rapid_stack 1.0.0 → 1.0.2

data/lib/rapid_stack/generators/generator-rapid/node_modules/yeoman-generator/node_modules/node-gyp/gyp/pylib/gyp/xcodeproj_file.py

@@ -0,0 +1,3197 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2012 Google Inc. All rights reserved.
+# Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
+# found in the LICENSE file.
+
+"""Xcode project file generator.
+
+This module is both an Xcode project file generator and a documentation of the
+Xcode project file format.  Knowledge of the project file format was gained
+based on extensive experience with Xcode, and by making changes to projects in
+Xcode.app and observing the resultant changes in the associated project files.
+
+XCODE PROJECT FILES
+
+The generator targets the file format as written by Xcode 3.2 (specifically,
+3.2.6), but past experience has taught that the format has not changed
+significantly in the past several years, and future versions of Xcode are able
+to read older project files.
+
+Xcode project files are "bundled": the project "file" from an end-user's
+perspective is actually a directory with an ".xcodeproj" extension.  The
+project file from this module's perspective is actually a file inside this
+directory, always named "project.pbxproj".  This file contains a complete
+description of the project and is all that is needed to use the xcodeproj.
+Other files contained in the xcodeproj directory are simply used to store
+per-user settings, such as the state of various UI elements in the Xcode
+application.
+
+The project.pbxproj file is a property list, stored in a format almost
+identical to the NeXTstep property list format.  The file is able to carry
+Unicode data, and is encoded in UTF-8.  The root element in the property list
+is a dictionary that contains several properties of minimal interest, and two
+properties of immense interest.  The most important property is a dictionary
+named "objects".  The entire structure of the project is represented by the
+children of this property.  The objects dictionary is keyed by unique 96-bit
+values represented by 24 uppercase hexadecimal characters.  Each value in the
+objects dictionary is itself a dictionary, describing an individual object.
+
+Each object in the dictionary is a member of a class, which is identified by
+the "isa" property of each object.  A variety of classes are represented in a
+project file.  Objects can refer to other objects by ID, using the 24-character
+hexadecimal object key.  A project's objects form a tree, with a root object
+of class PBXProject at the root.  As an example, the PBXProject object serves
+as parent to an XCConfigurationList object defining the build configurations
+used in the project, a PBXGroup object serving as a container for all files
+referenced in the project, and a list of target objects, each of which defines
+a target in the project.  There are several different types of target object,
+such as PBXNativeTarget and PBXAggregateTarget.  In this module, this
+relationship is expressed by having each target type derive from an abstract
+base named XCTarget.
+
+The project.pbxproj file's root dictionary also contains a property, sibling to
+the "objects" dictionary, named "rootObject".  The value of rootObject is a
+24-character object key referring to the root PBXProject object in the
+objects dictionary.
+
+In Xcode, every file used as input to a target or produced as a final product
+of a target must appear somewhere in the hierarchy rooted at the PBXGroup
+object referenced by the PBXProject's mainGroup property.  A PBXGroup is
+generally represented as a folder in the Xcode application.  PBXGroups can
+contain other PBXGroups as well as PBXFileReferences, which are pointers to
+actual files.
+
+Each XCTarget contains a list of build phases, represented in this module by
+the abstract base XCBuildPhase.  Examples of concrete XCBuildPhase derivations
+are PBXSourcesBuildPhase and PBXFrameworksBuildPhase, which correspond to the
+"Compile Sources" and "Link Binary With Libraries" phases displayed in the
+Xcode application.  Files used as input to these phases (for example, source
+files in the former case and libraries and frameworks in the latter) are
+represented by PBXBuildFile objects, referenced by elements of "files" lists
+in XCTarget objects.  Each PBXBuildFile object refers to a PBXBuildFile
+object as a "weak" reference: it does not "own" the PBXBuildFile, which is
+owned by the root object's mainGroup or a descendant group.  In most cases, the
+layer of indirection between an XCBuildPhase and a PBXFileReference via a
+PBXBuildFile appears extraneous, but there's actually one reason for this:
+file-specific compiler flags are added to the PBXBuildFile object so as to
+allow a single file to be a member of multiple targets while having distinct
+compiler flags for each.  These flags can be modified in the Xcode applciation
+in the "Build" tab of a File Info window.
+
+When a project is open in the Xcode application, Xcode will rewrite it.  As
+such, this module is careful to adhere to the formatting used by Xcode, to
+avoid insignificant changes appearing in the file when it is used in the
+Xcode application.  This will keep version control repositories happy, and
+makes it possible to compare a project file used in Xcode to one generated by
+this module to determine if any significant changes were made in the
+application.
+
+Xcode has its own way of assigning 24-character identifiers to each object,
+which is not duplicated here.  Because the identifier only is only generated
+once, when an object is created, and is then left unchanged, there is no need
+to attempt to duplicate Xcode's behavior in this area.  The generator is free
+to select any identifier, even at random, to refer to the objects it creates,
+and Xcode will retain those identifiers and use them when subsequently
+rewriting the project file.  However, the generator would choose new random
+identifiers each time the project files are generated, leading to difficulties
+comparing "used" project files to "pristine" ones produced by this module,
+and causing the appearance of changes as every object identifier is changed
+when updated projects are checked in to a version control repository.  To
+mitigate this problem, this module chooses identifiers in a more deterministic
+way, by hashing a description of each object as well as its parent and ancestor
+objects.  This strategy should result in minimal "shift" in IDs as successive
+generations of project files are produced.
+
+THIS MODULE
+
+This module introduces several classes, all derived from the XCObject class.
+Nearly all of the "brains" are built into the XCObject class, which understands
+how to create and modify objects, maintain the proper tree structure, compute
+identifiers, and print objects.  For the most part, classes derived from
+XCObject need only provide a _schema class object, a dictionary that
+expresses what properties objects of the class may contain.
+
+Given this structure, it's possible to build a minimal project file by creating
+objects of the appropriate types and making the proper connections:
+
+  config_list = XCConfigurationList()
+  group = PBXGroup()
+  project = PBXProject({'buildConfigurationList': config_list,
+                        'mainGroup': group})
+
+With the project object set up, it can be added to an XCProjectFile object.
+XCProjectFile is a pseudo-class in the sense that it is a concrete XCObject
+subclass that does not actually correspond to a class type found in a project
+file.  Rather, it is used to represent the project file's root dictionary.
+Printing an XCProjectFile will print the entire project file, including the
+full "objects" dictionary.
+
+  project_file = XCProjectFile({'rootObject': project})
+  project_file.ComputeIDs()
+  project_file.Print()
+
+Xcode project files are always encoded in UTF-8.  This module will accept
+strings of either the str class or the unicode class.  Strings of class str
+are assumed to already be encoded in UTF-8.  Obviously, if you're just using
+ASCII, you won't encounter difficulties because ASCII is a UTF-8 subset.
+Strings of class unicode are handled properly and encoded in UTF-8 when
+a project file is output.
+"""
+
+import gyp.common
+from functools import cmp_to_key
+import hashlib
+from operator import attrgetter
+import posixpath
+import re
+import struct
+import sys
+
+
+def cmp(x, y):
+    return (x > y) - (x < y)
+
+
+# See XCObject._EncodeString.  This pattern is used to determine when a string
+# can be printed unquoted.  Strings that match this pattern may be printed
+# unquoted.  Strings that do not match must be quoted and may be further
+# transformed to be properly encoded.  Note that this expression matches the
+# characters listed with "+", for 1 or more occurrences: if a string is empty,
+# it must not match this pattern, because it needs to be encoded as "".
+_unquoted = re.compile("^[A-Za-z0-9$./_]+$")
+
+# Strings that match this pattern are quoted regardless of what _unquoted says.
+# Oddly, Xcode will quote any string with a run of three or more underscores.
+_quoted = re.compile("___")
+
+# This pattern should match any character that needs to be escaped by
+# XCObject._EncodeString.  See that function.
+_escaped = re.compile('[\\\\"]|[\x00-\x1f]')
+
+
+# Used by SourceTreeAndPathFromPath
+_path_leading_variable = re.compile(r"^\$\((.*?)\)(/(.*))?$")
+
+
+def SourceTreeAndPathFromPath(input_path):
+    """Given input_path, returns a tuple with sourceTree and path values.
+
+  Examples:
+    input_path     (source_tree, output_path)
+    '$(VAR)/path'  ('VAR', 'path')
+    '$(VAR)'       ('VAR', None)
+    'path'         (None, 'path')
+  """
+
+    source_group_match = _path_leading_variable.match(input_path)
+    if source_group_match:
+        source_tree = source_group_match.group(1)
+        output_path = source_group_match.group(3)  # This may be None.
+    else:
+        source_tree = None
+        output_path = input_path
+
+    return (source_tree, output_path)
+
+
+def ConvertVariablesToShellSyntax(input_string):
+    return re.sub(r"\$\((.*?)\)", "${\\1}", input_string)
+
+
+class XCObject:
+    """The abstract base of all class types used in Xcode project files.
+
+  Class variables:
+    _schema: A dictionary defining the properties of this class.  The keys to
+             _schema are string property keys as used in project files.  Values
+             are a list of four or five elements:
+             [ is_list, property_type, is_strong, is_required, default ]
+             is_list: True if the property described is a list, as opposed
+                      to a single element.
+             property_type: The type to use as the value of the property,
+                            or if is_list is True, the type to use for each
+                            element of the value's list.  property_type must
+                            be an XCObject subclass, or one of the built-in
+                            types str, int, or dict.
+             is_strong: If property_type is an XCObject subclass, is_strong
+                        is True to assert that this class "owns," or serves
+                        as parent, to the property value (or, if is_list is
+                        True, values).  is_strong must be False if
+                        property_type is not an XCObject subclass.
+             is_required: True if the property is required for the class.
+                          Note that is_required being True does not preclude
+                          an empty string ("", in the case of property_type
+                          str) or list ([], in the case of is_list True) from
+                          being set for the property.
+             default: Optional.  If is_required is True, default may be set
+                      to provide a default value for objects that do not supply
+                      their own value.  If is_required is True and default
+                      is not provided, users of the class must supply their own
+                      value for the property.
+             Note that although the values of the array are expressed in
+             boolean terms, subclasses provide values as integers to conserve
+             horizontal space.
+    _should_print_single_line: False in XCObject.  Subclasses whose objects
+                               should be written to the project file in the
+                               alternate single-line format, such as
+                               PBXFileReference and PBXBuildFile, should
+                               set this to True.
+    _encode_transforms: Used by _EncodeString to encode unprintable characters.
+                        The index into this list is the ordinal of the
+                        character to transform; each value is a string
+                        used to represent the character in the output.  XCObject
+                        provides an _encode_transforms list suitable for most
+                        XCObject subclasses.
+    _alternate_encode_transforms: Provided for subclasses that wish to use
+                                  the alternate encoding rules.  Xcode seems
+                                  to use these rules when printing objects in
+                                  single-line format.  Subclasses that desire
+                                  this behavior should set _encode_transforms
+                                  to _alternate_encode_transforms.
+    _hashables: A list of XCObject subclasses that can be hashed by ComputeIDs
+                to construct this object's ID.  Most classes that need custom
+                hashing behavior should do it by overriding Hashables,
+                but in some cases an object's parent may wish to push a
+                hashable value into its child, and it can do so by appending
+                to _hashables.
+  Attributes:
+    id: The object's identifier, a 24-character uppercase hexadecimal string.
+        Usually, objects being created should not set id until the entire
+        project file structure is built.  At that point, UpdateIDs() should
+        be called on the root object to assign deterministic values for id to
+        each object in the tree.
+    parent: The object's parent.  This is set by a parent XCObject when a child
+            object is added to it.
+    _properties: The object's property dictionary.  An object's properties are
+                 described by its class' _schema variable.
+  """
+
+    _schema = {}
+    _should_print_single_line = False
+
+    # See _EncodeString.
+    _encode_transforms = []
+    i = 0
+    while i < ord(" "):
+        _encode_transforms.append("\\U%04x" % i)
+        i = i + 1
+    _encode_transforms[7] = "\\a"
+    _encode_transforms[8] = "\\b"
+    _encode_transforms[9] = "\\t"
+    _encode_transforms[10] = "\\n"
+    _encode_transforms[11] = "\\v"
+    _encode_transforms[12] = "\\f"
+    _encode_transforms[13] = "\\n"
+
+    _alternate_encode_transforms = list(_encode_transforms)
+    _alternate_encode_transforms[9] = chr(9)
+    _alternate_encode_transforms[10] = chr(10)
+    _alternate_encode_transforms[11] = chr(11)
+
+    def __init__(self, properties=None, id=None, parent=None):
+        self.id = id
+        self.parent = parent
+        self._properties = {}
+        self._hashables = []
+        self._SetDefaultsFromSchema()
+        self.UpdateProperties(properties)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        try:
+            name = self.Name()
+        except NotImplementedError:
+            return f"<{self.__class__.__name__} at 0x{id(self):x}>"
+        return f"<{self.__class__.__name__} {name!r} at 0x{id(self):x}>"
+
+    def Copy(self):
+        """Make a copy of this object.
+
+    The new object will have its own copy of lists and dicts.  Any XCObject
+    objects owned by this object (marked "strong") will be copied in the
+    new object, even those found in lists.  If this object has any weak
+    references to other XCObjects, the same references are added to the new
+    object without making a copy.
+    """
+
+        that = self.__class__(id=self.id, parent=self.parent)
+        for key, value in self._properties.items():
+            is_strong = self._schema[key][2]
+
+            if isinstance(value, XCObject):
+                if is_strong:
+                    new_value = value.Copy()
+                    new_value.parent = that
+                    that._properties[key] = new_value
+                else:
+                    that._properties[key] = value
+            elif isinstance(value, (str, int)):
+                that._properties[key] = value
+            elif isinstance(value, list):
+                if is_strong:
+                    # If is_strong is True, each element is an XCObject, so it's safe to
+                    # call Copy.
+                    that._properties[key] = []
+                    for item in value:
+                        new_item = item.Copy()
+                        new_item.parent = that
+                        that._properties[key].append(new_item)
+                else:
+                    that._properties[key] = value[:]
+            elif isinstance(value, dict):
+                # dicts are never strong.
+                if is_strong:
+                    raise TypeError(
+                        "Strong dict for key " + key + " in " + self.__class__.__name__
+                    )
+                else:
+                    that._properties[key] = value.copy()
+            else:
+                raise TypeError(
+                    "Unexpected type "
+                    + value.__class__.__name__
+                    + " for key "
+                    + key
+                    + " in "
+                    + self.__class__.__name__
+                )
+
+        return that
+
+    def Name(self):
+        """Return the name corresponding to an object.
+
+    Not all objects necessarily need to be nameable, and not all that do have
+    a "name" property.  Override as needed.
+    """
+
+        # If the schema indicates that "name" is required, try to access the
+        # property even if it doesn't exist.  This will result in a KeyError
+        # being raised for the property that should be present, which seems more
+        # appropriate than NotImplementedError in this case.
