), GET_VAL(node)))) {
+            dnode_list_t* l = ALLOC(dnode_list_t);
+            l->node = node;
+            l->prev = arg->list;
+            arg->list = l;
+        }
+    }
+    arg->raised = 0;
+    return self;
+}
+
+/*********************************************************************/
+
+/*
+ *
+ */
+VALUE
+rbtree_delete_if(VALUE self)
+{
+    rbtree_delete_if_arg_t arg;
+
+    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(self, 0, NULL);
+    rbtree_modify(self);
+    arg.self = self;
+    arg.list = NULL;
+    return rb_ensure(rbtree_delete_if_body, (VALUE)&arg,
+                     rbtree_delete_if_ensure, (VALUE)&arg);
+}
+
+/*
+ *
+ */
+VALUE
+rbtree_reject_bang(VALUE self)
+{
+    dictcount_t count;
+
+    RETURN_ENUMERATOR(self, 0, NULL);
+    count = dict_count(DICT(self));
+    rbtree_delete_if(self);
+    if (count == dict_count(DICT(self)))
+        return Qnil;
+    return self;
+}
+
+/*
+ *
+ */
+VALUE
+rbtree_reject(VALUE self)
+{
+    return rbtree_reject_bang(rb_obj_dup(self));
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rbtree_shift_pop(VALUE self, const int shift)
+{
+    dict_t* dict = DICT(self);
+    dnode_t* node;
+    VALUE ret;
+
+    rbtree_modify(self);
+
+    if (dict_isempty(dict)) {
+        if (FL_TEST(self, RBTREE_PROC_DEFAULT)) {
+            return rb_funcall(IFNONE(self), id_call, 2, self, Qnil);
+        }
+        return IFNONE(self);
+    }
+
+    if (shift)
+        node = dict_last(dict);
+    else
+        node = dict_first(dict);
+    ret = ASSOC(node);
+    dict_delete_free(dict, node);
+    return ret;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   rbtree.shift => array or object
+ *
+ * Removes the first(that is, the smallest) key-value pair and returns
+ * it as a two-item array.
+ */
+VALUE
+rbtree_shift(VALUE self)
+{
+    return rbtree_shift_pop(self, 0);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   rbtree.pop => array or object
+ *
+ * Removes the last(that is, the biggest) key-value pair and returns
+ * it as a two-item array.
+ */
+VALUE
+rbtree_pop(VALUE self)
+{
+    return rbtree_shift_pop(self, 1);
+}
+
+static each_return_t
+invert_i(dnode_t* node, void* rbtree)
+{
+    rbtree_aset((VALUE)rbtree, GET_VAL(node), GET_KEY(node));
+    return EACH_NEXT;
+}
+
+/*
+ *
+ */
+VALUE
+rbtree_invert(VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE rbtree = rbtree_alloc(CLASS_OF(self));
+    rbtree_for_each(self, invert_i, (void*)rbtree);
+    return rbtree;
+}
+
+static each_return_t
+update_block_i(dnode_t* node, void* self_)
+{
+    VALUE self = (VALUE)self_;
+    VALUE key = GET_KEY(node);
+    VALUE value = GET_VAL(node);
+
+    if (rbtree_has_key(self, key))
+        value = rb_yield_values(3, key, rbtree_aref(self, key), value);
+    rbtree_aset(self, key, value);
+    return EACH_NEXT;
+}
+
+/*
+ *
+ */
+VALUE
+rbtree_update(VALUE self, VALUE other)
+{
+    rbtree_modify(self);
+
+    if (self == other)
+        return self;
+    if (!rb_obj_is_kind_of(other, CLASS_OF(self))) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "wrong argument type %s (expected %s)",
+                 rb_class2name(CLASS_OF(other)),
+                 rb_class2name(CLASS_OF(self)));
+    }
+
+    if (rb_block_given_p())
+        rbtree_for_each(other, update_block_i, (void*)self);
+    else
+        rbtree_for_each(other, aset_i, (void*)self);
+    return self;
+}
+
+/*
+ *
+ */
+VALUE
+rbtree_merge(VALUE self, VALUE other)
+{
+    return rbtree_update(rb_obj_dup(self), other);
+}
+
+/*
+ *
+ */
+VALUE
