rails_test 4.2.0.beta1

data/guides/source/api_documentation_guidelines.md

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+API Documentation Guidelines
+============================
+
+This guide documents the Ruby on Rails API documentation guidelines.
+
+After reading this guide, you will know:
+
+* How to write effective prose for documentation purposes.
+* Style guidelines for documenting different kinds of Ruby code.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+RDoc
+----
+
+The [Rails API documentation](http://api.rubyonrails.org) is generated with
+[RDoc](http://docs.seattlerb.org/rdoc/).
+
+```bash
+  bundle exec rake rdoc
+```
+
+Resulting HTML files can be found in the ./doc/rdoc directory.
+
+Please consult the RDoc documentation for help with the
+[markup](http://docs.seattlerb.org/rdoc/RDoc/Markup.html),
+and also take into account these [additional
+directives](http://docs.seattlerb.org/rdoc/RDoc/Parser/Ruby.html).
+
+Wording
+-------
+
+Write simple, declarative sentences. Brevity is a plus: get to the point.
+
+Write in present tense: "Returns a hash that...", rather than "Returned a hash that..." or "Will return a hash that...".
+
+Start comments in upper case. Follow regular punctuation rules:
+
+```ruby
+# Declares an attribute reader backed by an internally-named
+# instance variable.
+def attr_internal_reader(*attrs)
+  ...
+end
+```
+
+Communicate to the reader the current way of doing things, both explicitly and implicitly. Use the idioms recommended in edge. Reorder sections to emphasize favored approaches if needed, etc. The documentation should be a model for best practices and canonical, modern Rails usage.
+
+Documentation has to be concise but comprehensive. Explore and document edge cases. What happens if a module is anonymous? What if a collection is empty? What if an argument is nil?
+
+The proper names of Rails components have a space in between the words, like "Active Support". `ActiveRecord` is a Ruby module, whereas Active Record is an ORM. All Rails documentation should consistently refer to Rails components by their proper name, and if in your next blog post or presentation you remember this tidbit and take it into account that'd be phenomenal.
+
+Spell names correctly: Arel, Test::Unit, RSpec, HTML, MySQL, JavaScript, ERB. When in doubt, please have a look at some authoritative source like their official documentation.
+
+Use the article "an" for "SQL", as in "an SQL statement". Also "an SQLite database".
+
+Prefer wordings that avoid "you"s and "your"s. For example, instead of
+
+```markdown
+If you need to use `return` statements in your callbacks, it is recommended that you explicitly define them as methods.
+```
+
+use this style:
+
+```markdown
+If `return` is needed it is recommended to explicitly define a method.
+```
+
+That said, when using pronouns in reference to a hypothetical person, such as "a
+user with a session cookie", gender neutral pronouns (they/their/them) should be
+used. Instead of:
+
+* he or she... use they.
+* him or her... use them.
+* his or her... use their.
+* his or hers... use theirs.
+* himself or herself... use themselves.
+
+English
+-------
+
+Please use American English (*color*, *center*, *modularize*, etc). See [a list of American and British English spelling differences here](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences).
+
+Example Code
+------------
+
+Choose meaningful examples that depict and cover the basics as well as interesting points or gotchas.
+
+Use two spaces to indent chunks of code--that is, for markup purposes, two spaces with respect to the left margin. The examples themselves should use [Rails coding conventions](contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.html#follow-the-coding-conventions).
+
+Short docs do not need an explicit "Examples" label to introduce snippets; they just follow paragraphs:
+
+```ruby
+# Converts a collection of elements into a formatted string by
+# calling +to_s+ on all elements and joining them.
+#
+#   Blog.all.to_formatted_s # => "First PostSecond PostThird Post"
+```
+
+On the other hand, big chunks of structured documentation may have a separate "Examples" section:
+
+```ruby
+# ==== Examples
+#
+#   Person.exists?(5)
+#   Person.exists?('5')
+#   Person.exists?(name: "David")
+#   Person.exists?(['name LIKE ?', "%#{query}%"])
+```
+
+The results of expressions follow them and are introduced by "# => ", vertically aligned:
+
+```ruby
+# For checking if a fixnum is even or odd.
+#
+#   1.even? # => false
+#   1.odd?  # => true
+#   2.even? # => true
+#   2.odd?  # => false
+```
+
+If a line is too long, the comment may be placed on the next line:
+
+```ruby
+#   label(:article, :title)
+#   # => <label for="article_title">Title</label>
+#
+#   label(:article, :title, "A short title")
+#   # => <label for="article_title">A short title</label>
+#
+#   label(:article, :title, "A short title", class: "title_label")
+#   # => <label for="article_title" class="title_label">A short title</label>
+```
+
+Avoid using any printing methods like `puts` or `p` for that purpose.
+
+On the other hand, regular comments do not use an arrow:
+
+```ruby
+#   polymorphic_url(record)  # same as comment_url(record)
+```
+
+Booleans
+--------
+
+In predicates and flags prefer documenting boolean semantics over exact values.
+
+When "true" or "false" are used as defined in Ruby use regular font. The
+singletons `true` and `false` need fixed-width font. Please avoid terms like
+"truthy", Ruby defines what is true and false in the language, and thus those
+words have a technical meaning and need no substitutes.
+
+As a rule of thumb, do not document singletons unless absolutely necessary. That
+prevents artificial constructs like `!!` or ternaries, allows refactors, and the
+code does not need to rely on the exact values returned by methods being called
+in the implementation.
+
+For example:
+
+```markdown
+`config.action_mailer.perform_deliveries` specifies whether mail will actually be delivered and is true by default
+```
+
+the user does not need to know which is the actual default value of the flag,
+and so we only document its boolean semantics.
+
+An example with a predicate:
+
+```ruby
+# Returns true if the collection is empty.
+#
+# If the collection has been loaded
+# it is equivalent to <tt>collection.size.zero?</tt>. If the
+# collection has not been loaded, it is equivalent to
+# <tt>collection.exists?</tt>. If the collection has not already been
+# loaded and you are going to fetch the records anyway it is better to
+# check <tt>collection.length.zero?</tt>.
+def empty?
+  if loaded?
+    size.zero?
+  else
+    @target.blank? && !scope.exists?
+  end
+end
+```
+
+The API is careful not to commit to any particular value, the method has
+predicate semantics, that's enough.
+
+File Names
+----------
+
+As a rule of thumb, use filenames relative to the application root:
+
+```
+config/routes.rb            # YES
+routes.rb                   # NO
+RAILS_ROOT/config/routes.rb # NO
+```
+
+Fonts
+-----
+
+### Fixed-width Font
+
+Use fixed-width fonts for:
+
+* Constants, in particular class and module names.
+* Method names.
+* Literals like `nil`, `false`, `true`, `self`.
+* Symbols.
+* Method parameters.
+* File names.
+
+```ruby
+class Array
+  # Calls +to_param+ on all its elements and joins the result with
+  # slashes. This is used by +url_for+ in Action Pack.
+  def to_param
+    collect { |e| e.to_param }.join '/'
+  end
+end
+```
+
+WARNING: Using `+...+` for fixed-width font only works with simple content like
+ordinary method names, symbols, paths (with forward slashes), etc. Please use
+`<tt>...</tt>` for everything else, notably class or module names with a
+namespace as in `<tt>ActiveRecord::Base</tt>`.
+
+You can quickly test the RDoc output with the following command:
+
+```
+$ echo "+:to_param+" | rdoc --pipe
+#=> <p><code>:to_param</code></p>
+```
+
+### Regular Font
+
+When "true" and "false" are English words rather than Ruby keywords use a regular font:
+
+```ruby
+# Runs all the validations within the specified context.
