rbs 4.0.0.dev.4 → 4.0.0

data/core/ractor.rbs

@@ -1,22 +1,19 @@
 # <!-- rdoc-file=ractor.rb -->
-# Ractor is an Actor-model abstraction for Ruby that provides thread-safe
-# parallel execution.
-#
-# Ractor.new makes a new Ractor, which can run in parallel.
+# Ractor.new creates a new Ractor, which can run in parallel with other ractors.
 #
 #     # The simplest ractor
 #     r = Ractor.new {puts "I am in Ractor!"}
-#     r.take # wait for it to finish
+#     r.join # wait for it to finish
 #     # Here, "I am in Ractor!" is printed
 #
 # Ractors do not share all objects with each other. There are two main benefits
 # to this: across ractors, thread-safety concerns such as data-races and
 # race-conditions are not possible. The other benefit is parallelism.
 #
-# To achieve this, object sharing is limited across ractors. For example, unlike
-# in threads, ractors can't access all the objects available in other ractors.
-# Even objects normally available through variables in the outer scope are
-# prohibited from being used across ractors.
+# To achieve this, object sharing is limited across ractors. Unlike in threads,
+# ractors can't access all the objects available in other ractors. For example,
+# objects normally available through variables in the outer scope are prohibited
+# from being used across ractors.
 #
 #     a = 1
 #     r = Ractor.new {puts "I am in Ractor! a=#{a}"}
@@ -27,80 +24,37 @@
 #     a = 1
 #     r = Ractor.new(a) { |a1| puts "I am in Ractor! a=#{a1}"}
 #
-# On CRuby (the default implementation), Global Virtual Machine Lock (GVL) is
-# held per ractor, so ractors can perform in parallel without locking each
-# other. This is unlike the situation with threads on CRuby.
+# On CRuby (the default implementation), the Global Virtual Machine Lock (GVL)
+# is held per ractor, so ractors can run in parallel. This is unlike the
+# situation with threads on CRuby.
 #
 # Instead of accessing shared state, objects should be passed to and from
 # ractors by sending and receiving them as messages.
 #
 #     a = 1
 #     r = Ractor.new do
-#       a_in_ractor = receive # receive blocks until somebody passes a message
+#       a_in_ractor = receive # receive blocks the Thread until our default port gets sent a message
 #       puts "I am in Ractor! a=#{a_in_ractor}"
 #     end
 #     r.send(a)  # pass it
-#     r.take
+#     r.join
 #     # Here, "I am in Ractor! a=1" is printed
 #
-# There are two pairs of methods for sending/receiving messages:
-#
-# *   Ractor#send and Ractor.receive for when the *sender* knows the receiver
-#     (push);
-# *   Ractor.yield and Ractor#take for when the *receiver* knows the sender
-#     (pull);
-#
 # In addition to that, any arguments passed to Ractor.new are passed to the
 # block and available there as if received by Ractor.receive, and the last block
-# value is sent outside of the ractor as if sent by Ractor.yield.
-#
-# A little demonstration of a classic ping-pong:
-#
-#     server = Ractor.new(name: "server") do
-#       puts "Server starts: #{self.inspect}"
-#       puts "Server sends: ping"
-#       Ractor.yield 'ping'                       # The server doesn't know the receiver and sends to whoever interested
-#       received = Ractor.receive                 # The server doesn't know the sender and receives from whoever sent
-#       puts "Server received: #{received}"
-#     end
-#
-#     client = Ractor.new(server) do |srv|        # The server is sent to the client, and available as srv
-#       puts "Client starts: #{self.inspect}"
-#       received = srv.take                       # The client takes a message from the server
-#       puts "Client received from " \
-#            "#{srv.inspect}: #{received}"
-#       puts "Client sends to " \
-#            "#{srv.inspect}: pong"
-#       srv.send 'pong'                           # The client sends a message to the server
-#     end
-#
-#     [client, server].each(&:take)               # Wait until they both finish
-#
-# This will output something like:
-#
-#     Server starts: #<Ractor:#2 server test.rb:1 running>
-#     Server sends: ping
-#     Client starts: #<Ractor:#3 test.rb:8 running>
-#     Client received from #<Ractor:#2 server test.rb:1 blocking>: ping
-#     Client sends to #<Ractor:#2 server test.rb:1 blocking>: pong
-#     Server received: pong
-#
-# Ractors receive their messages via the *incoming port*, and send them to the
-# *outgoing port*. Either one can be disabled with Ractor#close_incoming and
-# Ractor#close_outgoing, respectively. When a ractor terminates, its ports are
-# closed automatically.
+# value can be received with Ractor#value.
 #
 # ## Shareable and unshareable objects
 #
-# When an object is sent to and from a ractor, it's important to understand
-# whether the object is shareable or unshareable. Most Ruby objects are
-# unshareable objects. Even frozen objects can be unshareable if they contain
-# (through their instance variables) unfrozen objects.
+# When an object is sent to a ractor, it's important to understand whether the
+# object is shareable or unshareable. Most Ruby objects are unshareable objects.
+# Even frozen objects can be unshareable if they contain (through their instance
+# variables) unfrozen objects.
 #
-# Shareable objects are those which can be used by several threads without
-# compromising thread-safety, for example numbers, `true` and `false`.
+# Shareable objects are those which can be used by several ractors at once
+# without compromising thread-safety, for example numbers, `true` and `false`.
 # Ractor.shareable? allows you to check this, and Ractor.make_shareable tries to
-# make the object shareable if it's not already, and gives an error if it can't
+# make the object shareable if it's not already and gives an error if it can't
