railties 3.1.0.rc5 → 3.1.0.rc6
Sign up to get free protection for your applications and to get access to all the features.
- data/guides/rails_guides/generator.rb +4 -44
- data/guides/rails_guides/textile_extensions.rb +22 -3
- data/guides/source/3_1_release_notes.textile +429 -0
- data/guides/source/action_mailer_basics.textile +4 -2
- data/guides/source/active_record_validations_callbacks.textile +56 -13
- data/guides/source/active_resource_basics.textile +74 -0
- data/guides/source/active_support_core_extensions.textile +36 -0
- data/guides/source/asset_pipeline.textile +59 -60
- data/guides/source/command_line.textile +3 -1
- data/guides/source/configuring.textile +1 -1
- data/guides/source/getting_started.textile +11 -15
- data/guides/source/i18n.textile +1 -1
- data/guides/source/initialization.textile +4 -3
- data/guides/source/layouts_and_rendering.textile +2 -2
- data/guides/source/migrations.textile +23 -23
- data/guides/source/rails_application_templates.textile +1 -7
- data/lib/rails/application.rb +1 -3
- data/lib/rails/application/configuration.rb +1 -0
- data/lib/rails/engine.rb +3 -3
- data/lib/rails/generators/app_base.rb +12 -0
- data/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/Gemfile +1 -8
- data/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/application.rb +6 -4
- data/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/environments/production.rb.tt +2 -2
- data/lib/rails/generators/rails/app/templates/config/initializers/wrap_parameters.rb.tt +7 -3
- data/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/plugin_new_generator.rb +2 -2
- data/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/%name%.gemspec +22 -7
- data/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/Gemfile +13 -7
- data/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/app/mailers/.empty_directory +0 -0
- data/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/app/views/layouts/{application.html.erb.tt → %name%/application.html.erb.tt} +0 -0
- data/lib/rails/generators/rails/plugin_new/templates/lib/%name%/version.rb +3 -0
- data/lib/rails/paths.rb +4 -0
- data/lib/rails/railtie.rb +1 -0
- data/lib/rails/tasks/misc.rake +1 -1
- data/lib/rails/version.rb +1 -1
- metadata +34 -12
@@ -242,11 +242,11 @@ end
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h5. Sending Email To Multiple Recipients
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It is possible to send email to one or more recipients in one email (for e.g. informing all admins of a new signup) by setting the list of emails to the <tt>:to</tt> key. The
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It is possible to send email to one or more recipients in one email (for e.g. informing all admins of a new signup) by setting the list of emails to the <tt>:to</tt> key. The list of emails can be an array of email addresses or a single string with the addresses separated by commas.
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<ruby>
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class AdminMailer < ActionMailer::Base
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default :to => Admin.all.map(&:email)
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default :to => Admin.all.map(&:email),
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:from => "notification@example.com"
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def new_registration(user)
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end
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</ruby>
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The same format can be used to set carbon copy (Cc:) and blind carbon copy (Bcc:) recipients, by using the <tt>:cc</tt> and <tt>:bcc</tt> keys respectively.
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+
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h5. Sending Email With Name
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Sometimes you wish to show the name of the person instead of just their email address when they receive the email. The trick to doing that is
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All validations inside of +with_options+ block will have automatically passed the condition +:if => :is_admin?+
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h3.
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h3. Performing Custom Validations
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When the built-in validation helpers are not enough for your needs, you can write your own validation methods.
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When the built-in validation helpers are not enough for your needs, you can write your own validators or validation methods as you prefer.
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h4. Custom Validators
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Custom validators are classes that extend <tt>ActiveModel::Validator</tt>. These classes must implement a +validate+ method which takes a record as an argument and performs the validation on it. The custom validator is called using the +validates_with+ method.
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<ruby>
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class MyValidator < ActiveModel::Validator
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def validate(record)
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if record.name.starts_with? 'X'
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record.errors[:name] << 'Need a name starting with X please!'
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end
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end
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end
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class Person
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include ActiveModel::Validations
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validates_with MyValidator
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end
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</ruby>
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The easiest way to add custom validators for validating individual attributes is with the convenient <tt>ActiveModel::EachValidator</tt>. In this case, the custom validator class must implement a +validate_each+ method which takes three arguments: record, attribute and value which correspond to the instance, the attribute to be validated and the value of the attribute in the passed instance.
