rails 4.2.1 → 5.1.7

data/guides/source/asset_pipeline.md

@@ -1,1339 +0,0 @@
-The Asset Pipeline
-==================
-
-This guide covers the asset pipeline.
-
-After reading this guide, you will know:
-
-* What the asset pipeline is and what it does.
-* How to properly organize your application assets.
-* The benefits of the asset pipeline.
-* How to add a pre-processor to the pipeline.
-* How to package assets with a gem.
-
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-What is the Asset Pipeline?
----------------------------
-
-The asset pipeline provides a framework to concatenate and minify or compress
-JavaScript and CSS assets. It also adds the ability to write these assets in
-other languages and pre-processors such as CoffeeScript, Sass and ERB.
-
-The asset pipeline is technically no longer a core feature of Rails 4, it has
-been extracted out of the framework into the
-[sprockets-rails](https://github.com/rails/sprockets-rails) gem.
-
-The asset pipeline is enabled by default.
-
-You can disable the asset pipeline while creating a new application by
-passing the `--skip-sprockets` option.
-
-```bash
-rails new appname --skip-sprockets
-```
-
-Rails 4 automatically adds the `sass-rails`, `coffee-rails` and `uglifier`
-gems to your Gemfile, which are used by Sprockets for asset compression:
-
-```ruby
-gem 'sass-rails'
-gem 'uglifier'
-gem 'coffee-rails'
-```
-
-Using the `--skip-sprockets` option will prevent Rails 4 from adding
-`sass-rails` and `uglifier` to Gemfile, so if you later want to enable
-the asset pipeline you will have to add those gems to your Gemfile. Also,
-creating an application with the `--skip-sprockets` option will generate
-a slightly different `config/application.rb` file, with a require statement
-for the sprockets railtie that is commented-out. You will have to remove
-the comment operator on that line to later enable the asset pipeline:
-
-```ruby
-# require "sprockets/railtie"
-```
-
-To set asset compression methods, set the appropriate configuration options
-in `production.rb` - `config.assets.css_compressor` for your CSS and
-`config.assets.js_compressor` for your JavaScript:
-
-```ruby
-config.assets.css_compressor = :yui
-config.assets.js_compressor = :uglifier
-```
-
-NOTE: The `sass-rails` gem is automatically used for CSS compression if included
-in Gemfile and no `config.assets.css_compressor` option is set.
-
-
-### Main Features
-
-The first feature of the pipeline is to concatenate assets, which can reduce the
-number of requests that a browser makes to render a web page. Web browsers are
-limited in the number of requests that they can make in parallel, so fewer
-requests can mean faster loading for your application.
-
-Sprockets concatenates all JavaScript files into one master `.js` file and all
-CSS files into one master `.css` file. As you'll learn later in this guide, you
-can customize this strategy to group files any way you like. In production,
-Rails inserts an MD5 fingerprint into each filename so that the file is cached
-by the web browser. You can invalidate the cache by altering this fingerprint,
-which happens automatically whenever you change the file contents.
-
-The second feature of the asset pipeline is asset minification or compression.
-For CSS files, this is done by removing whitespace and comments. For JavaScript,
-more complex processes can be applied. You can choose from a set of built in
-options or specify your own.
-
-The third feature of the asset pipeline is it allows coding assets via a
-higher-level language, with precompilation down to the actual assets. Supported
-languages include Sass for CSS, CoffeeScript for JavaScript, and ERB for both by
-default.
-
-### What is Fingerprinting and Why Should I Care?
-
-Fingerprinting is a technique that makes the name of a file dependent on the
-contents of the file. When the file contents change, the filename is also
-changed. For content that is static or infrequently changed, this provides an
-easy way to tell whether two versions of a file are identical, even across
-different servers or deployment dates.
-
-When a filename is unique and based on its content, HTTP headers can be set to
-encourage caches everywhere (whether at CDNs, at ISPs, in networking equipment,
-or in web browsers) to keep their own copy of the content. When the content is
-updated, the fingerprint will change. This will cause the remote clients to
-request a new copy of the content. This is generally known as _cache busting_.
-
-The technique sprockets uses for fingerprinting is to insert a hash of the
-content into the name, usually at the end. For example a CSS file `global.css`
-
-```
-global-908e25f4bf641868d8683022a5b62f54.css
-```
-
-This is the strategy adopted by the Rails asset pipeline.