 # do it.
 #
 #     Ractor.shareable?(1)            #=> true -- numbers and other immutable basic values are shareable
@@ -116,25 +70,25 @@
 #     ary[0].frozen?              #=> true
 #     ary[1].frozen?              #=> true
 #
-# When a shareable object is sent (via #send or Ractor.yield), no additional
-# processing occurs on it. It just becomes usable by both ractors. When an
-# unshareable object is sent, it can be either *copied* or *moved*. The first is
-# the default, and it copies the object fully by deep cloning (Object#clone) the
-# non-shareable parts of its structure.
+# When a shareable object is sent via #send, no additional processing occurs on
+# it and it becomes usable by both ractors. When an unshareable object is sent,
+# it can be either *copied* or *moved*. Copying is the default, and it copies
+# the object fully by deep cloning (Object#clone) the non-shareable parts of its
+# structure.
 #
-#     data = ['foo', 'bar'.freeze]
+#     data = ['foo'.dup, 'bar'.freeze]
 #     r = Ractor.new do
 #       data2 = Ractor.receive
 #       puts "In ractor: #{data2.object_id}, #{data2[0].object_id}, #{data2[1].object_id}"
 #     end
 #     r.send(data)
-#     r.take
+#     r.join
 #     puts "Outside  : #{data.object_id}, #{data[0].object_id}, #{data[1].object_id}"
 #
 # This will output something like:
 #
-#     In ractor: 340, 360, 320
-#     Outside  : 380, 400, 320
+#     In ractor: 8, 16, 24
+#     Outside  : 32, 40, 24
 #
 # Note that the object ids of the array and the non-frozen string inside the
 # array have changed in the ractor because they are different objects. The
@@ -142,8 +96,9 @@
 # object.
 #
 # Deep cloning of objects may be slow, and sometimes impossible. Alternatively,
-# `move: true` may be used during sending. This will *move* the unshareable
-# object to the receiving ractor, making it inaccessible to the sending ractor.
+# <code>move: true</code> may be used during sending. This will *move* the
+# unshareable object to the receiving ractor, making it inaccessible to the
+# sending ractor.
 #
 #     data = ['foo', 'bar']
 #     r = Ractor.new do
@@ -151,7 +106,7 @@
 #       puts "In ractor: #{data_in_ractor.object_id}, #{data_in_ractor[0].object_id}"
 #     end
 #     r.send(data, move: true)
-#     r.take
+#     r.join
 #     puts "Outside: moved? #{Ractor::MovedObject === data}"
 #     puts "Outside: #{data.inspect}"
 #
@@ -161,14 +116,14 @@
 #     Outside: moved? true
 #     test.rb:9:in `method_missing': can not send any methods to a moved object (Ractor::MovedError)
 #
-# Notice that even `inspect` (and more basic methods like `__id__`) is
+# Notice that even `inspect` and more basic methods like `__id__` are
 # inaccessible on a moved object.
 #
-# Class and Module objects are shareable so the class/module definitions are
-# shared between ractors. Ractor objects are also shareable. All operations on
-# shareable objects are thread-safe, so the thread-safety property will be kept.
-# We can not define mutable shareable objects in Ruby, but C extensions can
-# introduce them.
+# `Class` and `Module` objects are shareable and their class/module definitions
+# are shared between ractors. Ractor objects are also shareable. All operations
+# on shareable objects are thread-safe across ractors. Defining mutable,
+# shareable objects in Ruby is not possible, but C extensions can introduce
+# them.
 #
 # It is prohibited to access (get) instance variables of shareable objects in
 # other ractors if the values of the variables aren't shareable. This can occur
@@ -189,7 +144,7 @@
 #       puts "I can't see #{cls.tricky}"
 #       cls.tricky = true # doesn't get here, but this would also raise an error
 #     end
-#     r.take
+#     r.join
 #     # I see C
 #     # can not access instance variables of classes/modules from non-main Ractors (RuntimeError)
 #
@@ -203,7 +158,7 @@
 #       puts "GOOD=#{GOOD}"
 #       puts "BAD=#{BAD}"
 #     end
-#     r.take
+#     r.join
 #     # GOOD=good
 #     # can not access non-shareable objects in constant Object::BAD by non-main Ractor. (NameError)
 #
@@ -213,12 +168,12 @@
 #       puts "I see #{C}"
 #       puts "I can't see #{C.tricky}"
 #     end
-#     r.take
+#     r.join
 #     # I see C
 #     # can not access instance variables of classes/modules from non-main Ractors (RuntimeError)
 #
-# See also the description of `# shareable_constant_value` pragma in [Comments
-# syntax](rdoc-ref:syntax/comments.rdoc) explanation.
+# See also the description of <code># shareable_constant_value</code> pragma in
+# [Comments syntax](rdoc-ref:syntax/comments.rdoc) explanation.
 #
 # ## Ractors vs threads
 #
@@ -229,20 +184,21 @@
 #       a = 1
 #       Thread.new {puts "Thread in ractor: a=#{a}"}.join
 #     end
-#     r.take
+#     r.join
 #     # Here "Thread in ractor: a=1" will be printed
 #
 # ## Note on code examples
 #
 # In the examples below, sometimes we use the following method to wait for
-# ractors that are not currently blocked to finish (or to make progress).
+# ractors to make progress or finish.
 #
 #     def wait
 #       sleep(0.1)
 #     end
 #
-# It is **only for demonstration purposes** and shouldn't be used in a real
-# code. Most of the time, #take is used to wait for ractors to finish.
+# This is **only for demonstration purposes** and shouldn't be used in a real
+# code. Most of the time, #join is used to wait for ractors to finish and
+# Ractor.receive is used to wait for messages.
 #
 # ## Reference
 #
@@ -261,7 +217,7 @@ class Ractor
   #   rdoc-file=ractor.rb
   #   - [](sym)
   # -->
-  # get a value from ractor-local storage of current Ractor
+  # Gets a value from ractor-local storage for the current Ractor.
   #
   def self.[]: (Symbol) -> untyped
 
