rails 4.2.11 → 5.2.7

data/guides/source/working_with_javascript_in_rails.md

@@ -1,407 +0,0 @@
-Working with JavaScript in Rails
-================================
-
-This guide covers the built-in Ajax/JavaScript functionality of Rails (and
-more); it will enable you to create rich and dynamic Ajax applications with
-ease!
-
-After reading this guide, you will know:
-
-* The basics of Ajax.
-* Unobtrusive JavaScript.
-* How Rails' built-in helpers assist you.
-* How to handle Ajax on the server side.
-* The Turbolinks gem.
-
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-An Introduction to Ajax
-------------------------
-
-In order to understand Ajax, you must first understand what a web browser does
-normally.
-
-When you type `http://localhost:3000` into your browser's address bar and hit
-'Go,' the browser (your 'client') makes a request to the server. It parses the
-response, then fetches all associated assets, like JavaScript files,
-stylesheets and images. It then assembles the page. If you click a link, it
-does the same process: fetch the page, fetch the assets, put it all together,
-show you the results. This is called the 'request response cycle.'
-
-JavaScript can also make requests to the server, and parse the response. It
-also has the ability to update information on the page. Combining these two
-powers, a JavaScript writer can make a web page that can update just parts of
-itself, without needing to get the full page data from the server. This is a
-powerful technique that we call Ajax.
-
-Rails ships with CoffeeScript by default, and so the rest of the examples
-in this guide will be in CoffeeScript. All of these lessons, of course, apply
-to vanilla JavaScript as well.
-
-As an example, here's some CoffeeScript code that makes an Ajax request using
-the jQuery library:
-
-```coffeescript
-$.ajax(url: "/test").done (html) ->
-  $("#results").append html
-```
-
-This code fetches data from "/test", and then appends the result to the `div`
-with an id of `results`.
-
-Rails provides quite a bit of built-in support for building web pages with this
-technique. You rarely have to write this code yourself. The rest of this guide
-will show you how Rails can help you write websites in this way, but it's
-all built on top of this fairly simple technique.
-
-Unobtrusive JavaScript
--------------------------------------
-
-Rails uses a technique called "Unobtrusive JavaScript" to handle attaching
-JavaScript to the DOM. This is generally considered to be a best-practice
-within the frontend community, but you may occasionally read tutorials that
-demonstrate other ways.
-
-Here's the simplest way to write JavaScript. You may see it referred to as
-'inline JavaScript':
-
-```html
-<a href="#" onclick="this.style.backgroundColor='#990000'">Paint it red</a>
-```
-When clicked, the link background will become red. Here's the problem: what
-happens when we have lots of JavaScript we want to execute on a click?
-
-```html
-<a href="#" onclick="this.style.backgroundColor='#009900';this.style.color='#FFFFFF';">Paint it green</a>
-```
-
-Awkward, right? We could pull the function definition out of the click handler,
-and turn it into CoffeeScript:
-
-```coffeescript
-paintIt = (element, backgroundColor, textColor) ->
-  element.style.backgroundColor = backgroundColor
-  if textColor?
-    element.style.color = textColor
-```
-
-And then on our page:
-
-```html
-<a href="#" onclick="paintIt(this, '#990000')">Paint it red</a>
-```
-
-That's a little bit better, but what about multiple links that have the same
-effect?
-
-```html
-<a href="#" onclick="paintIt(this, '#990000')">Paint it red</a>
-<a href="#" onclick="paintIt(this, '#009900', '#FFFFFF')">Paint it green</a>
-<a href="#" onclick="paintIt(this, '#000099', '#FFFFFF')">Paint it blue</a>
-```
-
-Not very DRY, eh? We can fix this by using events instead. We'll add a `data-*`
-attribute to our link, and then bind a handler to the click event of every link
-that has that attribute:
-
-```coffeescript
-paintIt = (element, backgroundColor, textColor) ->
-  element.style.backgroundColor = backgroundColor
-  if textColor?
