raptor 0.24.0 → 0.26.0

checksums.yaml

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
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data/.buildkite/pipeline.yml

@@ -18,6 +18,17 @@ steps:
           - bundle install
           - bundle exec rake ci
 
+      - label: ":rails: Rails system tests"
+        image: "ruby:4.0"
+        env:
+          BROWSER_PATH: /usr/bin/chromium
+        commands:
+          - ruby -v
+          - apt-get update && apt-get install -y chromium
+          - bundle install
+          - bundle exec rails --version
+          - bundle exec rake test:rails
+
       - label: ":ruby: Ruby 4.0 +GC.stress"
         image: "ruby:4.0"
         env:
@@ -88,7 +99,7 @@ steps:
           queue: macos
         commands:
           - brew install --quiet ruby@4.0
-          - export PATH="$(brew --prefix ruby@4.0)/bin:$PATH"
+          - export PATH="$(brew --prefix ruby@4.0)/bin:$$PATH"
           - bundle config set --local path .bundle
           - ruby -v
           - bundle install
@@ -101,12 +112,27 @@ steps:
           RUBY_YJIT_ENABLE: "1"
         commands:
           - brew install --quiet ruby@4.0
-          - export PATH="$(brew --prefix ruby@4.0)/bin:$PATH"
+          - export PATH="$(brew --prefix ruby@4.0)/bin:$$PATH"
           - bundle config set --local path .bundle
           - ruby -v
           - bundle install
           - bundle exec rake ci
 
+      - label: ":rails: Rails system tests"
+        agents:
+          queue: macos
+        env:
+          BROWSER_PATH: /Applications/Google Chrome.app/Contents/MacOS/Google Chrome
+        commands:
+          - brew install --quiet ruby@4.0
+          - export PATH="$(brew --prefix ruby@4.0)/bin:$$PATH"
+          - test -x "$$BROWSER_PATH" || brew install --cask --quiet google-chrome
+          - bundle config set --local path .bundle
+          - ruby -v
+          - bundle install
+          - bundle exec rails --version
+          - bundle exec rake test:rails
+
       - label: ":ruby: Ruby 4.0 +GC.stress"
         agents:
           queue: macos
@@ -114,7 +140,7 @@ steps:
           RUBY_GC_STRESS: "1"
         commands:
           - brew install --quiet ruby@4.0
-          - export PATH="$(brew --prefix ruby@4.0)/bin:$PATH"
+          - export PATH="$(brew --prefix ruby@4.0)/bin:$$PATH"
           - bundle config set --local path .bundle
           - ruby -v
           - bundle install
@@ -128,7 +154,7 @@ steps:
           RUBY_GC_STRESS: "1"
         commands:
           - brew install --quiet ruby@4.0
-          - export PATH="$(brew --prefix ruby@4.0)/bin:$PATH"
+          - export PATH="$(brew --prefix ruby@4.0)/bin:$$PATH"
           - bundle config set --local path .bundle
           - ruby -v
           - bundle install
@@ -141,7 +167,7 @@ steps:
         commands:
           - brew unlink ruby
           - brew install --HEAD --quiet ruby
-          - export PATH="$(brew --prefix ruby)/bin:$PATH"
+          - export PATH="$(brew --prefix ruby)/bin:$$PATH"
           - bundle config set --local path .bundle
           - ruby -v
           - bundle install
@@ -156,7 +182,7 @@ steps:
         commands:
           - brew unlink ruby
           - brew install --HEAD --quiet ruby
-          - export PATH="$(brew --prefix ruby)/bin:$PATH"
+          - export PATH="$(brew --prefix ruby)/bin:$$PATH"
           - bundle config set --local path .bundle
           - ruby -v
           - bundle install
@@ -171,7 +197,7 @@ steps:
         commands:
           - brew unlink ruby
           - brew install --HEAD --quiet ruby
-          - export PATH="$(brew --prefix ruby)/bin:$PATH"
+          - export PATH="$(brew --prefix ruby)/bin:$$PATH"
           - bundle config set --local path .bundle
           - ruby -v
           - bundle install
@@ -187,7 +213,7 @@ steps:
         commands:
           - brew unlink ruby
           - brew install --HEAD --quiet ruby
-          - export PATH="$(brew --prefix ruby)/bin:$PATH"
+          - export PATH="$(brew --prefix ruby)/bin:$$PATH"
           - bundle config set --local path .bundle
           - ruby -v
           - bundle install

data/AGENTS.md

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# Repository conventions
+
+## Code organisation
+
+- Follow local style so the repository reads as one cohesive codebase.
+- Group and order related declarations logically throughout the repository, not just in Ruby code. Use consistent names,
+  placement, and spacing to make relationships clear.
+- Use blank lines to separate logical steps and final return values, without fragmenting closely related code.
+- Separate standard-library, third-party, and project requires with blank lines, keeping `require_relative` separate.
+  Respect load-order dependencies and order semantically rather than alphabetically.
+- Prefer `atomic-ruby`'s CAS-based queues and synchronisation in server internals. Use mutex-backed alternatives only
+  when their semantics justify them, and avoid busy-spinning across blocking operations.
+
+## Documentation and commits
+
+- Keep comments focused on what and why. Explain implementation details only when the intent is otherwise unclear.
+- Normally match commit subjects to changelog entries. Preserve separate entries for distinct changes worth calling out.
+- Use inline code formatting for code references in commit subjects and changelog entries where applicable.
+
+## Tests
+
+- Load `test_helper` first in test files and group test-support requires together, respecting boot dependencies.
+- Rely on assertions' default failure messages rather than adding custom messages.
+- Follow suite conventions for descriptions, setup, and assertions. Use Minitest's `parallelize_me!` when tests can
+  safely run independently.