+rbtree_has_key(VALUE self, VALUE key)
+{
+    return dict_lookup(DICT(self), TO_KEY(key)) == NULL ? Qfalse : Qtrue;
+}
+
+static each_return_t
+has_value_i(dnode_t* node, void* arg_)
+{
+    VALUE* arg = (VALUE*)arg_;
+    if (rb_equal(GET_VAL(node), arg[1])) {
+        arg[0] = Qtrue;
+        return EACH_STOP;
+    }
+    return EACH_NEXT;
+}
+
+/*
+ *
+ */
+VALUE
+rbtree_has_value(VALUE self, VALUE value)
+{
+    VALUE arg[2];
+    arg[0] = Qfalse;
+    arg[1] = value;
+    rbtree_for_each(self, has_value_i, (void*)&arg);
+    return arg[0];
+}
+
+static each_return_t
+keys_i(dnode_t* node, void* ary)
+{
+    rb_ary_push((VALUE)ary, GET_KEY(node));
+    return EACH_NEXT;
+}
+
+/*
+ *
+ */
+VALUE
+rbtree_keys(VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE ary = rb_ary_new();
+    rbtree_for_each(self, keys_i, (void*)ary);
+    return ary;
+}
+
+static each_return_t
+values_i(dnode_t* node, void* ary)
+{
+    rb_ary_push((VALUE)ary, GET_VAL(node));
+    return EACH_NEXT;
+}
+
+/*
+ *
+ */
+VALUE
+rbtree_values(VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE ret = rb_ary_new();
+    rbtree_for_each(self, values_i, (void*)ret);
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static each_return_t
+to_a_i(dnode_t* node, void* ary)
+{
+    rb_ary_push((VALUE)ary, ASSOC(node));
+    return EACH_NEXT;
+}
+
+/*
+ *
+ */
+VALUE
+rbtree_to_a(VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE ary = rb_ary_new();
+    rbtree_for_each(self, to_a_i, (void*)ary);
+    OBJ_INFECT(ary, self);
+    return ary;
+}
+
+static each_return_t
+to_hash_i(dnode_t* node, void* hash)
+{
+    st_insert(RHASH_TBL((long)hash), GET_KEY(node), GET_VAL(node));
+    return EACH_NEXT;
+}
+
+/*
+ *
+ */
+VALUE
+rbtree_to_hash(VALUE self)
+{
+    VALUE hash;
+    if (CLASS_OF(self) == MultiRBTree) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "can't convert MultiRBTree to Hash");
+    }
+
+    hash = rb_hash_new();
+    rbtree_for_each(self, to_hash_i, (void*)hash);
+    if (FL_TEST(self, RBTREE_PROC_DEFAULT))
+        FL_SET(hash, HASH_PROC_DEFAULT);
+    OBJ_INFECT(hash, self);
+    return hash;
+}
+
+/*
+ *
+ */
+VALUE
+rbtree_to_rbtree(VALUE self)
+{
+    return self;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rbtree_begin_inspect(VALUE self)
+{
+    const char* c = rb_class2name(CLASS_OF(self));
+    VALUE rb_str = rb_str_new(0, strlen(c) + 4);
+    sprintf(RSTRING_PTR(rb_str), "#<%s: ", c);
+    return rb_str;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+to_s_rbtree(VALUE self, VALUE nil)
+{
+    return rb_ary_to_s(rbtree_to_a(self));
+}
+
+#ifdef HAVE_RB_EXEC_RECURSIVE
+VALUE
+rbtree_to_s_recursive(VALUE self, VALUE arg, int recursive)
+{
+    if (recursive)
+        rb_str_cat2(rbtree_begin_inspect(self), "...>");
+    return to_s_rbtree(self, Qnil);
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+ *
+ */
+VALUE
+rbtree_to_s(VALUE self)
+{
+#ifdef HAVE_RB_EXEC_RECURSIVE
+    return rb_exec_recursive(rbtree_to_s_recursive, self, Qnil);
+#else
+    if (rb_inspecting_p(self))
+ return rb_str_cat2(rbtree_begin_inspect(self), "...>");
+    return rb_protect_inspect(to_s_rbtree, self, Qnil);
+#endif
+}
+
+static each_return_t
+inspect_i(dnode_t* node, void* ret_)
+{
+    VALUE ret = (VALUE)ret_;
+    VALUE str;
+
+    if (RSTRING_PTR(ret)[0] == '-')
+        RSTRING_PTR(ret)[0] = '#';
+    else
+        rb_str_cat2(ret, ", ");
+
+    str = rb_inspect(GET_KEY(node));
+    rb_str_append(ret, str);
+    OBJ_INFECT(ret, str);
+
+    rb_str_cat2(ret, "=>");
+
+    str = rb_inspect(GET_VAL(node));