-
-Rails' old strategy was to append a date-based query string to every asset linked
-with a built-in helper. In the source the generated code looked like this:
-
-```
-/stylesheets/global.css?1309495796
-```
-
-The query string strategy has several disadvantages:
-
-1. **Not all caches will reliably cache content where the filename only differs by
-query parameters**
-
-    [Steve Souders recommends](http://www.stevesouders.com/blog/2008/08/23/revving-filenames-dont-use-querystring/),
- "...avoiding a querystring for cacheable resources". He found that in this
-case 5-20% of requests will not be cached. Query strings in particular do not
-work at all with some CDNs for cache invalidation.
-
-2. **The file name can change between nodes in multi-server environments.**
-
-    The default query string in Rails 2.x is based on the modification time of
-the files. When assets are deployed to a cluster, there is no guarantee that the
-timestamps will be the same, resulting in different values being used depending
-on which server handles the request.
-
-3. **Too much cache invalidation**
-
-    When static assets are deployed with each new release of code, the mtime
-(time of last modification) of _all_ these files changes, forcing all remote
-clients to fetch them again, even when the content of those assets has not changed.
-
-Fingerprinting fixes these problems by avoiding query strings, and by ensuring
-that filenames are consistent based on their content.
-
-Fingerprinting is enabled by default for production and disabled for all other
-environments. You can enable or disable it in your configuration through the
-`config.assets.digest` option.
-
-More reading:
-
-* [Optimize caching](http://code.google.com/speed/page-speed/docs/caching.html)
-* [Revving Filenames: don't use querystring](http://www.stevesouders.com/blog/2008/08/23/revving-filenames-dont-use-querystring/)
-
-
-How to Use the Asset Pipeline
------------------------------
-
-In previous versions of Rails, all assets were located in subdirectories of
-`public` such as `images`, `javascripts` and `stylesheets`. With the asset
-pipeline, the preferred location for these assets is now the `app/assets`
-directory. Files in this directory are served by the Sprockets middleware.
-
-Assets can still be placed in the `public` hierarchy. Any assets under `public`
-will be served as static files by the application or web server when
-`config.serve_static_files` is set to true. You should use `app/assets` for
-files that must undergo some pre-processing before they are served.
-
-In production, Rails precompiles these files to `public/assets` by default. The
-precompiled copies are then served as static assets by the web server. The files
-in `app/assets` are never served directly in production.
-
-### Controller Specific Assets
-
-When you generate a scaffold or a controller, Rails also generates a JavaScript
-file (or CoffeeScript file if the `coffee-rails` gem is in the `Gemfile`) and a
-Cascading Style Sheet file (or SCSS file if `sass-rails` is in the `Gemfile`)
-for that controller. Additionally, when generating a scaffold, Rails generates
-the file scaffolds.css (or scaffolds.css.scss if `sass-rails` is in the
-`Gemfile`.)
-
-For example, if you generate a `ProjectsController`, Rails will also add a new
-file at `app/assets/javascripts/projects.js.coffee` and another at
-`app/assets/stylesheets/projects.css.scss`. By default these files will be ready
-to use by your application immediately using the `require_tree` directive. See
-[Manifest Files and Directives](#manifest-files-and-directives) for more details
-on require_tree.
-
-You can also opt to include controller specific stylesheets and JavaScript files
-only in their respective controllers using the following:
-
-`<%= javascript_include_tag params[:controller] %>` or `<%= stylesheet_link_tag
-params[:controller] %>`
-
-When doing this, ensure you are not using the `require_tree` directive, as that
-will result in your assets being included more than once.
-
-WARNING: When using asset precompilation, you will need to ensure that your
-controller assets will be precompiled when loading them on a per page basis. By
-default .coffee and .scss files will not be precompiled on their own. See
-[Precompiling Assets](#precompiling-assets) for more information on how
-precompiling works.
-
-NOTE: You must have an ExecJS supported runtime in order to use CoffeeScript.
-If you are using Mac OS X or Windows, you have a JavaScript runtime installed in
-your operating system. Check [ExecJS](https://github.com/rails/execjs#readme) documentation to know all supported JavaScript runtimes.