data/CHANGELOG.md

@@ -1,20 +1,28 @@
 ## [Unreleased]
 
+## [0.26.0] - 2026-11-10
+
+- Add in-process Rack serving
+
+## [0.25.0] - 2026-11-08
+
+- Use `io-event` for reactor I/O readiness
+
 ## [0.24.0] - 2026-11-08
 
-- Honour `connection.max_body_size` for HTTP/2 request bodies without closing other streams
-- Wait for all current workers to boot before notifying systemd that Raptor is ready
-- Prefer each over call for HTTP/1 Rack response bodies that implement both
-- Reject empty HTTP/1 Content-Length values and unsupported transfer codings before reading request bodies
-- Preserve request Version headers instead of replacing them with the HTTP protocol
-- Trim leading tabs as optional HTTP/1 header whitespace
-- Honour HTTP/1 Connection token lists, with close taking precedence over keep-alive
-- Run worker boot hooks before starting application threads, parsers, and request handling
-- Close HTTP/2 response bodies when writing fails or a stream is cancelled
-- Bound HTTP/1 chunk size lines and trailers, including incomplete metadata
-- Reject invalid CRLF delimiters after HTTP/1 chunk payloads
-- Prefer hyphenated request headers over underscore aliases and reject HTTP/1 framing aliases
-- Add plugins with lifecycle hooks, cluster stats, and managed background threads
+- Enforce request body limits on HTTP/2 streams
+- Notify systemd only after every current worker boots
+- Prefer enumerable Rack bodies over callable streaming
+- Reject empty request lengths and unsupported transfer codings
+- Preserve `Version` request headers in the Rack environment
+- Trim optional leading tabs from HTTP/1 header values
+- Honour HTTP/1 `Connection` token lists
+- Complete worker boot hooks before starting request handling
+- Close HTTP/2 response bodies when writing fails
+- Bound HTTP/1 chunk size lines and trailers
+- Validate HTTP/1 chunk payload delimiters
+- Preserve request header identity during Rack normalization
+- Add plugins
 
 ## [0.23.0] - 2026-10-18
 
@@ -28,13 +36,13 @@
 - Apply HTTP/2 initial window changes to responses waiting for flow control
 - Default `SERVER_NAME` for HTTP/2 requests without a host name
 - Join repeated HTTP/2 request headers instead of keeping only the last
-- Ignore HTTP/2 DATA frames for streams that already closed
+- Ignore HTTP/2 `DATA` frames for streams that already closed
 - Credit each HTTP/2 stream window for the data that stream receives
-- Strip padding from HTTP/2 DATA and HEADERS frames
+- Strip padding from HTTP/2 `DATA` and `HEADERS` frames
 - Encode and decode long HTTP/2 header strings without overflowing the stack
 - Limit HTTP/2 request header lists to 112 KiB
 - Reject HTTP/2 frames larger than the maximum frame size
-- Send GOAWAY when an HTTP/2 frame fails to decode
+- Send `GOAWAY` when an HTTP/2 frame fails to decode
 - Keep pipelined HTTP/1.1 requests out of the previous request's body
 - Process chunked requests on kept-alive HTTP/1.1 connections without waiting for more data
 - Validate request framing on kept-alive HTTP/1.1 connections
@@ -93,12 +101,12 @@
 - Close connected control socket clients during shutdown
 - Skip TCP corking when `writev(2)` emits a response in one call
 - Return idle HTTP/1.1 keep-alive connections to the reactor without waiting
-- Increase the HTTP/1.1 keep-alive request limit to 1,000 and requeue the connection when other work is waiting
-- Add a read-only `/stats` control socket
-- Pass the worker index to worker boot and shutdown hooks
-- Add `RAPTOR_WORKERS`, `RAPTOR_THREADS`, and `RAPTOR_MAX_THREADS`
+- Increase HTTP/1.1 keep-alive request limit
+- Expose cluster stats over a control socket
+- Pass worker indexes to lifecycle hooks
+- Add worker and thread environment variables
 - Make worker CPU affinity opt-in
-- Add request-local thread and Fiber cleanup options
+- Clean request-local state between requests
 
 ## [0.19.0] - 2026-08-29
 
@@ -169,7 +177,7 @@
 ## [0.10.0] - 2026-07-07
 
 - Memoize the server port string for the Rack env
-- Parse the Host header without regex
+- Parse the `Host` header without regex
 - Apply `TCP_NODELAY` on the listener rather than each accepted socket
 - Buffer chunked body writes up to 512KB before flushing
 - Add `QUERY_STRING` to the Rack env template
@@ -184,7 +192,7 @@
 - Batch response header and body writes into a single `writev(2)` syscall
 - Close the binder as the last step of graceful shutdown
 - Lower the backpressure floor for tighter load balancing on small pools
-- Add load-aware `SO_REUSEPORT` routing on Linux via an attached BPF program
+- Add load-aware `SO_REUSEPORT` routing via an attached BPF program
 - Reuse per-thread read buffers across HTTP/1.1 requests
 - Preserve the first `--bind` when it equals the default
 