-    element.style.color = textColor
-
-$ ->
-  $("a[data-background-color]").click (e) ->
-    e.preventDefault()
-
-    backgroundColor = $(this).data("background-color")
-    textColor = $(this).data("text-color")
-    paintIt(this, backgroundColor, textColor)
-```
-```html
-<a href="#" data-background-color="#990000">Paint it red</a>
-<a href="#" data-background-color="#009900" data-text-color="#FFFFFF">Paint it green</a>
-<a href="#" data-background-color="#000099" data-text-color="#FFFFFF">Paint it blue</a>
-```
-
-We call this 'unobtrusive' JavaScript because we're no longer mixing our
-JavaScript into our HTML. We've properly separated our concerns, making future
-change easy. We can easily add behavior to any link by adding the data
-attribute. We can run all of our JavaScript through a minimizer and
-concatenator. We can serve our entire JavaScript bundle on every page, which
-means that it'll get downloaded on the first page load and then be cached on
-every page after that. Lots of little benefits really add up.
-
-The Rails team strongly encourages you to write your CoffeeScript (and
-JavaScript) in this style, and you can expect that many libraries will also
-follow this pattern.
-
-Built-in Helpers
-----------------------
-
-Rails provides a bunch of view helper methods written in Ruby to assist you
-in generating HTML. Sometimes, you want to add a little Ajax to those elements,
-and Rails has got your back in those cases.
-
-Because of Unobtrusive JavaScript, the Rails "Ajax helpers" are actually in two
-parts: the JavaScript half and the Ruby half.
-
-[rails.js](https://github.com/rails/jquery-ujs/blob/master/src/rails.js)
-provides the JavaScript half, and the regular Ruby view helpers add appropriate
-tags to your DOM. The CoffeeScript in rails.js then listens for these
-attributes, and attaches appropriate handlers.
-
-### form_for
-
-[`form_for`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers/FormHelper.html#method-i-form_for)
-is a helper that assists with writing forms. `form_for` takes a `:remote`
-option. It works like this:
-
-```erb
-<%= form_for(@article, remote: true) do |f| %>
-  ...
-<% end %>
-```
-
-This will generate the following HTML:
-
-```html
-<form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/articles" class="new_article" data-remote="true" id="new_article" method="post">
-  ...
-</form>
-```
-
-Note the `data-remote="true"`. Now, the form will be submitted by Ajax rather
-than by the browser's normal submit mechanism.
-
-You probably don't want to just sit there with a filled out `<form>`, though.
-You probably want to do something upon a successful submission. To do that,
-bind to the `ajax:success` event. On failure, use `ajax:error`. Check it out:
-
-```coffeescript
-$(document).ready ->
-  $("#new_article").on("ajax:success", (e, data, status, xhr) ->
-    $("#new_article").append xhr.responseText
-  ).on "ajax:error", (e, xhr, status, error) ->
-    $("#new_article").append "<p>ERROR</p>"
-```
-
-Obviously, you'll want to be a bit more sophisticated than that, but it's a
-start. You can see more about the events [in the jquery-ujs wiki](https://github.com/rails/jquery-ujs/wiki/ajax).
-
-### form_tag
-
-[`form_tag`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers/FormTagHelper.html#method-i-form_tag)
-is very similar to `form_for`. It has a `:remote` option that you can use like
-this:
-
-```erb
-<%= form_tag('/articles', remote: true) do %>
-  ...
-<% end %>
-```
-
-This will generate the following HTML:
-
-```html
-<form accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/articles" data-remote="true" method="post">
-  ...
-</form>
-```
-
-Everything else is the same as `form_for`. See its documentation for full
-details.
-
-### link_to
-
-[`link_to`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers/UrlHelper.html#method-i-link_to)
-is a helper that assists with generating links. It has a `:remote` option you
-can use like this:
-
-```erb
-<%= link_to "an article", @article, remote: true %>
-```
-
-which generates
-
-```html
-<a href="/articles/1" data-remote="true">an article</a>
-```
-
-You can bind to the same Ajax events as `form_for`. Here's an example. Let's
-assume that we have a list of articles that can be deleted with just one
-click. We would generate some HTML like this:
-
-```erb
-<%= link_to "Delete article", @article, remote: true, method: :delete %>
-```
-
-and write some CoffeeScript like this:
-
-```coffeescript
-$ ->
-  $("a[data-remote]").on "ajax:success", (e, data, status, xhr) ->
-    alert "The article was deleted."