@@ -269,7 +225,7 @@ class Ractor
   #   rdoc-file=ractor.rb
   #   - []=(sym, val)
   # -->
-  # set a value in ractor-local storage of current Ractor
+  # Sets a value in ractor-local storage for the current Ractor.
   #
   def self.[]=: (Symbol, untyped) -> untyped
 
@@ -277,13 +233,13 @@ class Ractor
   #   rdoc-file=ractor.rb
   #   - count()
   # -->
-  # Returns the number of Ractors currently running or blocking (waiting).
+  # Returns the number of ractors currently running or blocking (waiting).
   #
   #     Ractor.count                   #=> 1
-  #     r = Ractor.new(name: 'example') { Ractor.yield(1) }
+  #     r = Ractor.new(name: 'example') { Ractor.receive }
   #     Ractor.count                   #=> 2 (main + example ractor)
-  #     r.take                         # wait for Ractor.yield(1)
-  #     r.take                         # wait until r will finish
+  #     r << 42                        # r's Ractor.receive will resume
+  #     r.join                         # wait for r's termination
   #     Ractor.count                   #=> 1
   #
   def self.count: () -> Integer
@@ -302,7 +258,7 @@ class Ractor
   #   rdoc-file=ractor.rb
   #   - main()
   # -->
-  # returns main ractor
+  # Returns the main ractor.
   #
   def self.main: () -> Ractor
 
@@ -310,7 +266,7 @@ class Ractor
   #   rdoc-file=ractor.rb
   #   - main?()
   # -->
-  # return true if the current ractor is main ractor
+  # Returns true if the current ractor is the main ractor.
   #
   def self.main?: () -> boolish
 
@@ -318,7 +274,7 @@ class Ractor
   #   rdoc-file=ractor.rb
   #   - Ractor.make_shareable(obj, copy: false) -> shareable_obj
   # -->
-  # Make `obj` shareable between ractors.
+  # Makes `obj` shareable between ractors.
   #
   # `obj` and all the objects it refers to will be frozen, unless they are already
   # shareable.
@@ -357,13 +313,13 @@ class Ractor
   #   rdoc-file=ractor.rb
   #   - Ractor.new(*args, name: nil) {|*args| block } -> ractor
   # -->
-  # Create a new Ractor with args and a block.
+  # Creates a new Ractor with args and a block.
   #
-  # The given block (Proc) will be isolated (can't access any outer variables).
-  # `self` inside the block will refer to the current Ractor.
+  # The given block (Proc) is isolated (can't access any outer variables). `self`
+  # inside the block will refer to the current Ractor.
   #
   #     r = Ractor.new { puts "Hi, I am #{self.inspect}" }
-  #     r.take
+  #     r.join
   #     # Prints "Hi, I am #<Ractor:#2 test.rb:1 running>"
   #
   # Any `args` passed are propagated to the block arguments by the same rules as
@@ -375,14 +331,14 @@ class Ractor
   #     r = Ractor.new(arg) {|received_arg|
   #       puts "Received: #{received_arg} (##{received_arg.object_id})"
   #     }
-  #     r.take
+  #     r.join
   #     # Prints:
   #     #   Passing: [1, 2, 3] (#280)
   #     #   Received: [1, 2, 3] (#300)
   #
   # Ractor's `name` can be set for debugging purposes:
   #
-  #     r = Ractor.new(name: 'my ractor') {}; r.take
+  #     r = Ractor.new(name: 'my ractor') {}; r.join
   #     p r
   #     #=> #<Ractor:#3 my ractor test.rb:1 terminated>
   #
@@ -390,128 +346,12 @@ class Ractor
 
   # <!--
   #   rdoc-file=ractor.rb
-  #   - Ractor.receive -> msg
+  #   - Ractor.receive -> obj
   # -->
-  # Receive a message from the incoming port of the current ractor (which was sent
-  # there by #send from another ractor).
-  #
-  #     r = Ractor.new do
-  #       v1 = Ractor.receive
-  #       puts "Received: #{v1}"
-  #     end
-  #     r.send('message1')
-  #     r.take
-  #     # Here will be printed: "Received: message1"
-  #
-  # Alternatively, the private instance method `receive` may be used:
-  #
-  #     r = Ractor.new do
-  #       v1 = receive
-  #       puts "Received: #{v1}"
-  #     end
-  #     r.send('message1')
-  #     r.take
-  #     # This prints: "Received: message1"
-  #
-  # The method blocks if the queue is empty.
-  #
-  #     r = Ractor.new do
-  #       puts "Before first receive"
-  #       v1 = Ractor.receive
-  #       puts "Received: #{v1}"
-  #       v2 = Ractor.receive
-  #       puts "Received: #{v2}"
-  #     end
-  #     wait
-  #     puts "Still not received"
-  #     r.send('message1')
-  #     wait
-  #     puts "Still received only one"
-  #     r.send('message2')
-  #     r.take
-  #
-  # Output:
-  #
-  #     Before first receive
-  #     Still not received
-  #     Received: message1
-  #     Still received only one
-  #     Received: message2
-  #
-  # If close_incoming was called on the ractor, the method raises
-  # Ractor::ClosedError if there are no more messages in the incoming queue:
-  #
-  #     Ractor.new do
-  #       close_incoming
-  #       receive
-  #     end
-  #     wait
-  #     # in `receive': The incoming port is already closed => #<Ractor:#2 test.rb:1 running> (Ractor::ClosedError)
+  # Receives a message from the current ractor's default port.
   #
   def self.receive: () -> untyped
 