+        if "name" in self._properties or (
+            "name" in self._schema and self._schema["name"][3]
+        ):
+            return self._properties["name"]
+
+        raise NotImplementedError(self.__class__.__name__ + " must implement Name")
+
+    def Comment(self):
+        """Return a comment string for the object.
+
+    Most objects just use their name as the comment, but PBXProject uses
+    different values.
+
+    The returned comment is not escaped and does not have any comment marker
+    strings applied to it.
+    """
+
+        return self.Name()
+
+    def Hashables(self):
+        hashables = [self.__class__.__name__]
+
+        name = self.Name()
+        if name is not None:
+            hashables.append(name)
+
+        hashables.extend(self._hashables)
+
+        return hashables
+
+    def HashablesForChild(self):
+        return None
+
+    def ComputeIDs(self, recursive=True, overwrite=True, seed_hash=None):
+        """Set "id" properties deterministically.
+
+    An object's "id" property is set based on a hash of its class type and
+    name, as well as the class type and name of all ancestor objects.  As
+    such, it is only advisable to call ComputeIDs once an entire project file
+    tree is built.
+
+    If recursive is True, recurse into all descendant objects and update their
+    hashes.
+
+    If overwrite is True, any existing value set in the "id" property will be
+    replaced.
+    """
+
+        def _HashUpdate(hash, data):
+            """Update hash with data's length and contents.
+
+      If the hash were updated only with the value of data, it would be
+      possible for clowns to induce collisions by manipulating the names of
+      their objects.  By adding the length, it's exceedingly less likely that
+      ID collisions will be encountered, intentionally or not.
+      """
+
+            hash.update(struct.pack(">i", len(data)))
+            if isinstance(data, str):
+                data = data.encode("utf-8")
+            hash.update(data)
+
+        if seed_hash is None:
+            seed_hash = hashlib.sha1()
+
+        hash = seed_hash.copy()
+
+        hashables = self.Hashables()
+        assert len(hashables) > 0
+        for hashable in hashables:
+            _HashUpdate(hash, hashable)
+
+        if recursive:
+            hashables_for_child = self.HashablesForChild()
+            if hashables_for_child is None:
+                child_hash = hash
+            else:
+                assert len(hashables_for_child) > 0
+                child_hash = seed_hash.copy()
+                for hashable in hashables_for_child:
+                    _HashUpdate(child_hash, hashable)
+
+            for child in self.Children():
+                child.ComputeIDs(recursive, overwrite, child_hash)
+
+        if overwrite or self.id is None:
+            # Xcode IDs are only 96 bits (24 hex characters), but a SHA-1 digest is
+            # is 160 bits.  Instead of throwing out 64 bits of the digest, xor them
+            # into the portion that gets used.
+            assert hash.digest_size % 4 == 0
+            digest_int_count = hash.digest_size // 4
+            digest_ints = struct.unpack(">" + "I" * digest_int_count, hash.digest())
+            id_ints = [0, 0, 0]
+            for index in range(0, digest_int_count):
+                id_ints[index % 3] ^= digest_ints[index]
+            self.id = "%08X%08X%08X" % tuple(id_ints)
+
+    def EnsureNoIDCollisions(self):
+        """Verifies that no two objects have the same ID.  Checks all descendants.
+    """
+
+        ids = {}
+        descendants = self.Descendants()
+        for descendant in descendants:
+            if descendant.id in ids:
+                other = ids[descendant.id]
+                raise KeyError(
+                    'Duplicate ID %s, objects "%s" and "%s" in "%s"'
+                    % (
+                        descendant.id,
+                        str(descendant._properties),
+                        str(other._properties),
+                        self._properties["rootObject"].Name(),
+                    )
+                )
+            ids[descendant.id] = descendant
+
+    def Children(self):
+        """Returns a list of all of this object's owned (strong) children."""
+
+        children = []
+        for property, attributes in self._schema.items():
+            (is_list, property_type, is_strong) = attributes[0:3]
+            if is_strong and property in self._properties:
+                if not is_list:
+                    children.append(self._properties[property])
+                else:
+                    children.extend(self._properties[property])
+        return children
+
+    def Descendants(self):
+        """Returns a list of all of this object's descendants, including this
+    object.
+    """
+
+        children = self.Children()
+        descendants = [self]
+        for child in children:
+            descendants.extend(child.Descendants())
+        return descendants
+
+    def PBXProjectAncestor(self):
+        # The base case for recursion is defined at PBXProject.PBXProjectAncestor.
+        if self.parent:
+            return self.parent.PBXProjectAncestor()
+        return None
+
+    def _EncodeComment(self, comment):
+        """Encodes a comment to be placed in the project file output, mimicking
+    Xcode behavior.
+    """
+
+        # This mimics Xcode behavior by wrapping the comment in "/*" and "*/".  If
+        # the string already contains a "*/", it is turned into "(*)/".  This keeps
+        # the file writer from outputting something that would be treated as the
+        # end of a comment in the middle of something intended to be entirely a
+        # comment.
+
+        return "/* " + comment.replace("*/", "(*)/") + " */"
+
+    def _EncodeTransform(self, match):
+        # This function works closely with _EncodeString.  It will only be called
+        # by re.sub with match.group(0) containing a character matched by the
+        # the _escaped expression.
+        char = match.group(0)
+
+        # Backslashes (\) and quotation marks (") are always replaced with a
+        # backslash-escaped version of the same.  Everything else gets its
+        # replacement from the class' _encode_transforms array.
+        if char == "\\":
+            return "\\\\"
+        if char == '"':
+            return '\\"'
+        return self._encode_transforms[ord(char)]
+
+    def _EncodeString(self, value):
+        """Encodes a string to be placed in the project file output, mimicking
+    Xcode behavior.
+    """
+
+        # Use quotation marks when any character outside of the range A-Z, a-z, 0-9,
+        # $ (dollar sign), . (period), and _ (underscore) is present.  Also use
+        # quotation marks to represent empty strings.
+        #
+        # Escape " (double-quote) and \ (backslash) by preceding them with a
+        # backslash.
+        #
+        # Some characters below the printable ASCII range are encoded specially:
+        #     7 ^G BEL is encoded as "\a"
+        #     8 ^H BS  is encoded as "\b"
+        #    11 ^K VT  is encoded as "\v"
+        #    12 ^L NP  is encoded as "\f"
+        #   127 ^? DEL is passed through as-is without escaping
+        #  - In PBXFileReference and PBXBuildFile objects:
+        #     9 ^I HT  is passed through as-is without escaping
+        #    10 ^J NL  is passed through as-is without escaping
+        #    13 ^M CR  is passed through as-is without escaping
+        #  - In other objects:
+        #     9 ^I HT  is encoded as "\t"
+        #    10 ^J NL  is encoded as "\n"
+        #    13 ^M CR  is encoded as "\n" rendering it indistinguishable from
+        #              10 ^J NL
+        # All other characters within the ASCII control character range (0 through
+        # 31 inclusive) are encoded as "\U001f" referring to the Unicode code point
+        # in hexadecimal.  For example, character 14 (^N SO) is encoded as "\U000e".
+        # Characters above the ASCII range are passed through to the output encoded
+        # as UTF-8 without any escaping.  These mappings are contained in the
+        # class' _encode_transforms list.
+
+        if _unquoted.search(value) and not _quoted.search(value):
+            return value
+
+        return '"' + _escaped.sub(self._EncodeTransform, value) + '"'
+
+    def _XCPrint(self, file, tabs, line):
+        file.write("\t" * tabs + line)
+
+    def _XCPrintableValue(self, tabs, value, flatten_list=False):
+        """Returns a representation of value that may be printed in a project file,
+    mimicking Xcode's behavior.
+
+    _XCPrintableValue can handle str and int values, XCObjects (which are
+    made printable by returning their id property), and list and dict objects
+    composed of any of the above types.  When printing a list or dict, and
+    _should_print_single_line is False, the tabs parameter is used to determine
+    how much to indent the lines corresponding to the items in the list or
+    dict.
+
+    If flatten_list is True, single-element lists will be transformed into
+    strings.
+    """
+
+        printable = ""
+        comment = None
+
+        if self._should_print_single_line:
+            sep = " "
+            element_tabs = ""
+            end_tabs = ""
+        else:
+            sep = "\n"
+            element_tabs = "\t" * (tabs + 1)
+            end_tabs = "\t" * tabs
+
+        if isinstance(value, XCObject):
+            printable += value.id
+            comment = value.Comment()
+        elif isinstance(value, str):
+            printable += self._EncodeString(value)
+        elif isinstance(value, str):
+            printable += self._EncodeString(value.encode("utf-8"))
+        elif isinstance(value, int):
+            printable += str(value)
+        elif isinstance(value, list):
+            if flatten_list and len(value) <= 1:
+                if len(value) == 0:
+                    printable += self._EncodeString("")
+                else:
+                    printable += self._EncodeString(value[0])
+            else:
+                printable = "(" + sep
+                for item in value:
+                    printable += (
+                        element_tabs
+                        + self._XCPrintableValue(tabs + 1, item, flatten_list)
+                        + ","
+                        + sep
+                    )
+                printable += end_tabs + ")"
+        elif isinstance(value, dict):
+            printable = "{" + sep
+            for item_key, item_value in sorted(value.items()):
+                printable += (
+                    element_tabs
+                    + self._XCPrintableValue(tabs + 1, item_key, flatten_list)
+                    + " = "
+                    + self._XCPrintableValue(tabs + 1, item_value, flatten_list)
+                    + ";"
+                    + sep
+                )
+            printable += end_tabs + "}"
+        else:
+            raise TypeError("Can't make " + value.__class__.__name__ + " printable")
+
+        if comment:
+            printable += " " + self._EncodeComment(comment)
+
+        return printable
+
+    def _XCKVPrint(self, file, tabs, key, value):
+        """Prints a key and value, members of an XCObject's _properties dictionary,
+    to file.
+
+    tabs is an int identifying the indentation level.  If the class'
+    _should_print_single_line variable is True, tabs is ignored and the
+    key-value pair will be followed by a space insead of a newline.
+    """
+
+        if self._should_print_single_line:
+            printable = ""
+            after_kv = " "
+        else:
+            printable = "\t" * tabs
+            after_kv = "\n"
+
+        # Xcode usually prints remoteGlobalIDString values in PBXContainerItemProxy
+        # objects without comments.  Sometimes it prints them with comments, but
+        # the majority of the time, it doesn't.  To avoid unnecessary changes to
+        # the project file after Xcode opens it, don't write comments for
+        # remoteGlobalIDString.  This is a sucky hack and it would certainly be
+        # cleaner to extend the schema to indicate whether or not a comment should
+        # be printed, but since this is the only case where the problem occurs and
+        # Xcode itself can't seem to make up its mind, the hack will suffice.
+        #
+        # Also see PBXContainerItemProxy._schema['remoteGlobalIDString'].
+        if key == "remoteGlobalIDString" and isinstance(self, PBXContainerItemProxy):
+            value_to_print = value.id
+        else:
+            value_to_print = value
+
+        # PBXBuildFile's settings property is represented in the output as a dict,
+        # but a hack here has it represented as a string. Arrange to strip off the
+        # quotes so that it shows up in the output as expected.
+        if key == "settings" and isinstance(self, PBXBuildFile):
+            strip_value_quotes = True
+        else:
+            strip_value_quotes = False
+
+        # In another one-off, let's set flatten_list on buildSettings properties
+        # of XCBuildConfiguration objects, because that's how Xcode treats them.
+        if key == "buildSettings" and isinstance(self, XCBuildConfiguration):
+            flatten_list = True
+        else:
+            flatten_list = False
+
+        try:
+            printable_key = self._XCPrintableValue(tabs, key, flatten_list)
+            printable_value = self._XCPrintableValue(tabs, value_to_print, flatten_list)
+            if (
+                strip_value_quotes
+                and len(printable_value) > 1
+                and printable_value[0] == '"'
+                and printable_value[-1] == '"'
+            ):
+                printable_value = printable_value[1:-1]
+            printable += printable_key + " = " + printable_value + ";" + after_kv
+        except TypeError as e:
+            gyp.common.ExceptionAppend(e, 'while printing key "%s"' % key)
+            raise
+
+        self._XCPrint(file, 0, printable)
+
+    def Print(self, file=sys.stdout):
+        """Prints a reprentation of this object to file, adhering to Xcode output
+    formatting.
+    """
+
+        self.VerifyHasRequiredProperties()
+
+        if self._should_print_single_line:
+            # When printing an object in a single line, Xcode doesn't put any space
+            # between the beginning of a dictionary (or presumably a list) and the
+            # first contained item, so you wind up with snippets like
+            #   ...CDEF = {isa = PBXFileReference; fileRef = 0123...
+            # If it were me, I would have put a space in there after the opening
+            # curly, but I guess this is just another one of those inconsistencies
+            # between how Xcode prints PBXFileReference and PBXBuildFile objects as
+            # compared to other objects.  Mimic Xcode's behavior here by using an
+            # empty string for sep.
+            sep = ""
+            end_tabs = 0
+        else:
+            sep = "\n"
+            end_tabs = 2
+
+        # Start the object.  For example, '\t\tPBXProject = {\n'.
+        self._XCPrint(file, 2, self._XCPrintableValue(2, self) + " = {" + sep)
+
+        # "isa" isn't in the _properties dictionary, it's an intrinsic property
+        # of the class which the object belongs to.  Xcode always outputs "isa"
+        # as the first element of an object dictionary.
+        self._XCKVPrint(file, 3, "isa", self.__class__.__name__)
+
+        # The remaining elements of an object dictionary are sorted alphabetically.
+        for property, value in sorted(self._properties.items()):
+            self._XCKVPrint(file, 3, property, value)
+
+        # End the object.
+        self._XCPrint(file, end_tabs, "};\n")
+
+    def UpdateProperties(self, properties, do_copy=False):
+        """Merge the supplied properties into the _properties dictionary.
+
+    The input properties must adhere to the class schema or a KeyError or
+    TypeError exception will be raised.  If adding an object of an XCObject
+    subclass and the schema indicates a strong relationship, the object's
+    parent will be set to this object.
+
+    If do_copy is True, then lists, dicts, strong-owned XCObjects, and
+    strong-owned XCObjects in lists will be copied instead of having their
+    references added.
+    """
+
+        if properties is None:
+            return
+
+        for property, value in properties.items():
+            # Make sure the property is in the schema.
+            if property not in self._schema:
+                raise KeyError(property + " not in " + self.__class__.__name__)
+
+            # Make sure the property conforms to the schema.
+            (is_list, property_type, is_strong) = self._schema[property][0:3]
+            if is_list:
+                if value.__class__ != list:
+                    raise TypeError(
+                        property
+                        + " of "
+                        + self.__class__.__name__
+                        + " must be list, not "
+                        + value.__class__.__name__
+                    )
+                for item in value:
+                    if not isinstance(item, property_type) and not (
+                        isinstance(item, str) and property_type == str
+                    ):
+                        # Accept unicode where str is specified.  str is treated as
+                        # UTF-8-encoded.