+    rb_str_append(ret, str);
+    OBJ_INFECT(ret, str);
+
+    return EACH_NEXT;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+inspect_rbtree(VALUE self, VALUE ret)
+{
+    VALUE str;
+
+    rb_str_cat2(ret, "{");
+    RSTRING_PTR(ret)[0] = '-';
+    rbtree_for_each(self, inspect_i, (void*)ret);
+    RSTRING_PTR(ret)[0] = '#';
+    rb_str_cat2(ret, "}");
+
+    str = rb_inspect(IFNONE(self));
+    rb_str_cat2(ret, ", default=");
+    rb_str_append(ret, str);
+    OBJ_INFECT(ret, str);
+
+    str = rb_inspect((VALUE)CONTEXT(self));
+    rb_str_cat2(ret, ", cmp_proc=");
+    rb_str_append(ret, str);
+    OBJ_INFECT(ret, str);
+
+    rb_str_cat2(ret, ">");
+    OBJ_INFECT(ret, self);
+    return ret;
+}
+
+#ifdef HAVE_RB_EXEC_RECURSIVE
+VALUE
+rbtree_inspect_recursive(VALUE self, VALUE arg, int recursive)
+{
+    VALUE str = rbtree_begin_inspect(self);
+    if (recursive)
+        return rb_str_cat2(str, "...>");
+    return inspect_rbtree(self, str);
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+ *
+ */
+VALUE
+rbtree_inspect(VALUE self)
+{
+#ifdef HAVE_RB_EXEC_RECURSIVE
+    return rb_exec_recursive(rbtree_inspect_recursive, self, Qnil);
+#else
+    VALUE str = rbtree_begin_inspect(self);
+    if (rb_inspecting_p(self))
+        return rb_str_cat2(str, "...>");
+    return rb_protect_inspect(inspect_rbtree, self, str);
+#endif
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   rbtree.lower_bound(key) => array
+ *
+ * Retruns key-value pair corresponding to the lowest key that is
+ * equal to or greater than the given key(inside of lower
+ * boundary). If there is no such key, returns nil.
+ */
+VALUE
+rbtree_lower_bound(VALUE self, VALUE key)
+{
+    dnode_t* node = dict_lower_bound(DICT(self), TO_KEY(key));
+    if (node == NULL)
+        return Qnil;
+    return ASSOC(node);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   rbtree.upper_bound(key) => array
+ *
+ * Retruns key-value pair corresponding to the greatest key that is
+ * equal to or lower than the given key(inside of upper boundary). If
+ * there is no such key, returns nil.
+ */
+VALUE
+rbtree_upper_bound(VALUE self, VALUE key)
+{
+    dnode_t* node = dict_upper_bound(DICT(self), TO_KEY(key));
+    if (node == NULL)
+        return Qnil;
+    return ASSOC(node);
+}
+
+/*********************************************************************/
+
+typedef struct {
+    VALUE self;
+    dnode_t* lower_node;
+    dnode_t* upper_node;
+    VALUE ret;
+} rbtree_bound_arg_t;
+
+static VALUE
+rbtree_bound_body(rbtree_bound_arg_t* arg)
+{
+    VALUE self = arg->self;
+    dict_t* dict = DICT(self);
+    dnode_t* lower_node = arg->lower_node;
+    dnode_t* upper_node = arg->upper_node;
+    const int block_given = rb_block_given_p();
+    VALUE ret = arg->ret;
+    dnode_t* node;
+
+    ITER_LEV(self)++;
+    for (node = lower_node;;
+         node = dict_next(dict, node)) {
+
+        if (block_given)
+            rb_yield_values(2, GET_KEY(node), GET_VAL(node));
+        else
+            rb_ary_push(ret, ASSOC(node));
+        if (node == upper_node)
+            break;
+    }
+    return ret;
+}
+
+/*********************************************************************/
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   rbtree.bound(key1, key2 = key1)                      => array
+ *   rbtree.bound(key1, key2 = key1) {|key, value| block} => rbtree
+ *
+ * Returns an array containing key-value pairs between the result of
+ * MultiRBTree#lower_bound and MultiRBTree#upper_bound. If a block is
+ * given it calls the block once for each pair.