@@ -231,7 +239,7 @@
 
 - Load `raptor.rb` or `config/raptor.rb` by default when no config path is supplied
 - Honour the peer's HTTP/2 flow-control windows when sending `DATA` frames
-- Assemble HEADERS across `CONTINUATION` frames
+- Assemble `HEADERS` across `CONTINUATION` frames
 - Validate HTTP/2 stream IDs and emit `GOAWAY` on protocol errors
 - Offload TLS handshakes to the thread pool to keep the server thread responsive
 - Exit eager keep-alive loops on cluster shutdown

data/README.md

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # Raptor
 
 Raptor is a high-performance, preloading, pre-forking, multi-threaded Ruby 4+ web server implementing Rack 3.2+, using
-NIO for non-blocking I/O and Ractors for parallel HTTP/1.1 and HTTP/2 parsing via native C extensions, which also
+io-event for non-blocking I/O and Ractors for parallel HTTP/1.1 and HTTP/2 parsing via native C extensions, which also
 implement HPACK compression.
 
 > [!NOTE]
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ run proc { |_env| [200, { "content-type" => "text/plain" }, ["Hello, World!"]] }
 ```
 > bundle exec raptor -w 10 -t 3 hello_world.ru
 [Raptor 39704|Main|Main] Cluster initializing:
-[Raptor 39704|Main|Main] ├─ Version: 0.23.0
+[Raptor 39704|Main|Main] ├─ Version: 0.26.0
 [Raptor 39704|Main|Main] ├─ Ruby Version: ruby 4.0.9 (2026-10-23 revision 3e93b23afc) +YJIT +PRISM [arm64-darwin25]
 [Raptor 39704|Main|Main] ├─ Environment: development
 [Raptor 39704|Main|Main] ├─ Master PID: 39704
@@ -76,6 +76,30 @@ Also works with `rackup` and `rails server`:
 Rails apps using `SOLID_QUEUE_IN_PUMA` run jobs through `config/puma.rb`, which Raptor does not load. Run `bin/jobs` as
 a separately supervised process or container instead.
 
+### Rails system tests
+
+Use Raptor as Capybara's server without forking, so Rails can share transactional test data with browser requests.
+Add this to your system test setup, alongside your browser driver configuration:
+
+```ruby
+require "rackup"
+require "rackup/handler/raptor"
+
+Capybara.register_server :raptor do |app, port, host|
+  Rackup::Handler::Raptor.run(app, Host: host, Port: port, Workers: 0) do |server|
+    at_exit { server.shutdown }
+  end
+end
+Capybara.server = :raptor
+```
+
+The exit hook shuts the server down before Ruby tears down its background threads.
+
+For other in-process uses, `require "raptor/embedded"` and call `Raptor::Embedded.new(app, host: "127.0.0.1", port: 0)`.
+`start` returns when serving is ready, `port` reports the bound port, `shutdown` drains requests and releases resources,
+and `join` waits for termination. Call `shutdown` before process exit. The embedded server leaves signal handlers and
+process-wide configuration to its caller. Cluster plugins and process lifecycle hooks do not run in this mode.
+
 ## Configuration
 
 Raptor reads options from a Ruby config file, environment variables, and command line flags, in increasing order of
@@ -250,7 +274,7 @@ Set `control_url` to a Unix socket URL such as `unix:///tmp/raptor-control.sock`
 
 ## (Micro) Benchmarks
 
-Raptor 0.24.0 vs Puma 8.0.2 vs Falcon 0.57.0. Each case has 3 fresh-process samples, interleaved in seeded shuffled
+Raptor 0.26.0 vs Puma 8.0.2 vs Falcon 0.57.0. Each case has 3 fresh-process samples, interleaved in seeded shuffled
 rounds. Each sample warms up for 3s and measures for 15s. Metrics are independent medians. ± is (max − min) / 2 /
 median, not a confidence interval. Failure counts below each table sum all samples, so a failed run cannot disappear in
 a median. Throughput counts successful ordinary requests only.
@@ -278,92 +302,92 @@ accounting for shared pages instead of counting them fully in every worker.
 
 | Server | Mode           | Raptor baseline | req/s        | vs Raptor req/s | p95 ms | vs Raptor p95 | CPU ms/req | PSS MiB |
 | ------ | -------------- | --------------- | ------------ | --------------- | ------ | ------------- | ---------- | ------- |
-| Raptor | Fixed (3)      | -               | 3.32k ±0.2%  | -               | 50.10  | -             | 2.387      | 364.0   |
-| Raptor | Scaling (3–16) | -               | 8.10k ±0.3%  | -               | 22.45  | -             | 0.514      | 340.8   |
-| Puma   | Fixed (3)      | Fixed (3)       | 1.55k ±0.9%  | 53.4% lower     | 121.78 | 143.1% higher | 0.737      | 283.8   |