-
-You can also disable generation of controller specific asset files by adding the
-following to your `config/application.rb` configuration:
-
-```ruby
-  config.generators do |g|
-    g.assets false
-  end
-```
-
-### Asset Organization
-
-Pipeline assets can be placed inside an application in one of three locations:
-`app/assets`, `lib/assets` or `vendor/assets`.
-
-* `app/assets` is for assets that are owned by the application, such as custom
-images, JavaScript files or stylesheets.
-
-* `lib/assets` is for your own libraries' code that doesn't really fit into the
-scope of the application or those libraries which are shared across applications.
-
-* `vendor/assets` is for assets that are owned by outside entities, such as
-code for JavaScript plugins and CSS frameworks. Keep in mind that third party
-code with references to other files also processed by the asset Pipeline (images,
-stylesheets, etc.), will need to be rewritten to use helpers like `asset_path`.
-
-WARNING: If you are upgrading from Rails 3, please take into account that assets
-under `lib/assets` or `vendor/assets` are available for inclusion via the
-application manifests but no longer part of the precompile array. See
-[Precompiling Assets](#precompiling-assets) for guidance.
-
-#### Search Paths
-
-When a file is referenced from a manifest or a helper, Sprockets searches the
-three default asset locations for it.
-
-The default locations are: the `images`, `javascripts` and `stylesheets`
-directories under the `app/assets` folder, but these subdirectories
-are not special - any path under `assets/*` will be searched.
-
-For example, these files:
-
-```
-app/assets/javascripts/home.js
-lib/assets/javascripts/moovinator.js
-vendor/assets/javascripts/slider.js
-vendor/assets/somepackage/phonebox.js
-```
-
-would be referenced in a manifest like this:
-
-```js
-//= require home
-//= require moovinator
-//= require slider
-//= require phonebox
-```
-
-Assets inside subdirectories can also be accessed.
-
-```
-app/assets/javascripts/sub/something.js
-```
-
-is referenced as:
-
-```js
-//= require sub/something
-```
-
-You can view the search path by inspecting
-`Rails.application.config.assets.paths` in the Rails console.
-
-Besides the standard `assets/*` paths, additional (fully qualified) paths can be
-added to the pipeline in `config/application.rb`. For example:
-
-```ruby
-config.assets.paths << Rails.root.join("lib", "videoplayer", "flash")
-```
-
-Paths are traversed in the order they occur in the search path. By default,
-this means the files in `app/assets` take precedence, and will mask
-corresponding paths in `lib` and `vendor`.
-
-It is important to note that files you want to reference outside a manifest must
-be added to the precompile array or they will not be available in the production
-environment.
-
-#### Using Index Files
-
-Sprockets uses files named `index` (with the relevant extensions) for a special
-purpose.
-
-For example, if you have a jQuery library with many modules, which is stored in
-`lib/assets/javascripts/library_name`, the file `lib/assets/javascripts/library_name/index.js` serves as
-the manifest for all files in this library. This file could include a list of
-all the required files in order, or a simple `require_tree` directive.
-
-The library as a whole can be accessed in the application manifest like so:
-
-```js
-//= require library_name
-```
-
-This simplifies maintenance and keeps things clean by allowing related code to
-be grouped before inclusion elsewhere.
-
-### Coding Links to Assets
-
-Sprockets does not add any new methods to access your assets - you still use the
-familiar `javascript_include_tag` and `stylesheet_link_tag`:
-
-```erb
-<%= stylesheet_link_tag "application", media: "all" %>
-<%= javascript_include_tag "application" %>
-```
-
-If using the turbolinks gem, which is included by default in Rails 4, then
-include the 'data-turbolinks-track' option which causes turbolinks to check if
-an asset has been updated and if so loads it into the page:
-
-```erb
-<%= stylesheet_link_tag "application", media: "all", "data-turbolinks-track" => true %>
-<%= javascript_include_tag "application", "data-turbolinks-track" => true %>
-```
-
-In regular views you can access images in the `public/assets/images` directory
-like this:
-
-```erb
-<%= image_tag "rails.png" %>
-```
-
-Provided that the pipeline is enabled within your application (and not disabled
-in the current environment context), this file is served by Sprockets. If a file
-exists at `public/assets/rails.png` it is served by the web server.