-  # <!--
-  #   rdoc-file=ractor.rb
-  #   - Ractor.receive_if {|msg| block } -> msg
-  # -->
-  # Receive only a specific message.
-  #
-  # Instead of Ractor.receive, Ractor.receive_if can be given a pattern (or any
-  # filter) in a block and you can choose the messages to accept that are
-  # available in your ractor's incoming queue.
-  #
-  #     r = Ractor.new do
-  #       p Ractor.receive_if{|msg| msg.match?(/foo/)} #=> "foo3"
-  #       p Ractor.receive_if{|msg| msg.match?(/bar/)} #=> "bar1"
-  #       p Ractor.receive_if{|msg| msg.match?(/baz/)} #=> "baz2"
-  #     end
-  #     r << "bar1"
-  #     r << "baz2"
-  #     r << "foo3"
-  #     r.take
-  #
-  # This will output:
-  #
-  #     foo3
-  #     bar1
-  #     baz2
-  #
-  # If the block returns a truthy value, the message is removed from the incoming
-  # queue and returned. Otherwise, the message remains in the incoming queue and
-  # the next messages are checked by the given block.
-  #
-  # If there are no messages left in the incoming queue, the method will block
-  # until new messages arrive.
-  #
-  # If the block is escaped by break/return/exception/throw, the message is
-  # removed from the incoming queue as if a truthy value had been returned.
-  #
-  #     r = Ractor.new do
-  #       val = Ractor.receive_if{|msg| msg.is_a?(Array)}
-  #       puts "Received successfully: #{val}"
-  #     end
-  #
-  #     r.send(1)
-  #     r.send('test')
-  #     wait
-  #     puts "2 non-matching sent, nothing received"
-  #     r.send([1, 2, 3])
-  #     wait
-  #
-  # Prints:
-  #
-  #     2 non-matching sent, nothing received
-  #     Received successfully: [1, 2, 3]
-  #
-  # Note that you can not call receive/receive_if in the given block recursively.
-  # You should not do any tasks in the block other than message filtration.
-  #
-  #     Ractor.current << true
-  #     Ractor.receive_if{|msg| Ractor.receive}
-  #     #=> `receive': can not call receive/receive_if recursively (Ractor::Error)
-  #
-  def self.receive_if: () { (untyped) -> boolish } -> untyped
-
   # <!--
   #   rdoc-file=ractor.rb
   #   - recv()
@@ -521,57 +361,51 @@ class Ractor
 
   # <!--
   #   rdoc-file=ractor.rb
-  #   - Ractor.select(*ractors, [yield_value:, move: false]) -> [ractor or symbol, obj]
+  #   - Ractor.select(*ractors_or_ports) -> [ractor or port, obj]
   # -->
-  # Wait for any ractor to have something in its outgoing port, read from this
-  # ractor, and then return that ractor and the object received.
-  #
-  #     r1 = Ractor.new {Ractor.yield 'from 1'}
-  #     r2 = Ractor.new {Ractor.yield 'from 2'}
-  #
-  #     r, obj = Ractor.select(r1, r2)
-  #
-  #     puts "received #{obj.inspect} from #{r.inspect}"
-  #     # Prints: received "from 1" from #<Ractor:#2 test.rb:1 running>
-  #     # But could just as well print "from r2" here, either prints could be first.
-  #
-  # If one of the given ractors is the current ractor, and it is selected, `r`
-  # will contain the `:receive` symbol instead of the ractor object.
-  #
-  #     r1 = Ractor.new(Ractor.current) do |main|
-  #       main.send 'to main'
-  #       Ractor.yield 'from 1'
-  #     end
-  #     r2 = Ractor.new do
-  #       Ractor.yield 'from 2'
+  # Blocks the current Thread until one of the given ports has received a message.
+  # Returns an array of two elements where the first element is the Port and the
+  # second is the received object. This method can also accept Ractor objects
+  # themselves, and in that case will wait until one has terminated and return a
+  # two-element array where the first element is the ractor and the second is its
+  # termination value.
+  #
+  #     p1, p2 = Ractor::Port.new, Ractor::Port.new
+  #     ps = [p1, p2]
+  #     rs = 2.times.map do |i|
+  #       Ractor.new(ps.shift, i) do |p, i|
+  #         sleep rand(0.99)
+  #         p.send("r#{i}")
+  #         sleep rand(0.99)
+  #         "r#{i} done"
+  #       end
   #     end
   #
-  #     r, obj = Ractor.select(r1, r2, Ractor.current)
-  #     puts "received #{obj.inspect} from #{r.inspect}"
-  #     # Could print: received "to main" from :receive
-  #
-  # If `yield_value` is provided, that value may be yielded if another ractor is
-  # calling #take. In this case, the pair `[:yield, nil]` is returned:
-  #
-  #     r1 = Ractor.new(Ractor.current) do |main|
-  #       puts "Received from main: #{main.take}"
+  #     waiting_on = [p1, p2, *rs]
+  #     until waiting_on.empty?
+  #       received_on, obj = Ractor.select(*waiting_on)
+  #       waiting_on.delete(received_on)
+  #       puts obj
   #     end
   #
-  #     puts "Trying to select"
-  #     r, obj = Ractor.select(r1, Ractor.current, yield_value: 123)
-  #     wait
-  #     puts "Received #{obj.inspect} from #{r.inspect}"
-  #
-  # This will print:
-  #
-  #     Trying to select
-  #     Received from main: 123
-  #     Received nil from :yield
-  #
-  # `move` boolean flag defines whether yielded value will be copied (default) or
-  # moved.
+  #     # r0
+  #     # r1
+  #     # r1 done
+  #     # r0 done
+  #
+  # The following example is almost equivalent to
+  # <code>ractors.map(&:value)</code> except the thread is unblocked when any of
+  # the ractors has terminated as opposed to waiting for their termination in the
+  # array element order.
+  #
+  #     values = []
+  #     until ractors.empty?
+  #       r, val = Ractor.select(*ractors)
+  #       ractors.delete(r)
+  #       values << val
+  #     end
   #
-  def self.select: (*Ractor ractors, ?move: boolish, ?yield_value: untyped) -> [ Ractor | Symbol, untyped ]
+  def self.select: (?) -> Array[untyped]
 