-| Puma   | Scaling (3–16) | Scaling (3–16)  | 8.13k ±0.7%  | 0.4% higher     | 22.41  | 0.1% lower    | 0.481      | 341.2   |
-| Falcon | Fibers         | Fixed (3)       | 10.65k ±4.1% | 220.8% higher   | 16.18  | 67.7% lower   | 0.450      | 425.5   |
-| Falcon | Fibers         | Scaling (3–16)  | 10.65k ±4.1% | 31.5% higher    | 16.18  | 27.9% lower   | 0.450      | 425.5   |
+| Raptor | Fixed (3)      | -               | 3.39k ±0.6%  | -               | 46.17  | -             | 2.434      | 337.1   |
+| Raptor | Scaling (3–16) | -               | 8.18k ±1.3%  | -               | 22.19  | -             | 0.467      | 325.6   |
+| Puma   | Fixed (3)      | Fixed (3)       | 1.52k ±1.1%  | 55.2% lower     | 117.49 | 154.5% higher | 0.996      | 272.0   |
+| Puma   | Scaling (3–16) | Scaling (3–16)  | 8.14k ±1.3%  | 0.4% lower      | 22.37  | 0.8% higher   | 0.473      | 318.8   |
+| Falcon | Fibers         | Fixed (3)       | 10.99k ±1.2% | 224.1% higher   | 15.60  | 66.2% lower   | 0.440      | 447.2   |
+| Falcon | Fibers         | Scaling (3–16)  | 10.99k ±1.2% | 34.3% higher    | 15.60  | 29.7% lower   | 0.440      | 447.2   |
 
 ### IO over HTTP/1.1 keep-alive
 
 | Server | Mode           | Raptor baseline | req/s       | vs Raptor req/s | p95 ms | vs Raptor p95 | CPU ms/req | PSS MiB |
 | ------ | -------------- | --------------- | ----------- | --------------- | ------ | ------------- | ---------- | ------- |
-| Raptor | Fixed (3)      | -               | 3.01k ±8.2% | -               | 56.38  | -             | 2.306      | 365.0   |
-| Raptor | Scaling (3–16) | -               | 7.55k ±0.6% | -               | 24.18  | -             | 0.500      | 363.7   |
-| Raptor | Fixed (16)     | -               | 7.56k ±0.7% | -               | 24.16  | -             | 0.468      | 367.8   |
-| Puma   | Fixed (3)      | Fixed (3)       | 1.49k ±0.2% | 50.4% lower     | 105.33 | 86.8% higher  | 0.784      | 290.7   |
-| Puma   | Scaling (3–16) | Scaling (3–16)  | 7.63k ±0.9% | 1.1% higher     | 23.89  | 1.2% lower    | 0.466      | 329.9   |
-| Puma   | Fixed (16)     | Fixed (16)      | 7.73k ±0.5% | 2.2% higher     | 23.55  | 2.5% lower    | 0.461      | 332.3   |
-| Falcon | Fibers         | Fixed (3)       | 7.54k ±1.8% | 150.8% higher   | 24.40  | 56.7% lower   | 0.373      | 357.4   |
-| Falcon | Fibers         | Scaling (3–16)  | 7.54k ±1.8% | 0.1% lower      | 24.40  | 0.9% higher   | 0.373      | 357.4   |
-| Falcon | Fibers         | Fixed (16)      | 7.54k ±1.8% | 0.2% lower      | 24.40  | 1.0% higher   | 0.373      | 357.4   |
+| Raptor | Fixed (3)      | -               | 3.37k ±1.8% | -               | 37.11  | -             | 2.460      | 353.2   |
+| Raptor | Scaling (3–16) | -               | 7.39k ±1.7% | -               | 24.53  | -             | 0.470      | 344.9   |
+| Raptor | Fixed (16)     | -               | 7.49k ±1.6% | -               | 24.24  | -             | 0.455      | 341.6   |
+| Puma   | Fixed (3)      | Fixed (3)       | 1.48k ±0.2% | 56.2% lower     | 106.41 | 186.8% higher | 0.979      | 282.1   |
+| Puma   | Scaling (3–16) | Scaling (3–16)  | 7.58k ±1.1% | 2.5% higher     | 24.00  | 2.2% lower    | 0.435      | 310.5   |
+| Puma   | Fixed (16)     | Fixed (16)      | 7.59k ±0.9% | 1.4% higher     | 23.97  | 1.1% lower    | 0.437      | 316.5   |
+| Falcon | Fibers         | Fixed (3)       | 7.31k ±1.5% | 116.9% higher   | 24.86  | 33.0% lower   | 0.380      | 336.6   |
+| Falcon | Fibers         | Scaling (3–16)  | 7.31k ±1.5% | 1.1% lower      | 24.86  | 1.4% higher   | 0.380      | 336.6   |
+| Falcon | Fibers         | Fixed (16)      | 7.31k ±1.5% | 2.3% lower      | 24.86  | 2.6% higher   | 0.380      | 336.6   |
 
 ### IO over HTTP/2
 
-| Server | Mode           | Raptor baseline | req/s       | vs Raptor req/s | p95 ms | vs Raptor p95 | CPU ms/req | PSS MiB |
-| ------ | -------------- | --------------- | ----------- | --------------- | ------ | ------------- | ---------- | ------- |
-| Raptor | Fixed (3)      | -               | 1.60k ±6.4% | -               | 119.04 | -             | 0.779      | 418.0   |
-| Raptor | Scaling (3–16) | -               | 7.98k ±9.9% | -               | 23.38  | -             | 0.565      | 894.4   |
-| Falcon | Fibers         | Fixed (3)       | 7.18k ±1.3% | 348.7% higher   | 26.29  | 77.9% lower   | 0.438      | 515.8   |