+                        raise TypeError(
+                            "item of "
+                            + property
+                            + " of "
+                            + self.__class__.__name__
+                            + " must be "
+                            + property_type.__name__
+                            + ", not "
+                            + item.__class__.__name__
+                        )
+            elif not isinstance(value, property_type) and not (
+                isinstance(value, str) and property_type == str
+            ):
+                # Accept unicode where str is specified.  str is treated as
+                # UTF-8-encoded.
+                raise TypeError(
+                    property
+                    + " of "
+                    + self.__class__.__name__
+                    + " must be "
+                    + property_type.__name__
+                    + ", not "
+                    + value.__class__.__name__
+                )
+
+            # Checks passed, perform the assignment.
+            if do_copy:
+                if isinstance(value, XCObject):
+                    if is_strong:
+                        self._properties[property] = value.Copy()
+                    else:
+                        self._properties[property] = value
+                elif isinstance(value, (str, int)):
+                    self._properties[property] = value
+                elif isinstance(value, list):
+                    if is_strong:
+                        # If is_strong is True, each element is an XCObject,
+                        # so it's safe to call Copy.
+                        self._properties[property] = []
+                        for item in value:
+                            self._properties[property].append(item.Copy())
+                    else:
+                        self._properties[property] = value[:]
+                elif isinstance(value, dict):
+                    self._properties[property] = value.copy()
+                else:
+                    raise TypeError(
+                        "Don't know how to copy a "
+                        + value.__class__.__name__
+                        + " object for "
+                        + property
+                        + " in "
+                        + self.__class__.__name__
+                    )
+            else:
+                self._properties[property] = value
+
+            # Set up the child's back-reference to this object.  Don't use |value|
+            # any more because it may not be right if do_copy is true.
+            if is_strong:
+                if not is_list:
+                    self._properties[property].parent = self
+                else:
+                    for item in self._properties[property]:
+                        item.parent = self
+
+    def HasProperty(self, key):
+        return key in self._properties
+
+    def GetProperty(self, key):
+        return self._properties[key]
+
+    def SetProperty(self, key, value):
+        self.UpdateProperties({key: value})
+
+    def DelProperty(self, key):
+        if key in self._properties:
+            del self._properties[key]
+
+    def AppendProperty(self, key, value):
+        # TODO(mark): Support ExtendProperty too (and make this call that)?
+
+        # Schema validation.
+        if key not in self._schema:
+            raise KeyError(key + " not in " + self.__class__.__name__)
+
+        (is_list, property_type, is_strong) = self._schema[key][0:3]
+        if not is_list:
+            raise TypeError(key + " of " + self.__class__.__name__ + " must be list")
+        if not isinstance(value, property_type):
+            raise TypeError(
+                "item of "
+                + key
+                + " of "
+                + self.__class__.__name__
+                + " must be "
+                + property_type.__name__
+                + ", not "
+                + value.__class__.__name__
+            )
+
+        # If the property doesn't exist yet, create a new empty list to receive the
+        # item.
+        self._properties[key] = self._properties.get(key, [])
+
+        # Set up the ownership link.
+        if is_strong:
+            value.parent = self
+
+        # Store the item.
+        self._properties[key].append(value)
+
+    def VerifyHasRequiredProperties(self):
+        """Ensure that all properties identified as required by the schema are
+    set.
+    """
+
+        # TODO(mark): A stronger verification mechanism is needed.  Some
+        # subclasses need to perform validation beyond what the schema can enforce.
+        for property, attributes in self._schema.items():
+            (is_list, property_type, is_strong, is_required) = attributes[0:4]
+            if is_required and property not in self._properties:
+                raise KeyError(self.__class__.__name__ + " requires " + property)
+
+    def _SetDefaultsFromSchema(self):
+        """Assign object default values according to the schema.  This will not
+    overwrite properties that have already been set."""
+
+        defaults = {}
+        for property, attributes in self._schema.items():
+            (is_list, property_type, is_strong, is_required) = attributes[0:4]
+            if (
+                is_required
+                and len(attributes) >= 5
+                and property not in self._properties
+            ):
+                default = attributes[4]
+
+                defaults[property] = default
+
+        if len(defaults) > 0:
+            # Use do_copy=True so that each new object gets its own copy of strong
+            # objects, lists, and dicts.
+            self.UpdateProperties(defaults, do_copy=True)
+
+
+class XCHierarchicalElement(XCObject):
+    """Abstract base for PBXGroup and PBXFileReference.  Not represented in a
+  project file."""
+
+    # TODO(mark): Do name and path belong here?  Probably so.
+    # If path is set and name is not, name may have a default value.  Name will
+    # be set to the basename of path, if the basename of path is different from
+    # the full value of path.  If path is already just a leaf name, name will
+    # not be set.
+    _schema = XCObject._schema.copy()
+    _schema.update(
+        {
+            "comments": [0, str, 0, 0],
+            "fileEncoding": [0, str, 0, 0],
+            "includeInIndex": [0, int, 0, 0],
+            "indentWidth": [0, int, 0, 0],
+            "lineEnding": [0, int, 0, 0],
+            "sourceTree": [0, str, 0, 1, "<group>"],
+            "tabWidth": [0, int, 0, 0],
+            "usesTabs": [0, int, 0, 0],
+            "wrapsLines": [0, int, 0, 0],
+        }
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, properties=None, id=None, parent=None):
+        # super
+        XCObject.__init__(self, properties, id, parent)
+        if "path" in self._properties and "name" not in self._properties:
+            path = self._properties["path"]
+            name = posixpath.basename(path)
+            if name != "" and path != name:
+                self.SetProperty("name", name)
+
+        if "path" in self._properties and (
+            "sourceTree" not in self._properties
+            or self._properties["sourceTree"] == "<group>"
+        ):
+            # If the pathname begins with an Xcode variable like "$(SDKROOT)/", take
+            # the variable out and make the path be relative to that variable by
+            # assigning the variable name as the sourceTree.
+            (source_tree, path) = SourceTreeAndPathFromPath(self._properties["path"])
+            if source_tree is not None:
+                self._properties["sourceTree"] = source_tree
+            if path is not None:
+                self._properties["path"] = path
+            if (
+                source_tree is not None
+                and path is None
+                and "name" not in self._properties
+            ):
+                # The path was of the form "$(SDKROOT)" with no path following it.
+                # This object is now relative to that variable, so it has no path
+                # attribute of its own.  It does, however, keep a name.
+                del self._properties["path"]
+                self._properties["name"] = source_tree
+
+    def Name(self):
+        if "name" in self._properties:
+            return self._properties["name"]
+        elif "path" in self._properties:
+            return self._properties["path"]
+        else:
+            # This happens in the case of the root PBXGroup.
+            return None
+
+    def Hashables(self):
+        """Custom hashables for XCHierarchicalElements.
+
+    XCHierarchicalElements are special.  Generally, their hashes shouldn't
+    change if the paths don't change.  The normal XCObject implementation of
+    Hashables adds a hashable for each object, which means that if
+    the hierarchical structure changes (possibly due to changes caused when
+    TakeOverOnlyChild runs and encounters slight changes in the hierarchy),
+    the hashes will change.  For example, if a project file initially contains
+    a/b/f1 and a/b becomes collapsed into a/b, f1 will have a single parent
+    a/b.  If someone later adds a/f2 to the project file, a/b can no longer be
+    collapsed, and f1 winds up with parent b and grandparent a.  That would
+    be sufficient to change f1's hash.
+
+    To counteract this problem, hashables for all XCHierarchicalElements except
+    for the main group (which has neither a name nor a path) are taken to be
+    just the set of path components.  Because hashables are inherited from
+    parents, this provides assurance that a/b/f1 has the same set of hashables
+    whether its parent is b or a/b.
+
+    The main group is a special case.  As it is permitted to have no name or
+    path, it is permitted to use the standard XCObject hash mechanism.  This
+    is not considered a problem because there can be only one main group.
+    """
+
+        if self == self.PBXProjectAncestor()._properties["mainGroup"]:
+            # super
+            return XCObject.Hashables(self)
+
+        hashables = []
+
+        # Put the name in first, ensuring that if TakeOverOnlyChild collapses
+        # children into a top-level group like "Source", the name always goes
+        # into the list of hashables without interfering with path components.
+        if "name" in self._properties:
+            # Make it less likely for people to manipulate hashes by following the
+            # pattern of always pushing an object type value onto the list first.
+            hashables.append(self.__class__.__name__ + ".name")
+            hashables.append(self._properties["name"])
+
+        # NOTE: This still has the problem that if an absolute path is encountered,
+        # including paths with a sourceTree, they'll still inherit their parents'
+        # hashables, even though the paths aren't relative to their parents.  This
+        # is not expected to be much of a problem in practice.
+        path = self.PathFromSourceTreeAndPath()
+        if path is not None:
+            components = path.split(posixpath.sep)
+            for component in components:
+                hashables.append(self.__class__.__name__ + ".path")
+                hashables.append(component)
+
+        hashables.extend(self._hashables)
+
+        return hashables
+
+    def Compare(self, other):
+        # Allow comparison of these types.  PBXGroup has the highest sort rank;
+        # PBXVariantGroup is treated as equal to PBXFileReference.
+        valid_class_types = {
+            PBXFileReference: "file",
+            PBXGroup: "group",
+            PBXVariantGroup: "file",
+        }
+        self_type = valid_class_types[self.__class__]
+        other_type = valid_class_types[other.__class__]
+
+        if self_type == other_type:
+            # If the two objects are of the same sort rank, compare their names.
+            return cmp(self.Name(), other.Name())
+
+        # Otherwise, sort groups before everything else.
+        if self_type == "group":
+            return -1
+        return 1
+
+    def CompareRootGroup(self, other):
+        # This function should be used only to compare direct children of the
+        # containing PBXProject's mainGroup.  These groups should appear in the
+        # listed order.
+        # TODO(mark): "Build" is used by gyp.generator.xcode, perhaps the
+        # generator should have a way of influencing this list rather than having
+        # to hardcode for the generator here.
+        order = [
+            "Source",
+            "Intermediates",
+            "Projects",
+            "Frameworks",
+            "Products",
+            "Build",
+        ]
+
+        # If the groups aren't in the listed order, do a name comparison.
+        # Otherwise, groups in the listed order should come before those that
+        # aren't.
+        self_name = self.Name()
+        other_name = other.Name()
+        self_in = isinstance(self, PBXGroup) and self_name in order
+        other_in = isinstance(self, PBXGroup) and other_name in order
+        if not self_in and not other_in:
+            return self.Compare(other)
+        if self_name in order and other_name not in order:
+            return -1
+        if other_name in order and self_name not in order:
+            return 1
+
+        # If both groups are in the listed order, go by the defined order.
+        self_index = order.index(self_name)
+        other_index = order.index(other_name)
+        if self_index < other_index:
+            return -1
+        if self_index > other_index:
+            return 1
+        return 0
+
+    def PathFromSourceTreeAndPath(self):
+        # Turn the object's sourceTree and path properties into a single flat
+        # string of a form comparable to the path parameter.  If there's a
+        # sourceTree property other than "<group>", wrap it in $(...) for the
+        # comparison.
+        components = []
+        if self._properties["sourceTree"] != "<group>":
+            components.append("$(" + self._properties["sourceTree"] + ")")
+        if "path" in self._properties:
+            components.append(self._properties["path"])
+
+        if len(components) > 0:
+            return posixpath.join(*components)
+
+        return None
+
+    def FullPath(self):
+        # Returns a full path to self relative to the project file, or relative
+        # to some other source tree.  Start with self, and walk up the chain of
+        # parents prepending their paths, if any, until no more parents are
+        # available (project-relative path) or until a path relative to some
+        # source tree is found.
+        xche = self
+        path = None
+        while isinstance(xche, XCHierarchicalElement) and (
+            path is None or (not path.startswith("/") and not path.startswith("$"))
+        ):
+            this_path = xche.PathFromSourceTreeAndPath()
+            if this_path is not None and path is not None:
+                path = posixpath.join(this_path, path)
+            elif this_path is not None:
+                path = this_path
+            xche = xche.parent
+
+        return path
+
+
+class PBXGroup(XCHierarchicalElement):
+    """
+  Attributes:
+    _children_by_path: Maps pathnames of children of this PBXGroup to the
+      actual child XCHierarchicalElement objects.
+    _variant_children_by_name_and_path: Maps (name, path) tuples of
+      PBXVariantGroup children to the actual child PBXVariantGroup objects.
+  """
+
+    _schema = XCHierarchicalElement._schema.copy()
+    _schema.update(
+        {
+            "children": [1, XCHierarchicalElement, 1, 1, []],
+            "name": [0, str, 0, 0],
+            "path": [0, str, 0, 0],
+        }
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, properties=None, id=None, parent=None):
+        # super
+        XCHierarchicalElement.__init__(self, properties, id, parent)
+        self._children_by_path = {}
+        self._variant_children_by_name_and_path = {}
+        for child in self._properties.get("children", []):
+            self._AddChildToDicts(child)
+
+    def Hashables(self):
+        # super
+        hashables = XCHierarchicalElement.Hashables(self)
+
+        # It is not sufficient to just rely on name and parent to build a unique
+        # hashable : a node could have two child PBXGroup sharing a common name.
+        # To add entropy the hashable is enhanced with the names of all its
+        # children.
+        for child in self._properties.get("children", []):
+            child_name = child.Name()
+            if child_name is not None:
+                hashables.append(child_name)
+
+        return hashables
+
+    def HashablesForChild(self):
+        # To avoid a circular reference the hashables used to compute a child id do
+        # not include the child names.
+        return XCHierarchicalElement.Hashables(self)
+
+    def _AddChildToDicts(self, child):
+        # Sets up this PBXGroup object's dicts to reference the child properly.
+        child_path = child.PathFromSourceTreeAndPath()
+        if child_path:
+            if child_path in self._children_by_path:
+                raise ValueError("Found multiple children with path " + child_path)
+            self._children_by_path[child_path] = child
+
+        if isinstance(child, PBXVariantGroup):
+            child_name = child._properties.get("name", None)
+            key = (child_name, child_path)
+            if key in self._variant_children_by_name_and_path:
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "Found multiple PBXVariantGroup children with "
+                    + "name "
+                    + str(child_name)
+                    + " and path "
+                    + str(child_path)
+                )
+            self._variant_children_by_name_and_path[key] = child
+
+    def AppendChild(self, child):
+        # Callers should use this instead of calling
+        # AppendProperty('children', child) directly because this function
+        # maintains the group's dicts.
+        self.AppendProperty("children", child)
+        self._AddChildToDicts(child)
+
+    def GetChildByName(self, name):
+        # This is not currently optimized with a dict as GetChildByPath is because
+        # it has few callers.  Most callers probably want GetChildByPath.  This
+        # function is only useful to get children that have names but no paths,
+        # which is rare.  The children of the main group ("Source", "Products",
+        # etc.) is pretty much the only case where this likely to come up.