+ */
+VALUE
+rbtree_bound(int argc, VALUE* argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    dict_t* dict = DICT(self);
+    dnode_t* lower_node;
+    dnode_t* upper_node;
+    VALUE ret;
+
+    if (argc == 0 || argc > 2)
+        rbtree_argc_error();
+
+    lower_node = dict_lower_bound(dict, TO_KEY(argv[0]));
+    upper_node = dict_upper_bound(dict, TO_KEY(argv[argc - 1]));
+    ret = rb_block_given_p() ? self : rb_ary_new();
+
+    if (lower_node == NULL || upper_node == NULL ||
+        COMPARE(self)(dnode_getkey(lower_node),
+                      dnode_getkey(upper_node),
+                      CONTEXT(self)) > 0) {
+        return ret;
+    } else {
+        rbtree_bound_arg_t arg;
+        arg.self = self;
+        arg.lower_node = lower_node;
+        arg.upper_node = upper_node;
+        arg.ret = ret;
+
+        return rb_ensure(rbtree_bound_body, (VALUE)&arg,
+                         rbtree_each_ensure, self);
+    }
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rbtree_first_last(VALUE self, const int first)
+{
+    dict_t* dict = DICT(self);
+    dnode_t* node;
+
+    if (dict_isempty(dict)) {
+        if (FL_TEST(self, RBTREE_PROC_DEFAULT)) {
+            return rb_funcall(IFNONE(self), id_call, 2, self, Qnil);
+        }
+        return IFNONE(self);
+    }
+
+    if (first)
+        node = dict_first(dict);
+    else
+        node = dict_last(dict);
+    return ASSOC(node);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   rbtree.first => array or object
+ *
+ * Returns the first(that is, the smallest) key-value pair.
+ */
+VALUE
+rbtree_first(VALUE self)
+{
+    return rbtree_first_last(self, 1);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   rbtree.last => array of object
+ *
+ * Returns the last(that is, the biggest) key-value pair.
+ */
+VALUE
+rbtree_last(VALUE self)
+{
+    return rbtree_first_last(self, 0);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   rbtree.readjust                      => rbtree
+ *   rbtree.readjust(nil)                 => rbtree
+ *   rbtree.readjust(proc)                => rbtree
+ *   rbtree.readjust {|key1, key2| block} => rbtree
+ *
+ * Sets a proc to compare keys and readjusts elements using the given
+ * block or a Proc object given as the argument. The block takes two
+ * arguments of a key and returns negative, 0, or positive depending
+ * on the first argument is less than, equal to, or greater than the
+ * second one. If no block is given it just readjusts elements using
+ * current comparison block. If nil is given as the argument it sets
+ * default comparison block.
+ */
+VALUE
+rbtree_readjust(int argc, VALUE* argv, VALUE self)
+{
+    dict_comp_t cmp = NULL;
+    void* context = NULL;
+
+    rbtree_modify(self);
+
+    if (argc == 0) {
+        if (rb_block_given_p()) {
+            cmp = rbtree_user_cmp;
+            context = (void*)rb_block_proc();
+        } else {
+            cmp = COMPARE(self);
+            context = CONTEXT(self);
+        }
+    } else if (argc == 1 && !rb_block_given_p()) {
+        if (argv[0] == Qnil) {
+            cmp = rbtree_cmp;
+            context = (void*)Qnil;
+        } else {
+            if (CLASS_OF(argv[0]) != rb_cProc)
+                rb_raise(rb_eTypeError,
+                         "wrong argument type %s (expected Proc)",
+                         rb_class2name(CLASS_OF(argv[0])));
+            cmp = rbtree_user_cmp;
+            context = (void*)argv[0];
+        }
+    } else {
+        rbtree_argc_error();
+    }
+
+    if (dict_isempty(DICT(self))) {
+        COMPARE(self) = cmp;
+        CONTEXT(self) = context;
+        return self;
+    }
+    copy_dict(self, self, cmp, context);
+    return self;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   rbtree.cmp_proc => proc
+ *
+ * Returns the comparison block that is given by MultiRBTree#readjust.