+# Returns true if no errors are found, false otherwise.
+#
+# If the argument is false (default is +nil+), the context is
+# set to <tt>:create</tt> if <tt>new_record?</tt> is true,
+# and to <tt>:update</tt> if it is not.
+#
+# Validations with no <tt>:on</tt> option will run no
+# matter the context. Validations with # some <tt>:on</tt>
+# option will only run in the specified context.
+def valid?(context = nil)
+  ...
+end
+```
+
+Description Lists
+-----------------
+
+In lists of options, parameters, etc. use a hyphen between the item and its description (reads better than a colon because normally options are symbols):
+
+```ruby
+# * <tt>:allow_nil</tt> - Skip validation if attribute is +nil+.
+```
+
+The description starts in upper case and ends with a full stop-it's standard English.
+
+Dynamically Generated Methods
+-----------------------------
+
+Methods created with `(module|class)_eval(STRING)` have a comment by their side with an instance of the generated code. That comment is 2 spaces away from the template:
+
+```ruby
+for severity in Severity.constants
+  class_eval <<-EOT, __FILE__, __LINE__
+    def #{severity.downcase}(message = nil, progname = nil, &block)  # def debug(message = nil, progname = nil, &block)
+      add(#{severity}, message, progname, &block)                    #   add(DEBUG, message, progname, &block)
+    end                                                              # end
+                                                                     #
+    def #{severity.downcase}?                                        # def debug?
+      #{severity} >= @level                                          #   DEBUG >= @level
+    end                                                              # end
+  EOT
+end
+```
+
+If the resulting lines are too wide, say 200 columns or more, put the comment above the call:
+
+```ruby
+# def self.find_by_login_and_activated(*args)
+#   options = args.extract_options!
+#   ...
+# end
+self.class_eval %{
+  def self.#{method_id}(*args)
+    options = args.extract_options!
+    ...
+  end
+}
+```
+
+Method Visibility
+-----------------
+
+When writing documentation for Rails, it's important to understand the difference between public user-facing API vs internal API.
+
+Rails, like most libraries, uses the private keyword from Ruby for defining internal API. However, public API follows a slightly different convention. Instead of assuming all public methods are designed for user consumption, Rails uses the `:nodoc:` directive to annotate these kinds of methods as internal API.
+
+This means that there are methods in Rails with `public` visibility that aren't meant for user consumption.
+
+An example of this is `ActiveRecord::Core::ClassMethods#arel_table`:
+
+```ruby
+module ActiveRecord::Core::ClassMethods
+  def arel_table #:nodoc:
+    # do some magic..
+  end
+end
+```
+
+If you thought, "this method looks like a public class method for `ActiveRecord::Core`", you were right. But actually the Rails team doesn't want users to rely on this method. So they mark it as `:nodoc:` and it's removed from public documentation. The reasoning behind this is to allow the team to change these methods according to their internal needs across releases as they see fit. The name of this method could change, or the return value, or this entire class may disappear; there's no guarantee and so you shouldn't depend on this API in your plugins or applications. Otherwise, you risk your app or gem breaking when you upgrade to a newer release of Rails.
+
+As a contributor, it's important to think about whether this API is meant for end-user consumption. The Rails team is committed to not making any breaking changes to public API across releases without going through a full deprecation cycle. It's recommended that you `:nodoc:` any of your internal methods/classes unless they're already private (meaning visibility), in which case it's internal by default. Once the API stabilizes the visibility can change, but changing public API is much harder due to backwards compatibility.
+
+A class or module is marked with `:nodoc:` to indicate that all methods are internal API and should never be used directly.
+
+If you come across an existing `:nodoc:` you should tread lightly. Consider asking someone from the core team or author of the code before removing it. This should almost always happen through a pull request instead of the docrails project.
+
+A `:nodoc:` should never be added simply because a method or class is missing documentation. There may be an instance where an internal public method wasn't given a `:nodoc:` by mistake, for example when switching a method from private to public visibility. When this happens it should be discussed over a PR on a case-by-case basis and never committed directly to docrails.
+
+To summarize, the Rails team uses `:nodoc:` to mark publicly visible methods and classes for internal use; changes to the visibility of API should be considered carefully and discussed over a pull request first.
+
+Regarding the Rails Stack
+-------------------------
+
+When documenting parts of Rails API, it's important to remember all of the
+pieces that go into the Rails stack.
+
+This means that behavior may change depending on the scope or context of the
+method or class you're trying to document.
+
+In various places there is different behavior when you take the entire stack
+into account, one such example is
+`ActionView::Helpers::AssetTagHelper#image_tag`:
+
+```ruby
+# image_tag("icon.png")
+#   # => <img alt="Icon" src="/assets/icon.png" />
+```
+
+Although the default behavior for `#image_tag` is to always return
+`/images/icon.png`, we take into account the full Rails stack (including the
+Asset Pipeline) we may see the result seen above.
+
+We're only concerned with the behavior experienced when using the full default
+Rails stack.
+
+In this case, we want to document the behavior of the _framework_, and not just
+this specific method.
+
+If you have a question on how the Rails team handles certain API, don't hesitate to open a ticket or send a patch to the [issue tracker](https://github.com/rails/rails/issues).

data/guides/source/asset_pipeline.md

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+The Asset Pipeline
+==================
+
+This guide covers the asset pipeline.
+
+After reading this guide, you will know:
+
+* What the asset pipeline is and what it does.
+* How to properly organize your application assets.
+* The benefits of the asset pipeline.
+* How to add a pre-processor to the pipeline.
+* How to package assets with a gem.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+What is the Asset Pipeline?
+---------------------------
+
+The asset pipeline provides a framework to concatenate and minify or compress
+JavaScript and CSS assets. It also adds the ability to write these assets in
+other languages and pre-processors such as CoffeeScript, Sass and ERB.
+
+The asset pipeline is technically no longer a core feature of Rails 4, it has
+been extracted out of the framework into the
+[sprockets-rails](https://github.com/rails/sprockets-rails) gem.
+
+The asset pipeline is enabled by default.
+
+You can disable the asset pipeline while creating a new application by
+passing the `--skip-sprockets` option.
+
+```bash
+rails new appname --skip-sprockets
+```
+
+Rails 4 automatically adds the `sass-rails`, `coffee-rails` and `uglifier`
+gems to your Gemfile, which are used by Sprockets for asset compression:
+
+```ruby
+gem 'sass-rails'
+gem 'uglifier'
+gem 'coffee-rails'
+```
+
+Using the `--skip-sprockets` option will prevent Rails 4 from adding
+`sass-rails` and `uglifier` to Gemfile, so if you later want to enable
+the asset pipeline you will have to add those gems to your Gemfile. Also,
+creating an application with the `--skip-sprockets` option will generate
+a slightly different `config/application.rb` file, with a require statement
+for the sprockets railtie that is commented-out. You will have to remove
+the comment operator on that line to later enable the asset pipeline:
+
+```ruby
+# require "sprockets/railtie"
+```
+
+To set asset compression methods, set the appropriate configuration options
+in `production.rb` - `config.assets.css_compressor` for your CSS and
+`config.assets.js_compressor` for your JavaScript:
+
+```ruby
+config.assets.css_compressor = :yui
+config.assets.js_compressor = :uglifier
+```
+
+NOTE: The `sass-rails` gem is automatically used for CSS compression if included
+in Gemfile and no `config.assets.css_compressor` option is set.
+
+
+### Main Features
+
+The first feature of the pipeline is to concatenate assets, which can reduce the
+number of requests that a browser makes to render a web page. Web browsers are
+limited in the number of requests that they can make in parallel, so fewer
+requests can mean faster loading for your application.