   # <!--
   #   rdoc-file=ractor.rb
@@ -579,7 +413,7 @@ class Ractor
   # -->
   # Checks if the object is shareable by ractors.
   #
-  #     Ractor.shareable?(1)            #=> true -- numbers and other immutable basic values are frozen
+  #     Ractor.shareable?(1)            #=> true -- numbers are shareable
   #     Ractor.shareable?('foo')        #=> false, unless the string is frozen due to # frozen_string_literal: true
   #     Ractor.shareable?('foo'.freeze) #=> true
   #
@@ -588,13 +422,44 @@ class Ractor
   #
   def self.shareable?: (untyped obj) -> bool
 
+  # <!--
+  #   rdoc-file=ractor.rb
+  #   - Ractor.shareable_proc(self: nil){} -> shareable proc
+  # -->
+  # Returns a shareable copy of the given block's Proc. The value of `self` in the
+  # Proc will be replaced with the value passed via the <code>self:</code>
+  # keyword, or `nil` if not given.
+  #
+  # In a shareable Proc, access to any outer variables if prohibited.
+  #
+  #     a = 42
+  #     Ractor.shareable_proc{ p a }
+  #     #=> can not isolate a Proc because it accesses outer variables (a). (ArgumentError)
+  #
+  # The value of `self` in the Proc must be a shareable object.
+  #
+  #     Ractor.shareable_proc(self: self){}
+  #     #=> self should be shareable: main (Ractor::IsolationError)
+  #
+  def self.shareable_proc: [T] () { (?) [self: nil] -> T } -> ^(?) [self: nil] -> T
+                         | [T, S] (self: S) { (?) [self: S] -> T } -> ^(?) [self: S] -> T
+
+  # <!--
+  #   rdoc-file=ractor.rb
+  #   - Ractor.shareable_lambda(self: nil){} -> shareable lambda
+  # -->
+  # Same as Ractor.shareable_proc, but returns a lambda Proc.
+  #
+  def self.shareable_lambda: [T] () { (?) [self: nil] -> T } -> ^(?) [self: nil] -> T
+                           | [T, S] (self: S) { (?) [self: S] -> T } -> ^(?) [self: S] -> T
+
   # <!--
   #   rdoc-file=ractor.rb
   #   - Ractor.store_if_absent(key){ init_block }
   # -->
-  # If the correponding value is not set, yield a value with init_block and store
-  # the value in thread-safe manner. This method returns corresponding stored
-  # value.
+  # If the corresponding ractor-local value is not set, yields a value with
+  # init_block and stores the value in a thread-safe manner. This method returns
+  # the stored value.
   #
   #     (1..10).map{
   #       Thread.new(it){|i|
@@ -607,47 +472,7 @@ class Ractor
 
   # <!--
   #   rdoc-file=ractor.rb
-  #   - Ractor.yield(msg, move: false) -> nil
-  # -->
-  # Send a message to the current ractor's outgoing port to be accepted by #take.
-  #
-  #     r = Ractor.new {Ractor.yield 'Hello from ractor'}
-  #     puts r.take
-  #     # Prints: "Hello from ractor"
-  #
-  # This method is blocking, and will return only when somebody consumes the sent
-  # message.
-  #
-  #     r = Ractor.new do
-  #       Ractor.yield 'Hello from ractor'
-  #       puts "Ractor: after yield"
-  #     end
-  #     wait
-  #     puts "Still not taken"
-  #     puts r.take
-  #
-  # This will print:
-  #
-  #     Still not taken
-  #     Hello from ractor
-  #     Ractor: after yield
-  #
-  # If the outgoing port was closed with #close_outgoing, the method will raise:
-  #
-  #     r = Ractor.new do
-  #       close_outgoing
-  #       Ractor.yield 'Hello from ractor'
-  #     end
-  #     wait
-  #     # `yield': The outgoing-port is already closed (Ractor::ClosedError)
-  #
-  # The meaning of the `move` argument is the same as for #send.
-  #
-  def self.yield: (untyped obj, ?move: boolish) -> untyped
-
-  # <!--
-  #   rdoc-file=ractor.rb
-  #   - <<(obj, move: false)
+  #   - <<(...)
   # -->
   #
   alias << send
@@ -656,225 +481,119 @@ class Ractor
   #   rdoc-file=ractor.rb
   #   - [](sym)
   # -->
-  # get a value from ractor-local storage of current Ractor Obsolete and use
+  # Gets a value from ractor-local storage for the current Ractor. Obsolete, use
   # Ractor.[] instead.
   #
+  %a{deprecated: Use Ractor.[] instead}
   def []: (interned sym) -> untyped
 
   # <!--
   #   rdoc-file=ractor.rb
   #   - []=(sym, val)
   # -->
-  # set a value in ractor-local storage of current Ractor Obsolete and use
+  # Sets a value in ractor-local storage for the current Ractor. Obsolete, use
   # Ractor.[]= instead.
   #
+  %a{deprecated: Use Ractor.[]= instead}
   def []=: [T] (interned sym, T val) -> T
 
   # <!--
   #   rdoc-file=ractor.rb
-  #   - ractor.close_incoming -> true | false
+  #   - ractor.default_port -> port object
   # -->
-  # Closes the incoming port and returns whether it was already closed. All
-  # further attempts to Ractor.receive in the ractor, and #send to the ractor will
-  # fail with Ractor::ClosedError.
-  #
-  #     r = Ractor.new {sleep(500)}
-  #     r.close_incoming  #=> false
-  #     r.close_incoming  #=> true
-  #     r.send('test')
-  #     # Ractor::ClosedError (The incoming-port is already closed)
+  # Returns the default port of the Ractor.
   #
-  def close_incoming: () -> bool
+  def default_port: () -> Port[untyped]
 
