rbs 3.0.0.dev.2 → 3.0.0.dev.3

data/core/math.rbs

@@ -1,64 +1,204 @@
 # <!-- rdoc-file=math.c -->
-# The Math module contains module functions for basic trigonometric and
-# transcendental functions. See class Float for a list of constants that define
-# Ruby's floating point accuracy.
+# Module Math provides methods for basic trigonometric, logarithmic, and
+# transcendental functions, and for extracting roots.
 #
-# Domains and codomains are given only for real (not complex) numbers.
+# You can write its constants and method calls thus:
+#
+#     Math::PI      # => 3.141592653589793
+#     Math::E       # => 2.718281828459045
+#     Math.sin(0.0) # => 0.0
+#     Math.cos(0.0) # => 1.0
+#
+# If you include module Math, you can write simpler forms:
+#
+#     include Math
+#     PI       # => 3.141592653589793
+#     E        # => 2.718281828459045
+#     sin(0.0) # => 0.0
+#     cos(0.0) # => 1.0
+#
+# For simplicity, the examples here assume:
+#
+#     include Math
+#     INFINITY = Float::INFINITY
+#
+# The domains and ranges for the methods are denoted by open or closed
+# intervals, using, respectively, parentheses or square brackets:
+#
+# *   An open interval does not include the endpoints:
+#
+#         (-INFINITY, INFINITY)
+#
+# *   A closed interval includes the endpoints:
+#
+#         [-1.0, 1.0]
+#
+# *   A half-open interval includes one endpoint, but not the other:
+#
+#         [1.0, INFINITY)
+#
+#
+# Many values returned by Math methods are numerical approximations. This is
+# because many such values are, in mathematics, of infinite precision, while in
+# numerical computation the precision is finite.
+#
+# Thus, in mathematics, *cos(π/2)* is exactly zero, but in our computation
+# `cos(PI/2)` is a number very close to zero:
+#
+#     cos(PI/2) # => 6.123031769111886e-17
+#
+# For very large and very small returned values, we have added formatted numbers
+# for clarity:
+#
+#     tan(PI/2)  # => 1.633123935319537e+16   # 16331239353195370.0
+#     tan(PI)    # => -1.2246467991473532e-16 # -0.0000000000000001
+#
+# See class Float for the constants that affect Ruby's floating-point
+# arithmetic.
+#
+# ### What's Here
+#
+# #### Trigonometric Functions
+#
+# *   ::cos: Returns the cosine of the given argument.
+# *   ::sin: Returns the sine of the given argument.
+# *   ::tan: Returns the tangent of the given argument.
+#
+#
+# #### Inverse Trigonometric Functions
+#
+# *   ::acos: Returns the arc cosine of the given argument.
+# *   ::asin: Returns the arc sine of the given argument.
+# *   ::atan: Returns the arc tangent of the given argument.
+# *   ::atan2: Returns the arg tangent of two given arguments.
+#
+#
+# #### Hyperbolic Trigonometric Functions
+#
+# *   ::cosh: Returns the hyperbolic cosine of the given argument.
+# *   ::sinh: Returns the hyperbolic sine of the given argument.
+# *   ::tanh: Returns the hyperbolic tangent of the given argument.
+#
+#
+# #### Inverse Hyperbolic Trigonometric Functions
+#
+# *   ::acosh: Returns the inverse hyperbolic cosine of the given argument.
+# *   ::asinh: Returns the inverse hyperbolic sine of the given argument.
+# *   ::atanh: Returns the inverse hyperbolic tangent of the given argument.
+#
+#
+# #### Exponentiation and Logarithmic Functions
+#
+# *   ::exp: Returns the value of a given value raised to a given power.
+# *   ::log: Returns the logarithm of a given value in a given base.
+# *   ::log10: Returns the base 10 logarithm of the given argument.
+# *   ::log2: Returns the base 2 logarithm of the given argument.
+#
+#
+# #### Fraction and Exponent Functions
+#
+# *   ::frexp: Returns the fraction and exponent of the given argument.
+# *   ::ldexp: Returns the value for a given fraction and exponent.
+#
+#
+# #### Root Functions
+#
+# *   ::cbrt: Returns the cube root of the given argument.
+# *   ::sqrt: Returns the square root of the given argument.
+#
+#
+# #### Error Functions
+#
+# *   ::erf: Returns the value of the Gauss error function for the given
+#     argument.
+# *   ::erfc: Returns the value of the complementary error function for the
+#     given argument.
+#
+#
+# #### Gamma Functions
+#
+# *   ::gamma: Returns the value of the gamma function for the given argument.
+# *   ::lgamma: Returns the value of the logarithmic gamma function for the
+#     given argument.
+#
+#
+# #### Hypotenuse Function
+#
+# *   ::hypot: Returns `sqrt(a**2 + b**2)` for the given `a` and `b`.
 #
 module Math
   # <!--
   #   rdoc-file=math.c
-  #   - Math.acos(x)    -> Float
+  #   - Math.acos(x) -> float
   # -->
-  # Computes the arc cosine of `x`. Returns 0..PI.
+  # Returns the [arc
+  # cosine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse_trigonometric_functions) of `x`.
+  #
+  # *   Domain: `[-1, 1]`.
+  # *   Range: `[0, PI]`.
   #
-  # Domain: [-1, 1]
   #
-  # Codomain: [0, PI]
+  # Examples:
   #
-  #     Math.acos(0) == Math::PI/2  #=> true
+  #     acos(-1.0) # => 3.141592653589793  # PI
+  #     acos(0.0)  # => 1.5707963267948966 # PI/2
+  #     acos(1.0)  # => 0.0
   #
   def self.acos: (Numeric x) -> Float
 