-
-Alternatively, a request for a file with an MD5 hash such as
-`public/assets/rails-af27b6a414e6da00003503148be9b409.png` is treated the same
-way. How these hashes are generated is covered in the [In
-Production](#in-production) section later on in this guide.
-
-Sprockets will also look through the paths specified in `config.assets.paths`,
-which includes the standard application paths and any paths added by Rails
-engines.
-
-Images can also be organized into subdirectories if required, and then can be
-accessed by specifying the directory's name in the tag:
-
-```erb
-<%= image_tag "icons/rails.png" %>
-```
-
-WARNING: If you're precompiling your assets (see [In Production](#in-production)
-below), linking to an asset that does not exist will raise an exception in the
-calling page. This includes linking to a blank string. As such, be careful using
-`image_tag` and the other helpers with user-supplied data.
-
-#### CSS and ERB
-
-The asset pipeline automatically evaluates ERB. This means if you add an
-`erb` extension to a CSS asset (for example, `application.css.erb`), then
-helpers like `asset_path` are available in your CSS rules:
-
-```css
-.class { background-image: url(<%= asset_path 'image.png' %>) }
-```
-
-This writes the path to the particular asset being referenced. In this example,
-it would make sense to have an image in one of the asset load paths, such as
-`app/assets/images/image.png`, which would be referenced here. If this image is
-already available in `public/assets` as a fingerprinted file, then that path is
-referenced.
-
-If you want to use a [data URI](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_URI_scheme) -
-a method of embedding the image data directly into the CSS file - you can use
-the `asset_data_uri` helper.
-
-```css
-#logo { background: url(<%= asset_data_uri 'logo.png' %>) }
-```
-
-This inserts a correctly-formatted data URI into the CSS source.
-
-Note that the closing tag cannot be of the style `-%>`.
-
-#### CSS and Sass
-
-When using the asset pipeline, paths to assets must be re-written and
-`sass-rails` provides `-url` and `-path` helpers (hyphenated in Sass,
-underscored in Ruby) for the following asset classes: image, font, video, audio,
-JavaScript and stylesheet.
-
-* `image-url("rails.png")` becomes `url(/assets/rails.png)`
-* `image-path("rails.png")` becomes `"/assets/rails.png"`.
-
-The more generic form can also be used:
-
-* `asset-url("rails.png")` becomes `url(/assets/rails.png)`
-* `asset-path("rails.png")` becomes `"/assets/rails.png"`
-
-#### JavaScript/CoffeeScript and ERB
-
-If you add an `erb` extension to a JavaScript asset, making it something such as
-`application.js.erb`, you can then use the `asset_path` helper in your
-JavaScript code:
-
-```js
-$('#logo').attr({ src: "<%= asset_path('logo.png') %>" });
-```
-
-This writes the path to the particular asset being referenced.
-
-Similarly, you can use the `asset_path` helper in CoffeeScript files with `erb`
-extension (e.g., `application.js.coffee.erb`):
-
-```js
-$('#logo').attr src: "<%= asset_path('logo.png') %>"
-```
-
-### Manifest Files and Directives
-
-Sprockets uses manifest files to determine which assets to include and serve.
-These manifest files contain _directives_ - instructions that tell Sprockets
-which files to require in order to build a single CSS or JavaScript file. With
-these directives, Sprockets loads the files specified, processes them if
-necessary, concatenates them into one single file and then compresses them (if
-`Rails.application.config.assets.compress` is true). By serving one file rather
-than many, the load time of pages can be greatly reduced because the browser
-makes fewer requests. Compression also reduces file size, enabling the
-browser to download them faster.
-
-
-For example, a new Rails 4 application includes a default
-`app/assets/javascripts/application.js` file containing the following lines:
-
-```js
-// ...
-//= require jquery
-//= require jquery_ujs
-//= require_tree .
-```
-
-In JavaScript files, Sprockets directives begin with `//=`. In the above case,
-the file is using the `require` and the `require_tree` directives. The `require`
-directive is used to tell Sprockets the files you wish to require. Here, you are
-requiring the files `jquery.js` and `jquery_ujs.js` that are available somewhere
-in the search path for Sprockets. You need not supply the extensions explicitly.
-Sprockets assumes you are requiring a `.js` file when done from within a `.js`
-file.