-| Falcon | Fibers         | Scaling (3–16)  | 7.18k ±1.3% | 10.0% lower     | 26.29  | 12.4% higher  | 0.438      | 515.8   |
+| Server | Mode           | Raptor baseline | req/s        | vs Raptor req/s | p95 ms | vs Raptor p95 | CPU ms/req | PSS MiB |
+| ------ | -------------- | --------------- | ------------ | --------------- | ------ | ------------- | ---------- | ------- |
+| Raptor | Fixed (3)      | -               | 1.61k ±4.7%  | -               | 120.85 | -             | 0.815      | 399.9   |
+| Raptor | Scaling (3–16) | -               | 6.80k ±22.8% | -               | 40.32  | -             | 0.580      | 912.4   |
+| Falcon | Fibers         | Fixed (3)       | 7.12k ±3.5%  | 342.8% higher   | 26.17  | 78.3% lower   | 0.432      | 539.7   |
+| Falcon | Fibers         | Scaling (3–16)  | 7.12k ±3.5%  | 4.7% higher     | 26.17  | 35.1% lower   | 0.432      | 539.7   |
 
 ### CPU over HTTP/1.1
 
 | Server | Mode           | Raptor baseline | req/s       | vs Raptor req/s | p95 ms | vs Raptor p95 | CPU ms/req | PSS MiB |
 | ------ | -------------- | --------------- | ----------- | --------------- | ------ | ------------- | ---------- | ------- |
-| Raptor | Fixed (3)      | -               | 3.13k ±0.3% | -               | 72.60  | -             | 2.673      | 526.0   |
-| Raptor | Scaling (3–16) | -               | 3.22k ±2.0% | -               | 68.49  | -             | 2.546      | 520.0   |
-| Puma   | Fixed (3)      | Fixed (3)       | 2.98k ±0.7% | 4.8% lower      | 62.70  | 13.6% lower   | 2.615      | 474.7   |
-| Puma   | Scaling (3–16) | Scaling (3–16)  | 2.64k ±3.2% | 17.9% lower     | 59.81  | 12.7% lower   | 2.522      | 567.4   |
-| Falcon | Fibers         | Fixed (3)       | 3.65k ±7.0% | 16.4% higher    | 46.10  | 36.5% lower   | 2.311      | 389.2   |
-| Falcon | Fibers         | Scaling (3–16)  | 3.65k ±7.0% | 13.3% higher    | 46.10  | 32.7% lower   | 2.311      | 389.2   |
+| Raptor | Fixed (3)      | -               | 3.43k ±1.1% | -               | 67.46  | -             | 2.507      | 509.4   |
+| Raptor | Scaling (3–16) | -               | 3.26k ±2.5% | -               | 70.51  | -             | 2.572      | 499.6   |
+| Puma   | Fixed (3)      | Fixed (3)       | 3.21k ±3.5% | 6.3% lower      | 56.00  | 17.0% lower   | 2.454      | 441.3   |
+| Puma   | Scaling (3–16) | Scaling (3–16)  | 3.15k ±2.3% | 3.4% lower      | 49.26  | 30.1% lower   | 2.186      | 431.0   |
+| Falcon | Fibers         | Fixed (3)       | 3.36k ±4.2% | 2.1% lower      | 48.20  | 28.5% lower   | 2.555      | 435.8   |
+| Falcon | Fibers         | Scaling (3–16)  | 3.36k ±4.2% | 3.0% higher     | 48.20  | 31.6% lower   | 2.555      | 435.8   |
 
 ### CPU over HTTP/1.1 keep-alive
 
 | Server | Mode           | Raptor baseline | req/s       | vs Raptor req/s | p95 ms | vs Raptor p95 | CPU ms/req | PSS MiB |
 | ------ | -------------- | --------------- | ----------- | --------------- | ------ | ------------- | ---------- | ------- |
-| Raptor | Fixed (3)      | -               | 2.88k ±1.6% | -               | 57.40  | -             | 2.721      | 515.4   |
-| Raptor | Scaling (3–16) | -               | 2.81k ±3.8% | -               | 56.14  | -             | 2.721      | 528.2   |
-| Puma   | Fixed (3)      | Fixed (3)       | 3.24k ±0.7% | 12.3% higher    | 60.73  | 5.8% higher   | 2.449      | 406.4   |
-| Puma   | Scaling (3–16) | Scaling (3–16)  | 2.71k ±3.6% | 3.3% lower      | 70.56  | 25.7% higher  | 2.459      | 487.6   |
-| Falcon | Fibers         | Fixed (3)       | 3.62k ±1.0% | 25.8% higher    | 62.03  | 8.1% higher   | 2.369      | 542.0   |
-| Falcon | Fibers         | Scaling (3–16)  | 3.62k ±1.0% | 29.1% higher    | 62.03  | 10.5% higher  | 2.369      | 542.0   |
+| Raptor | Fixed (3)      | -               | 3.10k ±5.2% | -               | 54.76  | -             | 2.560      | 484.4   |
+| Raptor | Scaling (3–16) | -               | 2.97k ±1.2% | -               | 49.64  | -             | 2.553      | 505.3   |
+| Puma   | Fixed (3)      | Fixed (3)       | 3.52k ±6.1% | 13.7% higher    | 51.14  | 6.6% lower    | 2.299      | 384.4   |
+| Puma   | Scaling (3–16) | Scaling (3–16)  | 2.90k ±4.2% | 2.3% lower      | 65.73  | 32.4% higher  | 2.283      | 472.5   |
+| Falcon | Fibers         | Fixed (3)       | 3.17k ±1.9% | 2.4% higher     | 69.58  | 27.1% higher  | 2.766      | 536.5   |