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<ruby>
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class EmailValidator < ActiveModel::EachValidator
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def validate_each(record, attribute, value)
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unless value =~ /\A([^@\s]+)@((?:[-a-z0-9]+\.)+[a-z]{2,})\z/i
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record.errors[attribute] << (options[:message] || "is not an email")
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end
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end
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end
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class Person < ActiveRecord::Base
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validates :email, :presence => true, :email => true
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end
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</ruby>
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As shown in the example, you can also combine standard validations with your own custom validators.
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h4. Custom Methods
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You can also create methods that verify the state of your models and add messages to the +errors+ collection when they are invalid. You must then register these methods by using one or more of the +validate+, +validate_on_create+ or +validate_on_update+ class methods, passing in the symbols for the validation methods' names.
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You can pass more than one symbol for each class method and the respective validations will be run in the same order as they were registered.
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:discount_cannot_be_greater_than_total_value
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def expiration_date_cannot_be_in_the_past
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if !expiration_date.blank? and expiration_date < Date.today
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errors.add(:expiration_date, "can't be in the past")
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end
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end
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def discount_cannot_be_greater_than_total_value
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discount
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if discount > total_value
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errors.add(:discount, "can't be greater than total value")
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end
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end
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end
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</ruby>
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end
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</ruby>
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h4. +errors.clear+
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The +clear+ method is used when you intentionally want to clear all the messages in the +errors+ collection. Of course, calling +errors.clear+ upon an invalid object won't actually make it valid: the +errors+ collection will now be empty, but the next time you call +valid?+ or any method that tries to save this object to the database, the validations will run again. If any of the validations fail, the +errors+ collection will be filled again.
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Rails maintains an official plugin that provides helpers to display the error messages of your models in your view templates. You can install it as a plugin or as a Gem.
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h4. Installing as a plugin
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<shell>
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$ rails plugin install git://github.com/joelmoss/dynamic_form.git
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</shell>
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h4. Installing as a Gem
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Add this line in your Gemfile:
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<ruby>
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gem "dynamic_form"
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</ruby>
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<ruby>
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class PictureFileCallbacks
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def after_destroy(picture_file)
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File.
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if File.exists?(picture_file.filepath)
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File.delete(picture_file.filepath)
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end
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end
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end
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</ruby>
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class PictureFileCallbacks
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def self.after_destroy(picture_file)
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if File.exists?(picture_file.filepath)
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File.delete(picture_file.filepath)
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end
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</ruby>
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h2. Active Resource Basics
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This guide should provide you with all you need to get started managing the connection between business objects and RESTful web services. It implements a way to map web-based resources to local objects with CRUD semantics.
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endprologue.
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WARNING. This Guide is based on Rails 3.0. Some of the code shown here will not work in earlier versions of Rails.
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h3. Introduction
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Active Resource allows you to connect with RESTful web services. So, in Rails, Resource classes inherited from +ActiveResource::Base+ and live in +app/models+.
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h3. Configuration and Usage
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Putting Active Resource to use is very similar to Active Record. It's as simple as creating a model class
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that inherits from ActiveResource::Base and providing a <tt>site</tt> class variable to it:
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<ruby>
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class Person < ActiveResource::Base
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self.site = "http://api.people.com:3000/"
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end
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</ruby>
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Now the Person class is REST enabled and can invoke REST services very similarly to how Active Record invokes
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life cycle methods that operate against a persistent store.
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h3. Reading and Writing Data
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Active Resource make request over HTTP using a standard JSON format. It mirrors the RESTful routing built into Action Controller but will also work with any other REST service that properly implements the protocol.
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h4. Read
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Read requests use the GET method and expect the JSON form of whatever resource/resources is/are being requested.
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<ruby>
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# Find a person with id = 1
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person = Person.find(1)
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# Check if a person exists with id = 1
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Person.exists?(1) # => true
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# Get all resources of Person class
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Person.all
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</ruby>
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h4. Create
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Creating a new resource submits the JSON form of the resource as the body of the request with HTTP POST method and parse the response into Active Resource object.
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<ruby>
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person = Person.create(:name => 'Vishnu')
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person.id # => 1
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</ruby>
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h4. Update
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To update an existing resource, 'save' method is used. This method make a HTTP PUT request in JSON format.
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<ruby>
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person = Person.find(1)
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person.name = 'Atrai'
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person.save
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</ruby>
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h4. Delete
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'destroy' method makes a HTTP DELETE request for an existing resource in JSON format to delete that resource.