+
+Sprockets concatenates all JavaScript files into one master `.js` file and all
+CSS files into one master `.css` file. As you'll learn later in this guide, you
+can customize this strategy to group files any way you like. In production,
+Rails inserts an MD5 fingerprint into each filename so that the file is cached
+by the web browser. You can invalidate the cache by altering this fingerprint,
+which happens automatically whenever you change the file contents.
+
+The second feature of the asset pipeline is asset minification or compression.
+For CSS files, this is done by removing whitespace and comments. For JavaScript,
+more complex processes can be applied. You can choose from a set of built in
+options or specify your own.
+
+The third feature of the asset pipeline is it allows coding assets via a
+higher-level language, with precompilation down to the actual assets. Supported
+languages include Sass for CSS, CoffeeScript for JavaScript, and ERB for both by
+default.
+
+### What is Fingerprinting and Why Should I Care?
+
+Fingerprinting is a technique that makes the name of a file dependent on the
+contents of the file. When the file contents change, the filename is also
+changed. For content that is static or infrequently changed, this provides an
+easy way to tell whether two versions of a file are identical, even across
+different servers or deployment dates.
+
+When a filename is unique and based on its content, HTTP headers can be set to
+encourage caches everywhere (whether at CDNs, at ISPs, in networking equipment,
+or in web browsers) to keep their own copy of the content. When the content is
+updated, the fingerprint will change. This will cause the remote clients to
+request a new copy of the content. This is generally known as _cache busting_.
+
+The technique sprockets uses for fingerprinting is to insert a hash of the
+content into the name, usually at the end. For example a CSS file `global.css`
+
+```
+global-908e25f4bf641868d8683022a5b62f54.css
+```
+
+This is the strategy adopted by the Rails asset pipeline.
+
+Rails' old strategy was to append a date-based query string to every asset linked
+with a built-in helper. In the source the generated code looked like this:
+
+```
+/stylesheets/global.css?1309495796
+```
+
+The query string strategy has several disadvantages:
+
+1. **Not all caches will reliably cache content where the filename only differs by
+query parameters**
+
+    [Steve Souders recommends](http://www.stevesouders.com/blog/2008/08/23/revving-filenames-dont-use-querystring/),
+ "...avoiding a querystring for cacheable resources". He found that in this
+case 5-20% of requests will not be cached. Query strings in particular do not
+work at all with some CDNs for cache invalidation.
+
+2. **The file name can change between nodes in multi-server environments.**
+
+    The default query string in Rails 2.x is based on the modification time of
+the files. When assets are deployed to a cluster, there is no guarantee that the
+timestamps will be the same, resulting in different values being used depending
+on which server handles the request.
+
+3. **Too much cache invalidation**
+
+    When static assets are deployed with each new release of code, the mtime
+(time of last modification) of _all_ these files changes, forcing all remote
+clients to fetch them again, even when the content of those assets has not changed.
+
+Fingerprinting fixes these problems by avoiding query strings, and by ensuring
+that filenames are consistent based on their content.
+
+Fingerprinting is enabled by default for production and disabled for all other
+environments. You can enable or disable it in your configuration through the
+`config.assets.digest` option.
+
+More reading:
+
+* [Optimize caching](http://code.google.com/speed/page-speed/docs/caching.html)
+* [Revving Filenames: don't use querystring](http://www.stevesouders.com/blog/2008/08/23/revving-filenames-dont-use-querystring/)
+
+
+How to Use the Asset Pipeline
+-----------------------------
+
+In previous versions of Rails, all assets were located in subdirectories of
+`public` such as `images`, `javascripts` and `stylesheets`. With the asset
+pipeline, the preferred location for these assets is now the `app/assets`
+directory. Files in this directory are served by the Sprockets middleware.
+
+Assets can still be placed in the `public` hierarchy. Any assets under `public`
+will be served as static files by the application or web server when
+`config.serve_static_assets` is set to true. You should use
+`app/assets` for files that must undergo some pre-processing before they are
+served.
+
+In production, Rails precompiles these files to `public/assets` by default. The
+precompiled copies are then served as static assets by the web server. The files
+in `app/assets` are never served directly in production.
+
+### Controller Specific Assets
+
+When you generate a scaffold or a controller, Rails also generates a JavaScript
+file (or CoffeeScript file if the `coffee-rails` gem is in the `Gemfile`) and a
+Cascading Style Sheet file (or SCSS file if `sass-rails` is in the `Gemfile`)
+for that controller. Additionally, when generating a scaffold, Rails generates
+the file scaffolds.css (or scaffolds.css.scss if `sass-rails` is in the
+`Gemfile`.)
+
+For example, if you generate a `ProjectsController`, Rails will also add a new
+file at `app/assets/javascripts/projects.js.coffee` and another at
+`app/assets/stylesheets/projects.css.scss`. By default these files will be ready
+to use by your application immediately using the `require_tree` directive. See
+[Manifest Files and Directives](#manifest-files-and-directives) for more details
+on require_tree.
+
+You can also opt to include controller specific stylesheets and JavaScript files
+only in their respective controllers using the following:
+
+`<%= javascript_include_tag params[:controller] %>` or `<%= stylesheet_link_tag
+params[:controller] %>`
+
+When doing this, ensure you are not using the `require_tree` directive, as that
+will result in your assets being included more than once.
+
+WARNING: When using asset precompilation, you will need to ensure that your
+controller assets will be precompiled when loading them on a per page basis. By
+default .coffee and .scss files will not be precompiled on their own. See
+[Precompiling Assets](#precompiling-assets) for more information on how
+precompiling works.
+
+NOTE: You must have an ExecJS supported runtime in order to use CoffeeScript.
+If you are using Mac OS X or Windows, you have a JavaScript runtime installed in
+your operating system. Check
+[ExecJS](https://github.com/sstephenson/execjs#readme) documentation to know all
+supported JavaScript runtimes.
+
+You can also disable generation of controller specific asset files by adding the
+following to your `config/application.rb` configuration:
+
+```ruby
+  config.generators do |g|
+    g.assets false
+  end
+```
+
+### Asset Organization
+
+Pipeline assets can be placed inside an application in one of three locations:
+`app/assets`, `lib/assets` or `vendor/assets`.
+
+* `app/assets` is for assets that are owned by the application, such as custom
+images, JavaScript files or stylesheets.
+
+* `lib/assets` is for your own libraries' code that doesn't really fit into the
+scope of the application or those libraries which are shared across applications.
+
+* `vendor/assets` is for assets that are owned by outside entities, such as
+code for JavaScript plugins and CSS frameworks.
+
+WARNING: If you are upgrading from Rails 3, please take into account that assets
+under `lib/assets` or `vendor/assets` are available for inclusion via the
+application manifests but no longer part of the precompile array. See
+[Precompiling Assets](#precompiling-assets) for guidance.
+
+#### Search Paths
+
+When a file is referenced from a manifest or a helper, Sprockets searches the
+three default asset locations for it.
+
+The default locations are: the `images`, `javascripts` and `stylesheets`
+directories under the `app/assets` folder, but these subdirectories
+are not special - any path under `assets/*` will be searched.
+
+For example, these files:
+
+```
+app/assets/javascripts/home.js
+lib/assets/javascripts/moovinator.js
+vendor/assets/javascripts/slider.js
+vendor/assets/somepackage/phonebox.js
+```
+
+would be referenced in a manifest like this:
+
+```js
+//= require home
+//= require moovinator
+//= require slider
+//= require phonebox
+```
+
+Assets inside subdirectories can also be accessed.