+| Falcon | Fibers         | Scaling (3–16)  | 3.17k ±1.9% | 6.7% higher     | 69.58  | 40.2% higher  | 2.766      | 536.5   |
 
 ### CPU over HTTP/2
 
 | Server | Mode           | Raptor baseline | req/s        | vs Raptor req/s | p95 ms | vs Raptor p95 | CPU ms/req | PSS MiB |
 | ------ | -------------- | --------------- | ------------ | --------------- | ------ | ------------- | ---------- | ------- |
-| Raptor | Fixed (3)      | -               | 3.12k ±1.3%  | -               | 65.66  | -             | 2.439      | 587.6   |
-| Raptor | Scaling (3–16) | -               | 3.15k ±0.4%  | -               | 74.95  | -             | 2.344      | 609.0   |
-| Falcon | Fibers         | Fixed (3)       | 3.49k ±20.7% | 11.7% higher    | 120.58 | 83.6% higher  | 2.309      | 536.3   |
-| Falcon | Fibers         | Scaling (3–16)  | 3.49k ±20.7% | 10.7% higher    | 120.58 | 60.9% higher  | 2.309      | 536.3   |
+| Raptor | Fixed (3)      | -               | 3.26k ±2.1%  | -               | 71.84  | -             | 2.329      | 573.4   |
+| Raptor | Scaling (3–16) | -               | 3.25k ±2.6%  | -               | 69.37  | -             | 2.383      | 590.6   |
+| Falcon | Fibers         | Fixed (3)       | 2.02k ±11.2% | 37.9% lower     | 176.57 | 145.8% higher | 2.405      | 559.2   |
+| Falcon | Fibers         | Scaling (3–16)  | 2.02k ±11.2% | 37.9% lower     | 176.57 | 154.5% higher | 2.405      | 559.2   |
 
 ### 64 KiB body over HTTP/1.1 keep-alive
 
-| Server | Mode           | Raptor baseline | req/s        | vs Raptor req/s | p95 ms | vs Raptor p95 | CPU ms/req | PSS MiB |
-| ------ | -------------- | --------------- | ------------ | --------------- | ------ | ------------- | ---------- | ------- |
-| Raptor | Scaling (3–16) | -               | 96.13k ±0.8% | -               | 3.68   | -             | 0.048      | 512.3   |
-| Puma   | Scaling (3–16) | Scaling (3–16)  | 83.26k ±0.0% | 13.4% lower     | 3.94   | 7.3% higher   | 0.055      | 1344.6  |
-| Falcon | Fibers         | Scaling (3–16)  | 98.30k ±0.5% | 2.3% higher     | 3.89   | 5.7% higher   | 0.051      | 471.5   |
+| Server | Mode           | Raptor baseline | req/s         | vs Raptor req/s | p95 ms | vs Raptor p95 | CPU ms/req | PSS MiB |
+| ------ | -------------- | --------------- | ------------- | --------------- | ------ | ------------- | ---------- | ------- |
+| Raptor | Scaling (3–16) | -               | 94.58k ±2.0%  | -               | 3.77   | -             | 0.052      | 507.6   |
+| Puma   | Scaling (3–16) | Scaling (3–16)  | 88.40k ±2.1%  | 6.5% lower      | 3.66   | 2.9% lower    | 0.054      | 1237.4  |
+| Falcon | Fibers         | Scaling (3–16)  | 103.33k ±5.0% | 9.2% higher     | 3.89   | 3.2% higher   | 0.051      | 344.7   |
 
 ### IO + SSE (native) over HTTP/1.1 keep-alive
 
-| Server        | Mode           | Raptor baseline | req/s        | vs Raptor req/s | p95 ms | vs Raptor p95 | CPU ms/req | PSS MiB |
-| ------------- | -------------- | --------------- | ------------ | --------------- | ------ | ------------- | ---------- | ------- |
-| Raptor        | Fixed (3)      | -               | 3.01k ±4.9%  | -               | 51.22  | -             | 2.286      | 369.6   |
-| Raptor        | Scaling (3–16) | -               | 7.49k ±0.8%  | -               | 24.39  | -             | 0.488      | 372.7   |
-| Puma          | Fixed (3)      | Fixed (3)       | 0.39k ±13.8% | 87.0% lower     | 314.80 | 514.6% higher | 1.250      | 282.9   |
-| Puma          | Scaling (3–16) | Scaling (3–16)  | 7.51k ±0.4%  | 0.4% higher     | 24.23  | 0.6% lower    | 0.464      | 336.3   |
-| Falcon        | Fibers         | Fixed (3)       | 7.57k ±4.4%  | 151.9% higher   | 24.04  | 53.1% lower   | 0.375      | 355.5   |
-| Falcon        | Fibers         | Scaling (3–16)  | 7.57k ±4.4%  | 1.2% higher     | 24.04  | 1.4% lower    | 0.375      | 355.5   |
-| Raptor (enum) | Fixed (3)      | -               | 0.88k ±0.3%  | -               | 63.76  | -             | 7.972      | 362.6   |
+| Server        | Mode           | Raptor baseline | req/s       | vs Raptor req/s | p95 ms | vs Raptor p95 | CPU ms/req | PSS MiB |
+| ------------- | -------------- | --------------- | ----------- | --------------- | ------ | ------------- | ---------- | ------- |
+| Raptor        | Fixed (3)      | -               | 3.24k ±1.6% | -               | 44.69  | -             | 2.396      | 355.6   |
