rails 4.2.11 → 5.2.8.1

data/guides/source/initialization.md

@@ -1,704 +0,0 @@
-The Rails Initialization Process
-================================
-
-This guide explains the internals of the initialization process in Rails
-as of Rails 4. It is an extremely in-depth guide and recommended for advanced Rails developers.
-
-After reading this guide, you will know:
-
-* How to use `rails server`.
-* The timeline of Rails' initialization sequence.
-* Where different files are required by the boot sequence.
-* How the Rails::Server interface is defined and used.
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-This guide goes through every method call that is
-required to boot up the Ruby on Rails stack for a default Rails 4
-application, explaining each part in detail along the way. For this
-guide, we will be focusing on what happens when you execute `rails server`
-to boot your app.
-
-NOTE: Paths in this guide are relative to Rails or a Rails application unless otherwise specified.
-
-TIP: If you want to follow along while browsing the Rails [source
-code](https://github.com/rails/rails), we recommend that you use the `t`
-key binding to open the file finder inside GitHub and find files
-quickly.
-
-Launch!
--------
-
-Let's start to boot and initialize the app. A Rails application is usually
-started by running `rails console` or `rails server`.
-
-### `railties/bin/rails`
-
-The `rails` in the command `rails server` is a ruby executable in your load
-path. This executable contains the following lines:
-
-```ruby
-version = ">= 0"
-load Gem.bin_path('railties', 'rails', version)
-```
-
-If you try out this command in a Rails console, you would see that this loads
-`railties/bin/rails`. A part of the file `railties/bin/rails.rb` has the
-following code:
-
-```ruby
-require "rails/cli"
-```
-
-The file `railties/lib/rails/cli` in turn calls
-`Rails::AppRailsLoader.exec_app_rails`.
-
-### `railties/lib/rails/app_rails_loader.rb`
-
-The primary goal of the function `exec_app_rails` is to execute your app's
-`bin/rails`. If the current directory does not have a `bin/rails`, it will
-navigate upwards until it finds a `bin/rails` executable. Thus one can invoke a
-`rails` command from anywhere inside a rails application.
-
-For `rails server` the equivalent of the following command is executed:
-
-```bash
-$ exec ruby bin/rails server
-```
-
-### `bin/rails`
-
-This file is as follows:
-
-```ruby
-#!/usr/bin/env ruby
-APP_PATH = File.expand_path('../../config/application', __FILE__)
-require_relative '../config/boot'
-require 'rails/commands'
-```
-
-The `APP_PATH` constant will be used later in `rails/commands`. The `config/boot` file referenced here is the `config/boot.rb` file in our application which is responsible for loading Bundler and setting it up.
-
-### `config/boot.rb`
-
-`config/boot.rb` contains:
-
-```ruby
-# Set up gems listed in the Gemfile.
-ENV['BUNDLE_GEMFILE'] ||= File.expand_path('../../Gemfile', __FILE__)
-
-require 'bundler/setup' if File.exist?(ENV['BUNDLE_GEMFILE'])
-```
-
-In a standard Rails application, there's a `Gemfile` which declares all
-dependencies of the application. `config/boot.rb` sets
-`ENV['BUNDLE_GEMFILE']` to the location of this file. If the Gemfile
-exists, then `bundler/setup` is required. The require is used by Bundler to
-configure the load path for your Gemfile's dependencies.
-
-A standard Rails application depends on several gems, specifically:
-
-* actionmailer
-* actionpack
-* actionview
-* activemodel
-* activerecord
-* activesupport
-* arel
-* builder
-* bundler
-* erubis
-* i18n
-* mail
-* mime-types
-* rack
-* rack-cache
-* rack-mount
-* rack-test
-* rails
-* railties
-* rake
-* sqlite3
-* thor
-* tzinfo
-
-### `rails/commands.rb`
-
-Once `config/boot.rb` has finished, the next file that is required is
-`rails/commands`, which helps in expanding aliases. In the current case, the
-`ARGV` array simply contains `server` which will be passed over:
-
-```ruby
-ARGV << '--help' if ARGV.empty?