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<ruby>
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person = Person.find(1)
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person.destroy
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</ruby>
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h3. Changelog
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* July 30, 2011: Initial version by "Vishnu Atrai":http://github.com/vatrai
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NOTE: Defined in +active_support/core_ext/array/random_access.rb+.
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h4. Adding Elements
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h5. +prepend+
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This method is an alias of <tt>Array#unshift</tt>.
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<ruby>
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%w(a b c d).prepend('e') # => %w(e a b c d)
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[].prepend(10) # => [10]
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</ruby>
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NOTE: Defined in +active_support/core_ext/array/prepend_and_append.rb+.
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h5. +append+
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This method is an alias of <tt>Array#<<</tt>.
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%w(a b c d).append('e') # => %w(a b c d e)
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</ruby>
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NOTE: Defined in +active_support/core_ext/array/prepend_and_append.rb+.
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h4. Options Extraction
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When the last argument in a method call is a hash, except perhaps for a +&block+ argument, Ruby allows you to omit the brackets:
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h4. Extracting
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The method +extract!+ removes and returns the key/value pairs matching the given keys.
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</ruby>
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The method +with_indifferent_access+ returns an +ActiveSupport::HashWithIndifferentAccess+ out of its receiver:
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h2. Asset Pipeline
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This guide
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This guide covers the ideology of the asset pipeline introduced in Rails 3.1.
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By referring to this guide you will be able to:
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* Understand what the asset pipeline is and what it does
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By having this as a core feature of Rails, all developers can benefit from the power of having their assets pre-processed, compressed and minified by one central library, Sprockets. This is part of Rails' "Fast by default" strategy as outlined by DHH in his 2011 keynote at Railsconf.
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In new Rails 3.1 application the asset pipeline is
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In new Rails 3.1 application the asset pipeline is enabled by default. It can be disabled in +application.rb+ by putting this line inside the +Application+ class definition:
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The first feature of the pipeline is to concatenate assets. This is important in a production environment, as it reduces the number of requests that a browser
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The first feature of the pipeline is to concatenate assets. This is important in a production environment, as it reduces the number of requests that a browser must make to render a web page. While Rails already has a feature to concatenate these types of assetsi -- by placing +:cache => true+ at the end of tags such as +javascript_include_tag+ and +stylesheet_link_tag+ -- many people do not use it.
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The default behavior in Rails 3.1 and onward is to concatenate all files into one master file each for JS and CSS. However, you can separate files or groups of files if required (see below). In production an MD5 fingerprint is inserted into each filename so that the file is cached by the web browser but can be invalidated if the fingerprint is altered.
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The default behavior in Rails 3.1 and onward is to concatenate all files into one master file each for JS and CSS. However, you can separate files or groups of files if required (see below). In production, an MD5 fingerprint is inserted into each filename so that the file is cached by the web browser but can be invalidated if the fingerprint is altered.
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The second feature is to minify or compress. For CSS, this usually involves removing whitespace and comments. For JavaScript, more complex processes can be applied. You can choose from a set of built in options or specify your own.
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The second feature is to minify or compress assets. For CSS, this usually involves removing whitespace and comments. For JavaScript, more complex processes can be applied. You can choose from a set of built in options or specify your own.
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The third feature is the ability to code these assets using another language, or language extension. These include SCSS or Sass for CSS, CoffeeScript for JavaScript, and ERB for both.
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h4. What is Fingerprinting and Why Should I Care?
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Fingerprinting is a technique
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Fingerprinting is a technique whereby the filenames of content that is static or infrequently updated is altered to be unique to the content contained in the file.
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When a filename is unique and based on its content,
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The most effective technique is to insert a hash of the content into the name, usually at the end. For example a CSS file +global.css+ is hashed and the filename is updated to incorporate the hash.
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In previous versions of Rails, all assets were located in subdirectories of +public+ such as +images+, +javascripts+ and +stylesheets+. With the asset pipeline, the preferred location for these assets is now the +app/assets+ directory. Files in this directory are served by the Sprockets middleware included in the sprockets gem.
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This is not to say that assets can (or should) no longer be placed in +public+; they still can be and will be served as static files by the application or web server. You would only use +app/assets+ if you wish your files to undergo some pre-processing before they are served.
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When a scaffold or controller is generated for the application, Rails also generates a JavaScript file (or CoffeeScript file if the +coffee-script+ gem is in the +Gemfile+) and a Cascading Style Sheet file (or SCSS file if +sass-rails+ is in the +Gemfile+) for that controller.