+| Raptor        | Scaling (3–16) | -               | 7.39k ±0.8% | -               | 24.47  | -             | 0.468      | 346.4   |
+| Puma          | Fixed (3)      | Fixed (3)       | 0.35k ±4.5% | 89.3% lower     | 316.86 | 609.1% higher | 1.764      | 243.6   |
+| Puma          | Scaling (3–16) | Scaling (3–16)  | 7.38k ±4.3% | 0.2% lower      | 24.61  | 0.6% higher   | 0.440      | 311.3   |
+| Falcon        | Fibers         | Fixed (3)       | 7.32k ±1.0% | 125.8% higher   | 24.83  | 44.4% lower   | 0.383      | 354.4   |
+| Falcon        | Fibers         | Scaling (3–16)  | 7.32k ±1.0% | 1.0% lower      | 24.83  | 1.5% higher   | 0.383      | 354.4   |
+| Raptor (enum) | Fixed (3)      | -               | 0.97k ±4.8% | -               | 56.38  | -             | 7.624      | 324.4   |
 
-Puma, Fixed (3) had 28 timeouts, 1 stalled stream across all samples.
+Puma, Fixed (3) had 68 timeouts, 1 stalled stream across all samples.
 
-Raptor (enum), Fixed (3) had 29 timeouts across all samples.
+Raptor (enum), Fixed (3) had 21 timeouts, 2 stalled streams across all samples.
 
-> ruby 4.1.0dev (2026-10-27T15:28:18Z HEAD 33ac6afea7) +YJIT +PRISM [aarch64-linux]
+> ruby 4.1.0dev (2026-11-10T00:02:04Z HEAD 7a07e456e4) +YJIT +PRISM [aarch64-linux]
 > 10 workers, 120 HTTP/1.1 client connections, 40 HTTP/2 connections × 3 streams.
 
 Run [bin/benchmark](bin/benchmark) to reproduce.

data/Rakefile

@@ -20,6 +20,13 @@ Rake::ExtensionTask.new("raptor_native", GEMSPEC) do |ext|
   ext.lib_dir = "lib/raptor"
 end
 
+namespace :test do
+  desc "Run Rails system tests"
+  task rails: :compile do
+    ruby "-Itest", "test/system/rails.rb"
+  end
+end
+
 namespace :bpf do
   task :compile do
     if RUBY_PLATFORM.include?("linux")
@@ -41,6 +48,6 @@ namespace :rbs do
   end
 end
 
-task default: %i[clobber compile bpf:compile rbs:generate test]
-task build: %i[clobber compile rbs:generate]
-task ci: %i[clobber compile test]
+task default: [:clobber, :compile, :"bpf:compile", :"rbs:generate", :test]
+task build: [:clobber, :compile, :"rbs:generate"]
+task ci: [:clobber, :compile, :test]

data/docs/raptor-vs-puma.md

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ This guide compares their architecture and relates it to the [current README ben
 | Protocol processing | App threads and reactor share the worker's GVL | Eager parsing inline, separate protocol Ractors on the pipeline path |
 | Pool coordination | Mutex and condition variables | Lock-free work queue with idle-thread parking |
 | Pool growth | Adds threads when queued work exceeds waiting capacity | Adds threads when queued work and blocking time justify growth |
-| Idle and partial connections | `nio4r` reactor | `nio4r` reactor |
+| Idle and partial connections | `nio4r` reactor | `io-event` reactor |
 | Cluster dispatch | Shared listeners with load-sensitive accept delay | Shared listeners, plus load-aware BPF dispatch on supported Linux TCP bindings |
 | HTTP/2 | Not implemented | Native parsing, HPACK and stream flow control |
 | Worker monitoring | Pipe messages | Shared-memory stats |
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ flowchart TB
     subgraph Worker["Raptor worker process, one of N"]
         SRV["Server thread<br/>IO.select + accept_nonblock<br/>polls for pool capacity"]
 
-        RCT["Reactor thread<br/>NIO::Selector<br/>read_nonblock 64KB<br/>Red-Black-Tree timeouts"]
+        RCT["Reactor thread<br/>io-event selector<br/>read_nonblock 64KB<br/>Red-Black-Tree timeouts"]
 
         subgraph RP1["HTTP/1.1 RactorPool"]
             RW1["Pipeline Ractor 1<br/>HTTP/1.x parser<br/>chunked decode"]
@@ -211,6 +211,8 @@ Puma's cluster accept delay backs off according to worker load. On supported Lin
 
 Both reactors keep idle and partial connections off application threads. Puma tracks deadlines in a sorted array. Raptor uses a red-black tree for logarithmic insertion and removal of individual deadlines. Updating a connection's deadline does not require scanning the other connections.
 
+Raptor uses `io-event` readiness fibers only on its reactor thread. It does not install a Fiber scheduler or change how the application runs.
+
 ### Responses and streaming
 
 Ordinary HTTP/1.1 response writing runs on app threads in both servers. Raptor can gather headers and array-body buffers with `writev` and reuse per-thread response buffers. Puma uses its own buffered writes and Linux TCP corking. Both support file bodies and enumerable streaming bodies.