-
-aliases = {
-  "g"  => "generate",
-  "d"  => "destroy",
-  "c"  => "console",
-  "s"  => "server",
-  "db" => "dbconsole",
-  "r"  => "runner"
-}
-
-command = ARGV.shift
-command = aliases[command] || command
-
-require 'rails/commands/commands_tasks'
-
-Rails::CommandsTasks.new(ARGV).run_command!(command)
-```
-
-TIP: As you can see, an empty ARGV list will make Rails show the help
-snippet.
-
-If we had used `s` rather than `server`, Rails would have used the `aliases`
-defined here to find the matching command.
-
-### `rails/commands/command_tasks.rb`
-
-When one types an incorrect rails command, the `run_command` is responsible for
-throwing an error message. If the command is valid, a method of the same name
-is called.
-
-```ruby
-COMMAND_WHITELIST = %w(plugin generate destroy console server dbconsole application runner new version help)
-
-def run_command!(command)
-  command = parse_command(command)
-  if COMMAND_WHITELIST.include?(command)
-    send(command)
-  else
-    write_error_message(command)
-  end
-end
-```
-
-With the `server` command, Rails will further run the following code:
-
-```ruby
-def set_application_directory!
-  Dir.chdir(File.expand_path('../../', APP_PATH)) unless File.exist?(File.expand_path("config.ru"))
-end
-
-def server
-  set_application_directory!
-  require_command!("server")
-
-  Rails::Server.new.tap do |server|
-    # We need to require application after the server sets environment,
-    # otherwise the --environment option given to the server won't propagate.
-    require APP_PATH
-    Dir.chdir(Rails.application.root)
-    server.start
-  end
-end
-
-def require_command!(command)
-  require "rails/commands/#{command}"
-end
-```
-
-This file will change into the Rails root directory (a path two directories up
-from `APP_PATH` which points at `config/application.rb`), but only if the
-`config.ru` file isn't found. This then requires `rails/commands/server` which
-sets up the `Rails::Server` class.
-
-```ruby
-require 'fileutils'
-require 'optparse'
-require 'action_dispatch'
-require 'rails'
-
-module Rails
-  class Server < ::Rack::Server
-```
-
-`fileutils` and `optparse` are standard Ruby libraries which provide helper functions for working with files and parsing options.
-
-### `actionpack/lib/action_dispatch.rb`
-
-Action Dispatch is the routing component of the Rails framework.
-It adds functionality like routing, session, and common middlewares.
-
-### `rails/commands/server.rb`
-
-The `Rails::Server` class is defined in this file by inheriting from `Rack::Server`. When `Rails::Server.new` is called, this calls the `initialize` method in `rails/commands/server.rb`:
-
-```ruby
-def initialize(*)
-  super
-  set_environment
-end
-```
-
-Firstly, `super` is called which calls the `initialize` method on `Rack::Server`.
-
-### Rack: `lib/rack/server.rb`
-
-`Rack::Server` is responsible for providing a common server interface for all Rack-based applications, which Rails is now a part of.
-
-The `initialize` method in `Rack::Server` simply sets a couple of variables:
-
-```ruby
-def initialize(options = nil)
-  @options = options
-  @app = options[:app] if options && options[:app]
-end
-```
-
-In this case, `options` will be `nil` so nothing happens in this method.
-
-After `super` has finished in `Rack::Server`, we jump back to `rails/commands/server.rb`. At this point, `set_environment` is called within the context of the `Rails::Server` object and this method doesn't appear to do much at first glance:
-
-```ruby
-def set_environment
-  ENV["RAILS_ENV"] ||= options[:environment]
-end
-```
-
-In fact, the `options` method here does quite a lot. This method is defined in `Rack::Server` like this:
-
-```ruby
-def options
-  @options ||= parse_options(ARGV)
-end
-```
-
-Then `parse_options` is defined like this:
-
-```ruby
-def parse_options(args)
-  options = default_options
-
-  # Don't evaluate CGI ISINDEX parameters.