   # <!--
   #   rdoc-file=ractor.rb
-  #   - ractor.close_outgoing -> true | false
+  #   - inspect()
   # -->
-  # Closes the outgoing port and returns whether it was already closed. All
-  # further attempts to Ractor.yield in the ractor, and #take from the ractor will
-  # fail with Ractor::ClosedError.
   #
-  #     r = Ractor.new {sleep(500)}
-  #     r.close_outgoing  #=> false
-  #     r.close_outgoing  #=> true
-  #     r.take
-  #     # Ractor::ClosedError (The outgoing-port is already closed)
-  #
-  def close_outgoing: () -> bool
+  def inspect: () -> String
 
   # <!--
   #   rdoc-file=ractor.rb
-  #   - inspect()
+  #   - ractor.join -> self
   # -->
+  # Waits for the termination of the Ractor. If the Ractor was aborted (terminated
+  # by an unhandled exception), the exception is raised in the current ractor.
   #
-  def inspect: () -> String
+  #     Ractor.new{}.join #=> ractor
+  #
+  #     Ractor.new{ raise "foo" }.join
+  #     #=> raises the exception "foo (RuntimeError)"
+  #
+  def join: () -> self
 
   # <!--
   #   rdoc-file=ractor.rb
   #   - name()
   # -->
-  # The name set in Ractor.new, or `nil`.
+  # Returns the name set in Ractor.new, or `nil`.
   #
   def name: () -> String?
 
   # <!--
   #   rdoc-file=ractor.rb
-  #   - ractor.send(msg, move: false) -> self
+  #   - ractor.monitor(port) -> self
   # -->
-  # Send a message to a Ractor's incoming queue to be accepted by Ractor.receive.
-  #
-  #     r = Ractor.new do
-  #       value = Ractor.receive
-  #       puts "Received #{value}"
-  #     end
-  #     r.send 'message'
-  #     # Prints: "Received: message"
-  #
-  # The method is non-blocking (will return immediately even if the ractor is not
-  # ready to receive anything):
-  #
-  #     r = Ractor.new {sleep(5)}
-  #     r.send('test')
-  #     puts "Sent successfully"
-  #     # Prints: "Sent successfully" immediately
-  #
-  # An attempt to send to a ractor which already finished its execution will raise
-  # Ractor::ClosedError.
-  #
-  #     r = Ractor.new {}
-  #     r.take
-  #     p r
-  #     # "#<Ractor:#6 (irb):23 terminated>"
-  #     r.send('test')
-  #     # Ractor::ClosedError (The incoming-port is already closed)
-  #
-  # If close_incoming was called on the ractor, the method also raises
-  # Ractor::ClosedError.
-  #
-  #     r =  Ractor.new do
-  #       sleep(500)
-  #       receive
-  #     end
-  #     r.close_incoming
-  #     r.send('test')
-  #     # Ractor::ClosedError (The incoming-port is already closed)
-  #     # The error is raised immediately, not when the ractor tries to receive
-  #
-  # If the `obj` is unshareable, by default it will be copied into the receiving
-  # ractor by deep cloning. If `move: true` is passed, the object is *moved* into
-  # the receiving ractor and becomes inaccessible to the sender.
+  # Registers the port as a monitoring port for this ractor. When the ractor
+  # terminates, the port receives a Symbol object.
   #
-  #     r = Ractor.new {puts "Received: #{receive}"}
-  #     msg = 'message'
-  #     r.send(msg, move: true)
-  #     r.take
-  #     p msg
+  # *   <code>:exited</code> is sent if the ractor terminates without an unhandled
+  #     exception.
+  # *   <code>:aborted</code> is sent if the ractor terminates by an unhandled
+  #     exception.
   #
-  # This prints:
+  #         r = Ractor.new{ some_task() }
+  #         r.monitor(port = Ractor::Port.new)
+  #         port.receive #=> :exited and r is terminated
   #
-  #     Received: message
-  #     in `p': undefined method `inspect' for #<Ractor::MovedObject:0x000055c99b9b69b8>
+  #         r = Ractor.new{ raise "foo" }
+  #         r.monitor(port = Ractor::Port.new)
+  #         port.receive #=> :aborted and r is terminated by the RuntimeError "foo"
   #
-  # All references to the object and its parts will become invalid to the sender.
-  #
-  #     r = Ractor.new {puts "Received: #{receive}"}
-  #     s = 'message'
-  #     ary = [s]
-  #     copy = ary.dup
-  #     r.send(ary, move: true)
-  #
-  #     s.inspect
-  #     # Ractor::MovedError (can not send any methods to a moved object)
-  #     ary.class
-  #     # Ractor::MovedError (can not send any methods to a moved object)
-  #     copy.class
-  #     # => Array, it is different object
-  #     copy[0].inspect
-  #     # Ractor::MovedError (can not send any methods to a moved object)
-  #     # ...but its item was still a reference to `s`, which was moved
-  #
-  # If the object is shareable, `move: true` has no effect on it:
-  #
-  #     r = Ractor.new {puts "Received: #{receive}"}
-  #     s = 'message'.freeze
-  #     r.send(s, move: true)
-  #     s.inspect #=> "message", still available
+  def monitor: [T < Symbol] (Port[T]) -> untyped
+
+  # <!--
+  #   rdoc-file=ractor.rb
+  #   - ractor.send(msg, move: false) -> self
+  # -->
+  # This is equivalent to Port#send to the ractor's #default_port.
   #
   def send: (untyped obj, ?move: boolish) -> Ractor
 