   # <!--
   #   rdoc-file=math.c
-  #   - Math.acosh(x)    -> Float
+  #   - Math.acosh(x) -> float
   # -->
-  # Computes the inverse hyperbolic cosine of `x`.
+  # Returns the [inverse hyperbolic
+  # cosine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse_hyperbolic_functions) of `x`.
+  #
+  # *   Domain: `[1, INFINITY]`.
+  # *   Range: `[0, INFINITY]`.
   #
-  # Domain: [1, INFINITY)
   #
-  # Codomain: [0, INFINITY)
+  # Examples:
   #
-  #     Math.acosh(1) #=> 0.0
+  #     acosh(1.0)      # => 0.0
+  #     acosh(INFINITY) # => Infinity
   #
   def self.acosh: (Numeric x) -> Float
 
   # <!--
   #   rdoc-file=math.c
-  #   - Math.asin(x)    -> Float
+  #   - Math.asin(x) -> float
   # -->
-  # Computes the arc sine of `x`. Returns -PI/2..PI/2.
+  # Returns the [arc
+  # sine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse_trigonometric_functions) of `x`.
   #
-  # Domain: [-1, -1]
+  # *   Domain: `[-1, -1]`.
+  # *   Range: `[-PI/2, PI/2]`.
   #
-  # Codomain: [-PI/2, PI/2]
   #
-  #     Math.asin(1) == Math::PI/2  #=> true
+  # Examples:
+  #
+  #     asin(-1.0) # => -1.5707963267948966 # -PI/2
+  #     asin(0.0)  # => 0.0
+  #     asin(1.0)  # => 1.5707963267948966  # PI/2
   #
   def self.asin: (Numeric x) -> Float
 
   # <!--
   #   rdoc-file=math.c
-  #   - Math.asinh(x)    -> Float
+  #   - Math.asinh(x) -> float
   # -->
-  # Computes the inverse hyperbolic sine of `x`.
+  # Returns the [inverse hyperbolic
+  # sine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse_hyperbolic_functions) of `x`.
+  #
+  # *   Domain: `[-INFINITY, INFINITY]`.
+  # *   Range: `[-INFINITY, INFINITY]`.
   #
-  # Domain: (-INFINITY, INFINITY)
   #
-  # Codomain: (-INFINITY, INFINITY)
+  # Examples:
   #
-  #     Math.asinh(1) #=> 0.881373587019543
+  #     asinh(-INFINITY) # => -Infinity
+  #     asinh(0.0)       # => 0.0
+  #     asinh(INFINITY)  # => Infinity
   #
   def self.asinh: (Numeric x) -> Float
 
@@ -66,134 +206,155 @@ module Math
   #   rdoc-file=math.c
   #   - Math.atan(x)    -> Float
   # -->
-  # Computes the arc tangent of `x`. Returns -PI/2..PI/2.
+  # Returns the [arc
+  # tangent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse_trigonometric_functions) of
+  # `x`.
+  #
+  # *   Domain: `[-INFINITY, INFINITY]`.
+  # *   Range: `[-PI/2, PI/2]  `.
   #
-  # Domain: (-INFINITY, INFINITY)
   #
-  # Codomain: (-PI/2, PI/2)
+  # Examples:
   #
-  #     Math.atan(0) #=> 0.0
+  #     atan(-INFINITY) # => -1.5707963267948966 # -PI2
+  #     atan(-PI)       # => -1.2626272556789115
+  #     atan(-PI/2)     # => -1.0038848218538872
+  #     atan(0.0)       # => 0.0
+  #     atan(PI/2)      # => 1.0038848218538872
+  #     atan(PI)        # => 1.2626272556789115
+  #     atan(INFINITY)  # => 1.5707963267948966  # PI/2
   #
   def self.atan: (Numeric x) -> Float
 