+
+```
+app/assets/javascripts/sub/something.js
+```
+
+is referenced as:
+
+```js
+//= require sub/something
+```
+
+You can view the search path by inspecting
+`Rails.application.config.assets.paths` in the Rails console.
+
+Besides the standard `assets/*` paths, additional (fully qualified) paths can be
+added to the pipeline in `config/application.rb`. For example:
+
+```ruby
+config.assets.paths << Rails.root.join("lib", "videoplayer", "flash")
+```
+
+Paths are traversed in the order they occur in the search path. By default,
+this means the files in `app/assets` take precedence, and will mask
+corresponding paths in `lib` and `vendor`.
+
+It is important to note that files you want to reference outside a manifest must
+be added to the precompile array or they will not be available in the production
+environment.
+
+#### Using Index Files
+
+Sprockets uses files named `index` (with the relevant extensions) for a special
+purpose.
+
+For example, if you have a jQuery library with many modules, which is stored in
+`lib/assets/javascripts/library_name`, the file `lib/assets/javascripts/library_name/index.js` serves as
+the manifest for all files in this library. This file could include a list of
+all the required files in order, or a simple `require_tree` directive.
+
+The library as a whole can be accessed in the application manifest like so:
+
+```js
+//= require library_name
+```
+
+This simplifies maintenance and keeps things clean by allowing related code to
+be grouped before inclusion elsewhere.
+
+### Coding Links to Assets
+
+Sprockets does not add any new methods to access your assets - you still use the
+familiar `javascript_include_tag` and `stylesheet_link_tag`:
+
+```erb
+<%= stylesheet_link_tag "application", media: "all" %>
+<%= javascript_include_tag "application" %>
+```
+
+If using the turbolinks gem, which is included by default in Rails 4, then
+include the 'data-turbolinks-track' option which causes turbolinks to check if
+an asset has been updated and if so loads it into the page:
+
+```erb
+<%= stylesheet_link_tag "application", media: "all", "data-turbolinks-track" => true %>
+<%= javascript_include_tag "application", "data-turbolinks-track" => true %>
+```
+
+In regular views you can access images in the `public/assets/images` directory
+like this:
+
+```erb
+<%= image_tag "rails.png" %>
+```
+
+Provided that the pipeline is enabled within your application (and not disabled
+in the current environment context), this file is served by Sprockets. If a file
+exists at `public/assets/rails.png` it is served by the web server.
+
+Alternatively, a request for a file with an MD5 hash such as
+`public/assets/rails-af27b6a414e6da00003503148be9b409.png` is treated the same
+way. How these hashes are generated is covered in the [In
+Production](#in-production) section later on in this guide.
+
+Sprockets will also look through the paths specified in `config.assets.paths`,
+which includes the standard application paths and any paths added by Rails
+engines.
+
+Images can also be organized into subdirectories if required, and then can be
+accessed by specifying the directory's name in the tag:
+
+```erb
+<%= image_tag "icons/rails.png" %>
+```
+
+WARNING: If you're precompiling your assets (see [In Production](#in-production)
+below), linking to an asset that does not exist will raise an exception in the
+calling page. This includes linking to a blank string. As such, be careful using
+`image_tag` and the other helpers with user-supplied data.
+
+#### CSS and ERB
+
+The asset pipeline automatically evaluates ERB. This means if you add an
+`erb` extension to a CSS asset (for example, `application.css.erb`), then
+helpers like `asset_path` are available in your CSS rules:
+
+```css
+.class { background-image: url(<%= asset_path 'image.png' %>) }
+```
+
+This writes the path to the particular asset being referenced. In this example,
+it would make sense to have an image in one of the asset load paths, such as
+`app/assets/images/image.png`, which would be referenced here. If this image is
+already available in `public/assets` as a fingerprinted file, then that path is
+referenced.
+
+If you want to use a [data URI](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_URI_scheme) -
+a method of embedding the image data directly into the CSS file - you can use
+the `asset_data_uri` helper.
+
+```css
+#logo { background: url(<%= asset_data_uri 'logo.png' %>) }
+```
+
+This inserts a correctly-formatted data URI into the CSS source.
+
+Note that the closing tag cannot be of the style `-%>`.
+
+#### CSS and Sass
+
+When using the asset pipeline, paths to assets must be re-written and
+`sass-rails` provides `-url` and `-path` helpers (hyphenated in Sass,
+underscored in Ruby) for the following asset classes: image, font, video, audio,
+JavaScript and stylesheet.
+
+* `image-url("rails.png")` becomes `url(/assets/rails.png)`
+* `image-path("rails.png")` becomes `"/assets/rails.png"`.
+
+The more generic form can also be used:
+
+* `asset-url("rails.png")` becomes `url(/assets/rails.png)`
+* `asset-path("rails.png")` becomes `"/assets/rails.png"`
+
+#### JavaScript/CoffeeScript and ERB
+
+If you add an `erb` extension to a JavaScript asset, making it something such as
+`application.js.erb`, you can then use the `asset_path` helper in your
+JavaScript code:
+
+```js
+$('#logo').attr({ src: "<%= asset_path('logo.png') %>" });
+```
+
+This writes the path to the particular asset being referenced.
+
+Similarly, you can use the `asset_path` helper in CoffeeScript files with `erb`
+extension (e.g., `application.js.coffee.erb`):
+
+```js
+$('#logo').attr src: "<%= asset_path('logo.png') %>"
+```
+
+### Manifest Files and Directives
+
+Sprockets uses manifest files to determine which assets to include and serve.
+These manifest files contain _directives_ - instructions that tell Sprockets
+which files to require in order to build a single CSS or JavaScript file. With
+these directives, Sprockets loads the files specified, processes them if
+necessary, concatenates them into one single file and then compresses them (if
+`Rails.application.config.assets.compress` is true). By serving one file rather
+than many, the load time of pages can be greatly reduced because the browser
+makes fewer requests. Compression also reduces file size, enabling the
+browser to download them faster.
+
+
+For example, a new Rails 4 application includes a default
+`app/assets/javascripts/application.js` file containing the following lines:
+
+```js
+// ...
+//= require jquery
+//= require jquery_ujs
+//= require_tree .
+```
+
+In JavaScript files, Sprockets directives begin with `//=`. In the above case,
+the file is using the `require` and the `require_tree` directives. The `require`
+directive is used to tell Sprockets the files you wish to require. Here, you are
+requiring the files `jquery.js` and `jquery_ujs.js` that are available somewhere
+in the search path for Sprockets. You need not supply the extensions explicitly.
+Sprockets assumes you are requiring a `.js` file when done from within a `.js`
+file.
+
+The `require_tree` directive tells Sprockets to recursively include _all_
+JavaScript files in the specified directory into the output. These paths must be
+specified relative to the manifest file. You can also use the
+`require_directory` directive which includes all JavaScript files only in the
+directory specified, without recursion.
+
+Directives are processed top to bottom, but the order in which files are
+included by `require_tree` is unspecified. You should not rely on any particular
+order among those. If you need to ensure some particular JavaScript ends up
+above some other in the concatenated file, require the prerequisite file first
+in the manifest. Note that the family of `require` directives prevents files
+from being included twice in the output.
+
+Rails also creates a default `app/assets/stylesheets/application.css` file
+which contains these lines:
+
+```css
+/* ...
+*= require_self
+*= require_tree .
+*/
+```
+
+Rails 4 creates both `app/assets/javascripts/application.js` and
+`app/assets/stylesheets/application.css` regardless of whether the
+--skip-sprockets option is used when creating a new rails application. This is
+so you can easily add asset pipelining later if you like.
+
+The directives that work in JavaScript files also work in stylesheets
+(though obviously including stylesheets rather than JavaScript files). The
+`require_tree` directive in a CSS manifest works the same way as the JavaScript
+one, requiring all stylesheets from the current directory.