+ */
+VALUE
+rbtree_cmp_proc(VALUE self)
+{
+    return (VALUE)(CONTEXT(self));
+}
+
+/*********************************************************************/
+
+static ID id_comma_breakable;
+static ID id_object_group;
+static ID id_pp;
+static ID id_pp_hash;
+static ID id_text;
+
+typedef struct {
+    VALUE rbtree;
+    VALUE pp;
+} pp_arg_t;
+
+static VALUE
+pp_object_group(VALUE arg_)
+{
+    pp_arg_t* arg = (pp_arg_t*)arg_;
+    return rb_funcall(arg->pp, id_object_group, 1, arg->rbtree);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+pp_block(VALUE nil, pp_arg_t* arg)
+{
+    VALUE pp = arg->pp;
+    VALUE rbtree = arg->rbtree;
+
+    rb_funcall(pp, id_text, 1, rb_str_new2(": "));
+    rb_funcall(pp, id_pp_hash, 1, rbtree);
+    rb_funcall(pp, id_comma_breakable, 0);
+    rb_funcall(pp, id_text, 1, rb_str_new2("default="));
+    rb_funcall(pp, id_pp, 1, IFNONE(rbtree));
+    rb_funcall(pp, id_comma_breakable, 0);
+    rb_funcall(pp, id_text, 1, rb_str_new2("cmp_proc="));
+    rb_funcall(pp, id_pp, 1, CONTEXT(rbtree));
+    return pp;
+}
+
+/*********************************************************************/
+
+/*
+ * Called by pretty printing function pp.
+ */
+VALUE
+rbtree_pretty_print(VALUE self, VALUE pp)
+{
+    pp_arg_t pp_arg;
+    pp_arg.rbtree = self;
+    pp_arg.pp = pp;
+
+    return rb_iterate(pp_object_group, (VALUE)&pp_arg,
+                      pp_block, (VALUE)&pp_arg);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Called by pretty printing function pp.
+ */
+VALUE
+rbtree_pretty_print_cycle(VALUE self, VALUE pp)
+{
+#ifdef HAVE_RB_EXEC_RECURSIVE
+    return rb_funcall(pp, id_pp, 1, rbtree_inspect_recursive(self, Qnil, 1));
+#else
+    return rb_funcall(pp, id_pp, 1, rbtree_inspect(self));
+#endif
+}
+
+/*********************************************************************/
+
+static each_return_t
+to_flatten_ary_i(dnode_t* node, void* ary)
+{
+    rb_ary_push((VALUE)ary, GET_KEY(node));
+    rb_ary_push((VALUE)ary, GET_VAL(node));
+    return EACH_NEXT;
+}
+
+/*********************************************************************/
+
+/*
+ * Called by Marshal.dump.
+ */
+VALUE
+rbtree_dump(VALUE self, VALUE _limit)
+{
+    VALUE ary;
+    VALUE ret;
+
+    if (FL_TEST(self, RBTREE_PROC_DEFAULT))
+        rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "cannot dump rbtree with default proc");
+    if ((VALUE)CONTEXT(self) != Qnil)
+        rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "cannot dump rbtree with compare proc");
+
+    ary = rb_ary_new2(dict_count(DICT(self)) * 2 + 1);
+    rbtree_for_each(self, to_flatten_ary_i, (void*)ary);
+    rb_ary_push(ary, IFNONE(self));
+
+    ret = rb_marshal_dump(ary, Qnil);
+    rb_ary_clear(ary);
+    rb_gc_force_recycle(ary);
+    return ret;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Called by Marshal.load.