   # <!--
   #   rdoc-file=math.c
-  #   - Math.atan2(y, x)  -> Float
+  #   - Math.atan2(y, x) -> float
   # -->
-  # Computes the arc tangent given `y` and `x`. Returns a Float in the range
-  # -PI..PI. Return value is a angle in radians between the positive x-axis of
-  # cartesian plane and the point given by the coordinates (`x`, `y`) on it.
-  #
-  # Domain: (-INFINITY, INFINITY)
-  #
-  # Codomain: [-PI, PI]
-  #
-  #     Math.atan2(-0.0, -1.0) #=> -3.141592653589793
-  #     Math.atan2(-1.0, -1.0) #=> -2.356194490192345
-  #     Math.atan2(-1.0, 0.0)  #=> -1.5707963267948966
-  #     Math.atan2(-1.0, 1.0)  #=> -0.7853981633974483
-  #     Math.atan2(-0.0, 1.0)  #=> -0.0
-  #     Math.atan2(0.0, 1.0)   #=> 0.0
-  #     Math.atan2(1.0, 1.0)   #=> 0.7853981633974483
-  #     Math.atan2(1.0, 0.0)   #=> 1.5707963267948966
-  #     Math.atan2(1.0, -1.0)  #=> 2.356194490192345
-  #     Math.atan2(0.0, -1.0)  #=> 3.141592653589793
-  #     Math.atan2(INFINITY, INFINITY)   #=> 0.7853981633974483
-  #     Math.atan2(INFINITY, -INFINITY)  #=> 2.356194490192345
-  #     Math.atan2(-INFINITY, INFINITY)  #=> -0.7853981633974483
-  #     Math.atan2(-INFINITY, -INFINITY) #=> -2.356194490192345
+  # Returns the [arc tangent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atan2) of `y` and `x`
+  # in
+  # [radians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonometric_functions#Radians_versus
+  # _degrees).
+  #
+  # *   Domain of `y`: `[-INFINITY, INFINITY]`.
+  # *   Domain of `x`: `[-INFINITY, INFINITY]`.
+  # *   Range: `[-PI, PI]`.
+  #
+  #
+  # Examples:
+  #
+  #     atan2(-1.0, -1.0) # => -2.356194490192345  # -3*PI/4
+  #     atan2(-1.0, 0.0)  # => -1.5707963267948966 # -PI/2
+  #     atan2(-1.0, 1.0)  # => -0.7853981633974483 # -PI/4
+  #     atan2(0.0, -1.0)  # => 3.141592653589793   # PI
   #
   def self.atan2: (Numeric y, Numeric x) -> Float
 
   # <!--
   #   rdoc-file=math.c
-  #   - Math.atanh(x)    -> Float
+  #   - Math.atanh(x) -> float
   # -->
-  # Computes the inverse hyperbolic tangent of `x`.
+  # Returns the [inverse hyperbolic
+  # tangent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse_hyperbolic_functions) of `x`.
   #
-  # Domain: (-1, 1)
+  # *   Domain: `[-1, 1]`.
+  # *   Range: `[-INFINITY, INFINITY]`.
   #
-  # Codomain: (-INFINITY, INFINITY)
   #
-  #     Math.atanh(1) #=> Infinity
+  # Examples:
+  #
+  #     atanh(-1.0) # => -Infinity
+  #     atanh(0.0)  # => 0.0
+  #     atanh(1.0)  # => Infinity
   #
   def self.atanh: (Numeric x) -> Float
 
   # <!--
   #   rdoc-file=math.c
-  #   - Math.cbrt(x)    -> Float
+  #   - Math.cbrt(x) -> float
   # -->
-  # Returns the cube root of `x`.
-  #
-  # Domain: (-INFINITY, INFINITY)
-  #
-  # Codomain: (-INFINITY, INFINITY)
-  #
-  #     -9.upto(9) {|x|
-  #       p [x, Math.cbrt(x), Math.cbrt(x)**3]
-  #     }
-  #     #=> [-9, -2.0800838230519, -9.0]
-  #     #   [-8, -2.0, -8.0]
-  #     #   [-7, -1.91293118277239, -7.0]
-  #     #   [-6, -1.81712059283214, -6.0]
-  #     #   [-5, -1.7099759466767, -5.0]
-  #     #   [-4, -1.5874010519682, -4.0]
-  #     #   [-3, -1.44224957030741, -3.0]
-  #     #   [-2, -1.25992104989487, -2.0]
-  #     #   [-1, -1.0, -1.0]
-  #     #   [0, 0.0, 0.0]
-  #     #   [1, 1.0, 1.0]
-  #     #   [2, 1.25992104989487, 2.0]
-  #     #   [3, 1.44224957030741, 3.0]
-  #     #   [4, 1.5874010519682, 4.0]
-  #     #   [5, 1.7099759466767, 5.0]
-  #     #   [6, 1.81712059283214, 6.0]
-  #     #   [7, 1.91293118277239, 7.0]
-  #     #   [8, 2.0, 8.0]
-  #     #   [9, 2.0800838230519, 9.0]
+  # Returns the [cube root](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cube_root) of `x`.
+  #
+  # *   Domain: `[-INFINITY, INFINITY]`.
+  # *   Range: `[-INFINITY, INFINITY]`.
+  #
+  #
+  # Examples:
+  #
+  #     cbrt(-INFINITY) # => -Infinity
+  #     cbrt(-27.0)     # => -3.0
+  #     cbrt(-8.0)      # => -2.0
+  #     cbrt(-2.0)      # => -1.2599210498948732
+  #     cbrt(1.0)       # => 1.0
+  #     cbrt(0.0)       # => 0.0
+  #     cbrt(1.0)       # => 1.0
+  #     cbrt(2.0)       # => 1.2599210498948732
+  #     cbrt(8.0)       # => 2.0
+  #     cbrt(27.0)      # => 3.0
+  #     cbrt(INFINITY)  # => Infinity
   #
   def self.cbrt: (Numeric x) -> Float
 