+
+In this example, `require_self` is used. This puts the CSS contained within the
+file (if any) at the precise location of the `require_self` call.
+
+NOTE. If you want to use multiple Sass files, you should generally use the [Sass `@import` rule](http://sass-lang.com/docs/yardoc/file.SASS_REFERENCE.html#import)
+instead of these Sprockets directives. When using Sprockets directives, Sass files exist within
+their own scope, making variables or mixins only available within the document they were defined in.
+
+You can do file globbing as well using `@import "*"`, and `@import "**/*"` to add the whole tree which is equivalent to how `require_tree` works. Check the [sass-rails documentation](https://github.com/rails/sass-rails#features) for more info and important caveats.
+
+You can have as many manifest files as you need. For example, the `admin.css`
+and `admin.js` manifest could contain the JS and CSS files that are used for the
+admin section of an application.
+
+The same remarks about ordering made above apply. In particular, you can specify
+individual files and they are compiled in the order specified. For example, you
+might concatenate three CSS files together this way:
+
+```js
+/* ...
+*= require reset
+*= require layout
+*= require chrome
+*/
+```
+
+### Preprocessing
+
+The file extensions used on an asset determine what preprocessing is applied.
+When a controller or a scaffold is generated with the default Rails gemset, a
+CoffeeScript file and a SCSS file are generated in place of a regular JavaScript
+and CSS file. The example used before was a controller called "projects", which
+generated an `app/assets/javascripts/projects.js.coffee` and an
+`app/assets/stylesheets/projects.css.scss` file.
+
+In development mode, or if the asset pipeline is disabled, when these files are
+requested they are processed by the processors provided by the `coffee-script`
+and `sass` gems and then sent back to the browser as JavaScript and CSS
+respectively. When asset pipelining is enabled, these files are preprocessed and
+placed in the `public/assets` directory for serving by either the Rails app or
+web server.
+
+Additional layers of preprocessing can be requested by adding other extensions,
+where each extension is processed in a right-to-left manner. These should be
+used in the order the processing should be applied. For example, a stylesheet
+called `app/assets/stylesheets/projects.css.scss.erb` is first processed as ERB,
+then SCSS, and finally served as CSS. The same applies to a JavaScript file -
+`app/assets/javascripts/projects.js.coffee.erb` is processed as ERB, then
+CoffeeScript, and served as JavaScript.
+
+Keep in mind the order of these preprocessors is important. For example, if
+you called your JavaScript file `app/assets/javascripts/projects.js.erb.coffee`
+then it would be processed with the CoffeeScript interpreter first, which
+wouldn't understand ERB and therefore you would run into problems.
+
+
+In Development
+--------------
+
+In development mode, assets are served as separate files in the order they are
+specified in the manifest file.
+
+This manifest `app/assets/javascripts/application.js`:
+
+```js
+//= require core
+//= require projects
+//= require tickets
+```
+
+would generate this HTML:
+
+```html
+<script src="/assets/core.js?body=1"></script>
+<script src="/assets/projects.js?body=1"></script>
+<script src="/assets/tickets.js?body=1"></script>
+```
+
+The `body` param is required by Sprockets.
+
+### Runtime Error Checking
+
+By default the asset pipeline will check for potential errors in development mode during
+runtime. To disable this behavior you can set:
+
+```ruby
+config.assets.raise_runtime_errors = false
+```
+
+When this option is true, the asset pipeline will check if all the assets loaded
+in your application are included in the `config.assets.precompile` list.
+If `config.assets.digest` is also true, the asset pipeline will require that
+all requests for assets include digests.
+
+### Turning Digests Off
+
+You can turn off digests by updating `config/environments/development.rb` to
+include:
+
+```ruby
+config.assets.digest = false
+```
+
+When this option is true, digests will be generated for asset URLs.
+
+### Turning Debugging Off
+
+You can turn off debug mode by updating `config/environments/development.rb` to
+include:
+
+```ruby
+config.assets.debug = false
+```
+
+When debug mode is off, Sprockets concatenates and runs the necessary
+preprocessors on all files. With debug mode turned off the manifest above would
+generate instead:
+
+```html
+<script src="/assets/application.js"></script>
+```
+
+Assets are compiled and cached on the first request after the server is started.
+Sprockets sets a `must-revalidate` Cache-Control HTTP header to reduce request
+overhead on subsequent requests - on these the browser gets a 304 (Not Modified)
+response.
+
+If any of the files in the manifest have changed between requests, the server
+responds with a new compiled file.
+
+Debug mode can also be enabled in Rails helper methods:
+
+```erb
+<%= stylesheet_link_tag "application", debug: true %>
+<%= javascript_include_tag "application", debug: true %>
+```
+
+The `:debug` option is redundant if debug mode is already on.
+
+You can also enable compression in development mode as a sanity check, and
+disable it on-demand as required for debugging.
+
+In Production
+-------------
+
+In the production environment Sprockets uses the fingerprinting scheme outlined
+above. By default Rails assumes assets have been precompiled and will be
+served as static assets by your web server.
+
+During the precompilation phase an MD5 is generated from the contents of the
+compiled files, and inserted into the filenames as they are written to disc.
+These fingerprinted names are used by the Rails helpers in place of the manifest
+name.
+
+For example this:
+
+```erb
+<%= javascript_include_tag "application" %>
+<%= stylesheet_link_tag "application" %>
+```
+
+generates something like this:
+
+```html
+<script src="/assets/application-908e25f4bf641868d8683022a5b62f54.js"></script>
+<link href="/assets/application-4dd5b109ee3439da54f5bdfd78a80473.css" media="screen"
+rel="stylesheet" />
+```
+
+Note: with the Asset Pipeline the :cache and :concat options aren't used
+anymore, delete these options from the `javascript_include_tag` and
+`stylesheet_link_tag`.
+
+The fingerprinting behavior is controlled by the `config.assets.digest`
+initialization option (which defaults to `true` for production and `false` for
+everything else).
+
+NOTE: Under normal circumstances the default `config.assets.digest` option
+should not be changed. If there are no digests in the filenames, and far-future
+headers are set, remote clients will never know to refetch the files when their
+content changes.
+
+### Precompiling Assets
+
+Rails comes bundled with a rake task to compile the asset manifests and other
+files in the pipeline.
+
+Compiled assets are written to the location specified in `config.assets.prefix`.
+By default, this is the `/assets` directory.
+
+You can call this task on the server during deployment to create compiled
+versions of your assets directly on the server. See the next section for
+information on compiling locally.
+
+The rake task is:
+
+```bash
+$ RAILS_ENV=production bin/rake assets:precompile
+```
+
+Capistrano (v2.15.1 and above) includes a recipe to handle this in deployment.
+Add the following line to `Capfile`:
+
+```ruby
+load 'deploy/assets'
+```
+
+This links the folder specified in `config.assets.prefix` to `shared/assets`.
+If you already use this shared folder you'll need to write your own deployment
+task.
+
+It is important that this folder is shared between deployments so that remotely
+cached pages referencing the old compiled assets still work for the life of
+the cached page.
+
+The default matcher for compiling files includes `application.js`,
+`application.css` and all non-JS/CSS files (this will include all image assets
+automatically) from `app/assets` folders including your gems:
+
+```ruby
+[ Proc.new { |filename, path| path =~ /app\/assets/ && !%w(.js .css).include?(File.extname(filename)) },
+/application.(css|js)$/ ]
+```
+
+NOTE: The matcher (and other members of the precompile array; see below) is
+applied to final compiled file names. This means anything that compiles to
+JS/CSS is excluded, as well as raw JS/CSS files; for example, `.coffee` and
+`.scss` files are **not** automatically included as they compile to JS/CSS.