+        #
+        # TODO(mark): Maybe this should raise an error if more than one child is
+        # present with the same name.
+        if "children" not in self._properties:
+            return None
+
+        for child in self._properties["children"]:
+            if child.Name() == name:
+                return child
+
+        return None
+
+    def GetChildByPath(self, path):
+        if not path:
+            return None
+
+        if path in self._children_by_path:
+            return self._children_by_path[path]
+
+        return None
+
+    def GetChildByRemoteObject(self, remote_object):
+        # This method is a little bit esoteric.  Given a remote_object, which
+        # should be a PBXFileReference in another project file, this method will
+        # return this group's PBXReferenceProxy object serving as a local proxy
+        # for the remote PBXFileReference.
+        #
+        # This function might benefit from a dict optimization as GetChildByPath
+        # for some workloads, but profiling shows that it's not currently a
+        # problem.
+        if "children" not in self._properties:
+            return None
+
+        for child in self._properties["children"]:
+            if not isinstance(child, PBXReferenceProxy):
+                continue
+
+            container_proxy = child._properties["remoteRef"]
+            if container_proxy._properties["remoteGlobalIDString"] == remote_object:
+                return child
+
+        return None
+
+    def AddOrGetFileByPath(self, path, hierarchical):
+        """Returns an existing or new file reference corresponding to path.
+
+    If hierarchical is True, this method will create or use the necessary
+    hierarchical group structure corresponding to path.  Otherwise, it will
+    look in and create an item in the current group only.
+
+    If an existing matching reference is found, it is returned, otherwise, a
+    new one will be created, added to the correct group, and returned.
+
+    If path identifies a directory by virtue of carrying a trailing slash,
+    this method returns a PBXFileReference of "folder" type.  If path
+    identifies a variant, by virtue of it identifying a file inside a directory
+    with an ".lproj" extension, this method returns a PBXVariantGroup
+    containing the variant named by path, and possibly other variants.  For
+    all other paths, a "normal" PBXFileReference will be returned.
+    """
+
+        # Adding or getting a directory?  Directories end with a trailing slash.
+        is_dir = False
+        if path.endswith("/"):
+            is_dir = True
+        path = posixpath.normpath(path)
+        if is_dir:
+            path = path + "/"
+
+        # Adding or getting a variant?  Variants are files inside directories
+        # with an ".lproj" extension.  Xcode uses variants for localization.  For
+        # a variant path/to/Language.lproj/MainMenu.nib, put a variant group named
+        # MainMenu.nib inside path/to, and give it a variant named Language.  In
+        # this example, grandparent would be set to path/to and parent_root would
+        # be set to Language.
+        variant_name = None
+        parent = posixpath.dirname(path)
+        grandparent = posixpath.dirname(parent)
+        parent_basename = posixpath.basename(parent)
+        (parent_root, parent_ext) = posixpath.splitext(parent_basename)
+        if parent_ext == ".lproj":
+            variant_name = parent_root
+        if grandparent == "":
+            grandparent = None
+
+        # Putting a directory inside a variant group is not currently supported.
+        assert not is_dir or variant_name is None
+
+        path_split = path.split(posixpath.sep)
+        if (
+            len(path_split) == 1
+            or ((is_dir or variant_name is not None) and len(path_split) == 2)
+            or not hierarchical
+        ):
+            # The PBXFileReference or PBXVariantGroup will be added to or gotten from
+            # this PBXGroup, no recursion necessary.
+            if variant_name is None:
+                # Add or get a PBXFileReference.
+                file_ref = self.GetChildByPath(path)
+                if file_ref is not None:
+                    assert file_ref.__class__ == PBXFileReference
+                else:
+                    file_ref = PBXFileReference({"path": path})
+                    self.AppendChild(file_ref)
+            else:
+                # Add or get a PBXVariantGroup.  The variant group name is the same
+                # as the basename (MainMenu.nib in the example above).  grandparent
+                # specifies the path to the variant group itself, and path_split[-2:]
+                # is the path of the specific variant relative to its group.
+                variant_group_name = posixpath.basename(path)
+                variant_group_ref = self.AddOrGetVariantGroupByNameAndPath(
+                    variant_group_name, grandparent
+                )
+                variant_path = posixpath.sep.join(path_split[-2:])
+                variant_ref = variant_group_ref.GetChildByPath(variant_path)
+                if variant_ref is not None:
+                    assert variant_ref.__class__ == PBXFileReference
+                else:
+                    variant_ref = PBXFileReference(
+                        {"name": variant_name, "path": variant_path}
+                    )
+                    variant_group_ref.AppendChild(variant_ref)
+                # The caller is interested in the variant group, not the specific
+                # variant file.
+                file_ref = variant_group_ref
+            return file_ref
+        else:
+            # Hierarchical recursion.  Add or get a PBXGroup corresponding to the
+            # outermost path component, and then recurse into it, chopping off that
+            # path component.
+            next_dir = path_split[0]
+            group_ref = self.GetChildByPath(next_dir)
+            if group_ref is not None:
+                assert group_ref.__class__ == PBXGroup
+            else:
+                group_ref = PBXGroup({"path": next_dir})
+                self.AppendChild(group_ref)
+            return group_ref.AddOrGetFileByPath(
+                posixpath.sep.join(path_split[1:]), hierarchical
+            )
+
+    def AddOrGetVariantGroupByNameAndPath(self, name, path):
+        """Returns an existing or new PBXVariantGroup for name and path.
+
+    If a PBXVariantGroup identified by the name and path arguments is already
+    present as a child of this object, it is returned.  Otherwise, a new
+    PBXVariantGroup with the correct properties is created, added as a child,
+    and returned.
+
+    This method will generally be called by AddOrGetFileByPath, which knows
+    when to create a variant group based on the structure of the pathnames
+    passed to it.
+    """
+
+        key = (name, path)
+        if key in self._variant_children_by_name_and_path:
+            variant_group_ref = self._variant_children_by_name_and_path[key]
+            assert variant_group_ref.__class__ == PBXVariantGroup
+            return variant_group_ref
+
+        variant_group_properties = {"name": name}
+        if path is not None:
+            variant_group_properties["path"] = path
+        variant_group_ref = PBXVariantGroup(variant_group_properties)
+        self.AppendChild(variant_group_ref)
+
+        return variant_group_ref
+
+    def TakeOverOnlyChild(self, recurse=False):
+        """If this PBXGroup has only one child and it's also a PBXGroup, take
+    it over by making all of its children this object's children.
+
+    This function will continue to take over only children when those children
+    are groups.  If there are three PBXGroups representing a, b, and c, with
+    c inside b and b inside a, and a and b have no other children, this will
+    result in a taking over both b and c, forming a PBXGroup for a/b/c.
+
+    If recurse is True, this function will recurse into children and ask them
+    to collapse themselves by taking over only children as well.  Assuming
+    an example hierarchy with files at a/b/c/d1, a/b/c/d2, and a/b/c/d3/e/f
+    (d1, d2, and f are files, the rest are groups), recursion will result in
+    a group for a/b/c containing a group for d3/e.
+    """
+
+        # At this stage, check that child class types are PBXGroup exactly,
+        # instead of using isinstance.  The only subclass of PBXGroup,
+        # PBXVariantGroup, should not participate in reparenting in the same way:
+        # reparenting by merging different object types would be wrong.
+        while (
+            len(self._properties["children"]) == 1
+            and self._properties["children"][0].__class__ == PBXGroup
+        ):
+            # Loop to take over the innermost only-child group possible.
+
+            child = self._properties["children"][0]
+
+            # Assume the child's properties, including its children.  Save a copy
+            # of this object's old properties, because they'll still be needed.
+            # This object retains its existing id and parent attributes.
+            old_properties = self._properties
+            self._properties = child._properties
+            self._children_by_path = child._children_by_path
+
+            if (
+                "sourceTree" not in self._properties
+                or self._properties["sourceTree"] == "<group>"
+            ):
+                # The child was relative to its parent.  Fix up the path.  Note that
+                # children with a sourceTree other than "<group>" are not relative to
+                # their parents, so no path fix-up is needed in that case.
+                if "path" in old_properties:
+                    if "path" in self._properties:
+                        # Both the original parent and child have paths set.
+                        self._properties["path"] = posixpath.join(
+                            old_properties["path"], self._properties["path"]
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        # Only the original parent has a path, use it.
+                        self._properties["path"] = old_properties["path"]
+                if "sourceTree" in old_properties:
+                    # The original parent had a sourceTree set, use it.
+                    self._properties["sourceTree"] = old_properties["sourceTree"]
+
+            # If the original parent had a name set, keep using it.  If the original
+            # parent didn't have a name but the child did, let the child's name
+            # live on.  If the name attribute seems unnecessary now, get rid of it.
+            if "name" in old_properties and old_properties["name"] not in (
+                None,
+                self.Name(),
+            ):
+                self._properties["name"] = old_properties["name"]
+            if (
+                "name" in self._properties
+                and "path" in self._properties
+                and self._properties["name"] == self._properties["path"]
+            ):
+                del self._properties["name"]
+
+            # Notify all children of their new parent.
+            for child in self._properties["children"]:
+                child.parent = self
+
+        # If asked to recurse, recurse.
+        if recurse:
+            for child in self._properties["children"]:
+                if child.__class__ == PBXGroup:
+                    child.TakeOverOnlyChild(recurse)
+
+    def SortGroup(self):
+        self._properties["children"] = sorted(
+            self._properties["children"], key=cmp_to_key(lambda x, y: x.Compare(y))
+        )
+
+        # Recurse.
+        for child in self._properties["children"]:
+            if isinstance(child, PBXGroup):
+                child.SortGroup()
+
+
+class XCFileLikeElement(XCHierarchicalElement):
+    # Abstract base for objects that can be used as the fileRef property of
+    # PBXBuildFile.
+
+    def PathHashables(self):
+        # A PBXBuildFile that refers to this object will call this method to
+        # obtain additional hashables specific to this XCFileLikeElement.  Don't
+        # just use this object's hashables, they're not specific and unique enough
+        # on their own (without access to the parent hashables.)  Instead, provide
+        # hashables that identify this object by path by getting its hashables as
+        # well as the hashables of ancestor XCHierarchicalElement objects.
+
+        hashables = []
+        xche = self
+        while isinstance(xche, XCHierarchicalElement):
+            xche_hashables = xche.Hashables()
+            for index, xche_hashable in enumerate(xche_hashables):
+                hashables.insert(index, xche_hashable)
+            xche = xche.parent
+        return hashables
+
+
+class XCContainerPortal(XCObject):
+    # Abstract base for objects that can be used as the containerPortal property
+    # of PBXContainerItemProxy.
+    pass
+
+
+class XCRemoteObject(XCObject):
+    # Abstract base for objects that can be used as the remoteGlobalIDString
+    # property of PBXContainerItemProxy.
+    pass
+
+
+class PBXFileReference(XCFileLikeElement, XCContainerPortal, XCRemoteObject):
+    _schema = XCFileLikeElement._schema.copy()
+    _schema.update(
+        {
+            "explicitFileType": [0, str, 0, 0],
+            "lastKnownFileType": [0, str, 0, 0],
+            "name": [0, str, 0, 0],
+            "path": [0, str, 0, 1],
+        }
+    )
+
+    # Weird output rules for PBXFileReference.
+    _should_print_single_line = True
+    # super
+    _encode_transforms = XCFileLikeElement._alternate_encode_transforms
+
+    def __init__(self, properties=None, id=None, parent=None):
+        # super
+        XCFileLikeElement.__init__(self, properties, id, parent)
+        if "path" in self._properties and self._properties["path"].endswith("/"):
+            self._properties["path"] = self._properties["path"][:-1]
+            is_dir = True
+        else:
+            is_dir = False
+
+        if (
+            "path" in self._properties
+            and "lastKnownFileType" not in self._properties
+            and "explicitFileType" not in self._properties
+        ):
+            # TODO(mark): This is the replacement for a replacement for a quick hack.
+            # It is no longer incredibly sucky, but this list needs to be extended.
+            extension_map = {
+                "a": "archive.ar",
+                "app": "wrapper.application",
+                "bdic": "file",
+                "bundle": "wrapper.cfbundle",
+                "c": "sourcecode.c.c",
+                "cc": "sourcecode.cpp.cpp",
+                "cpp": "sourcecode.cpp.cpp",
+                "css": "text.css",
+                "cxx": "sourcecode.cpp.cpp",
+                "dart": "sourcecode",
+                "dylib": "compiled.mach-o.dylib",
+                "framework": "wrapper.framework",
+                "gyp": "sourcecode",
+                "gypi": "sourcecode",
+                "h": "sourcecode.c.h",
+                "hxx": "sourcecode.cpp.h",
+                "icns": "image.icns",
+                "java": "sourcecode.java",
+                "js": "sourcecode.javascript",
+                "kext": "wrapper.kext",
+                "m": "sourcecode.c.objc",
+                "mm": "sourcecode.cpp.objcpp",
+                "nib": "wrapper.nib",
+                "o": "compiled.mach-o.objfile",
+                "pdf": "image.pdf",
+                "pl": "text.script.perl",
+                "plist": "text.plist.xml",
+                "pm": "text.script.perl",
+                "png": "image.png",
+                "py": "text.script.python",
+                "r": "sourcecode.rez",
+                "rez": "sourcecode.rez",
+                "s": "sourcecode.asm",
+                "storyboard": "file.storyboard",
+                "strings": "text.plist.strings",
+                "swift": "sourcecode.swift",
+                "ttf": "file",
+                "xcassets": "folder.assetcatalog",
+                "xcconfig": "text.xcconfig",
+                "xcdatamodel": "wrapper.xcdatamodel",
+                "xcdatamodeld": "wrapper.xcdatamodeld",
+                "xib": "file.xib",
+                "y": "sourcecode.yacc",
+            }
+
+            prop_map = {
+                "dart": "explicitFileType",
+                "gyp": "explicitFileType",
+                "gypi": "explicitFileType",
+            }
+
+            if is_dir:
+                file_type = "folder"
+                prop_name = "lastKnownFileType"
+            else:
+                basename = posixpath.basename(self._properties["path"])
+                (root, ext) = posixpath.splitext(basename)
+                # Check the map using a lowercase extension.
+                # TODO(mark): Maybe it should try with the original case first and fall
+                # back to lowercase, in case there are any instances where case
+                # matters.  There currently aren't.
+                if ext != "":
+                    ext = ext[1:].lower()
+
+                # TODO(mark): "text" is the default value, but "file" is appropriate
+                # for unrecognized files not containing text.  Xcode seems to choose
+                # based on content.
+                file_type = extension_map.get(ext, "text")
+                prop_name = prop_map.get(ext, "lastKnownFileType")
+
+            self._properties[prop_name] = file_type
+
+
+class PBXVariantGroup(PBXGroup, XCFileLikeElement):
+    """PBXVariantGroup is used by Xcode to represent localizations."""