-  # http://www.meb.uni-bonn.de/docs/cgi/cl.html
-  args.clear if ENV.include?("REQUEST_METHOD")
-
-  options.merge! opt_parser.parse!(args)
-  options[:config] = ::File.expand_path(options[:config])
-  ENV["RACK_ENV"] = options[:environment]
-  options
-end
-```
-
-With the `default_options` set to this:
-
-```ruby
-def default_options
-  environment  = ENV['RACK_ENV'] || 'development'
-  default_host = environment == 'development' ? 'localhost' : '0.0.0.0'
-
-  {
-    :environment => environment,
-    :pid         => nil,
-    :Port        => 9292,
-    :Host        => default_host,
-    :AccessLog   => [],
-    :config      => "config.ru"
-  }
-end
-```
-
-There is no `REQUEST_METHOD` key in `ENV` so we can skip over that line. The next line merges in the options from `opt_parser` which is defined plainly in `Rack::Server`:
-
-```ruby
-def opt_parser
-  Options.new
-end
-```
-
-The class **is** defined in `Rack::Server`, but is overwritten in `Rails::Server` to take different arguments. Its `parse!` method begins like this:
-
-```ruby
-def parse!(args)
-  args, options = args.dup, {}
-
-  opt_parser = OptionParser.new do |opts|
-    opts.banner = "Usage: rails server [mongrel, thin, etc] [options]"
-    opts.on("-p", "--port=port", Integer,
-            "Runs Rails on the specified port.", "Default: 3000") { |v| options[:Port] = v }
-  ...
-```
-
-This method will set up keys for the `options` which Rails will then be
-able to use to determine how its server should run. After `initialize`
-has finished, we jump back into `rails/server` where `APP_PATH` (which was
-set earlier) is required.
-
-### `config/application`
-
-When `require APP_PATH` is executed, `config/application.rb` is loaded (recall
-that `APP_PATH` is defined in `bin/rails`). This file exists in your application
-and it's free for you to change based on your needs.
-
-### `Rails::Server#start`
-
-After `config/application` is loaded, `server.start` is called. This method is
-defined like this:
-
-```ruby
-def start
-  print_boot_information
-  trap(:INT) { exit }
-  create_tmp_directories
-  log_to_stdout if options[:log_stdout]
-
-  super
-  ...
-end
-
-private
-
-  def print_boot_information
-    ...
-    puts "=> Run `rails server -h` for more startup options"
-    ...
-    puts "=> Ctrl-C to shutdown server" unless options[:daemonize]
-  end
-
-  def create_tmp_directories
-    %w(cache pids sessions sockets).each do |dir_to_make|
-      FileUtils.mkdir_p(File.join(Rails.root, 'tmp', dir_to_make))
-    end
-  end
-
-  def log_to_stdout
-    wrapped_app # touch the app so the logger is set up
-
-    console = ActiveSupport::Logger.new($stdout)
-    console.formatter = Rails.logger.formatter
-    console.level = Rails.logger.level
-
-    Rails.logger.extend(ActiveSupport::Logger.broadcast(console))
-  end
-```
-
-This is where the first output of the Rails initialization happens. This
-method creates a trap for `INT` signals, so if you `CTRL-C` the server,
-it will exit the process. As we can see from the code here, it will
-create the `tmp/cache`, `tmp/pids`, `tmp/sessions` and `tmp/sockets`
-directories. It then calls `wrapped_app` which is responsible for
-creating the Rack app, before creating and assigning an
-instance of `ActiveSupport::Logger`.
-
-The `super` method will call `Rack::Server.start` which begins its definition like this:
-
-```ruby
-def start &blk
-  if options[:warn]
-    $-w = true
-  end
-
-  if includes = options[:include]
-    $LOAD_PATH.unshift(*includes)
-  end
-
-  if library = options[:require]
-    require library
-  end
-
-  if options[:debug]
-    $DEBUG = true
-    require 'pp'
-    p options[:server]
-    pp wrapped_app
-    pp app
-  end
-
-  check_pid! if options[:pid]
-
-  # Touch the wrapped app, so that the config.ru is loaded before
-  # daemonization (i.e. before chdir, etc).