+
+If you have other manifests or individual stylesheets and JavaScript files to
+include, you can add them to the `precompile` array in `config/initializers/assets.rb`:
+
+```ruby
+Rails.application.config.assets.precompile += ['admin.js', 'admin.css', 'swfObject.js']
+```
+
+Or, you can opt to precompile all assets with something like this:
+
+```ruby
+# config/initializers/assets.rb
+Rails.application.config.assets.precompile << Proc.new do |path|
+  if path =~ /\.(css|js)\z/
+    full_path = Rails.application.assets.resolve(path).to_path
+    app_assets_path = Rails.root.join('app', 'assets').to_path
+    if full_path.starts_with? app_assets_path
+      puts "including asset: " + full_path
+      true
+    else
+      puts "excluding asset: " + full_path
+      false
+    end
+  else
+    false
+  end
+end
+```
+
+NOTE. Always specify an expected compiled filename that ends with .js or .css,
+even if you want to add Sass or CoffeeScript files to the precompile array.
+
+The rake task also generates a `manifest-md5hash.json` that contains a list with
+all your assets and their respective fingerprints. This is used by the Rails
+helper methods to avoid handing the mapping requests back to Sprockets. A
+typical manifest file looks like:
+
+```ruby
+{"files":{"application-723d1be6cc741a3aabb1cec24276d681.js":{"logical_path":"application.js","mtime":"2013-07-26T22:55:03-07:00","size":302506,
+"digest":"723d1be6cc741a3aabb1cec24276d681"},"application-12b3c7dd74d2e9df37e7cbb1efa76a6d.css":{"logical_path":"application.css","mtime":"2013-07-26T22:54:54-07:00","size":1560,
+"digest":"12b3c7dd74d2e9df37e7cbb1efa76a6d"},"application-1c5752789588ac18d7e1a50b1f0fd4c2.css":{"logical_path":"application.css","mtime":"2013-07-26T22:56:17-07:00","size":1591,
+"digest":"1c5752789588ac18d7e1a50b1f0fd4c2"},"favicon-a9c641bf2b81f0476e876f7c5e375969.ico":{"logical_path":"favicon.ico","mtime":"2013-07-26T23:00:10-07:00","size":1406,
+"digest":"a9c641bf2b81f0476e876f7c5e375969"},"my_image-231a680f23887d9dd70710ea5efd3c62.png":{"logical_path":"my_image.png","mtime":"2013-07-26T23:00:27-07:00","size":6646,
+"digest":"231a680f23887d9dd70710ea5efd3c62"}},"assets":{"application.js":
+"application-723d1be6cc741a3aabb1cec24276d681.js","application.css":
+"application-1c5752789588ac18d7e1a50b1f0fd4c2.css",
+"favicon.ico":"favicona9c641bf2b81f0476e876f7c5e375969.ico","my_image.png":
+"my_image-231a680f23887d9dd70710ea5efd3c62.png"}}
+```
+
+The default location for the manifest is the root of the location specified in
+`config.assets.prefix` ('/assets' by default).
+
+NOTE: If there are missing precompiled files in production you will get an
+`Sprockets::Helpers::RailsHelper::AssetPaths::AssetNotPrecompiledError`
+exception indicating the name of the missing file(s).
+
+#### Far-future Expires Header
+
+Precompiled assets exist on the file system and are served directly by your web
+server. They do not have far-future headers by default, so to get the benefit of
+fingerprinting you'll have to update your server configuration to add those
+headers.
+
+For Apache:
+
+```apache
+# The Expires* directives requires the Apache module
+# `mod_expires` to be enabled.
+<Location /assets/>
+  # Use of ETag is discouraged when Last-Modified is present
+  Header unset ETag
+  FileETag None
+  # RFC says only cache for 1 year
+  ExpiresActive On
+  ExpiresDefault "access plus 1 year"
+</Location>
+```
+
+For NGINX:
+
+```nginx
+location ~ ^/assets/ {
+  expires 1y;
+  add_header Cache-Control public;
+
+  add_header ETag "";
+  break;
+}
+```
+
+#### GZip Compression
+
+When files are precompiled, Sprockets also creates a
+[gzipped](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gzip) (.gz) version of your assets. Web
+servers are typically configured to use a moderate compression ratio as a
+compromise, but since precompilation happens once, Sprockets uses the maximum
+compression ratio, thus reducing the size of the data transfer to the minimum.
+On the other hand, web servers can be configured to serve compressed content
+directly from disk, rather than deflating non-compressed files themselves.
+
+NGINX is able to do this automatically enabling `gzip_static`:
+
+```nginx
+location ~ ^/(assets)/  {
+  root /path/to/public;
+  gzip_static on; # to serve pre-gzipped version
+  expires max;
+  add_header Cache-Control public;
+}
+```
+
+This directive is available if the core module that provides this feature was
+compiled with the web server. Ubuntu/Debian packages, even `nginx-light`, have
+the module compiled. Otherwise, you may need to perform a manual compilation:
+
+```bash
+./configure --with-http_gzip_static_module
+```
+
+If you're compiling NGINX with Phusion Passenger you'll need to pass that option
+when prompted.
+
+A robust configuration for Apache is possible but tricky; please Google around.
+(Or help update this Guide if you have a good configuration example for Apache.)
+
+### Local Precompilation
+
+There are several reasons why you might want to precompile your assets locally.
+Among them are:
+
+* You may not have write access to your production file system.
+* You may be deploying to more than one server, and want to avoid
+duplication of work.
+* You may be doing frequent deploys that do not include asset changes.
+
+Local compilation allows you to commit the compiled files into source control,
+and deploy as normal.
+
+There are three caveats:
+
+* You must not run the Capistrano deployment task that precompiles assets.
+* You must ensure any necessary compressors or minifiers are
+available on your development system.
+* You must change the following application configuration setting:
+
+In `config/environments/development.rb`, place the following line:
+
+```ruby
+config.assets.prefix = "/dev-assets"
+```
+
+The `prefix` change makes Sprockets use a different URL for serving assets in
+development mode, and pass all requests to Sprockets. The prefix is still set to
+`/assets` in the production environment. Without this change, the application
+would serve the precompiled assets from `/assets` in development, and you would
+not see any local changes until you compile assets again.
+
+In practice, this will allow you to precompile locally, have those files in your
+working tree, and commit those files to source control when needed.  Development
+mode will work as expected.
+
+### Live Compilation
+
+In some circumstances you may wish to use live compilation. In this mode all
+requests for assets in the pipeline are handled by Sprockets directly.
+
+To enable this option set:
+
+```ruby
+config.assets.compile = true
+```
+
+On the first request the assets are compiled and cached as outlined in
+development above, and the manifest names used in the helpers are altered to
+include the MD5 hash.
+
+Sprockets also sets the `Cache-Control` HTTP header to `max-age=31536000`. This
+signals all caches between your server and the client browser that this content
+(the file served) can be cached for 1 year. The effect of this is to reduce the
+number of requests for this asset from your server; the asset has a good chance
+of being in the local browser cache or some intermediate cache.
+
+This mode uses more memory, performs more poorly than the default and is not
+recommended.
+
+If you are deploying a production application to a system without any
+pre-existing JavaScript runtimes, you may want to add one to your Gemfile:
+
+```ruby
+group :production do
+  gem 'therubyracer'
+end
+```
+
+### CDNs
+
+CDN stands for [Content Delivery
+Network](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_delivery_network), they are
+primarily designed to cache assets all over the world so that when a browser
+requests the asset, a cached copy will be geographically close to that browser.