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For example, if a +ProjectsController+ is generated, there will be a new file at +app/assets/javascripts/projects.js.coffee+ and another at +app/assets/stylesheets/projects.css.scss+. You should put any JavaScript or CSS unique to a controller inside their respective asset files, as these files can then be loaded just for these controllers with lines such as +<%= javascript_include_tag params[:controller] %>+ or +<%= stylesheet_link_tag params[:controller] %>+.
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All subdirectories that exist within these three locations are added to the search path for Sprockets (visible by calling +Rails.application.config.assets.paths+ in a console). When an asset is requested, these paths are looked through to see if they contain an asset matching the name specified. Once an asset has been found, it's processed by Sprockets and served.
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Sprockets does not add any new methods to require your assets, you still use the familiar +javascript_include_tag+ and +stylesheet_link_tag+.
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Providing that assets are enabled within your application (+config.assets.enabled+ in the current environment's file is not set to +false+), this file is served by Sprockets unless a file at +public/assets/rails.png+ exists, in which case that file is served.
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Alternatively, a file with an MD5 hash after its name such as +public/assets/rails-af27b6a414e6da00003503148be9b409.png+ is also picked up by Sprockets. How these hashes are generated is covered in the "Production Assets":#production_assets section later on in this guide.
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This inserts a correctly-formatted data URI into the CSS source.
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This writes the path to the particular asset being referenced. In this example, it would make sense to have an image in one of the asset load paths, such as +app/assets/images/image.png+, which would be referenced here. If this image is already available in +public/assets+ as a fingerprinted file, then that path is referenced.
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Sprockets uses manifest files to determine which assets to include and serve. These manifest files contain _directives_ -- instructions that tell Sprockets which files to require in order to build a single CSS or JavaScript file. With these directives, Sprockets loads the files specified, processes them if necessary, concatenates them into one single file and then compresses them (if +Rails.application.config.assets.compress+ is set to +true+). By serving one file rather than many, the load time of pages are greatly reduced as there are fewer requests to make.
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For example, in the default Rails application there's a +app/assets/javascripts/application.js+ file which contains the following lines:
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In JavaScript files, the directives begin with +//=+. In this case, the file is using the +require+ and the +require_tree+ directives. The +require+ directive is used to tell Sprockets the files that you wish to require. Here, you are requiring the files +jquery.js+ and +jquery_ujs.js+ that are available somewhere in the search path for Sprockets. You need not supply the extensions explicitly. Sprockets assumes you are requiring a +.js+ file when done from within a +.js+ file.
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NOTE. In Rails 3.1, the +jquery.js+ and +jquery_ujs.js+ files are located inside the +vendor/assets/javascripts+ directory contained within the +jquery-rails+ gem.
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The +require_tree .+ directive tells Sprockets to include _all_ JavaScript files in this directory into the output. Only a path relative to the file can be specified. There is also a +require_directory+ directive which includes all JavaScript files only in the directory specified (no nesting).
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There's also a default +app/assets/stylesheets/application.css+ file which contains these lines:
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In this example +require_self+ is used. This puts the CSS contained within the file (if any) at the top of any other CSS in this file unless +require_self+ is specified after another +require+ directive.
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You can have as many manifest files as you need. For example the +admin.css+ and +admin.js+ manifest could contain the JS and CSS files that are used for the admin section of an application.
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The file extensions used on an asset determine what preprocessing is applied. When a controller or a scaffold is generated with the default Rails gemset, a CoffeeScript file and a SCSS file are generated in place of a regular JavaScript and CSS file. The example used before was a controller called "projects", which generated an +app/assets/javascripts/projects.js.coffee+ and a +app/assets/stylesheets/projects.css.scss+ file.
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When these files are requested, they are processed by the processors provided by the +coffee-script+ and +sass-rails+ gems and then sent back to the browser as JavaScript and CSS respectively.
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Additional layers of pre-processing can be requested by adding other extensions, where each extension is processed in a right-to-left manner. These should be used in the order the processing should be applied. For example, a stylesheet called +app/assets/stylesheets/projects.css.scss.erb+ is first processed as ERB, then SCSS and finally served as CSS. The same applies to a JavaScript file -- +app/assets/javascripts/projects.js.coffee.erb+ is processed as ERB, CoffeeScript and served as JavaScript.
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Keep in mind that the order of these pre-processors is important. For example, if you called your JavaScript file +app/assets/javascripts/projects.js.erb.coffee+ then it is processed with the CoffeeScript interpreter first, which wouldn't understand ERB and therefore you would run into problems.