-  wrapped_app
-
-  daemonize_app if options[:daemonize]
-
-  write_pid if options[:pid]
-
-  trap(:INT) do
-    if server.respond_to?(:shutdown)
-      server.shutdown
-    else
-      exit
-    end
-  end
-
-  server.run wrapped_app, options, &blk
-end
-```
-
-The interesting part for a Rails app is the last line, `server.run`. Here we encounter the `wrapped_app` method again, which this time
-we're going to explore more (even though it was executed before, and
-thus memoized by now).
-
-```ruby
-@wrapped_app ||= build_app app
-```
-
-The `app` method here is defined like so:
-
-```ruby
-def app
-  @app ||= options[:builder] ? build_app_from_string : build_app_and_options_from_config
-end
-...
-private
-  def build_app_and_options_from_config
-    if !::File.exist? options[:config]
-      abort "configuration #{options[:config]} not found"
-    end
-
-    app, options = Rack::Builder.parse_file(self.options[:config], opt_parser)
-    self.options.merge! options
-    app
-  end
-
-  def build_app_from_string
-    Rack::Builder.new_from_string(self.options[:builder])
-  end
-```
-
-The `options[:config]` value defaults to `config.ru` which contains this:
-
-```ruby
-# This file is used by Rack-based servers to start the application.
-
-require ::File.expand_path('../config/environment', __FILE__)
-run <%= app_const %>
-```
-
-
-The `Rack::Builder.parse_file` method here takes the content from this `config.ru` file and parses it using this code:
-
-```ruby
-app = new_from_string cfgfile, config
-
-...
-
-def self.new_from_string(builder_script, file="(rackup)")
-  eval "Rack::Builder.new {\n" + builder_script + "\n}.to_app",
-    TOPLEVEL_BINDING, file, 0
-end
-```
-
-The `initialize` method of `Rack::Builder` will take the block here and execute it within an instance of `Rack::Builder`. This is where the majority of the initialization process of Rails happens. The `require` line for `config/environment.rb` in `config.ru` is the first to run:
-
-```ruby
-require ::File.expand_path('../config/environment', __FILE__)
-```
-
-### `config/environment.rb`
-
-This file is the common file required by `config.ru` (`rails server`) and Passenger. This is where these two ways to run the server meet; everything before this point has been Rack and Rails setup.
-
-This file begins with requiring `config/application.rb`:
-
-```ruby
-require File.expand_path('../application', __FILE__)
-```
-
-### `config/application.rb`
-
-This file requires `config/boot.rb`:
-
-```ruby
-require File.expand_path('../boot', __FILE__)
-```
-
-But only if it hasn't been required before, which would be the case in `rails server`
-but **wouldn't** be the case with Passenger.
-
-Then the fun begins!
-
-Loading Rails
--------------
-
-The next line in `config/application.rb` is:
-
-```ruby
-require 'rails/all'
-```
-
-### `railties/lib/rails/all.rb`
-
-This file is responsible for requiring all the individual frameworks of Rails:
-
-```ruby
-require "rails"
-
-%w(
-  active_record
-  action_controller
-  action_view
-  action_mailer
-  rails/test_unit
-  sprockets
-).each do |framework|
-  begin
-    require "#{framework}/railtie"
-  rescue LoadError
-  end
-end
-```
-
-This is where all the Rails frameworks are loaded and thus made
-available to the application. We won't go into detail of what happens
-inside each of those frameworks, but you're encouraged to try and
-explore them on your own.
-
-For now, just keep in mind that common functionality like Rails engines,
-I18n and Rails configuration are all being defined here.
-
-### Back to `config/environment.rb`
-
-The rest of `config/application.rb` defines the configuration for the
-`Rails::Application` which will be used once the application is fully
-initialized. When `config/application.rb` has finished loading Rails and defined
-the application namespace, we go back to `config/environment.rb`,
-where the application is initialized. For example, if the application was called
-`Blog`, here we would find `Rails.application.initialize!`, which is
-defined in `rails/application.rb`.