+ */
+VALUE
+rbtree_s_load(VALUE klass, VALUE str)
+{
+    VALUE rbtree = rbtree_alloc(klass);
+    VALUE ary = rb_marshal_load(str);
+    VALUE* ptr = RARRAY_PTR(ary);
+    long len = RARRAY_LEN(ary) - 1;
+    long i;
+
+    for (i = 0; i < len; i += 2)
+        rbtree_aset(rbtree, ptr[i], ptr[i + 1]);
+    IFNONE(rbtree) = ptr[len];
+
+    rb_ary_clear(ary);
+    rb_gc_force_recycle(ary);
+    return rbtree;
+}
+
+/*********************************************************************/
+
+/*
+ * RBTree is a sorted associative collection that is implemented with
+ * Red-Black Tree. The elements of RBTree are ordered and its interface
+ * is the almost same as Hash, so simply you can consider RBTree sorted
+ * Hash.
+ *
+ * Red-Black Tree is a kind of binary tree that automatically balances
+ * by itself when a node is inserted or deleted. Thus the complexity
+ * for insert, search and delete is O(log N) in expected and worst
+ * case. On the other hand the complexity of Hash is O(1). Because
+ * Hash is unordered the data structure is more effective than
+ * Red-Black Tree as an associative collection.
+ *
+ * The elements of RBTree are sorted with natural ordering (by <=>
+ * method) of its keys or by a comparator(Proc) set by readjust
+ * method. It means all keys in RBTree should be comparable with each
+ * other. Or a comparator that takes two arguments of a key should return
+ * negative, 0, or positive depending on the first argument is less than,
+ * equal to, or greater than the second one.
+ *
+ * The interface of RBTree is the almost same as Hash and there are a
+ * few methods to take advantage of the ordering:
+ *
+ * * lower_bound, upper_bound, bound
+ * * first, last
+ * * shift, pop
+ * * reverse_each
+ *
+ * Note: while iterating RBTree (e.g. in a block of each method), it is
+ * not modifiable, or TypeError is thrown.
+ *
+ * RBTree supoorts pretty printing using pp.
+ *
+ * This library contains two classes. One is RBTree and the other is
+ * MultiRBTree that is a parent class of RBTree. RBTree does not allow
+ * duplications of keys but MultiRBTree does.
+ *
+ *   require "rbtree"
+ *
+ *   rbtree = RBTree["c", 10, "a", 20]
+ *   rbtree["b"] = 30
+ *   p rbtree["b"]              # => 30
+ *   rbtree.each do |k, v|
+ *     p [k, v]
+ *   end                        # => ["a", 20] ["b", 30] ["c", 10]
+ *
+ *   mrbtree = MultiRBTree["c", 10, "a", 20, "e", 30, "a", 40]
+ *   p mrbtree.lower_bound("b") # => ["c", 10]
+ *   mrbtree.bound("a", "d") do |k, v|
+ *     p [k, v]
+ *   end                        # => ["a", 20] ["a", 40] ["c", 10]
+ */
+void Init_rbtree()
+{
+    MultiRBTree = rb_define_class("MultiRBTree", rb_cData);
+    RBTree = rb_define_class("RBTree", MultiRBTree);
+
+    rb_include_module(MultiRBTree, rb_mEnumerable);
+
+    rb_define_alloc_func(MultiRBTree, rbtree_alloc);
+
+    rb_define_singleton_method(MultiRBTree, "[]", rbtree_s_create, -1);
+
+    rb_define_method(MultiRBTree, "initialize", rbtree_initialize, -1);
+    rb_define_method(MultiRBTree, "initialize_copy", rbtree_initialize_copy, 1);
+
+    rb_define_method(MultiRBTree, "to_a", rbtree_to_a, 0);
+    rb_define_method(MultiRBTree, "to_s", rbtree_to_s, 0);
+    rb_define_method(MultiRBTree, "to_hash", rbtree_to_hash, 0);
+    rb_define_method(MultiRBTree, "to_rbtree", rbtree_to_rbtree, 0);
+    rb_define_method(MultiRBTree, "inspect", rbtree_inspect, 0);
+
+    rb_define_method(MultiRBTree, "==", rbtree_equal, 1);
+    rb_define_method(MultiRBTree, "[]", rbtree_aref, 1);
+    rb_define_method(MultiRBTree, "fetch", rbtree_fetch, -1);