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In the development environment assets are compiled and cached on the first request after the server is started. Sprockets sets a +must-validate+ Cache-Control HTTP header to reduce request overhead on subsequent requests - on these the browser gets a 304 (not-modified) response.
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You can put +?debug_assets=true+ or +?debug_assets=1+ at the end of a URL and Sprockets expands the lines which load the assets. For example, if you had an +app/assets/javascripts/application.js+ file containing these lines:
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The MD5 is generated from the contents of the compiled files, and is included in the HTTP +Content-MD5+ header.
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Sprockets also sets the +Cache-Control+ HTTP header to +max-age=31536000+. This signals all caches between your server and the client browser that this content (the file served) can be cached for 1 year. The effect of this is to reduce the number of requests for this asset from your server; the asset has a good chance of being in the local browser cache or some intermediate cache.
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This behavior is controlled by the setting of +config.action_controller.perform_caching+ setting in Rails (which is +true+ for production, +false+ for everything else). This value is propagated to Sprockets during initialization for use when action_controller is not available.
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Rails comes bundled with a rake task to compile the manifests to files on disc. These are located in the +public/assets+ directory where they are served by your web server instead of the Rails application.
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This links the folder specified in +config.assets.prefix+ to +shared/assets+. If you already use this folder you'll need to write your own deployment task.
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It is important that this folder is shared between deployments so that remotely cached pages that reference the old compiled assets still work for the life of the cached page.
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Precompiled assets exist on the filesystem and are served directly by your webserver. They do not have far-future headers by default, so to get the benefit of fingerprinting you'll have to update your server configuration to add them.
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When files are precompiled Sprockets also creates "Gzip":http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gzip (.gz) version of your assets. This avoids the server having to do this for any requests; it can simply read the compressed files from disc. You must configure your server to use gzip compression and serve the compressed assets that will be stored in the public/assets folder. The following configuration options can be used:
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When files are precompiled, Sprockets also creates a "Gzip":http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gzip (.gz) version of your assets. This avoids the server having to do this for any requests; it can simply read the compressed files from disc. You must configure your server to use gzip compression and serve the compressed assets that will be stored in the public/assets folder. The following configuration options can be used:
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The following line enables YUI compression, and requires the +yui-compressor+ gem.
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Possible options for JavaScript compression are +:closure+, +:uglifier+ and +:yui+. These require the use of the +closure-compiler+, +uglifier+ or +yui-compressor+ gems respectively.
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The default Gemfile includes "uglifier":https://github.com/lautis/uglifier. This gem wraps "UglifierJS":https://github.com/mishoo/UglifyJS (written for NodeJS) in Ruby. It
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The default Gemfile includes "uglifier":https://github.com/lautis/uglifier. This gem wraps "UglifierJS":https://github.com/mishoo/UglifyJS (written for NodeJS) in Ruby. It compresses your code by removing white space and other magical things like changing your +if+ and +else+ statements to ternary operators where possible.
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The following line invokes +uglifier+ for JavaScript compression.
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The compressor config settings for CSS and JavaScript also take any Object. This object must have a +compress+ method that takes a string as the sole argument and it must return a string.
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<erb>
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class Transformer
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end
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</erb>
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-
To enable this pass a +new+ Object to the config option in +application.rb+:
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+
To enable this, pass a +new+ Object to the config option in +application.rb+:
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<erb>
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config.assets.css_compressor = Transformer.new
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h4. X-Sendfile Headers
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The X-Sendfile header is a directive to the server to ignore the response from the application, and instead serve the file specified in the headers.
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The X-Sendfile header is a directive to the server to ignore the response from the application, and instead serve the file specified in the headers. This option is off by default, but can be enabled if your server supports it. When enabled, this passes responsibility for serving the file to the web server, which is faster.
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+
Apache and nginx support this option which is enabled in <tt>config/environments/production.rb</tt>.
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<erb>
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config.action_dispatch.x_sendfile_header = "X-Sendfile" #
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# config.action_dispatch.x_sendfile_header = "X-Sendfile" # for apache
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# config.action_dispatch.x_sendfile_header = 'X-Accel-Redirect' # for nginx
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</erb>
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-
You should check that your server or hosting service actually supports this, otherwise comment it out.
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-
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WARNING: If you are upgrading an existing application and intend to use this option, take care to paste this configuration option only into +production.rb+ (and not +application.rb+) and any other environment you define with production behavior.
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h3. How Caching Works
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