+
+    # No additions to the schema relative to PBXGroup.
+    pass
+
+
+# PBXReferenceProxy is also an XCFileLikeElement subclass.  It is defined below
+# because it uses PBXContainerItemProxy, defined below.
+
+
+class XCBuildConfiguration(XCObject):
+    _schema = XCObject._schema.copy()
+    _schema.update(
+        {
+            "baseConfigurationReference": [0, PBXFileReference, 0, 0],
+            "buildSettings": [0, dict, 0, 1, {}],
+            "name": [0, str, 0, 1],
+        }
+    )
+
+    def HasBuildSetting(self, key):
+        return key in self._properties["buildSettings"]
+
+    def GetBuildSetting(self, key):
+        return self._properties["buildSettings"][key]
+
+    def SetBuildSetting(self, key, value):
+        # TODO(mark): If a list, copy?
+        self._properties["buildSettings"][key] = value
+
+    def AppendBuildSetting(self, key, value):
+        if key not in self._properties["buildSettings"]:
+            self._properties["buildSettings"][key] = []
+        self._properties["buildSettings"][key].append(value)
+
+    def DelBuildSetting(self, key):
+        if key in self._properties["buildSettings"]:
+            del self._properties["buildSettings"][key]
+
+    def SetBaseConfiguration(self, value):
+        self._properties["baseConfigurationReference"] = value
+
+
+class XCConfigurationList(XCObject):
+    # _configs is the default list of configurations.
+    _configs = [
+        XCBuildConfiguration({"name": "Debug"}),
+        XCBuildConfiguration({"name": "Release"}),
+    ]
+
+    _schema = XCObject._schema.copy()
+    _schema.update(
+        {
+            "buildConfigurations": [1, XCBuildConfiguration, 1, 1, _configs],
+            "defaultConfigurationIsVisible": [0, int, 0, 1, 1],
+            "defaultConfigurationName": [0, str, 0, 1, "Release"],
+        }
+    )
+
+    def Name(self):
+        return (
+            "Build configuration list for "
+            + self.parent.__class__.__name__
+            + ' "'
+            + self.parent.Name()
+            + '"'
+        )
+
+    def ConfigurationNamed(self, name):
+        """Convenience accessor to obtain an XCBuildConfiguration by name."""
+        for configuration in self._properties["buildConfigurations"]:
+            if configuration._properties["name"] == name:
+                return configuration
+
+        raise KeyError(name)
+
+    def DefaultConfiguration(self):
+        """Convenience accessor to obtain the default XCBuildConfiguration."""
+        return self.ConfigurationNamed(self._properties["defaultConfigurationName"])
+
+    def HasBuildSetting(self, key):
+        """Determines the state of a build setting in all XCBuildConfiguration
+    child objects.
+
+    If all child objects have key in their build settings, and the value is the
+    same in all child objects, returns 1.
+
+    If no child objects have the key in their build settings, returns 0.
+
+    If some, but not all, child objects have the key in their build settings,
+    or if any children have different values for the key, returns -1.
+    """
+
+        has = None
+        value = None
+        for configuration in self._properties["buildConfigurations"]:
+            configuration_has = configuration.HasBuildSetting(key)
+            if has is None:
+                has = configuration_has
+            elif has != configuration_has:
+                return -1
+
+            if configuration_has:
+                configuration_value = configuration.GetBuildSetting(key)
+                if value is None:
+                    value = configuration_value
+                elif value != configuration_value:
+                    return -1
+
+        if not has:
+            return 0
+
+        return 1
+
+    def GetBuildSetting(self, key):
+        """Gets the build setting for key.
+
+    All child XCConfiguration objects must have the same value set for the
+    setting, or a ValueError will be raised.
+    """
+
+        # TODO(mark): This is wrong for build settings that are lists.  The list
+        # contents should be compared (and a list copy returned?)
+
+        value = None
+        for configuration in self._properties["buildConfigurations"]:
+            configuration_value = configuration.GetBuildSetting(key)
+            if value is None:
+                value = configuration_value
+            else:
+                if value != configuration_value:
+                    raise ValueError("Variant values for " + key)
+
+        return value
+
+    def SetBuildSetting(self, key, value):
+        """Sets the build setting for key to value in all child
+    XCBuildConfiguration objects.
+    """
+
+        for configuration in self._properties["buildConfigurations"]:
+            configuration.SetBuildSetting(key, value)
+
+    def AppendBuildSetting(self, key, value):
+        """Appends value to the build setting for key, which is treated as a list,
+    in all child XCBuildConfiguration objects.
+    """
+
+        for configuration in self._properties["buildConfigurations"]:
+            configuration.AppendBuildSetting(key, value)
+
+    def DelBuildSetting(self, key):
+        """Deletes the build setting key from all child XCBuildConfiguration
+    objects.
+    """
+
+        for configuration in self._properties["buildConfigurations"]:
+            configuration.DelBuildSetting(key)
+
+    def SetBaseConfiguration(self, value):
+        """Sets the build configuration in all child XCBuildConfiguration objects.
+    """
+
+        for configuration in self._properties["buildConfigurations"]:
+            configuration.SetBaseConfiguration(value)
+
+
+class PBXBuildFile(XCObject):
+    _schema = XCObject._schema.copy()
+    _schema.update(
+        {
+            "fileRef": [0, XCFileLikeElement, 0, 1],
+            "settings": [0, str, 0, 0],  # hack, it's a dict
+        }
+    )
+
+    # Weird output rules for PBXBuildFile.
+    _should_print_single_line = True
+    _encode_transforms = XCObject._alternate_encode_transforms
+
+    def Name(self):
+        # Example: "main.cc in Sources"
+        return self._properties["fileRef"].Name() + " in " + self.parent.Name()
+
+    def Hashables(self):
+        # super
+        hashables = XCObject.Hashables(self)
+
+        # It is not sufficient to just rely on Name() to get the
+        # XCFileLikeElement's name, because that is not a complete pathname.
+        # PathHashables returns hashables unique enough that no two
+        # PBXBuildFiles should wind up with the same set of hashables, unless
+        # someone adds the same file multiple times to the same target.  That
+        # would be considered invalid anyway.
+        hashables.extend(self._properties["fileRef"].PathHashables())
+
+        return hashables
+
+
+class XCBuildPhase(XCObject):
+    """Abstract base for build phase classes.  Not represented in a project
+  file.
+
+  Attributes:
+    _files_by_path: A dict mapping each path of a child in the files list by
+      path (keys) to the corresponding PBXBuildFile children (values).
+    _files_by_xcfilelikeelement: A dict mapping each XCFileLikeElement (keys)
+      to the corresponding PBXBuildFile children (values).
+  """
+
+    # TODO(mark): Some build phase types, like PBXShellScriptBuildPhase, don't
+    # actually have a "files" list.  XCBuildPhase should not have "files" but
+    # another abstract subclass of it should provide this, and concrete build
+    # phase types that do have "files" lists should be derived from that new
+    # abstract subclass.  XCBuildPhase should only provide buildActionMask and
+    # runOnlyForDeploymentPostprocessing, and not files or the various
+    # file-related methods and attributes.
+
+    _schema = XCObject._schema.copy()
+    _schema.update(
+        {
+            "buildActionMask": [0, int, 0, 1, 0x7FFFFFFF],
+            "files": [1, PBXBuildFile, 1, 1, []],
+            "runOnlyForDeploymentPostprocessing": [0, int, 0, 1, 0],
+        }
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, properties=None, id=None, parent=None):
+        # super
+        XCObject.__init__(self, properties, id, parent)
+
+        self._files_by_path = {}
+        self._files_by_xcfilelikeelement = {}
+        for pbxbuildfile in self._properties.get("files", []):
+            self._AddBuildFileToDicts(pbxbuildfile)
+
+    def FileGroup(self, path):
+        # Subclasses must override this by returning a two-element tuple.  The
+        # first item in the tuple should be the PBXGroup to which "path" should be
+        # added, either as a child or deeper descendant.  The second item should
+        # be a boolean indicating whether files should be added into hierarchical
+        # groups or one single flat group.
+        raise NotImplementedError(self.__class__.__name__ + " must implement FileGroup")
+
+    def _AddPathToDict(self, pbxbuildfile, path):
+        """Adds path to the dict tracking paths belonging to this build phase.
+
+    If the path is already a member of this build phase, raises an exception.
+    """
+
+        if path in self._files_by_path:
+            raise ValueError("Found multiple build files with path " + path)
+        self._files_by_path[path] = pbxbuildfile
+
+    def _AddBuildFileToDicts(self, pbxbuildfile, path=None):
+        """Maintains the _files_by_path and _files_by_xcfilelikeelement dicts.
+
+    If path is specified, then it is the path that is being added to the
+    phase, and pbxbuildfile must contain either a PBXFileReference directly
+    referencing that path, or it must contain a PBXVariantGroup that itself
+    contains a PBXFileReference referencing the path.
+
+    If path is not specified, either the PBXFileReference's path or the paths
+    of all children of the PBXVariantGroup are taken as being added to the
+    phase.
+
+    If the path is already present in the phase, raises an exception.
+
+    If the PBXFileReference or PBXVariantGroup referenced by pbxbuildfile
+    are already present in the phase, referenced by a different PBXBuildFile
+    object, raises an exception.  This does not raise an exception when
+    a PBXFileReference or PBXVariantGroup reappear and are referenced by the
+    same PBXBuildFile that has already introduced them, because in the case
+    of PBXVariantGroup objects, they may correspond to multiple paths that are
+    not all added simultaneously.  When this situation occurs, the path needs
+    to be added to _files_by_path, but nothing needs to change in
+    _files_by_xcfilelikeelement, and the caller should have avoided adding
+    the PBXBuildFile if it is already present in the list of children.
+    """
+
+        xcfilelikeelement = pbxbuildfile._properties["fileRef"]
+
+        paths = []
+        if path is not None:
+            # It's best when the caller provides the path.
+            if isinstance(xcfilelikeelement, PBXVariantGroup):
+                paths.append(path)
+        else:
+            # If the caller didn't provide a path, there can be either multiple
+            # paths (PBXVariantGroup) or one.
+            if isinstance(xcfilelikeelement, PBXVariantGroup):
+                for variant in xcfilelikeelement._properties["children"]:
+                    paths.append(variant.FullPath())
+            else:
+                paths.append(xcfilelikeelement.FullPath())
+
+        # Add the paths first, because if something's going to raise, the
+        # messages provided by _AddPathToDict are more useful owing to its
+        # having access to a real pathname and not just an object's Name().
+        for a_path in paths:
+            self._AddPathToDict(pbxbuildfile, a_path)
+
+        # If another PBXBuildFile references this XCFileLikeElement, there's a
+        # problem.
+        if (
+            xcfilelikeelement in self._files_by_xcfilelikeelement
+            and self._files_by_xcfilelikeelement[xcfilelikeelement] != pbxbuildfile
+        ):
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Found multiple build files for " + xcfilelikeelement.Name()
+            )
+        self._files_by_xcfilelikeelement[xcfilelikeelement] = pbxbuildfile
+
+    def AppendBuildFile(self, pbxbuildfile, path=None):
+        # Callers should use this instead of calling
+        # AppendProperty('files', pbxbuildfile) directly because this function
+        # maintains the object's dicts.  Better yet, callers can just call AddFile
+        # with a pathname and not worry about building their own PBXBuildFile
+        # objects.
+        self.AppendProperty("files", pbxbuildfile)
+        self._AddBuildFileToDicts(pbxbuildfile, path)
+
+    def AddFile(self, path, settings=None):
+        (file_group, hierarchical) = self.FileGroup(path)
+        file_ref = file_group.AddOrGetFileByPath(path, hierarchical)
+
+        if file_ref in self._files_by_xcfilelikeelement and isinstance(
+            file_ref, PBXVariantGroup
+        ):
+            # There's already a PBXBuildFile in this phase corresponding to the
+            # PBXVariantGroup.  path just provides a new variant that belongs to
+            # the group.  Add the path to the dict.
+            pbxbuildfile = self._files_by_xcfilelikeelement[file_ref]
+            self._AddBuildFileToDicts(pbxbuildfile, path)
+        else:
+            # Add a new PBXBuildFile to get file_ref into the phase.
+            if settings is None:
+                pbxbuildfile = PBXBuildFile({"fileRef": file_ref})
+            else:
+                pbxbuildfile = PBXBuildFile({"fileRef": file_ref, "settings": settings})
+            self.AppendBuildFile(pbxbuildfile, path)
+
+
+class PBXHeadersBuildPhase(XCBuildPhase):
+    # No additions to the schema relative to XCBuildPhase.
+
+    def Name(self):
+        return "Headers"
+
+    def FileGroup(self, path):
+        return self.PBXProjectAncestor().RootGroupForPath(path)
+
+
+class PBXResourcesBuildPhase(XCBuildPhase):
+    # No additions to the schema relative to XCBuildPhase.
+
+    def Name(self):
+        return "Resources"
+
+    def FileGroup(self, path):
+        return self.PBXProjectAncestor().RootGroupForPath(path)
+
+
+class PBXSourcesBuildPhase(XCBuildPhase):
+    # No additions to the schema relative to XCBuildPhase.
+
+    def Name(self):
+        return "Sources"
+
+    def FileGroup(self, path):
+        return self.PBXProjectAncestor().RootGroupForPath(path)
+
+
+class PBXFrameworksBuildPhase(XCBuildPhase):
+    # No additions to the schema relative to XCBuildPhase.
+
+    def Name(self):
+        return "Frameworks"
+
+    def FileGroup(self, path):
+        (root, ext) = posixpath.splitext(path)
+        if ext != "":
+            ext = ext[1:].lower()
+        if ext == "o":
+            # .o files are added to Xcode Frameworks phases, but conceptually aren't
+            # frameworks, they're more like sources or intermediates. Redirect them
+            # to show up in one of those other groups.
+            return self.PBXProjectAncestor().RootGroupForPath(path)
+        else:
+            return (self.PBXProjectAncestor().FrameworksGroup(), False)
+
+
+class PBXShellScriptBuildPhase(XCBuildPhase):
+    _schema = XCBuildPhase._schema.copy()
+    _schema.update(
+        {
+            "inputPaths": [1, str, 0, 1, []],
+            "name": [0, str, 0, 0],
+            "outputPaths": [1, str, 0, 1, []],
+            "shellPath": [0, str, 0, 1, "/bin/sh"],
+            "shellScript": [0, str, 0, 1],
+            "showEnvVarsInLog": [0, int, 0, 0],
+        }
+    )
+
+    def Name(self):
+        if "name" in self._properties:
+            return self._properties["name"]
+
+        return "ShellScript"
+
+
+class PBXCopyFilesBuildPhase(XCBuildPhase):
+    _schema = XCBuildPhase._schema.copy()
+    _schema.update(
+        {
+            "dstPath": [0, str, 0, 1],
+            "dstSubfolderSpec": [0, int, 0, 1],
+            "name": [0, str, 0, 0],
+        }
+    )
+
+    # path_tree_re matches "$(DIR)/path", "$(DIR)/$(DIR2)/path" or just "$(DIR)".