+If you are serving assets directly from your Rails server in production, the
+best practice is to use a CDN in front of your application.
+
+A common pattern for using a CDN is to set your production application as the
+"origin" server. This means when a browser requests an asset from the CDN and
+there is a cache miss, it will grab the file from your server on the fly and
+then cache it. For example if you are running a Rails application on
+`example.com` and have a CDN configured at `mycdnsubdomain.fictional-cdn.com`,
+then when a request is made to `mycdnsubdomain.fictional-
+cdn.com/assets/smile.png`, the CDN will query your server once at
+`example.com/assets/smile.png` and cache the request. The next request to the
+CDN that comes in to the same URL will hit the cached copy. When the CDN can
+serve an asset directly the request never touches your Rails server. Since the
+assets from a CDN are geographically closer to the browser, the request is
+faster, and since your server doesn't need to spend time serving assets, it can
+focus on serving application code as fast as possible.
+
+#### Set up a CDN to Serve Static Assets
+
+To set up your CDN you have to have your application running in production on
+the internet at a publically available URL, for example `example.com`. Next
+you'll need to sign up for a CDN service from a cloud hosting provider. When you
+do this you need to configure the "origin" of the CDN to point back at your
+website `example.com`, check your provider for documentation on configuring the
+origin server.
+
+The CDN you provisioned should give you a custom subdomain for your application
+such as `mycdnsubdomain.fictional-cdn.com` (note fictional-cdn.com is not a
+valid CDN provider at the time of this writing). Now that you have configured
+your CDN server, you need to tell browsers to use your CDN to grab assets
+instead of your Rails server directly. You can do this by configuring Rails to
+set your CDN as the asset host instead of using a relative path. To set your
+asset host in Rails, you need to set `config.action_controller.asset_host` in
+`config/production.rb`:
+
+```ruby
+config.action_controller.asset_host = 'mycdnsubdomain.fictional-cdn.com'
+```
+
+NOTE: You only need to provide the "host", this is the subdomain and root
+domain, you do not need to specify a protocol or "scheme" such as `http://` or
+`https://`. When a web page is requested, the protocol in the link to your asset
+that is generated will match how the webpage is accessed by default.
+
+You can also set this value through an [environment
+variable](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_variable) to make running a
+staging copy of your site easier:
+
+```
+config.action_controller.asset_host = ENV['CDN_HOST']
+```
+
+
+
+Note: You would need to set `CDN_HOST` on your server to `mycdnsubdomain
+.fictional-cdn.com` for this to work.
+
+Once you have configured your server and your CDN when you serve a webpage that
+has an asset:
+
+```erb
+<%= asset_path('smile.png') %>
+```
+
+Instead of returning a path such as `/assets/smile.png` (digests are left out
+for readability). The URL generated will have the full path to your CDN.
+
+```
+http://mycdnsubdomain.fictional-cdn.com/assets/smile.png
+```
+
+If the CDN has a copy of `smile.png` it will serve it to the browser and your
+server doesn't even know it was requested. If the CDN does not have a copy it
+will try to find it a the "origin" `example.com/assets/smile.png` and then store
+it for future use.
+
+If you want to serve only some assets from your CDN, you can use custom `:host`
+option your asset helper, which overwrites value set in
+`config.action_controller.asset_host`.
+
+```erb
+<%= asset_path 'image.png', host: 'mycdnsubdomain.fictional-cdn.com' %>
+```
+
+#### Customize CDN Caching Behavior
+
+A CDN works by caching content. If the CDN has stale or bad content, then it is
+hurting rather than helping your application. The purpose of this section is to
+describe general caching behavior of most CDNs, your specific provider may
+behave slightly differently.
+
+##### CDN Request Caching
+
+While a CDN is described as being good for caching assets, in reality caches the
+entire request. This includes the body of the asset as well as any headers. The
+most important one being `Cache-Control` which tells the CDN (and web browsers)
+how to cache contents. This means that if someone requests an asset that does
+not exist `/assets/i-dont-exist.png` and your Rails application returns a 404,
+then your CDN will likely cache the 404 page if a valid `Cache-Control` header
+is present.
+
+##### CDN Header Debugging
+
+One way to check the headers are cached properly in your CDN is by using [curl](
+http://explainshell.com/explain?cmd=curl+-I+http%3A%2F%2Fwww.example.com). You
+can request the headers from both your server and your CDN to verify they are
+the same:
+
+```
+$ curl -I http://www.example/assets/application-
+d0e099e021c95eb0de3615fd1d8c4d83.css
+HTTP/1.1 200 OK
+Server: Cowboy
+Date: Sun, 24 Aug 2014 20:27:50 GMT
+Connection: keep-alive
+Last-Modified: Thu, 08 May 2014 01:24:14 GMT
+Content-Type: text/css
+Cache-Control: public, max-age=2592000
+Content-Length: 126560
+Via: 1.1 vegur
+```
+
+Versus the CDN copy.
+
+```
+$ curl -I http://mycdnsubdomain.fictional-cdn.com/application-
+d0e099e021c95eb0de3615fd1d8c4d83.css
+HTTP/1.1 200 OK Server: Cowboy Last-
+Modified: Thu, 08 May 2014 01:24:14 GMT Content-Type: text/css
+Cache-Control:
+public, max-age=2592000
+Via: 1.1 vegur
+Content-Length: 126560
+Accept-Ranges:
+bytes
+Date: Sun, 24 Aug 2014 20:28:45 GMT
+Via: 1.1 varnish
+Age: 885814
+Connection: keep-alive
+X-Served-By: cache-dfw1828-DFW
+X-Cache: HIT
+X-Cache-Hits:
+68
+X-Timer: S1408912125.211638212,VS0,VE0
+```
+
+Check your CDN documentation for any additional information they may provide
+such as `X-Cache` or for any additional headers they may add.
+
+##### CDNs and the Cache-Control Header
+
+The [cache control
+header](http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec14.html#sec14.9) is a W3C
+specification that describes how a request can be cached. When no CDN is used, a
+browser will use this information to cache contents. This is very helpful for
+assets that are not modified so that a browser does not need to re-download a
+website's CSS or javascript on every request. Generally we want our Rails server
+to tell our CDN (and browser) that the asset is "public", that means any cache
+can store the request. Also we commonly want to set `max-age` which is how long
+the cache will store the object before invalidating the cache. The `max-age`
+value is set to seconds with a maximum possible value of `31536000` which is one
+year. You can do this in your rails application by setting
+
+```
+config.static_cache_control = "public, max-age=31536000"
+```
+
+Now when your application serves an asset in production, the CDN will store the
+asset for up to a year. Since most CDNs also cache headers of the request, this
+`Cache-Control` will be passed along to all future browsers seeking this asset,
+the browser then knows that it can store this asset for a very long time before
+needing to re-request it.
+
+##### CDNs and URL based Cache Invalidation
+
+Most CDNs will cache contents of an asset based on the complete URL. This means
+that a request to
+
+```
+http://mycdnsubdomain.fictional-cdn.com/assets/smile-123.png
+```
+
+Will be a completely different cache from
+
+```
+http://mycdnsubdomain.fictional-cdn.com/assets/smile.png
+```
+
+If you want to set far future `max-age` in your `Cache-Control` (and you do),
+then make sure when you change your assets that your cache is invalidated. For
+example when changing the smiley face in an image from yellow to blue, you want
+all visitors of your site to get the new blue face. When using a CDN with the
+Rails asset pipeline `config.assets.digest` is set to true by default so that
+each asset will have a different file name when it is changed. This way you
+don't have to ever manually invalidate any items in your cache. By using a
+different unique asset name instead, your users get the latest asset.