-
-The `require_tree` directive tells Sprockets to recursively include _all_
-JavaScript files in the specified directory into the output. These paths must be
-specified relative to the manifest file. You can also use the
-`require_directory` directive which includes all JavaScript files only in the
-directory specified, without recursion.
-
-Directives are processed top to bottom, but the order in which files are
-included by `require_tree` is unspecified. You should not rely on any particular
-order among those. If you need to ensure some particular JavaScript ends up
-above some other in the concatenated file, require the prerequisite file first
-in the manifest. Note that the family of `require` directives prevents files
-from being included twice in the output.
-
-Rails also creates a default `app/assets/stylesheets/application.css` file
-which contains these lines:
-
-```css
-/* ...
-*= require_self
-*= require_tree .
-*/
-```
-
-Rails 4 creates both `app/assets/javascripts/application.js` and
-`app/assets/stylesheets/application.css` regardless of whether the
---skip-sprockets option is used when creating a new rails application. This is
-so you can easily add asset pipelining later if you like.
-
-The directives that work in JavaScript files also work in stylesheets
-(though obviously including stylesheets rather than JavaScript files). The
-`require_tree` directive in a CSS manifest works the same way as the JavaScript
-one, requiring all stylesheets from the current directory.
-
-In this example, `require_self` is used. This puts the CSS contained within the
-file (if any) at the precise location of the `require_self` call.
-
-NOTE. If you want to use multiple Sass files, you should generally use the [Sass `@import` rule](http://sass-lang.com/docs/yardoc/file.SASS_REFERENCE.html#import)
-instead of these Sprockets directives. When using Sprockets directives, Sass files exist within
-their own scope, making variables or mixins only available within the document they were defined in.
-
-You can do file globbing as well using `@import "*"`, and `@import "**/*"` to add the whole tree which is equivalent to how `require_tree` works. Check the [sass-rails documentation](https://github.com/rails/sass-rails#features) for more info and important caveats.
-
-You can have as many manifest files as you need. For example, the `admin.css`
-and `admin.js` manifest could contain the JS and CSS files that are used for the
-admin section of an application.
-
-The same remarks about ordering made above apply. In particular, you can specify
-individual files and they are compiled in the order specified. For example, you
-might concatenate three CSS files together this way:
-
-```js
-/* ...
-*= require reset
-*= require layout
-*= require chrome
-*/
-```
-
-### Preprocessing
-
-The file extensions used on an asset determine what preprocessing is applied.
-When a controller or a scaffold is generated with the default Rails gemset, a
-CoffeeScript file and a SCSS file are generated in place of a regular JavaScript
-and CSS file. The example used before was a controller called "projects", which
-generated an `app/assets/javascripts/projects.js.coffee` and an
-`app/assets/stylesheets/projects.css.scss` file.
-
-In development mode, or if the asset pipeline is disabled, when these files are
-requested they are processed by the processors provided by the `coffee-script`
-and `sass` gems and then sent back to the browser as JavaScript and CSS
-respectively. When asset pipelining is enabled, these files are preprocessed and
-placed in the `public/assets` directory for serving by either the Rails app or
-web server.
-
-Additional layers of preprocessing can be requested by adding other extensions,
-where each extension is processed in a right-to-left manner. These should be
-used in the order the processing should be applied. For example, a stylesheet
-called `app/assets/stylesheets/projects.css.scss.erb` is first processed as ERB,
-then SCSS, and finally served as CSS. The same applies to a JavaScript file -
-`app/assets/javascripts/projects.js.coffee.erb` is processed as ERB, then
-CoffeeScript, and served as JavaScript.
-
-Keep in mind the order of these preprocessors is important. For example, if
-you called your JavaScript file `app/assets/javascripts/projects.js.erb.coffee`
-then it would be processed with the CoffeeScript interpreter first, which
-wouldn't understand ERB and therefore you would run into problems.
-
-
-In Development
---------------
-
-In development mode, assets are served as separate files in the order they are
-specified in the manifest file.
-
-This manifest `app/assets/javascripts/application.js`:
-
-```js
-//= require core
-//= require projects
-//= require tickets
-```
-
-would generate this HTML:
-
-```html
-<script src="/assets/core.js?body=1"></script>
-<script src="/assets/projects.js?body=1"></script>
-<script src="/assets/tickets.js?body=1"></script>
-```
-
-The `body` param is required by Sprockets.