   # <!--
   #   rdoc-file=math.c
-  #   - Math.cos(x)    -> Float
+  #   - Math.cos(x) -> float
   # -->
-  # Computes the cosine of `x` (expressed in radians). Returns a Float in the
-  # range -1.0..1.0.
+  # Returns the [cosine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sine_and_cosine) of `x` in
+  # [radians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonometric_functions#Radians_versus
+  # _degrees).
   #
-  # Domain: (-INFINITY, INFINITY)
+  # *   Domain: `(-INFINITY, INFINITY)`.
+  # *   Range: `[-1.0, 1.0]`.
   #
-  # Codomain: [-1, 1]
   #
-  #     Math.cos(Math::PI) #=> -1.0
+  # Examples:
+  #
+  #     cos(-PI)   # => -1.0
+  #     cos(-PI/2) # => 6.123031769111886e-17 # 0.0000000000000001
+  #     cos(0.0)   # => 1.0
+  #     cos(PI/2)  # => 6.123031769111886e-17 # 0.0000000000000001
+  #     cos(PI)    # => -1.0
   #
   def self.cos: (Numeric x) -> Float
 
   # <!--
   #   rdoc-file=math.c
-  #   - Math.cosh(x)    -> Float
+  #   - Math.cosh(x) -> float
   # -->
-  # Computes the hyperbolic cosine of `x` (expressed in radians).
+  # Returns the [hyperbolic
+  # cosine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbolic_functions) of `x` in
+  # [radians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonometric_functions#Radians_versus
+  # _degrees).
+  #
+  # *   Domain: `[-INFINITY, INFINITY]`.
+  # *   Range: `[1, INFINITY]`.
   #
-  # Domain: (-INFINITY, INFINITY)
   #
-  # Codomain: [1, INFINITY)
+  # Examples:
   #
-  #     Math.cosh(0) #=> 1.0
+  #     cosh(-INFINITY) # => Infinity
+  #     cosh(0.0)       # => 1.0
+  #     cosh(INFINITY)  # => Infinity
   #
   def self.cosh: (Numeric x) -> Float
 
   # <!--
   #   rdoc-file=math.c
-  #   - Math.erf(x)  -> Float
+  #   - Math.erf(x) -> float
   # -->
-  # Calculates the error function of `x`.
+  # Returns the value of the [Gauss error
+  # function](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error_function) for `x`.
   #
-  # Domain: (-INFINITY, INFINITY)
+  # *   Domain: `[-INFINITY, INFINITY]`.
+  # *   Range: `[-1, 1]`.
   #
-  # Codomain: (-1, 1)
   #
-  #     Math.erf(0) #=> 0.0
+  # Examples:
+  #
+  #     erf(-INFINITY) # => -1.0
+  #     erf(0.0)       # => 0.0
+  #     erf(INFINITY)  # => 1.0
+  #
+  # Related: Math.erfc.
   #
   def self.erf: (Numeric x) -> Float
 
@@ -201,92 +362,126 @@ module Math
   #   rdoc-file=math.c
   #   - Math.erfc(x)  -> Float
   # -->
-  # Calculates the complementary error function of x.
+  # Returns the value of the [complementary error
+  # function](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Error_function#Complementary_error_fun
+  # ction) for `x`.
+  #
+  # *   Domain: `[-INFINITY, INFINITY]`.
+  # *   Range: `[0, 2]`.
   #
-  # Domain: (-INFINITY, INFINITY)
   #
-  # Codomain: (0, 2)
+  # Examples:
   #
-  #     Math.erfc(0) #=> 1.0
+  #     erfc(-INFINITY) # => 2.0
+  #     erfc(0.0)       # => 1.0
+  #     erfc(INFINITY)  # => 0.0
+  #
+  # Related: Math.erf.
   #
   def self.erfc: (Numeric x) -> Float
 
   # <!--
   #   rdoc-file=math.c
-  #   - Math.exp(x)    -> Float
+  #   - Math.exp(x) -> float
   # -->
-  # Returns e**x.
+  # Returns `e` raised to the `x` power.
+  #
+  # *   Domain: `[-INFINITY, INFINITY]`.
+  # *   Range: `[0, INFINITY]`.
   #
-  # Domain: (-INFINITY, INFINITY)
   #
-  # Codomain: (0, INFINITY)
+  # Examples:
   #
-  #     Math.exp(0)       #=> 1.0
-  #     Math.exp(1)       #=> 2.718281828459045
-  #     Math.exp(1.5)     #=> 4.4816890703380645
+  #     exp(-INFINITY) # => 0.0
+  #     exp(-1.0)      # => 0.36787944117144233 # 1.0/E
+  #     exp(0.0)       # => 1.0
+  #     exp(0.5)       # => 1.6487212707001282  # sqrt(E)
+  #     exp(1.0)       # => 2.718281828459045   # E
+  #     exp(2.0)       # => 7.38905609893065    # E**2
+  #     exp(INFINITY)  # => Infinity
   #
   def self.exp: (Numeric x) -> Float
 