-
-### `railties/lib/rails/application.rb`
-
-The `initialize!` method looks like this:
-
-```ruby
-def initialize!(group=:default) #:nodoc:
-  raise "Application has been already initialized." if @initialized
-  run_initializers(group, self)
-  @initialized = true
-  self
-end
-```
-
-As you can see, you can only initialize an app once. The initializers are run through
-the `run_initializers` method which is defined in `railties/lib/rails/initializable.rb`:
-
-```ruby
-def run_initializers(group=:default, *args)
-  return if instance_variable_defined?(:@ran)
-  initializers.tsort_each do |initializer|
-    initializer.run(*args) if initializer.belongs_to?(group)
-  end
-  @ran = true
-end
-```
-
-The `run_initializers` code itself is tricky. What Rails is doing here is
-traversing all the class ancestors looking for those that respond to an
-`initializers` method. It then sorts the ancestors by name, and runs them.
-For example, the `Engine` class will make all the engines available by
-providing an `initializers` method on them.
-
-The `Rails::Application` class, as defined in `railties/lib/rails/application.rb`
-defines `bootstrap`, `railtie`, and `finisher` initializers. The `bootstrap` initializers
-prepare the application (like initializing the logger) while the `finisher`
-initializers (like building the middleware stack) are run last. The `railtie`
-initializers are the initializers which have been defined on the `Rails::Application`
-itself and are run between the `bootstrap` and `finishers`.
-
-After this is done we go back to `Rack::Server`.
-
-### Rack: lib/rack/server.rb
-
-Last time we left when the `app` method was being defined:
-
-```ruby
-def app
-  @app ||= options[:builder] ? build_app_from_string : build_app_and_options_from_config
-end
-...
-private
-  def build_app_and_options_from_config
-    if !::File.exist? options[:config]
-      abort "configuration #{options[:config]} not found"
-    end
-
-    app, options = Rack::Builder.parse_file(self.options[:config], opt_parser)
-    self.options.merge! options
-    app
-  end
-
-  def build_app_from_string
-    Rack::Builder.new_from_string(self.options[:builder])
-  end
-```
-
-At this point `app` is the Rails app itself (a middleware), and what
-happens next is Rack will call all the provided middlewares:
-
-```ruby
-def build_app(app)
-  middleware[options[:environment]].reverse_each do |middleware|
-    middleware = middleware.call(self) if middleware.respond_to?(:call)
-    next unless middleware
-    klass = middleware.shift
-    app = klass.new(app, *middleware)
-  end
-  app
-end
-```
-
-Remember, `build_app` was called (by `wrapped_app`) in the last line of `Server#start`.
-Here's how it looked like when we left:
-
-```ruby
-server.run wrapped_app, options, &blk
-```
-
-At this point, the implementation of `server.run` will depend on the
-server you're using. For example, if you were using Puma, here's what
-the `run` method would look like:
-
-```ruby
-...
-DEFAULT_OPTIONS = {
-  :Host => '0.0.0.0',
-  :Port => 8080,
-  :Threads => '0:16',
-  :Verbose => false
-}
-
-def self.run(app, options = {})
-  options  = DEFAULT_OPTIONS.merge(options)
-
-  if options[:Verbose]
-    app = Rack::CommonLogger.new(app, STDOUT)
-  end
-
-  if options[:environment]
-    ENV['RACK_ENV'] = options[:environment].to_s
-  end
-
-  server   = ::Puma::Server.new(app)
-  min, max = options[:Threads].split(':', 2)
-
-  puts "Puma #{::Puma::Const::PUMA_VERSION} starting..."
-  puts "* Min threads: #{min}, max threads: #{max}"
-  puts "* Environment: #{ENV['RACK_ENV']}"
-  puts "* Listening on tcp://#{options[:Host]}:#{options[:Port]}"
-
-  server.add_tcp_listener options[:Host], options[:Port]
-  server.min_threads = min
-  server.max_threads = max
-  yield server if block_given?
-
-  begin
-    server.run.join
-  rescue Interrupt
-    puts "* Gracefully stopping, waiting for requests to finish"
-    server.stop(true)
-    puts "* Goodbye!"
-  end
-
-end
-```
-
-We won't dig into the server configuration itself, but this is
-the last piece of our journey in the Rails initialization process.
-
-This high level overview will help you understand when your code is
-executed and how, and overall become a better Rails developer. If you
-still want to know more, the Rails source code itself is probably the
-best place to go next.

data/guides/source/kindle/copyright.html.erb

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-<%= render 'license' %>