+    rb_define_method(MultiRBTree, "lower_bound", rbtree_lower_bound, 1);
+    rb_define_method(MultiRBTree, "upper_bound", rbtree_upper_bound, 1);
+    rb_define_method(MultiRBTree, "bound", rbtree_bound, -1);
+    rb_define_method(MultiRBTree, "first", rbtree_first, 0);
+    rb_define_method(MultiRBTree, "last", rbtree_last, 0);
+    rb_define_method(MultiRBTree, "[]=", rbtree_aset, 2);
+    rb_define_method(MultiRBTree, "store", rbtree_aset, 2);
+    rb_define_method(MultiRBTree, "default", rbtree_default, -1);
+    rb_define_method(MultiRBTree, "default=", rbtree_set_default, 1);
+    rb_define_method(MultiRBTree, "default_proc", rbtree_default_proc, 0);
+    rb_define_method(MultiRBTree, "index", rbtree_index, 1);
+    rb_define_method(MultiRBTree, "empty?", rbtree_empty_p, 0);
+    rb_define_method(MultiRBTree, "size", rbtree_size, 0);
+    rb_define_method(MultiRBTree, "length", rbtree_size, 0);
+
+    rb_define_method(MultiRBTree, "each", rbtree_each, 0);
+    rb_define_method(MultiRBTree, "each_value", rbtree_each_value, 0);
+    rb_define_method(MultiRBTree, "each_key", rbtree_each_key, 0);
+    rb_define_method(MultiRBTree, "each_pair", rbtree_each_pair, 0);
+    rb_define_method(MultiRBTree, "reverse_each", rbtree_reverse_each, 0);
+
+    rb_define_method(MultiRBTree, "keys", rbtree_keys, 0);
+    rb_define_method(MultiRBTree, "values", rbtree_values, 0);
+    rb_define_method(MultiRBTree, "values_at", rbtree_values_at, -1);
+
+    rb_define_method(MultiRBTree, "shift", rbtree_shift, 0);
+    rb_define_method(MultiRBTree, "pop", rbtree_pop, 0);
+    rb_define_method(MultiRBTree, "delete", rbtree_delete, 1);
+    rb_define_method(MultiRBTree, "delete_if", rbtree_delete_if, 0);
+    rb_define_method(MultiRBTree, "select", rbtree_select, 0);
+    rb_define_method(MultiRBTree, "reject", rbtree_reject, 0);
+    rb_define_method(MultiRBTree, "reject!", rbtree_reject_bang, 0);
+    rb_define_method(MultiRBTree, "clear", rbtree_clear, 0);
+    rb_define_method(MultiRBTree, "invert", rbtree_invert, 0);
+    rb_define_method(MultiRBTree, "update", rbtree_update, 1);
+    rb_define_method(MultiRBTree, "merge!", rbtree_update, 1);
+    rb_define_method(MultiRBTree, "merge", rbtree_merge, 1);
+    rb_define_method(MultiRBTree, "replace", rbtree_initialize_copy, 1);
+
+    rb_define_method(MultiRBTree, "include?", rbtree_has_key, 1);
+    rb_define_method(MultiRBTree, "member?", rbtree_has_key, 1);
+    rb_define_method(MultiRBTree, "has_key?", rbtree_has_key, 1);
+    rb_define_method(MultiRBTree, "has_value?", rbtree_has_value, 1);
+    rb_define_method(MultiRBTree, "key?", rbtree_has_key, 1);
+    rb_define_method(MultiRBTree, "value?", rbtree_has_value, 1);
+
+    rb_define_method(MultiRBTree, "readjust", rbtree_readjust, -1);
+    rb_define_method(MultiRBTree, "cmp_proc", rbtree_cmp_proc, 0);
+
+    rb_define_method(MultiRBTree, "_dump", rbtree_dump, 1);
+    rb_define_singleton_method(MultiRBTree, "_load", rbtree_s_load, 1);
+
+    id_bound = rb_intern("bound");
+    id_cmp = rb_intern("<=>");
+    id_call = rb_intern("call");
+    id_default = rb_intern("default");
+
+
+    rb_define_method(MultiRBTree, "pretty_print", rbtree_pretty_print, 1);
+    rb_define_method(MultiRBTree,
+                     "pretty_print_cycle", rbtree_pretty_print_cycle, 1);
+
+    id_comma_breakable = rb_intern("comma_breakable");
+    id_object_group = rb_intern("object_group");
+    id_pp_hash = rb_intern("pp_hash");
+    id_text = rb_intern("text");
+    id_pp = rb_intern("pp");
+}