   # <!--
   #   rdoc-file=math.c
-  #   - Math.frexp(x)    -> [fraction, exponent]
+  #   - Math.frexp(x) -> [fraction, exponent]
   # -->
-  # Returns a two-element array containing the normalized fraction (a Float) and
-  # exponent (an Integer) of `x`.
+  # Returns a 2-element array containing the normalized signed float `fraction`
+  # and integer `exponent` of `x` such that:
+  #
+  #     x = fraction * 2**exponent
+  #
+  # See [IEEE 754 double-precision binary floating-point format:
+  # binary64](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-precision_floating-point_format
+  # #IEEE_754_double-precision_binary_floating-point_format:_binary64).
+  #
+  # *   Domain: `[-INFINITY, INFINITY]`.
+  # *   Range `[-INFINITY, INFINITY]`.
+  #
+  #
+  # Examples:
   #
-  #     fraction, exponent = Math.frexp(1234)   #=> [0.6025390625, 11]
-  #     fraction * 2**exponent                  #=> 1234.0
+  #     frexp(-INFINITY) # => [-Infinity, -1]
+  #     frexp(-2.0)      # => [-0.5, 2]
+  #     frexp(-1.0)      # => [-0.5, 1]
+  #     frexp(0.0)       # => [0.0, 0]
+  #     frexp(1.0)       # => [0.5, 1]
+  #     frexp(2.0)       # => [0.5, 2]
+  #     frexp(INFINITY)  # => [Infinity, -1]
+  #
+  # Related: Math.ldexp (inverse of Math.frexp).
   #
   def self.frexp: (Numeric x) -> [ Float, Integer ]
 
   # <!--
   #   rdoc-file=math.c
-  #   - Math.gamma(x)  -> Float
+  #   - Math.gamma(x) -> float
   # -->
-  # Calculates the gamma function of x.
-  #
-  # Note that gamma(n) is the same as fact(n-1) for integer n > 0. However
-  # gamma(n) returns float and can be an approximation.
-  #
-  #     def fact(n) (1..n).inject(1) {|r,i| r*i } end
-  #     1.upto(26) {|i| p [i, Math.gamma(i), fact(i-1)] }
-  #     #=> [1, 1.0, 1]
-  #     #   [2, 1.0, 1]
-  #     #   [3, 2.0, 2]
-  #     #   [4, 6.0, 6]
-  #     #   [5, 24.0, 24]
-  #     #   [6, 120.0, 120]
-  #     #   [7, 720.0, 720]
-  #     #   [8, 5040.0, 5040]
-  #     #   [9, 40320.0, 40320]
-  #     #   [10, 362880.0, 362880]
-  #     #   [11, 3628800.0, 3628800]
-  #     #   [12, 39916800.0, 39916800]
-  #     #   [13, 479001600.0, 479001600]
-  #     #   [14, 6227020800.0, 6227020800]
-  #     #   [15, 87178291200.0, 87178291200]
-  #     #   [16, 1307674368000.0, 1307674368000]
-  #     #   [17, 20922789888000.0, 20922789888000]
-  #     #   [18, 355687428096000.0, 355687428096000]
-  #     #   [19, 6.402373705728e+15, 6402373705728000]
-  #     #   [20, 1.21645100408832e+17, 121645100408832000]
-  #     #   [21, 2.43290200817664e+18, 2432902008176640000]
-  #     #   [22, 5.109094217170944e+19, 51090942171709440000]
-  #     #   [23, 1.1240007277776077e+21, 1124000727777607680000]
-  #     #   [24, 2.5852016738885062e+22, 25852016738884976640000]
-  #     #   [25, 6.204484017332391e+23, 620448401733239439360000]
-  #     #   [26, 1.5511210043330954e+25, 15511210043330985984000000]
+  # Returns the value of the [gamma
+  # function](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_function) for `x`.
+  #
+  # *   Domain: `(-INFINITY, INFINITY]` excluding negative integers.
+  # *   Range: `[-INFINITY, INFINITY]`.
+  #
+  #
+  # Examples:
+  #
+  #     gamma(-2.5)      # => -0.9453087204829431
+  #     gamma(-1.5)      # => 2.3632718012073513
+  #     gamma(-0.5)      # => -3.5449077018110375
+  #     gamma(0.0)      # => Infinity
+  #     gamma(1.0)      # => 1.0
+  #     gamma(2.0)      # => 1.0
+  #     gamma(3.0)      # => 2.0
+  #     gamma(4.0)      # => 6.0
+  #     gamma(5.0)      # => 24.0
+  #
+  # Related: Math.lgamma.
   #
   def self.gamma: (Numeric x) -> Float
 