data/docs/talk.md

@@ -640,7 +640,7 @@ with no hard maximum. You don't have to choose one fixed thread count.</big>
 
 Slow clients, half-sent requests, and idle keep-alive connections aren't ready to be read yet. The reactor watches all of them at once.
 
-<big>Like Puma, it uses [`nio4r`](https://github.com/socketry/nio4r), backed by `epoll` on Linux
+<big>It uses [`io-event`](https://github.com/socketry/io-event), backed by `epoll` on Linux
 and `kqueue` on macOS.</big>
 
 <big>The HTTP/1.1 defaults are 30 seconds for the first bytes,

data/lib/rackup/handler/raptor.rb

@@ -12,24 +12,31 @@ module Rackup
         Port: 9292
       }.freeze
 
-      # Boots a Raptor cluster serving the given Rack application.
+      # Serves the given Rack application using the handler options.
       #
       # @param app [#call] the Rack application to serve
       # @param options [Hash] handler options provided by Rackup or the host
-      # @yield before the cluster starts running
-      # @yieldparam cluster [::Raptor::Cluster] the cluster instance
+      # @yield before the server starts running
+      # @yieldparam server [::Raptor::Cluster, ::Raptor::Embedded] the server instance
       # @return [void]
       #
-      # @rbs (^(Hash[String, untyped]) -> [Integer, Hash[String, String | Array[String]], untyped] app, **untyped options) { (::Raptor::Cluster) -> void } -> void
+      # @rbs (^(Hash[String, untyped]) -> [Integer, Hash[String, String | Array[String]], untyped] app, **untyped options) { (::Raptor::Cluster | ::Raptor::Embedded) -> void } -> void
       def self.run(app, **options)
         require_relative "../../raptor/cli"
         require_relative "../../raptor/cluster"
+        require_relative "../../raptor/embedded"
 
-        cluster = ::Raptor::Cluster.new(build_cluster_options(app, options))
+        configuration = build_options(app, options)
+        server = if configuration[:workers].zero?
+          configuration.delete(:app)
+          ::Raptor::Embedded.new(app, **configuration)
+        else
+          ::Raptor::Cluster.new(configuration)
+        end
 
-        yield cluster if block_given?
+        yield server if block_given?
 
-        cluster.run
+        server.run
       end
 
       # Returns the handler-specific options surfaced by `rackup --help`.
@@ -41,24 +48,24 @@ module Rackup
         {
           "Host=HOST"      => "Hostname to listen on (default: #{DEFAULT_OPTIONS[:Host]})",
           "Port=PORT"      => "Port to listen on (default: #{DEFAULT_OPTIONS[:Port]})",
-          "Workers=NUM"    => "Number of worker processes (default: available processor count)",
+          "Workers=NUM"    => "Number of worker processes, or 0 for in-process serving (default: available processor count)",
           "Threads=NUM"    => "Number of threads per worker (default: 3)",
           "MaxThreads=NUM" => "Maximum threads per worker (`unlimited` for no limit; default: unlimited)",
           "Config=PATH"    => "Load additional configuration from PATH"
         }
       end
 
-      # Builds a Raptor cluster options hash from Rack handler options.
+      # Builds Raptor server configuration from Rack handler options.
       #
       # Options not explicitly supplied by the user (per the `:user_supplied_options`
       # key) are treated as host-provided defaults.
       #
       # @param app [#call] the Rack application to serve
       # @param options [Hash] handler options provided by Rackup or the host
-      # @return [Hash{Symbol => untyped}] cluster configuration
+      # @return [Hash{Symbol => untyped}] server configuration
       #
       # @rbs (^(Hash[String, untyped]) -> [Integer, Hash[String, String | Array[String]], untyped] app, Hash[Symbol, untyped] options) -> Hash[Symbol, untyped]
-      def self.build_cluster_options(app, options)
+      def self.build_options(app, options)
         defaults = DEFAULT_OPTIONS.dup
 
         if (user_supplied_options = options.delete(:user_supplied_options))
@@ -116,7 +123,7 @@ module Rackup
         result[:on_error] = config[:on_error] if config.key?(:on_error)
         config.merge(result)
       end
-      private_class_method :build_cluster_options
+      private_class_method :build_options
     end
 
     register :raptor, Raptor