+    # Match group 1 is "DIR", group 3 is "path" or "$(DIR2") or "$(DIR2)/path"
+    # or None. If group 3 is "path", group 4 will be None otherwise group 4 is
+    # "DIR2" and group 6 is "path".
+    path_tree_re = re.compile(r"^\$\((.*?)\)(/(\$\((.*?)\)(/(.*)|)|(.*)|)|)$")
+
+    # path_tree_{first,second}_to_subfolder map names of Xcode variables to the
+    # associated dstSubfolderSpec property value used in a PBXCopyFilesBuildPhase
+    # object.
+    path_tree_first_to_subfolder = {
+        # Types that can be chosen via the Xcode UI.
+        "BUILT_PRODUCTS_DIR": 16,  # Products Directory
+        "BUILT_FRAMEWORKS_DIR": 10,  # Not an official Xcode macro.
+        # Existed before support for the
+        # names below was added. Maps to
+        # "Frameworks".
+    }
+
+    path_tree_second_to_subfolder = {
+        "WRAPPER_NAME": 1,  # Wrapper
+        # Although Xcode's friendly name is "Executables", the destination
+        # is demonstrably the value of the build setting
+        # EXECUTABLE_FOLDER_PATH not EXECUTABLES_FOLDER_PATH.
+        "EXECUTABLE_FOLDER_PATH": 6,  # Executables.
+        "UNLOCALIZED_RESOURCES_FOLDER_PATH": 7,  # Resources
+        "JAVA_FOLDER_PATH": 15,  # Java Resources
+        "FRAMEWORKS_FOLDER_PATH": 10,  # Frameworks
+        "SHARED_FRAMEWORKS_FOLDER_PATH": 11,  # Shared Frameworks
+        "SHARED_SUPPORT_FOLDER_PATH": 12,  # Shared Support
+        "PLUGINS_FOLDER_PATH": 13,  # PlugIns
+        # For XPC Services, Xcode sets both dstPath and dstSubfolderSpec.
+        # Note that it re-uses the BUILT_PRODUCTS_DIR value for
+        # dstSubfolderSpec. dstPath is set below.
+        "XPCSERVICES_FOLDER_PATH": 16,  # XPC Services.
+    }
+
+    def Name(self):
+        if "name" in self._properties:
+            return self._properties["name"]
+
+        return "CopyFiles"
+
+    def FileGroup(self, path):
+        return self.PBXProjectAncestor().RootGroupForPath(path)
+
+    def SetDestination(self, path):
+        """Set the dstSubfolderSpec and dstPath properties from path.
+
+    path may be specified in the same notation used for XCHierarchicalElements,
+    specifically, "$(DIR)/path".
+    """
+
+        path_tree_match = self.path_tree_re.search(path)
+        if path_tree_match:
+            path_tree = path_tree_match.group(1)
+            if path_tree in self.path_tree_first_to_subfolder:
+                subfolder = self.path_tree_first_to_subfolder[path_tree]
+                relative_path = path_tree_match.group(3)
+                if relative_path is None:
+                    relative_path = ""
+
+                if subfolder == 16 and path_tree_match.group(4) is not None:
+                    # BUILT_PRODUCTS_DIR (16) is the first element in a path whose
+                    # second element is possibly one of the variable names in
+                    # path_tree_second_to_subfolder. Xcode sets the values of all these
+                    # variables to relative paths so .gyp files must prefix them with
+                    # BUILT_PRODUCTS_DIR, e.g.
+                    # $(BUILT_PRODUCTS_DIR)/$(PLUGINS_FOLDER_PATH). Then
+                    # xcode_emulation.py can export these variables with the same values
+                    # as Xcode yet make & ninja files can determine the absolute path
+                    # to the target. Xcode uses the dstSubfolderSpec value set here
+                    # to determine the full path.
+                    #
+                    # An alternative of xcode_emulation.py setting the values to
+                    # absolute paths when exporting these variables has been
+                    # ruled out because then the values would be different
+                    # depending on the build tool.
+                    #
+                    # Another alternative is to invent new names for the variables used
+                    # to match to the subfolder indices in the second table. .gyp files
+                    # then will not need to prepend $(BUILT_PRODUCTS_DIR) because
+                    # xcode_emulation.py can set the values of those variables to
+                    # the absolute paths when exporting. This is possibly the thinking
+                    # behind BUILT_FRAMEWORKS_DIR which is used in exactly this manner.
+                    #
+                    # Requiring prepending BUILT_PRODUCTS_DIR has been chosen because
+                    # this same way could be used to specify destinations in .gyp files
+                    # that pre-date this addition to GYP. However they would only work
+                    # with the Xcode generator.
+                    # The previous version of xcode_emulation.py
+                    # does not export these variables. Such files will get the benefit
+                    # of the Xcode UI showing the proper destination name simply by
+                    # regenerating the projects with this version of GYP.
+                    path_tree = path_tree_match.group(4)
+                    relative_path = path_tree_match.group(6)
+                    separator = "/"
+
+                    if path_tree in self.path_tree_second_to_subfolder:
+                        subfolder = self.path_tree_second_to_subfolder[path_tree]
+                        if relative_path is None:
+                            relative_path = ""
+                            separator = ""
+                        if path_tree == "XPCSERVICES_FOLDER_PATH":
+                            relative_path = (
+                                "$(CONTENTS_FOLDER_PATH)/XPCServices"
+                                + separator
+                                + relative_path
+                            )
+                    else:
+                        # subfolder = 16 from above
+                        # The second element of the path is an unrecognized variable.
+                        # Include it and any remaining elements in relative_path.
+                        relative_path = path_tree_match.group(3)
+
+            else:
+                # The path starts with an unrecognized Xcode variable
+                # name like $(SRCROOT).  Xcode will still handle this
+                # as an "absolute path" that starts with the variable.
+                subfolder = 0
+                relative_path = path
+        elif path.startswith("/"):
+            # Special case.  Absolute paths are in dstSubfolderSpec 0.
+            subfolder = 0
+            relative_path = path[1:]
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Can't use path {path} in a {self.__class__.__name__}"
+            )
+
+        self._properties["dstPath"] = relative_path
+        self._properties["dstSubfolderSpec"] = subfolder
+
+
+class PBXBuildRule(XCObject):
+    _schema = XCObject._schema.copy()
+    _schema.update(
+        {
+            "compilerSpec": [0, str, 0, 1],
+            "filePatterns": [0, str, 0, 0],
+            "fileType": [0, str, 0, 1],
+            "isEditable": [0, int, 0, 1, 1],
+            "outputFiles": [1, str, 0, 1, []],
+            "script": [0, str, 0, 0],
+        }
+    )
+
+    def Name(self):
+        # Not very inspired, but it's what Xcode uses.
+        return self.__class__.__name__
+
+    def Hashables(self):
+        # super
+        hashables = XCObject.Hashables(self)
+
+        # Use the hashables of the weak objects that this object refers to.
+        hashables.append(self._properties["fileType"])
+        if "filePatterns" in self._properties:
+            hashables.append(self._properties["filePatterns"])
+        return hashables
+
+
+class PBXContainerItemProxy(XCObject):
+    # When referencing an item in this project file, containerPortal is the
+    # PBXProject root object of this project file.  When referencing an item in
+    # another project file, containerPortal is a PBXFileReference identifying
+    # the other project file.
+    #
+    # When serving as a proxy to an XCTarget (in this project file or another),
+    # proxyType is 1.  When serving as a proxy to a PBXFileReference (in another
+    # project file), proxyType is 2.  Type 2 is used for references to the
+    # producs of the other project file's targets.
+    #
+    # Xcode is weird about remoteGlobalIDString.  Usually, it's printed without
+    # a comment, indicating that it's tracked internally simply as a string, but
+    # sometimes it's printed with a comment (usually when the object is initially
+    # created), indicating that it's tracked as a project file object at least
+    # sometimes.  This module always tracks it as an object, but contains a hack
+    # to prevent it from printing the comment in the project file output.  See
+    # _XCKVPrint.
+    _schema = XCObject._schema.copy()
+    _schema.update(
+        {
+            "containerPortal": [0, XCContainerPortal, 0, 1],
+            "proxyType": [0, int, 0, 1],
+            "remoteGlobalIDString": [0, XCRemoteObject, 0, 1],
+            "remoteInfo": [0, str, 0, 1],
+        }
+    )
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        props = self._properties
+        name = "{}.gyp:{}".format(props["containerPortal"].Name(), props["remoteInfo"])
+        return f"<{self.__class__.__name__} {name!r} at 0x{id(self):x}>"
+
+    def Name(self):
+        # Admittedly not the best name, but it's what Xcode uses.
+        return self.__class__.__name__
+
+    def Hashables(self):
+        # super
+        hashables = XCObject.Hashables(self)
+
+        # Use the hashables of the weak objects that this object refers to.
+        hashables.extend(self._properties["containerPortal"].Hashables())
+        hashables.extend(self._properties["remoteGlobalIDString"].Hashables())
+        return hashables
+
+
+class PBXTargetDependency(XCObject):
+    # The "target" property accepts an XCTarget object, and obviously not
+    # NoneType.  But XCTarget is defined below, so it can't be put into the
+    # schema yet.  The definition of PBXTargetDependency can't be moved below
+    # XCTarget because XCTarget's own schema references PBXTargetDependency.
+    # Python doesn't deal well with this circular relationship, and doesn't have
+    # a real way to do forward declarations.  To work around, the type of
+    # the "target" property is reset below, after XCTarget is defined.
+    #
+    # At least one of "name" and "target" is required.
+    _schema = XCObject._schema.copy()
+    _schema.update(
+        {
+            "name": [0, str, 0, 0],
+            "target": [0, None.__class__, 0, 0],
+            "targetProxy": [0, PBXContainerItemProxy, 1, 1],
+        }
+    )
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        name = self._properties.get("name") or self._properties["target"].Name()
+        return f"<{self.__class__.__name__} {name!r} at 0x{id(self):x}>"
+
+    def Name(self):
+        # Admittedly not the best name, but it's what Xcode uses.
+        return self.__class__.__name__
+
+    def Hashables(self):
+        # super
+        hashables = XCObject.Hashables(self)
+
+        # Use the hashables of the weak objects that this object refers to.
+        hashables.extend(self._properties["targetProxy"].Hashables())
+        return hashables
+
+
+class PBXReferenceProxy(XCFileLikeElement):
+    _schema = XCFileLikeElement._schema.copy()
+    _schema.update(
+        {
+            "fileType": [0, str, 0, 1],
+            "path": [0, str, 0, 1],
+            "remoteRef": [0, PBXContainerItemProxy, 1, 1],
+        }
+    )
+
+
+class XCTarget(XCRemoteObject):
+    # An XCTarget is really just an XCObject, the XCRemoteObject thing is just
+    # to allow PBXProject to be used in the remoteGlobalIDString property of
+    # PBXContainerItemProxy.
+    #
+    # Setting a "name" property at instantiation may also affect "productName",
+    # which may in turn affect the "PRODUCT_NAME" build setting in children of
+    # "buildConfigurationList".  See __init__ below.
+    _schema = XCRemoteObject._schema.copy()
+    _schema.update(
+        {
+            "buildConfigurationList": [
+                0,
+                XCConfigurationList,
+                1,
+                1,
+                XCConfigurationList(),
+            ],
+            "buildPhases": [1, XCBuildPhase, 1, 1, []],
+            "dependencies": [1, PBXTargetDependency, 1, 1, []],
+            "name": [0, str, 0, 1],
+            "productName": [0, str, 0, 1],
+        }
+    )
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        properties=None,
+        id=None,
+        parent=None,
+        force_outdir=None,
+        force_prefix=None,
+        force_extension=None,
+    ):
+        # super
+        XCRemoteObject.__init__(self, properties, id, parent)
+
+        # Set up additional defaults not expressed in the schema.  If a "name"
+        # property was supplied, set "productName" if it is not present.  Also set
+        # the "PRODUCT_NAME" build setting in each configuration, but only if
+        # the setting is not present in any build configuration.
+        if "name" in self._properties:
+            if "productName" not in self._properties:
+                self.SetProperty("productName", self._properties["name"])
+
+        if "productName" in self._properties:
+            if "buildConfigurationList" in self._properties:
+                configs = self._properties["buildConfigurationList"]
+                if configs.HasBuildSetting("PRODUCT_NAME") == 0:
+                    configs.SetBuildSetting(
+                        "PRODUCT_NAME", self._properties["productName"]
+                    )
+
+    def AddDependency(self, other):
+        pbxproject = self.PBXProjectAncestor()
+        other_pbxproject = other.PBXProjectAncestor()
+        if pbxproject == other_pbxproject:
+            # Add a dependency to another target in the same project file.
+            container = PBXContainerItemProxy(
+                {
+                    "containerPortal": pbxproject,
+                    "proxyType": 1,
+                    "remoteGlobalIDString": other,
+                    "remoteInfo": other.Name(),
+                }
+            )
+            dependency = PBXTargetDependency(
+                {"target": other, "targetProxy": container}
+            )
+            self.AppendProperty("dependencies", dependency)
+        else:
+            # Add a dependency to a target in a different project file.
+            other_project_ref = pbxproject.AddOrGetProjectReference(other_pbxproject)[1]
+            container = PBXContainerItemProxy(
+                {
+                    "containerPortal": other_project_ref,
+                    "proxyType": 1,
+                    "remoteGlobalIDString": other,
+                    "remoteInfo": other.Name(),
+                }
+            )
+            dependency = PBXTargetDependency(
+                {"name": other.Name(), "targetProxy": container}
+            )
+            self.AppendProperty("dependencies", dependency)
+
+    # Proxy all of these through to the build configuration list.
+
+    def ConfigurationNamed(self, name):
+        return self._properties["buildConfigurationList"].ConfigurationNamed(name)
+
+    def DefaultConfiguration(self):
+        return self._properties["buildConfigurationList"].DefaultConfiguration()
+
+    def HasBuildSetting(self, key):
+        return self._properties["buildConfigurationList"].HasBuildSetting(key)
+
+    def GetBuildSetting(self, key):
+        return self._properties["buildConfigurationList"].GetBuildSetting(key)
+
+    def SetBuildSetting(self, key, value):
+        return self._properties["buildConfigurationList"].SetBuildSetting(key, value)
+
+    def AppendBuildSetting(self, key, value):
+        return self._properties["buildConfigurationList"].AppendBuildSetting(key, value)
+
+    def DelBuildSetting(self, key):
+        return self._properties["buildConfigurationList"].DelBuildSetting(key)
+
+
+# Redefine the type of the "target" property.  See PBXTargetDependency._schema
+# above.
+PBXTargetDependency._schema["target"][1] = XCTarget
+
+
+class PBXNativeTarget(XCTarget):
+    # buildPhases is overridden in the schema to be able to set defaults.