   # <!--
   #   rdoc-file=math.c
-  #   - Math.hypot(x, y)    -> Float
+  #   - Math.hypot(a, b) -> float
   # -->
-  # Returns sqrt(x**2 + y**2), the hypotenuse of a right-angled triangle with
-  # sides `x` and `y`.
+  # Returns `sqrt(a**2 + b**2)`, which is the length of the longest side `c` (the
+  # hypotenuse) of the right triangle whose other sides have lengths `a` and `b`.
   #
-  #     Math.hypot(3, 4)   #=> 5.0
+  # *   Domain of `a`: `[-INFINITY, INFINITY]`.
+  # *   Domain of +ab: `[-INFINITY, INFINITY]`.
+  # *   Range: `[0, INFINITY]`.
+  #
+  #
+  # Examples:
+  #
+  #     hypot(0.0, 1.0)       # => 1.0
+  #     hypot(1.0, 1.0)       # => 1.4142135623730951 # sqrt(2.0)
+  #     hypot(3.0, 4.0)       # => 5.0
+  #     hypot(5.0, 12.0)      # => 13.0
+  #     hypot(1.0, sqrt(3.0)) # => 1.9999999999999998 # Near 2.0
+  #
+  # Note that if either argument is `INFINITY` or `-INFINITY`, the result is
+  # `Infinity`.
   #
   def self.hypot: (Numeric x, Numeric y) -> Float
 
@@ -294,169 +489,246 @@ module Math
   #   rdoc-file=math.c
   #   - Math.ldexp(fraction, exponent) -> float
   # -->
-  # Returns the value of `fraction`*(2**`exponent`).
+  # Returns the value of `fraction * 2**exponent`.
+  #
+  # *   Domain of `fraction`: `[0.0, 1.0)`.
+  # *   Domain of `exponent`: `[0, 1024]` (larger values are equivalent to 1024).
+  #
+  #
+  # See [IEEE 754 double-precision binary floating-point format:
+  # binary64](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-precision_floating-point_format
+  # #IEEE_754_double-precision_binary_floating-point_format:_binary64).
   #
-  #     fraction, exponent = Math.frexp(1234)
-  #     Math.ldexp(fraction, exponent)   #=> 1234.0
+  # Examples:
+  #
+  #     ldexp(-INFINITY, -1) # => -Infinity
+  #     ldexp(-0.5, 2)       # => -2.0
+  #     ldexp(-0.5, 1)       # => -1.0
+  #     ldexp(0.0, 0)        # => 0.0
+  #     ldexp(-0.5, 1)       # => 1.0
+  #     ldexp(-0.5, 2)       # => 2.0
+  #     ldexp(INFINITY, -1)  # => Infinity
+  #
+  # Related: Math.frexp (inverse of Math.ldexp).
   #
   def self.ldexp: (Numeric fraction, Numeric exponent) -> Float
 
   # <!--
   #   rdoc-file=math.c
-  #   - Math.lgamma(x)  -> [float, -1 or 1]
+  #   - Math.lgamma(x) -> [float, -1 or 1]
   # -->
-  # Calculates the logarithmic gamma of `x` and the sign of gamma of `x`.
+  # Returns a 2-element array equivalent to:
   #
-  # Math.lgamma(x) is the same as
   #     [Math.log(Math.gamma(x).abs), Math.gamma(x) < 0 ? -1 : 1]
   #
-  # but avoids overflow by Math.gamma(x) for large x.
+  # See [logarithmic gamma
+  # function](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_function#The_log-gamma_function)
+  # .
+  #
+  # *   Domain: `(-INFINITY, INFINITY]`.
+  # *   Range of first element: `(-INFINITY, INFINITY]`.
+  # *   Second element is -1 or 1.
+  #
+  #
+  # Examples:
+  #
+  #     lgamma(-4.0) # => [Infinity, -1]
+  #     lgamma(-3.0) # => [Infinity, -1]
+  #     lgamma(-2.0) # => [Infinity, -1]
+  #     lgamma(-1.0) # => [Infinity, -1]
+  #     lgamma(0.0)  # => [Infinity, 1]
   #
-  #     Math.lgamma(0) #=> [Infinity, 1]
+  #     lgamma(1.0)  # => [0.0, 1]
+  #     lgamma(2.0)  # => [0.0, 1]
+  #     lgamma(3.0)  # => [0.6931471805599436, 1]
+  #     lgamma(4.0)  # => [1.7917594692280545, 1]
+  #
+  #     lgamma(-2.5) # => [-0.05624371649767279, -1]
+  #     lgamma(-1.5) # => [0.8600470153764797, 1]
+  #     lgamma(-0.5) # => [1.265512123484647, -1]
+  #     lgamma(0.5)  # => [0.5723649429247004, 1]
+  #     lgamma(1.5)  # => [-0.12078223763524676, 1]
+  #     lgamma(2.5)      # => [0.2846828704729205, 1]
+  #
+  # Related: Math.gamma.
   #
   def self.lgamma: (Numeric x) -> [ Float, Integer ]
 