-
-### Runtime Error Checking
-
-By default the asset pipeline will check for potential errors in development mode during
-runtime. To disable this behavior you can set:
-
-```ruby
-config.assets.raise_runtime_errors = false
-```
-
-When this option is true, the asset pipeline will check if all the assets loaded
-in your application are included in the `config.assets.precompile` list.
-If `config.assets.digest` is also true, the asset pipeline will require that
-all requests for assets include digests.
-
-### Turning Digests Off
-
-You can turn off digests by updating `config/environments/development.rb` to
-include:
-
-```ruby
-config.assets.digest = false
-```
-
-When this option is true, digests will be generated for asset URLs.
-
-### Turning Debugging Off
-
-You can turn off debug mode by updating `config/environments/development.rb` to
-include:
-
-```ruby
-config.assets.debug = false
-```
-
-When debug mode is off, Sprockets concatenates and runs the necessary
-preprocessors on all files. With debug mode turned off the manifest above would
-generate instead:
-
-```html
-<script src="/assets/application.js"></script>
-```
-
-Assets are compiled and cached on the first request after the server is started.
-Sprockets sets a `must-revalidate` Cache-Control HTTP header to reduce request
-overhead on subsequent requests - on these the browser gets a 304 (Not Modified)
-response.
-
-If any of the files in the manifest have changed between requests, the server
-responds with a new compiled file.
-
-Debug mode can also be enabled in Rails helper methods:
-
-```erb
-<%= stylesheet_link_tag "application", debug: true %>
-<%= javascript_include_tag "application", debug: true %>
-```
-
-The `:debug` option is redundant if debug mode is already on.
-
-You can also enable compression in development mode as a sanity check, and
-disable it on-demand as required for debugging.
-
-In Production
--------------
-
-In the production environment Sprockets uses the fingerprinting scheme outlined
-above. By default Rails assumes assets have been precompiled and will be
-served as static assets by your web server.
-
-During the precompilation phase an MD5 is generated from the contents of the
-compiled files, and inserted into the filenames as they are written to disc.
-These fingerprinted names are used by the Rails helpers in place of the manifest
-name.
-
-For example this:
-
-```erb
-<%= javascript_include_tag "application" %>
-<%= stylesheet_link_tag "application" %>
-```
-
-generates something like this:
-
-```html
-<script src="/assets/application-908e25f4bf641868d8683022a5b62f54.js"></script>
-<link href="/assets/application-4dd5b109ee3439da54f5bdfd78a80473.css" media="screen"
-rel="stylesheet" />
-```
-
-Note: with the Asset Pipeline the :cache and :concat options aren't used
-anymore, delete these options from the `javascript_include_tag` and
-`stylesheet_link_tag`.
-
-The fingerprinting behavior is controlled by the `config.assets.digest`
-initialization option (which defaults to `true` for production and `false` for
-everything else).
-
-NOTE: Under normal circumstances the default `config.assets.digest` option
-should not be changed. If there are no digests in the filenames, and far-future
-headers are set, remote clients will never know to refetch the files when their
-content changes.
-
-### Precompiling Assets
-
-Rails comes bundled with a rake task to compile the asset manifests and other
-files in the pipeline.
-
-Compiled assets are written to the location specified in `config.assets.prefix`.
-By default, this is the `/assets` directory.
-
-You can call this task on the server during deployment to create compiled
-versions of your assets directly on the server. See the next section for
-information on compiling locally.
-
-The rake task is:
-
-```bash
-$ RAILS_ENV=production bin/rake assets:precompile
-```
-
-Capistrano (v2.15.1 and above) includes a recipe to handle this in deployment.
-Add the following line to `Capfile`:
-
-```ruby
-load 'deploy/assets'
-```
-
-This links the folder specified in `config.assets.prefix` to `shared/assets`.
-If you already use this shared folder you'll need to write your own deployment
-task.
-
-It is important that this folder is shared between deployments so that remotely
-cached pages referencing the old compiled assets still work for the life of
-the cached page.