   # <!--
   #   rdoc-file=ractor.rb
-  #   - ractor.take -> msg
+  #   - to_s()
   # -->
-  # Get a message from the ractor's outgoing port, which was put there by
-  # Ractor.yield or at ractor's termination.
-  #
-  #     r = Ractor.new do
-  #       Ractor.yield 'explicit yield'
-  #       'last value'
-  #     end
-  #     puts r.take #=> 'explicit yield'
-  #     puts r.take #=> 'last value'
-  #     puts r.take # Ractor::ClosedError (The outgoing-port is already closed)
-  #
-  # The fact that the last value is also sent to the outgoing port means that
-  # `take` can be used as an analog of Thread#join ("just wait until ractor
-  # finishes"). However, it will raise if somebody has already consumed that
-  # message.
-  #
-  # If the outgoing port was closed with #close_outgoing, the method will raise
-  # Ractor::ClosedError.
-  #
-  #     r = Ractor.new do
-  #       sleep(500)
-  #       Ractor.yield 'Hello from ractor'
-  #     end
-  #     r.close_outgoing
-  #     r.take
-  #     # Ractor::ClosedError (The outgoing-port is already closed)
-  #     # The error would be raised immediately, not when ractor will try to receive
-  #
-  # If an uncaught exception is raised in the Ractor, it is propagated by take as
-  # a Ractor::RemoteError.
-  #
-  #     r = Ractor.new {raise "Something weird happened"}
-  #
-  #     begin
-  #       r.take
-  #     rescue => e
-  #       p e              #  => #<Ractor::RemoteError: thrown by remote Ractor.>
-  #       p e.ractor == r  # => true
-  #       p e.cause        # => #<RuntimeError: Something weird happened>
-  #     end
   #
-  # Ractor::ClosedError is a descendant of StopIteration, so the termination of
-  # the ractor will break out of any loops that receive this message without
-  # propagating the error:
-  #
-  #     r = Ractor.new do
-  #       3.times {|i| Ractor.yield "message #{i}"}
-  #       "finishing"
-  #     end
-  #
-  #     loop {puts "Received: " + r.take}
-  #     puts "Continue successfully"
-  #
-  # This will print:
-  #
-  #     Received: message 0
-  #     Received: message 1
-  #     Received: message 2
-  #     Received: finishing
-  #     Continue successfully
+  alias to_s inspect
+
+  # <!--
+  #   rdoc-file=ractor.rb
+  #   - ractor.unmonitor(port) -> self
+  # -->
+  # Unregisters the port from the monitoring ports for this ractor.
   #
-  def take: () -> untyped
+  def unmonitor: (Port[untyped]) -> self
 
   # <!--
   #   rdoc-file=ractor.rb
-  #   - to_s()
+  #   - ractor.value -> obj
   # -->
+  # Waits for `ractor` to complete and returns its value or raises the exception
+  # which terminated the Ractor. The termination value will be moved to the
+  # calling Ractor. Therefore, at most 1 Ractor can receive another ractor's
+  # termination value.
   #
-  alias to_s inspect
+  #     r = Ractor.new{ [1, 2] }
+  #     r.value #=> [1, 2] (unshareable object)
+  #
+  #     Ractor.new(r){|r| r.value} #=> Ractor::Error
+  #
+  def value: () -> untyped
 
   private
 
@@ -904,49 +623,35 @@ class Ractor
   # <!-- rdoc-file=ractor.c -->
   # Raised when an attempt is made to send a message to a closed port, or to
   # retrieve a message from a closed and empty port. Ports may be closed
-  # explicitly with Ractor#close_outgoing/close_incoming and are closed implicitly
-  # when a Ractor terminates.
-  #
-  #     r = Ractor.new { sleep(500) }
-  #     r.close_outgoing
-  #     r.take # Ractor::ClosedError
-  #
-  # ClosedError is a descendant of StopIteration, so the closing of the ractor
-  # will break the loops without propagating the error:
-  #
-  #     r = Ractor.new do
-  #       loop do
-  #         msg = receive # raises ClosedError and loop traps it
-  #         puts "Received: #{msg}"
-  #       end
-  #       puts "loop exited"
-  #     end
+  # explicitly with Ractor::Port#close and are closed implicitly when a Ractor
+  # terminates.
   #
-  #     3.times{|i| r << i}
-  #     r.close_incoming
-  #     r.take
-  #     puts "Continue successfully"
+  #     port = Ractor::Port.new
+  #     port.close
+  #     port << "test"  # Ractor::ClosedError
+  #     port.receive    # Ractor::ClosedError
   #
-  # This will print:
-  #
-  #     Received: 0
-  #     Received: 1
-  #     Received: 2
-  #     loop exited
-  #     Continue successfully
+  # ClosedError is a descendant of StopIteration, so the closing of a port will
+  # break out of loops without propagating the error.
   #
   class ClosedError < StopIteration
   end
 
+  # <!-- rdoc-file=ractor.c -->
+  # The parent class of Ractor-related error classes.
+  #
   class Error < RuntimeError
   end
 
+  # <!-- rdoc-file=ractor.c -->
+  # Raised on attempt to make a Ractor-unshareable object Ractor-shareable.
+  #
   class IsolationError < Ractor::Error
   end
 
   # <!-- rdoc-file=ractor.c -->
   # Raised on an attempt to access an object which was moved in Ractor#send or
-  # Ractor.yield.
+  # Ractor::Port#send.
   #
   #     r = Ractor.new { sleep }
   #
@@ -960,7 +665,7 @@ class Ractor
 
   # <!-- rdoc-file=ractor.c -->
   # A special object which replaces any value that was moved to another ractor in
-  # Ractor#send or Ractor.yield. Any attempt to access the object results in
+  # Ractor#send or Ractor::Port#send. Any attempt to access the object results in
   # Ractor::MovedError.
   #
   #     r = Ractor.new { receive }
@@ -1037,15 +742,163 @@ class Ractor
     def method_missing: (*untyped) -> untyped
   end
 