   # <!--
   #   rdoc-file=math.c
-  #   - Math.log(x)          -> Float
-  #   - Math.log(x, base)    -> Float
+  #   - Math.log(x, base = Math::E) -> Float
   # -->
-  # Returns the logarithm of `x`. If additional second argument is given, it will
-  # be the base of logarithm. Otherwise it is `e` (for the natural logarithm).
+  # Returns the base `base` [logarithm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logarithm)
+  # of `x`.
+  #
+  # *   Domain: `[0, INFINITY]`.
+  # *   Range: `[-INFINITY, INFINITY)]`.
+  #
   #
-  # Domain: (0, INFINITY)
+  # Examples:
   #
-  # Codomain: (-INFINITY, INFINITY)
+  #     log(0.0)        # => -Infinity
+  #     log(1.0)        # => 0.0
+  #     log(E)          # => 1.0
+  #     log(INFINITY)   # => Infinity
   #
-  #     Math.log(0)          #=> -Infinity
-  #     Math.log(1)          #=> 0.0
-  #     Math.log(Math::E)    #=> 1.0
-  #     Math.log(Math::E**3) #=> 3.0
-  #     Math.log(12, 3)      #=> 2.2618595071429146
+  #     log(0.0, 2.0)   # => -Infinity
+  #     log(1.0, 2.0)   # => 0.0
+  #     log(2.0, 2.0)   # => 1.0
+  #
+  #     log(0.0, 10.0)  # => -Infinity
+  #     log(1.0, 10.0)  # => 0.0
+  #     log(10.0, 10.0) # => 1.0
   #
   def self.log: (Numeric x, ?Numeric base) -> Float
 
   # <!--
   #   rdoc-file=math.c
-  #   - Math.log10(x)    -> Float
+  #   - Math.log10(x) -> float
   # -->
-  # Returns the base 10 logarithm of `x`.
+  # Returns the base 10 [logarithm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logarithm) of
+  # `x`.
+  #
+  # *   Domain: `[0, INFINITY]`.
+  # *   Range: `[-INFINITY, INFINITY]`.
   #
-  # Domain: (0, INFINITY)
   #
-  # Codomain: (-INFINITY, INFINITY)
+  # Examples:
   #
-  #     Math.log10(1)       #=> 0.0
-  #     Math.log10(10)      #=> 1.0
-  #     Math.log10(10**100) #=> 100.0
+  #     log10(0.0)      # => -Infinity
+  #     log10(1.0)      # => 0.0
+  #     log10(10.0)     # => 1.0
+  #     log10(INFINITY) # => Infinity
   #
   def self.log10: (Numeric x) -> Float
 
   # <!--
   #   rdoc-file=math.c
-  #   - Math.log2(x)    -> Float
+  #   - Math.log2(x) -> float
   # -->
-  # Returns the base 2 logarithm of `x`.
+  # Returns the base 2 [logarithm](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logarithm) of
+  # `x`.
+  #
+  # *   Domain: `[0, INFINITY]`.
+  # *   Range: `[-INFINITY, INFINITY]`.
   #
-  # Domain: (0, INFINITY)
   #
-  # Codomain: (-INFINITY, INFINITY)
+  # Examples:
   #
-  #     Math.log2(1)      #=> 0.0
-  #     Math.log2(2)      #=> 1.0
-  #     Math.log2(32768)  #=> 15.0
-  #     Math.log2(65536)  #=> 16.0
+  #     log2(0.0)      # => -Infinity
+  #     log2(1.0)      # => 0.0
+  #     log2(2.0)      # => 1.0
+  #     log2(INFINITY) # => Infinity
   #
   def self.log2: (Numeric x) -> Float
 
   # <!--
   #   rdoc-file=math.c
-  #   - Math.sin(x)    -> Float
+  #   - Math.sin(x) -> float
   # -->
-  # Computes the sine of `x` (expressed in radians). Returns a Float in the range
-  # -1.0..1.0.
+  # Returns the [sine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sine_and_cosine) of `x` in
+  # [radians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonometric_functions#Radians_versus
+  # _degrees).
   #
-  # Domain: (-INFINITY, INFINITY)
+  # *   Domain: `(-INFINITY, INFINITY)`.
+  # *   Range: `[-1.0, 1.0]`.
   #
-  # Codomain: [-1, 1]
   #
-  #     Math.sin(Math::PI/2) #=> 1.0
+  # Examples:
+  #
+  #     sin(-PI)   # => -1.2246063538223773e-16 # -0.0000000000000001
+  #     sin(-PI/2) # => -1.0
+  #     sin(0.0)   # => 0.0
+  #     sin(PI/2)  # => 1.0
+  #     sin(PI)    # => 1.2246063538223773e-16  # 0.0000000000000001
   #
   def self.sin: (Numeric x) -> Float
 