+
+Customizing the Pipeline
+------------------------
+
+### CSS Compression
+
+One of the options for compressing CSS is YUI. The [YUI CSS
+compressor](http://yui.github.io/yuicompressor/css.html) provides
+minification.
+
+The following line enables YUI compression, and requires the `yui-compressor`
+gem.
+
+```ruby
+config.assets.css_compressor = :yui
+```
+The other option for compressing CSS if you have the sass-rails gem installed is
+
+```ruby
+config.assets.css_compressor = :sass
+```
+
+### JavaScript Compression
+
+Possible options for JavaScript compression are `:closure`, `:uglifier` and
+`:yui`. These require the use of the `closure-compiler`, `uglifier` or
+`yui-compressor` gems, respectively.
+
+The default Gemfile includes [uglifier](https://github.com/lautis/uglifier).
+This gem wraps [UglifyJS](https://github.com/mishoo/UglifyJS) (written for
+NodeJS) in Ruby. It compresses your code by removing white space and comments,
+shortening local variable names, and performing other micro-optimizations such
+as changing `if` and `else` statements to ternary operators where possible.
+
+The following line invokes `uglifier` for JavaScript compression.
+
+```ruby
+config.assets.js_compressor = :uglifier
+```
+
+NOTE: You will need an [ExecJS](https://github.com/sstephenson/execjs#readme)
+supported runtime in order to use `uglifier`. If you are using Mac OS X or
+Windows you have a JavaScript runtime installed in your operating system.
+
+NOTE: The `config.assets.compress` initialization option is no longer used in
+Rails 4 to enable either CSS or JavaScript compression. Setting it will have no
+effect on the application. Instead, setting `config.assets.css_compressor` and
+`config.assets.js_compressor` will control compression of CSS and JavaScript
+assets.
+
+### Using Your Own Compressor
+
+The compressor config settings for CSS and JavaScript also take any object.
+This object must have a `compress` method that takes a string as the sole
+argument and it must return a string.
+
+```ruby
+class Transformer
+  def compress(string)
+    do_something_returning_a_string(string)
+  end
+end
+```
+
+To enable this, pass a new object to the config option in `application.rb`:
+
+```ruby
+config.assets.css_compressor = Transformer.new
+```
+
+
+### Changing the _assets_ Path
+
+The public path that Sprockets uses by default is `/assets`.
+
+This can be changed to something else:
+
+```ruby
+config.assets.prefix = "/some_other_path"
+```
+
+This is a handy option if you are updating an older project that didn't use the
+asset pipeline and already uses this path or you wish to use this path for
+a new resource.
+
+### X-Sendfile Headers
+
+The X-Sendfile header is a directive to the web server to ignore the response
+from the application, and instead serve a specified file from disk. This option
+is off by default, but can be enabled if your server supports it. When enabled,
+this passes responsibility for serving the file to the web server, which is
+faster. Have a look at [send_file](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionController/DataStreaming.html#method-i-send_file)
+on how to use this feature.
+
+Apache and NGINX support this option, which can be enabled in
+`config/environments/production.rb`:
+
+```ruby
+# config.action_dispatch.x_sendfile_header = "X-Sendfile" # for Apache
+# config.action_dispatch.x_sendfile_header = 'X-Accel-Redirect' # for NGINX
+```
+
+WARNING: If you are upgrading an existing application and intend to use this
+option, take care to paste this configuration option only into `production.rb`
+and any other environments you define with production behavior (not
+`application.rb`).
+
+TIP: For further details have a look at the docs of your production web server:
+- [Apache](https://tn123.org/mod_xsendfile/)
+- [NGINX](http://wiki.nginx.org/XSendfile)
+
+Assets Cache Store
+------------------
+
+The default Rails cache store will be used by Sprockets to cache assets in
+development and production. This can be changed by setting
+`config.assets.cache_store`:
+
+```ruby
+config.assets.cache_store = :memory_store
+```
+
+The options accepted by the assets cache store are the same as the application's
+cache store.
+
+```ruby
+config.assets.cache_store = :memory_store, { size: 32.megabytes }
+```
+
+To disable the assets cache store:
+
+```ruby
+config.assets.configure do |env|
+  env.cache = ActiveSupport::Cache.lookup_store(:null_store)
+end
+```
+
+Adding Assets to Your Gems
+--------------------------
+
+Assets can also come from external sources in the form of gems.
+
+A good example of this is the `jquery-rails` gem which comes with Rails as the
+standard JavaScript library gem. This gem contains an engine class which
+inherits from `Rails::Engine`. By doing this, Rails is informed that the
+directory for this gem may contain assets and the `app/assets`, `lib/assets` and
+`vendor/assets` directories of this engine are added to the search path of
+Sprockets.
+
+Making Your Library or Gem a Pre-Processor
+------------------------------------------
+
+As Sprockets uses [Tilt](https://github.com/rtomayko/tilt) as a generic
+interface to different templating engines, your gem should just implement the
+Tilt template protocol. Normally, you would subclass `Tilt::Template` and
+reimplement the `prepare` method, which initializes your template, and the
+`evaluate` method, which returns the processed source. The original source is
+stored in `data`. Have a look at
+[`Tilt::Template`](https://github.com/rtomayko/tilt/blob/master/lib/tilt/template.rb)
+sources to learn more.
+
+```ruby
+module BangBang
+  class Template < ::Tilt::Template
+    def prepare
+      # Do any initialization here
+    end
+
+    # Adds a "!" to original template.
+    def evaluate(scope, locals, &block)
+      "#{data}!"
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Now that you have a `Template` class, it's time to associate it with an
+extension for template files:
+
+```ruby
+Sprockets.register_engine '.bang', BangBang::Template
+```
+
+Upgrading from Old Versions of Rails
+------------------------------------
+
+There are a few issues when upgrading from Rails 3.0 or Rails 2.x. The first is
+moving the files from `public/` to the new locations. See [Asset
+Organization](#asset-organization) above for guidance on the correct locations
+for different file types.
+
+Next will be avoiding duplicate JavaScript files. Since jQuery is the default
+JavaScript library from Rails 3.1 onwards, you don't need to copy `jquery.js`
+into `app/assets` and it will be included automatically.
+
+The third is updating the various environment files with the correct default
+options.
+
+In `application.rb`:
+
+```ruby
+# Version of your assets, change this if you want to expire all your assets
+config.assets.version = '1.0'
+
+# Change the path that assets are served from config.assets.prefix = "/assets"
+```
+
+In `development.rb`:
+
+```ruby
+# Expands the lines which load the assets
+config.assets.debug = true
+```
+
+And in `production.rb`:
+
+```ruby
+# Choose the compressors to use (if any) config.assets.js_compressor  =
+# :uglifier config.assets.css_compressor = :yui
+
+# Don't fallback to assets pipeline if a precompiled asset is missed
+config.assets.compile = false
+
+# Generate digests for assets URLs. This is planned for deprecation.
+config.assets.digest = true
+
+# Precompile additional assets (application.js, application.css, and all
+# non-JS/CSS are already added) config.assets.precompile += %w( search.js )
+```
+
+Rails 4 no longer sets default config values for Sprockets in `test.rb`, so
+`test.rb` now requires Sprockets configuration. The old defaults in the test
+environment are: `config.assets.compile = true`, `config.assets.compress =
+false`, `config.assets.debug = false` and `config.assets.digest = false`.
+
+The following should also be added to `Gemfile`:
+
+```ruby
+gem 'sass-rails',   "~> 3.2.3"
+gem 'coffee-rails', "~> 3.2.1"
+gem 'uglifier'
+```