-```
-
-### button_to
-
-[`button_to`](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionView/Helpers/UrlHelper.html#method-i-button_to) is a helper that helps you create buttons. It has a `:remote` option that you can call like this:
-
-```erb
-<%= button_to "An article", @article, remote: true %>
-```
-
-this generates
-
-```html
-<form action="/articles/1" class="button_to" data-remote="true" method="post">
-  <div><input type="submit" value="An article"></div>
-</form>
-```
-
-Since it's just a `<form>`, all of the information on `form_for` also applies.
-
-Server-Side Concerns
---------------------
-
-Ajax isn't just client-side, you also need to do some work on the server
-side to support it. Often, people like their Ajax requests to return JSON
-rather than HTML. Let's discuss what it takes to make that happen.
-
-### A Simple Example
-
-Imagine you have a series of users that you would like to display and provide a
-form on that same page to create a new user. The index action of your
-controller looks like this:
-
-```ruby
-class UsersController < ApplicationController
-  def index
-    @users = User.all
-    @user = User.new
-  end
-  # ...
-```
-
-The index view (`app/views/users/index.html.erb`) contains:
-
-```erb
-<b>Users</b>
-
-<ul id="users">
-<%= render @users %>
-</ul>
-
-<br>
-
-<%= form_for(@user, remote: true) do |f| %>
-  <%= f.label :name %><br>
-  <%= f.text_field :name %>
-  <%= f.submit %>
-<% end %>
-```
-
-The `app/views/users/_user.html.erb` partial contains the following:
-
-```erb
-<li><%= user.name %></li>
-```
-
-The top portion of the index page displays the users. The bottom portion
-provides a form to create a new user.
-
-The bottom form will call the `create` action on the `UsersController`. Because
-the form's remote option is set to true, the request will be posted to the
-`UsersController` as an Ajax request, looking for JavaScript. In order to
-serve that request, the `create` action of your controller would look like
-this:
-
-```ruby
-  # app/controllers/users_controller.rb
-  # ......
-  def create
-    @user = User.new(params[:user])
-
-    respond_to do |format|
-      if @user.save
-        format.html { redirect_to @user, notice: 'User was successfully created.' }
-        format.js   {}
-        format.json { render json: @user, status: :created, location: @user }
-      else
-        format.html { render action: "new" }
-        format.json { render json: @user.errors, status: :unprocessable_entity }
-      end
-    end
-  end
-```
-
-Notice the format.js in the `respond_to` block; that allows the controller to
-respond to your Ajax request. You then have a corresponding
-`app/views/users/create.js.erb` view file that generates the actual JavaScript
-code that will be sent and executed on the client side.
-
-```erb
-$("<%= escape_javascript(render @user) %>").appendTo("#users");
-```
-
-Turbolinks
-----------
-
-Rails 4 ships with the [Turbolinks gem](https://github.com/rails/turbolinks).
-This gem uses Ajax to speed up page rendering in most applications.
-
-### How Turbolinks Works
-
-Turbolinks attaches a click handler to all `<a>` on the page. If your browser
-supports
-[PushState](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Guide/API/DOM/Manipulating_the_browser_history#The_pushState%28%29_method),
-Turbolinks will make an Ajax request for the page, parse the response, and
-replace the entire `<body>` of the page with the `<body>` of the response. It
-will then use PushState to change the URL to the correct one, preserving
-refresh semantics and giving you pretty URLs.
-
-The only thing you have to do to enable Turbolinks is have it in your Gemfile,
-and put `//= require turbolinks` in your CoffeeScript manifest, which is usually
-`app/assets/javascripts/application.js`.
-
-If you want to disable Turbolinks for certain links, add a `data-no-turbolink`
-attribute to the tag:
-
-```html
-<a href="..." data-no-turbolink>No turbolinks here</a>.