+    #
+    # NOTE: Contrary to most objects, it is advisable to set parent when
+    # constructing PBXNativeTarget.  A parent of an XCTarget must be a PBXProject
+    # object.  A parent reference is required for a PBXNativeTarget during
+    # construction to be able to set up the target defaults for productReference,
+    # because a PBXBuildFile object must be created for the target and it must
+    # be added to the PBXProject's mainGroup hierarchy.
+    _schema = XCTarget._schema.copy()
+    _schema.update(
+        {
+            "buildPhases": [
+                1,
+                XCBuildPhase,
+                1,
+                1,
+                [PBXSourcesBuildPhase(), PBXFrameworksBuildPhase()],
+            ],
+            "buildRules": [1, PBXBuildRule, 1, 1, []],
+            "productReference": [0, PBXFileReference, 0, 1],
+            "productType": [0, str, 0, 1],
+        }
+    )
+
+    # Mapping from Xcode product-types to settings.  The settings are:
+    #  filetype : used for explicitFileType in the project file
+    #  prefix : the prefix for the file name
+    #  suffix : the suffix for the file name
+    _product_filetypes = {
+        "com.apple.product-type.application": ["wrapper.application", "", ".app"],
+        "com.apple.product-type.application.watchapp": [
+            "wrapper.application",
+            "",
+            ".app",
+        ],
+        "com.apple.product-type.watchkit-extension": [
+            "wrapper.app-extension",
+            "",
+            ".appex",
+        ],
+        "com.apple.product-type.app-extension": ["wrapper.app-extension", "", ".appex"],
+        "com.apple.product-type.bundle": ["wrapper.cfbundle", "", ".bundle"],
+        "com.apple.product-type.framework": ["wrapper.framework", "", ".framework"],
+        "com.apple.product-type.library.dynamic": [
+            "compiled.mach-o.dylib",
+            "lib",
+            ".dylib",
+        ],
+        "com.apple.product-type.library.static": ["archive.ar", "lib", ".a"],
+        "com.apple.product-type.tool": ["compiled.mach-o.executable", "", ""],
+        "com.apple.product-type.bundle.unit-test": ["wrapper.cfbundle", "", ".xctest"],
+        "com.apple.product-type.bundle.ui-testing": ["wrapper.cfbundle", "", ".xctest"],
+        "com.googlecode.gyp.xcode.bundle": ["compiled.mach-o.dylib", "", ".so"],
+        "com.apple.product-type.kernel-extension": ["wrapper.kext", "", ".kext"],
+    }
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        properties=None,
+        id=None,
+        parent=None,
+        force_outdir=None,
+        force_prefix=None,
+        force_extension=None,
+    ):
+        # super
+        XCTarget.__init__(self, properties, id, parent)
+
+        if (
+            "productName" in self._properties
+            and "productType" in self._properties
+            and "productReference" not in self._properties
+            and self._properties["productType"] in self._product_filetypes
+        ):
+            products_group = None
+            pbxproject = self.PBXProjectAncestor()
+            if pbxproject is not None:
+                products_group = pbxproject.ProductsGroup()
+
+            if products_group is not None:
+                (filetype, prefix, suffix) = self._product_filetypes[
+                    self._properties["productType"]
+                ]
+                # Xcode does not have a distinct type for loadable modules that are
+                # pure BSD targets (not in a bundle wrapper). GYP allows such modules
+                # to be specified by setting a target type to loadable_module without
+                # having mac_bundle set. These are mapped to the pseudo-product type
+                # com.googlecode.gyp.xcode.bundle.
+                #
+                # By picking up this special type and converting it to a dynamic
+                # library (com.apple.product-type.library.dynamic) with fix-ups,
+                # single-file loadable modules can be produced.
+                #
+                # MACH_O_TYPE is changed to mh_bundle to produce the proper file type
+                # (as opposed to mh_dylib). In order for linking to succeed,
+                # DYLIB_CURRENT_VERSION and DYLIB_COMPATIBILITY_VERSION must be
+                # cleared. They are meaningless for type mh_bundle.
+                #
+                # Finally, the .so extension is forcibly applied over the default
+                # (.dylib), unless another forced extension is already selected.
+                # .dylib is plainly wrong, and .bundle is used by loadable_modules in
+                # bundle wrappers (com.apple.product-type.bundle). .so seems an odd
+                # choice because it's used as the extension on many other systems that
+                # don't distinguish between linkable shared libraries and non-linkable
+                # loadable modules, but there's precedent: Python loadable modules on
+                # Mac OS X use an .so extension.
+                if self._properties["productType"] == "com.googlecode.gyp.xcode.bundle":
+                    self._properties[
+                        "productType"
+                    ] = "com.apple.product-type.library.dynamic"
+                    self.SetBuildSetting("MACH_O_TYPE", "mh_bundle")
+                    self.SetBuildSetting("DYLIB_CURRENT_VERSION", "")
+                    self.SetBuildSetting("DYLIB_COMPATIBILITY_VERSION", "")
+                    if force_extension is None:
+                        force_extension = suffix[1:]
+
+                if (
+                    self._properties["productType"]
+                    == "com.apple.product-type-bundle.unit.test"
+                    or self._properties["productType"]
+                    == "com.apple.product-type-bundle.ui-testing"
+                ):
+                    if force_extension is None:
+                        force_extension = suffix[1:]
+
+                if force_extension is not None:
+                    # If it's a wrapper (bundle), set WRAPPER_EXTENSION.
+                    # Extension override.
+                    suffix = "." + force_extension
+                    if filetype.startswith("wrapper."):
+                        self.SetBuildSetting("WRAPPER_EXTENSION", force_extension)
+                    else:
+                        self.SetBuildSetting("EXECUTABLE_EXTENSION", force_extension)
+
+                    if filetype.startswith("compiled.mach-o.executable"):
+                        product_name = self._properties["productName"]
+                        product_name += suffix
+                        suffix = ""
+                        self.SetProperty("productName", product_name)
+                        self.SetBuildSetting("PRODUCT_NAME", product_name)
+
+                # Xcode handles most prefixes based on the target type, however there
+                # are exceptions.  If a "BSD Dynamic Library" target is added in the
+                # Xcode UI, Xcode sets EXECUTABLE_PREFIX.  This check duplicates that
+                # behavior.
+                if force_prefix is not None:
+                    prefix = force_prefix
+                if filetype.startswith("wrapper."):
+                    self.SetBuildSetting("WRAPPER_PREFIX", prefix)
+                else:
+                    self.SetBuildSetting("EXECUTABLE_PREFIX", prefix)
+
+                if force_outdir is not None:
+                    self.SetBuildSetting("TARGET_BUILD_DIR", force_outdir)
+
+                # TODO(tvl): Remove the below hack.
+                #    http://code.google.com/p/gyp/issues/detail?id=122
+
+                # Some targets include the prefix in the target_name.  These targets
+                # really should just add a product_name setting that doesn't include
+                # the prefix.  For example:
+                #  target_name = 'libevent', product_name = 'event'
+                # This check cleans up for them.
+                product_name = self._properties["productName"]
+                prefix_len = len(prefix)
+                if prefix_len and (product_name[:prefix_len] == prefix):
+                    product_name = product_name[prefix_len:]
+                    self.SetProperty("productName", product_name)
+                    self.SetBuildSetting("PRODUCT_NAME", product_name)
+
+                ref_props = {
+                    "explicitFileType": filetype,
+                    "includeInIndex": 0,
+                    "path": prefix + product_name + suffix,
+                    "sourceTree": "BUILT_PRODUCTS_DIR",
+                }
+                file_ref = PBXFileReference(ref_props)
+                products_group.AppendChild(file_ref)
+                self.SetProperty("productReference", file_ref)
+
+    def GetBuildPhaseByType(self, type):
+        if "buildPhases" not in self._properties:
+            return None
+
+        the_phase = None
+        for phase in self._properties["buildPhases"]:
+            if isinstance(phase, type):
+                # Some phases may be present in multiples in a well-formed project file,
+                # but phases like PBXSourcesBuildPhase may only be present singly, and
+                # this function is intended as an aid to GetBuildPhaseByType.  Loop
+                # over the entire list of phases and assert if more than one of the
+                # desired type is found.
+                assert the_phase is None
+                the_phase = phase
+
+        return the_phase
+
+    def HeadersPhase(self):
+        headers_phase = self.GetBuildPhaseByType(PBXHeadersBuildPhase)
+        if headers_phase is None:
+            headers_phase = PBXHeadersBuildPhase()
+
+            # The headers phase should come before the resources, sources, and
+            # frameworks phases, if any.
+            insert_at = len(self._properties["buildPhases"])
+            for index, phase in enumerate(self._properties["buildPhases"]):
+                if (
+                    isinstance(phase, PBXResourcesBuildPhase)
+                    or isinstance(phase, PBXSourcesBuildPhase)
+                    or isinstance(phase, PBXFrameworksBuildPhase)
+                ):
+                    insert_at = index
+                    break
+
+            self._properties["buildPhases"].insert(insert_at, headers_phase)
+            headers_phase.parent = self
+
+        return headers_phase
+
+    def ResourcesPhase(self):
+        resources_phase = self.GetBuildPhaseByType(PBXResourcesBuildPhase)
+        if resources_phase is None:
+            resources_phase = PBXResourcesBuildPhase()
+
+            # The resources phase should come before the sources and frameworks
+            # phases, if any.
+            insert_at = len(self._properties["buildPhases"])
+            for index, phase in enumerate(self._properties["buildPhases"]):
+                if isinstance(phase, PBXSourcesBuildPhase) or isinstance(
+                    phase, PBXFrameworksBuildPhase
+                ):
+                    insert_at = index
+                    break
+
+            self._properties["buildPhases"].insert(insert_at, resources_phase)
+            resources_phase.parent = self
+
+        return resources_phase
+
+    def SourcesPhase(self):
+        sources_phase = self.GetBuildPhaseByType(PBXSourcesBuildPhase)
+        if sources_phase is None:
+            sources_phase = PBXSourcesBuildPhase()
+            self.AppendProperty("buildPhases", sources_phase)
+
+        return sources_phase
+
+    def FrameworksPhase(self):
+        frameworks_phase = self.GetBuildPhaseByType(PBXFrameworksBuildPhase)
+        if frameworks_phase is None:
+            frameworks_phase = PBXFrameworksBuildPhase()
+            self.AppendProperty("buildPhases", frameworks_phase)
+
+        return frameworks_phase
+
+    def AddDependency(self, other):
+        # super
+        XCTarget.AddDependency(self, other)
+
+        static_library_type = "com.apple.product-type.library.static"
+        shared_library_type = "com.apple.product-type.library.dynamic"
+        framework_type = "com.apple.product-type.framework"
+        if (
+            isinstance(other, PBXNativeTarget)
+            and "productType" in self._properties
+            and self._properties["productType"] != static_library_type
+            and "productType" in other._properties
+            and (
+                other._properties["productType"] == static_library_type
+                or (
+                    (
+                        other._properties["productType"] == shared_library_type
+                        or other._properties["productType"] == framework_type
+                    )
+                    and (
+                        (not other.HasBuildSetting("MACH_O_TYPE"))
+                        or other.GetBuildSetting("MACH_O_TYPE") != "mh_bundle"
+                    )
+                )
+            )
+        ):
+
+            file_ref = other.GetProperty("productReference")
+
+            pbxproject = self.PBXProjectAncestor()
+            other_pbxproject = other.PBXProjectAncestor()
+            if pbxproject != other_pbxproject:
+                other_project_product_group = pbxproject.AddOrGetProjectReference(
+                    other_pbxproject
+                )[0]
+                file_ref = other_project_product_group.GetChildByRemoteObject(file_ref)
+
+            self.FrameworksPhase().AppendProperty(
+                "files", PBXBuildFile({"fileRef": file_ref})
+            )
+
+
+class PBXAggregateTarget(XCTarget):
+    pass
+
+
+class PBXProject(XCContainerPortal):
+    # A PBXProject is really just an XCObject, the XCContainerPortal thing is
+    # just to allow PBXProject to be used in the containerPortal property of
+    # PBXContainerItemProxy.
+    """
+
+  Attributes:
+    path: "sample.xcodeproj".  TODO(mark) Document me!
+    _other_pbxprojects: A dictionary, keyed by other PBXProject objects.  Each
+                        value is a reference to the dict in the
+                        projectReferences list associated with the keyed
+                        PBXProject.
+  """
+
+    _schema = XCContainerPortal._schema.copy()
+    _schema.update(
+        {
+            "attributes": [0, dict, 0, 0],
+            "buildConfigurationList": [
+                0,
+                XCConfigurationList,
+                1,
+                1,
+                XCConfigurationList(),
+            ],
+            "compatibilityVersion": [0, str, 0, 1, "Xcode 3.2"],
+            "hasScannedForEncodings": [0, int, 0, 1, 1],
+            "mainGroup": [0, PBXGroup, 1, 1, PBXGroup()],
+            "projectDirPath": [0, str, 0, 1, ""],
+            "projectReferences": [1, dict, 0, 0],
+            "projectRoot": [0, str, 0, 1, ""],
+            "targets": [1, XCTarget, 1, 1, []],
+        }
+    )
+
+    def __init__(self, properties=None, id=None, parent=None, path=None):
+        self.path = path
+        self._other_pbxprojects = {}
+        # super
+        XCContainerPortal.__init__(self, properties, id, parent)
+
+    def Name(self):
+        name = self.path
+        if name[-10:] == ".xcodeproj":
+            name = name[:-10]
+        return posixpath.basename(name)
+
+    def Path(self):
+        return self.path
+
+    def Comment(self):
+        return "Project object"
+
+    def Children(self):
+        # super
+        children = XCContainerPortal.Children(self)
+
+        # Add children that the schema doesn't know about.  Maybe there's a more
+        # elegant way around this, but this is the only case where we need to own
+        # objects in a dictionary (that is itself in a list), and three lines for
+        # a one-off isn't that big a deal.
+        if "projectReferences" in self._properties:
+            for reference in self._properties["projectReferences"]:
+                children.append(reference["ProductGroup"])
+
+        return children
+
+    def PBXProjectAncestor(self):
+        return self
+
+    def _GroupByName(self, name):
+        if "mainGroup" not in self._properties:
+            self.SetProperty("mainGroup", PBXGroup())
+
+        main_group = self._properties["mainGroup"]
+        group = main_group.GetChildByName(name)
+        if group is None:
+            group = PBXGroup({"name": name})
+            main_group.AppendChild(group)
+
+        return group
+
+    # SourceGroup and ProductsGroup are created by default in Xcode's own
+    # templates.
+    def SourceGroup(self):
+        return self._GroupByName("Source")
+
+    def ProductsGroup(self):
+        return self._GroupByName("Products")
+
+    # IntermediatesGroup is used to collect source-like files that are generated
+    # by rules or script phases and are placed in intermediate directories such
+    # as DerivedSources.