+  # <!-- rdoc-file=ractor.rb -->
+  # Port objects transmit messages between Ractors.
+  #
+  class Port[T = untyped]
+    # <!--
+    #   rdoc-file=ractor.rb
+    #   - <<(obj, move: false)
+    # -->
+    #
+    alias << send
+
+    # <!--
+    #   rdoc-file=ractor.rb
+    #   - port.close
+    # -->
+    # Closes the port. Sending to a closed port is prohibited. Receiving is also
+    # prohibited if there are no messages in its message queue.
+    #
+    # Only the Ractor which created the port is allowed to close it.
+    #
+    #     port = Ractor::Port.new
+    #     Ractor.new port do |port|
+    #       port.close #=> closing port by other ractors is not allowed (Ractor::Error)
+    #     end.join
+    #
+    def close: () -> void
+
+    # <!--
+    #   rdoc-file=ractor.rb
+    #   - port.closed? -> true/false
+    # -->
+    # Returns whether or not the port is closed.
+    #
+    def closed?: () -> bool
+
+    # <!--
+    #   rdoc-file=ractor.rb
+    #   - port.inspect -> string
+    # -->
+    #
+    def inspect: () -> String
+
+    # <!--
+    #   rdoc-file=ractor.rb
+    #   - port.receive -> msg
+    # -->
+    # Receives a message from the port (which was sent there by Port#send). Only the
+    # ractor that created the port can receive messages this way.
+    #
+    #     port = Ractor::Port.new
+    #     r = Ractor.new port do |port|
+    #       port.send('message1')
+    #     end
+    #
+    #     v1 = port.receive
+    #     puts "Received: #{v1}"
+    #     r.join
+    #     # This will print: "Received: message1"
+    #
+    # The method blocks the current Thread if the message queue is empty.
+    #
+    #     port = Ractor::Port.new
+    #     r = Ractor.new port do |port|
+    #       wait
+    #       puts "Still not received"
+    #       port.send('message1')
+    #       wait
+    #       puts "Still received only one"
+    #       port.send('message2')
+    #     end
+    #     puts "Before first receive"
+    #     v1 = port.receive
+    #     puts "Received: #{v1}"
+    #     v2 = port.receive
+    #     puts "Received: #{v2}"
+    #     r.join
+    #
+    # Output:
+    #
+    #     Before first receive
+    #     Still not received
+    #     Received: message1
+    #     Still received only one
+    #     Received: message2
+    #
+    # If the port is closed and there are no more messages in the message queue, the
+    # method raises Ractor::ClosedError.
+    #
+    #     port = Ractor::Port.new
+    #     port.close
+    #     port.receive #=> raise Ractor::ClosedError
+    #
+    def receive: () -> T
+
+    # <!--
+    #   rdoc-file=ractor.rb
+    #   - port.send(msg, move: false) -> self
+    # -->
+    # Sends a message to the port to be accepted by port.receive.
+    #
+    #     port = Ractor::Port.new
+    #     r = Ractor.new(port) do |port|
+    #       port.send 'message'
+    #     end
+    #     value = port.receive
+    #     puts "Received #{value}"
+    #     # Prints: "Received: message"
+    #
+    # The method is non-blocking (it will return immediately even if the ractor that
+    # created the port is not ready to receive anything):
+    #
+    #     port = Ractor::Port.new
+    #     r = Ractor.new(port) do |port|
+    #       port.send 'test'
+    #       puts "Sent successfully"
+    #       # Prints: "Sent successfully" immediately
+    #     end
+    #
+    # An attempt to send to a closed port will raise Ractor::ClosedError.
+    #
+    #     r = Ractor.new {Ractor::Port.new}
+    #     r.join
+    #     p r
+    #     # "#<Ractor:#6 (irb):23 terminated>"
+    #     port = r.value
+    #     port.send('test') # raise Ractor::ClosedError
+    #
+    # If the `obj` is unshareable, by default it will be copied into the receiving
+    # ractor by deep cloning.
+    #
+    # If the object is shareable, a reference to the object will be sent to the
+    # receiving ractor.
+    #
+    def send: (T obj, ?move: boolish) -> self
+
+    private
+
+    # <!--
+    #   rdoc-file=ractor_sync.c
+    #   - Ractor::Port.new  -> new_port
+    # -->
+    # Returns a new Ractor::Port object.
+    #
+    def initialize: () -> void
+
+    def initialize_copy: (untyped) -> untyped
+  end
+
   # <!-- rdoc-file=ractor.c -->
-  # Raised on attempt to Ractor#take if there was an uncaught exception in the
-  # Ractor. Its `cause` will contain the original exception, and `ractor` is the
-  # original ractor it was raised in.
+  # Raised on Ractor#join or Ractor#value if there was an uncaught exception in
+  # the Ractor. Its `cause` will contain the original exception, and `ractor` is
+  # the original ractor it was raised in.
   #
   #     r = Ractor.new { raise "Something weird happened" }
   #
   #     begin
-  #       r.take
+  #       r.value
   #     rescue => e
   #       p e             # => #<Ractor::RemoteError: thrown by remote Ractor.>
   #       p e.ractor == r # => true
@@ -1054,11 +907,14 @@ class Ractor
   #
   class RemoteError < Ractor::Error
     # <!-- rdoc-file=ractor.rb -->
-    # The Ractor an uncaught exception is raised in.
+    # The Ractor in which the uncaught exception was raised.
     #
     def ractor: () -> Ractor
   end
 
+  # <!-- rdoc-file=ractor.c -->
+  # Raised when Ractor-unsafe C-methods is invoked by a non-main Ractor.
+  #
   class UnsafeError < Ractor::Error
   end