-```
-
-### Page Change Events
-
-When writing CoffeeScript, you'll often want to do some sort of processing upon
-page load. With jQuery, you'd write something like this:
-
-```coffeescript
-$(document).ready ->
-  alert "page has loaded!"
-```
-
-However, because Turbolinks overrides the normal page loading process, the
-event that this relies on will not be fired. If you have code that looks like
-this, you must change your code to do this instead:
-
-```coffeescript
-$(document).on "page:change", ->
-  alert "page has loaded!"
-```
-
-For more details, including other events you can bind to, check out [the
-Turbolinks
-README](https://github.com/rails/turbolinks/blob/master/README.md).
-
-Other Resources
----------------
-
-Here are some helpful links to help you learn even more:
-
-* [jquery-ujs wiki](https://github.com/rails/jquery-ujs/wiki)
-* [jquery-ujs list of external articles](https://github.com/rails/jquery-ujs/wiki/External-articles)
-* [Rails 3 Remote Links and Forms: A Definitive Guide](http://www.alfajango.com/blog/rails-3-remote-links-and-forms/)
-* [Railscasts: Unobtrusive JavaScript](http://railscasts.com/episodes/205-unobtrusive-javascript)
-* [Railscasts: Turbolinks](http://railscasts.com/episodes/390-turbolinks)

data/guides/w3c_validator.rb

@@ -1,97 +0,0 @@
-# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-#
-# This script validates the generated guides against the W3C Validator.
-#
-# Guides are taken from the output directory, from where all .html files are
-# submitted to the validator.
-#
-# This script is prepared to be launched from the guides directory as a rake task:
-#
-# rake guides:validate
-#
-# If nothing is specified, all files will be validated, but you can check just
-# some of them using this environment variable:
-#
-#   ONLY
-#     Use ONLY if you want to validate only one or a set of guides. Prefixes are
-#     enough:
-#
-#       # validates only association_basics.html
-#       rake guides:validate ONLY=assoc
-#
-#     Separate many using commas:
-#
-#       # validates only association_basics.html and migrations.html
-#       rake guides:validate ONLY=assoc,migrations
-#
-# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-require 'w3c_validators'
-include W3CValidators
-
-module RailsGuides
-  class Validator
-
-    def validate
-      validator = MarkupValidator.new
-      STDOUT.sync = true
-      errors_on_guides = {}
-
-      guides_to_validate.each do |f|
-        begin
-          results = validator.validate_file(f)
-        rescue Exception => e
-          puts "\nCould not validate #{f} because of #{e}"
-          next
-        end
-
-        if results.validity
-          print "."
-        else
-          print "E"
-          errors_on_guides[f] = results.errors
-        end
-      end
-
-      show_results(errors_on_guides)
-    end
-
-    private
-    def guides_to_validate
-      guides = Dir["./output/*.html"]
-      guides.delete("./output/layout.html")
-      guides.delete("./output/_license.html")
-      guides.delete("./output/_welcome.html")
-      ENV.key?('ONLY') ? select_only(guides) : guides
-    end
-
-    def select_only(guides)
-      prefixes = ENV['ONLY'].split(",").map(&:strip)
-      guides.select do |guide|
-        prefixes.any? {|p| guide.start_with?("./output/#{p}")}
-      end
-    end
-
-    def show_results(error_list)
-      if error_list.size == 0
-        puts "\n\nAll checked guides validate OK!"
-      else
-        error_summary = error_detail = ""
-
-        error_list.each_pair do |name, errors|
-          error_summary += "\n  #{name}"
-          error_detail += "\n\n  #{name} has #{errors.size} validation error(s):\n"
-          errors.each do |error|
-            error_detail += "\n    "+error.to_s.delete("\n")
-          end
-        end
-
-        puts "\n\nThere are #{error_list.size} guides with validation errors:\n" + error_summary
-        puts "\nHere are the detailed errors for each guide:" + error_detail
-      end
-    end
-
-  end
-end
-
-RailsGuides::Validator.new.validate