+    def IntermediatesGroup(self):
+        return self._GroupByName("Intermediates")
+
+    # FrameworksGroup and ProjectsGroup are top-level groups used to collect
+    # frameworks and projects.
+    def FrameworksGroup(self):
+        return self._GroupByName("Frameworks")
+
+    def ProjectsGroup(self):
+        return self._GroupByName("Projects")
+
+    def RootGroupForPath(self, path):
+        """Returns a PBXGroup child of this object to which path should be added.
+
+    This method is intended to choose between SourceGroup and
+    IntermediatesGroup on the basis of whether path is present in a source
+    directory or an intermediates directory.  For the purposes of this
+    determination, any path located within a derived file directory such as
+    PROJECT_DERIVED_FILE_DIR is treated as being in an intermediates
+    directory.
+
+    The returned value is a two-element tuple.  The first element is the
+    PBXGroup, and the second element specifies whether that group should be
+    organized hierarchically (True) or as a single flat list (False).
+    """
+
+        # TODO(mark): make this a class variable and bind to self on call?
+        # Also, this list is nowhere near exhaustive.
+        # INTERMEDIATE_DIR and SHARED_INTERMEDIATE_DIR are used by
+        # gyp.generator.xcode.  There should probably be some way for that module
+        # to push the names in, rather than having to hard-code them here.
+        source_tree_groups = {
+            "DERIVED_FILE_DIR": (self.IntermediatesGroup, True),
+            "INTERMEDIATE_DIR": (self.IntermediatesGroup, True),
+            "PROJECT_DERIVED_FILE_DIR": (self.IntermediatesGroup, True),
+            "SHARED_INTERMEDIATE_DIR": (self.IntermediatesGroup, True),
+        }
+
+        (source_tree, path) = SourceTreeAndPathFromPath(path)
+        if source_tree is not None and source_tree in source_tree_groups:
+            (group_func, hierarchical) = source_tree_groups[source_tree]
+            group = group_func()
+            return (group, hierarchical)
+
+        # TODO(mark): make additional choices based on file extension.
+
+        return (self.SourceGroup(), True)
+
+    def AddOrGetFileInRootGroup(self, path):
+        """Returns a PBXFileReference corresponding to path in the correct group
+    according to RootGroupForPath's heuristics.
+
+    If an existing PBXFileReference for path exists, it will be returned.
+    Otherwise, one will be created and returned.
+    """
+
+        (group, hierarchical) = self.RootGroupForPath(path)
+        return group.AddOrGetFileByPath(path, hierarchical)
+
+    def RootGroupsTakeOverOnlyChildren(self, recurse=False):
+        """Calls TakeOverOnlyChild for all groups in the main group."""
+
+        for group in self._properties["mainGroup"]._properties["children"]:
+            if isinstance(group, PBXGroup):
+                group.TakeOverOnlyChild(recurse)
+
+    def SortGroups(self):
+        # Sort the children of the mainGroup (like "Source" and "Products")
+        # according to their defined order.
+        self._properties["mainGroup"]._properties["children"] = sorted(
+            self._properties["mainGroup"]._properties["children"],
+            key=cmp_to_key(lambda x, y: x.CompareRootGroup(y)),
+        )
+
+        # Sort everything else by putting group before files, and going
+        # alphabetically by name within sections of groups and files.  SortGroup
+        # is recursive.
+        for group in self._properties["mainGroup"]._properties["children"]:
+            if not isinstance(group, PBXGroup):
+                continue
+
+            if group.Name() == "Products":
+                # The Products group is a special case.  Instead of sorting
+                # alphabetically, sort things in the order of the targets that
+                # produce the products.  To do this, just build up a new list of
+                # products based on the targets.
+                products = []
+                for target in self._properties["targets"]:
+                    if not isinstance(target, PBXNativeTarget):
+                        continue
+                    product = target._properties["productReference"]
+                    # Make sure that the product is already in the products group.
+                    assert product in group._properties["children"]
+                    products.append(product)
+
+                # Make sure that this process doesn't miss anything that was already
+                # in the products group.
+                assert len(products) == len(group._properties["children"])
+                group._properties["children"] = products
+            else:
+                group.SortGroup()
+
+    def AddOrGetProjectReference(self, other_pbxproject):
+        """Add a reference to another project file (via PBXProject object) to this
+    one.
+
+    Returns [ProductGroup, ProjectRef].  ProductGroup is a PBXGroup object in
+    this project file that contains a PBXReferenceProxy object for each
+    product of each PBXNativeTarget in the other project file.  ProjectRef is
+    a PBXFileReference to the other project file.
+
+    If this project file already references the other project file, the
+    existing ProductGroup and ProjectRef are returned.  The ProductGroup will
+    still be updated if necessary.
+    """
+
+        if "projectReferences" not in self._properties:
+            self._properties["projectReferences"] = []
+
+        product_group = None
+        project_ref = None
+
+        if other_pbxproject not in self._other_pbxprojects:
+            # This project file isn't yet linked to the other one.  Establish the
+            # link.
+            product_group = PBXGroup({"name": "Products"})
+
+            # ProductGroup is strong.
+            product_group.parent = self
+
+            # There's nothing unique about this PBXGroup, and if left alone, it will
+            # wind up with the same set of hashables as all other PBXGroup objects
+            # owned by the projectReferences list.  Add the hashables of the
+            # remote PBXProject that it's related to.
+            product_group._hashables.extend(other_pbxproject.Hashables())
+
+            # The other project reports its path as relative to the same directory
+            # that this project's path is relative to.  The other project's path
+            # is not necessarily already relative to this project.  Figure out the
+            # pathname that this project needs to use to refer to the other one.
+            this_path = posixpath.dirname(self.Path())
+            projectDirPath = self.GetProperty("projectDirPath")
+            if projectDirPath:
+                if posixpath.isabs(projectDirPath[0]):
+                    this_path = projectDirPath
+                else:
+                    this_path = posixpath.join(this_path, projectDirPath)
+            other_path = gyp.common.RelativePath(other_pbxproject.Path(), this_path)
+
+            # ProjectRef is weak (it's owned by the mainGroup hierarchy).
+            project_ref = PBXFileReference(
+                {
+                    "lastKnownFileType": "wrapper.pb-project",
+                    "path": other_path,
+                    "sourceTree": "SOURCE_ROOT",
+                }
+            )
+            self.ProjectsGroup().AppendChild(project_ref)
+
+            ref_dict = {"ProductGroup": product_group, "ProjectRef": project_ref}
+            self._other_pbxprojects[other_pbxproject] = ref_dict
+            self.AppendProperty("projectReferences", ref_dict)
+
+            # Xcode seems to sort this list case-insensitively
+            self._properties["projectReferences"] = sorted(
+                self._properties["projectReferences"],
+                key=lambda x: x["ProjectRef"].Name().lower()
+            )
+        else:
+            # The link already exists.  Pull out the relevnt data.
+            project_ref_dict = self._other_pbxprojects[other_pbxproject]
+            product_group = project_ref_dict["ProductGroup"]
+            project_ref = project_ref_dict["ProjectRef"]
+
+        self._SetUpProductReferences(other_pbxproject, product_group, project_ref)
+
+        inherit_unique_symroot = self._AllSymrootsUnique(other_pbxproject, False)
+        targets = other_pbxproject.GetProperty("targets")
+        if all(self._AllSymrootsUnique(t, inherit_unique_symroot) for t in targets):
+            dir_path = project_ref._properties["path"]
+            product_group._hashables.extend(dir_path)
+
+        return [product_group, project_ref]
+
+    def _AllSymrootsUnique(self, target, inherit_unique_symroot):
+        # Returns True if all configurations have a unique 'SYMROOT' attribute.
+        # The value of inherit_unique_symroot decides, if a configuration is assumed
+        # to inherit a unique 'SYMROOT' attribute from its parent, if it doesn't
+        # define an explicit value for 'SYMROOT'.
+        symroots = self._DefinedSymroots(target)
+        for s in self._DefinedSymroots(target):
+            if (
+                s is not None
+                and not self._IsUniqueSymrootForTarget(s)
+                or s is None
+                and not inherit_unique_symroot
+            ):
+                return False
+        return True if symroots else inherit_unique_symroot
+
+    def _DefinedSymroots(self, target):
+        # Returns all values for the 'SYMROOT' attribute defined in all
+        # configurations for this target. If any configuration doesn't define the
+        # 'SYMROOT' attribute, None is added to the returned set. If all
+        # configurations don't define the 'SYMROOT' attribute, an empty set is
+        # returned.
+        config_list = target.GetProperty("buildConfigurationList")
+        symroots = set()
+        for config in config_list.GetProperty("buildConfigurations"):
+            setting = config.GetProperty("buildSettings")
+            if "SYMROOT" in setting:
+                symroots.add(setting["SYMROOT"])
+            else:
+                symroots.add(None)
+        if len(symroots) == 1 and None in symroots:
+            return set()
+        return symroots
+
+    def _IsUniqueSymrootForTarget(self, symroot):
+        # This method returns True if all configurations in target contain a
+        # 'SYMROOT' attribute that is unique for the given target. A value is
+        # unique, if the Xcode macro '$SRCROOT' appears in it in any form.
+        uniquifier = ["$SRCROOT", "$(SRCROOT)"]
+        if any(x in symroot for x in uniquifier):
+            return True
+        return False
+
+    def _SetUpProductReferences(self, other_pbxproject, product_group, project_ref):
+        # TODO(mark): This only adds references to products in other_pbxproject
+        # when they don't exist in this pbxproject.  Perhaps it should also
+        # remove references from this pbxproject that are no longer present in
+        # other_pbxproject.  Perhaps it should update various properties if they
+        # change.
+        for target in other_pbxproject._properties["targets"]:
+            if not isinstance(target, PBXNativeTarget):
+                continue
+
+            other_fileref = target._properties["productReference"]
+            if product_group.GetChildByRemoteObject(other_fileref) is None:
+                # Xcode sets remoteInfo to the name of the target and not the name
+                # of its product, despite this proxy being a reference to the product.
+                container_item = PBXContainerItemProxy(
+                    {
+                        "containerPortal": project_ref,
+                        "proxyType": 2,
+                        "remoteGlobalIDString": other_fileref,
+                        "remoteInfo": target.Name(),
+                    }
+                )
+                # TODO(mark): Does sourceTree get copied straight over from the other
+                # project?  Can the other project ever have lastKnownFileType here
+                # instead of explicitFileType?  (Use it if so?)  Can path ever be
+                # unset?  (I don't think so.)  Can other_fileref have name set, and
+                # does it impact the PBXReferenceProxy if so?  These are the questions
+                # that perhaps will be answered one day.
+                reference_proxy = PBXReferenceProxy(
+                    {
+                        "fileType": other_fileref._properties["explicitFileType"],
+                        "path": other_fileref._properties["path"],
+                        "sourceTree": other_fileref._properties["sourceTree"],
+                        "remoteRef": container_item,
+                    }
+                )
+
+                product_group.AppendChild(reference_proxy)
+
+    def SortRemoteProductReferences(self):
+        # For each remote project file, sort the associated ProductGroup in the
+        # same order that the targets are sorted in the remote project file.  This
+        # is the sort order used by Xcode.
+
+        def CompareProducts(x, y, remote_products):
+            # x and y are PBXReferenceProxy objects.  Go through their associated
+            # PBXContainerItem to get the remote PBXFileReference, which will be
+            # present in the remote_products list.
+            x_remote = x._properties["remoteRef"]._properties["remoteGlobalIDString"]
+            y_remote = y._properties["remoteRef"]._properties["remoteGlobalIDString"]
+            x_index = remote_products.index(x_remote)
+            y_index = remote_products.index(y_remote)
+
+            # Use the order of each remote PBXFileReference in remote_products to
+            # determine the sort order.
+            return cmp(x_index, y_index)
+
+        for other_pbxproject, ref_dict in self._other_pbxprojects.items():
+            # Build up a list of products in the remote project file, ordered the
+            # same as the targets that produce them.
+            remote_products = []
+            for target in other_pbxproject._properties["targets"]:
+                if not isinstance(target, PBXNativeTarget):
+                    continue
+                remote_products.append(target._properties["productReference"])
+
+            # Sort the PBXReferenceProxy children according to the list of remote
+            # products.
+            product_group = ref_dict["ProductGroup"]
+            product_group._properties["children"] = sorted(
+                product_group._properties["children"],
+                key=cmp_to_key(
+                    lambda x, y, rp=remote_products: CompareProducts(x, y, rp)),
+            )
+
+
+class XCProjectFile(XCObject):
+    _schema = XCObject._schema.copy()
+    _schema.update(
+        {
+            "archiveVersion": [0, int, 0, 1, 1],
+            "classes": [0, dict, 0, 1, {}],
+            "objectVersion": [0, int, 0, 1, 46],
+            "rootObject": [0, PBXProject, 1, 1],
+        }
+    )
+
+    def ComputeIDs(self, recursive=True, overwrite=True, hash=None):
+        # Although XCProjectFile is implemented here as an XCObject, it's not a
+        # proper object in the Xcode sense, and it certainly doesn't have its own
+        # ID.  Pass through an attempt to update IDs to the real root object.
+        if recursive:
+            self._properties["rootObject"].ComputeIDs(recursive, overwrite, hash)
+
+    def Print(self, file=sys.stdout):
+        self.VerifyHasRequiredProperties()
+
+        # Add the special "objects" property, which will be caught and handled
+        # separately during printing.  This structure allows a fairly standard
+        # loop do the normal printing.
+        self._properties["objects"] = {}
+        self._XCPrint(file, 0, "// !$*UTF8*$!\n")
+        if self._should_print_single_line:
+            self._XCPrint(file, 0, "{ ")
+        else:
+            self._XCPrint(file, 0, "{\n")
+        for property, value in sorted(
+            self._properties.items()
+        ):
+            if property == "objects":
+                self._PrintObjects(file)
+            else:
+                self._XCKVPrint(file, 1, property, value)
+        self._XCPrint(file, 0, "}\n")
+        del self._properties["objects"]
+
+    def _PrintObjects(self, file):
+        if self._should_print_single_line:
+            self._XCPrint(file, 0, "objects = {")
+        else:
+            self._XCPrint(file, 1, "objects = {\n")
+
+        objects_by_class = {}
+        for object in self.Descendants():
+            if object == self:
+                continue
+            class_name = object.__class__.__name__
+            if class_name not in objects_by_class:
+                objects_by_class[class_name] = []
+            objects_by_class[class_name].append(object)
+
+        for class_name in sorted(objects_by_class):
+            self._XCPrint(file, 0, "\n")
+            self._XCPrint(file, 0, "/* Begin " + class_name + " section */\n")
+            for object in sorted(
+                objects_by_class[class_name], key=attrgetter("id")
+            ):
+                object.Print(file)
+            self._XCPrint(file, 0, "/* End " + class_name + " section */\n")
+
+        if self._should_print_single_line:
+            self._XCPrint(file, 0, "}; ")
+        else:
+            self._XCPrint(file, 1, "};\n")