   # <!--
   #   rdoc-file=math.c
-  #   - Math.sinh(x)    -> Float
+  #   - Math.sinh(x) -> float
   # -->
-  # Computes the hyperbolic sine of `x` (expressed in radians).
+  # Returns the [hyperbolic
+  # sine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbolic_functions) of `x` in
+  # [radians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonometric_functions#Radians_versus
+  # _degrees).
+  #
+  # *   Domain: `[-INFINITY, INFINITY]`.
+  # *   Range: `[-INFINITY, INFINITY]`.
   #
-  # Domain: (-INFINITY, INFINITY)
   #
-  # Codomain: (-INFINITY, INFINITY)
+  # Examples:
   #
-  #     Math.sinh(0) #=> 0.0
+  #     sinh(-INFINITY) # => -Infinity
+  #     sinh(0.0)       # => 0.0
+  #     sinh(INFINITY)  # => Infinity
   #
   def self.sinh: (Numeric x) -> Float
 
   # <!--
   #   rdoc-file=math.c
-  #   - Math.sqrt(x)    -> Float
+  #   - Math.sqrt(x) -> float
   # -->
-  # Returns the non-negative square root of `x`.
-  #
-  # Domain: [0, INFINITY)
+  # Returns the principal (non-negative) [square
+  # root](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_root) of `x`.
   #
-  # Codomain:[0, INFINITY)
+  # *   Domain: `[0, INFINITY]`.
+  # *   Range: `[0, INFINITY]`.
   #
-  #     0.upto(10) {|x|
-  #       p [x, Math.sqrt(x), Math.sqrt(x)**2]
-  #     }
-  #     #=> [0, 0.0, 0.0]
-  #     #   [1, 1.0, 1.0]
-  #     #   [2, 1.4142135623731, 2.0]
-  #     #   [3, 1.73205080756888, 3.0]
-  #     #   [4, 2.0, 4.0]
-  #     #   [5, 2.23606797749979, 5.0]
-  #     #   [6, 2.44948974278318, 6.0]
-  #     #   [7, 2.64575131106459, 7.0]
-  #     #   [8, 2.82842712474619, 8.0]
-  #     #   [9, 3.0, 9.0]
-  #     #   [10, 3.16227766016838, 10.0]
   #
-  # Note that the limited precision of floating point arithmetic might lead to
-  # surprising results:
+  # Examples:
   #
-  #     Math.sqrt(10**46).to_i  #=> 99999999999999991611392 (!)
-  #
-  # See also BigDecimal#sqrt and Integer.sqrt.
+  #     sqrt(0.0)      # => 0.0
+  #     sqrt(0.5)      # => 0.7071067811865476
+  #     sqrt(1.0)      # => 1.0
+  #     sqrt(2.0)      # => 1.4142135623730951
+  #     sqrt(4.0)      # => 2.0
+  #     sqrt(9.0)      # => 3.0
+  #     sqrt(INFINITY) # => Infinity
   #
   def self.sqrt: (Numeric x) -> Float
 
   # <!--
   #   rdoc-file=math.c
-  #   - Math.tan(x)    -> Float
+  #   - Math.tan(x) -> float
   # -->
-  # Computes the tangent of `x` (expressed in radians).
+  # Returns the [tangent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonometric_functions)
+  # of `x` in
+  # [radians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonometric_functions#Radians_versus
+  # _degrees).
+  #
+  # *   Domain: `(-INFINITY, INFINITY)`.
+  # *   Range: `(-INFINITY, INFINITY)`.
   #
-  # Domain: (-INFINITY, INFINITY)
   #
-  # Codomain: (-INFINITY, INFINITY)
+  # Examples:
   #
-  #     Math.tan(0) #=> 0.0
+  #     tan(-PI)   # => 1.2246467991473532e-16  # -0.0000000000000001
+  #     tan(-PI/2) # => -1.633123935319537e+16  # -16331239353195370.0
+  #     tan(0.0)   # => 0.0
+  #     tan(PI/2)  # => 1.633123935319537e+16   # 16331239353195370.0
+  #     tan(PI)    # => -1.2246467991473532e-16 # -0.0000000000000001
   #
   def self.tan: (Numeric x) -> Float
 
   # <!--
   #   rdoc-file=math.c
-  #   - Math.tanh(x)    -> Float
+  #   - Math.tanh(x) -> float
   # -->
-  # Computes the hyperbolic tangent of `x` (expressed in radians).
+  # Returns the [hyperbolic
+  # tangent](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbolic_functions) of `x` in
+  # [radians](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonometric_functions#Radians_versus
+  # _degrees).
+  #
+  # *   Domain: `[-INFINITY, INFINITY]`.
+  # *   Range: `[-1, 1]`.
   #
-  # Domain: (-INFINITY, INFINITY)
   #
-  # Codomain: (-1, 1)
+  # Examples:
   #
-  #     Math.tanh(0) #=> 0.0
+  #     tanh(-INFINITY) # => -1.0
+  #     tanh(0.0)       # => 0.0
+  #     tanh(INFINITY)  # => 1.0
   #
   def self.tanh: (Numeric x) -> Float
 end