-
-The default matcher for compiling files includes `application.js`,
-`application.css` and all non-JS/CSS files (this will include all image assets
-automatically) from `app/assets` folders including your gems:
-
-```ruby
-[ Proc.new { |filename, path| path =~ /app\/assets/ && !%w(.js .css).include?(File.extname(filename)) },
-/application.(css|js)$/ ]
-```
-
-NOTE: The matcher (and other members of the precompile array; see below) is
-applied to final compiled file names. This means anything that compiles to
-JS/CSS is excluded, as well as raw JS/CSS files; for example, `.coffee` and
-`.scss` files are **not** automatically included as they compile to JS/CSS.
-
-If you have other manifests or individual stylesheets and JavaScript files to
-include, you can add them to the `precompile` array in `config/initializers/assets.rb`:
-
-```ruby
-Rails.application.config.assets.precompile += ['admin.js', 'admin.css', 'swfObject.js']
-```
-
-NOTE. Always specify an expected compiled filename that ends with .js or .css,
-even if you want to add Sass or CoffeeScript files to the precompile array.
-
-The rake task also generates a `manifest-md5hash.json` that contains a list with
-all your assets and their respective fingerprints. This is used by the Rails
-helper methods to avoid handing the mapping requests back to Sprockets. A
-typical manifest file looks like:
-
-```ruby
-{"files":{"application-723d1be6cc741a3aabb1cec24276d681.js":{"logical_path":"application.js","mtime":"2013-07-26T22:55:03-07:00","size":302506,
-"digest":"723d1be6cc741a3aabb1cec24276d681"},"application-12b3c7dd74d2e9df37e7cbb1efa76a6d.css":{"logical_path":"application.css","mtime":"2013-07-26T22:54:54-07:00","size":1560,
-"digest":"12b3c7dd74d2e9df37e7cbb1efa76a6d"},"application-1c5752789588ac18d7e1a50b1f0fd4c2.css":{"logical_path":"application.css","mtime":"2013-07-26T22:56:17-07:00","size":1591,
-"digest":"1c5752789588ac18d7e1a50b1f0fd4c2"},"favicon-a9c641bf2b81f0476e876f7c5e375969.ico":{"logical_path":"favicon.ico","mtime":"2013-07-26T23:00:10-07:00","size":1406,
-"digest":"a9c641bf2b81f0476e876f7c5e375969"},"my_image-231a680f23887d9dd70710ea5efd3c62.png":{"logical_path":"my_image.png","mtime":"2013-07-26T23:00:27-07:00","size":6646,
-"digest":"231a680f23887d9dd70710ea5efd3c62"}},"assets":{"application.js":
-"application-723d1be6cc741a3aabb1cec24276d681.js","application.css":
-"application-1c5752789588ac18d7e1a50b1f0fd4c2.css",
-"favicon.ico":"favicona9c641bf2b81f0476e876f7c5e375969.ico","my_image.png":
-"my_image-231a680f23887d9dd70710ea5efd3c62.png"}}
-```
-
-The default location for the manifest is the root of the location specified in
-`config.assets.prefix` ('/assets' by default).
-
-NOTE: If there are missing precompiled files in production you will get an
-`Sprockets::Helpers::RailsHelper::AssetPaths::AssetNotPrecompiledError`
-exception indicating the name of the missing file(s).
-
-#### Far-future Expires Header
-
-Precompiled assets exist on the file system and are served directly by your web
-server. They do not have far-future headers by default, so to get the benefit of
-fingerprinting you'll have to update your server configuration to add those
-headers.
-
-For Apache:
-
-```apache
-# The Expires* directives requires the Apache module
-# `mod_expires` to be enabled.
-<Location /assets/>
-  # Use of ETag is discouraged when Last-Modified is present
-  Header unset ETag
-  FileETag None
-  # RFC says only cache for 1 year
-  ExpiresActive On
-  ExpiresDefault "access plus 1 year"
-</Location>
-```
-
-For NGINX:
-
-```nginx
-location ~ ^/assets/ {
-  expires 1y;
-  add_header Cache-Control public;
-
-  add_header ETag "";
-  break;
-}
-```
-
-#### GZip Compression
-
-When files are precompiled, Sprockets also creates a
-[gzipped](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gzip) (.gz) version of your assets. Web
-servers are typically configured to use a moderate compression ratio as a
-compromise, but since precompilation happens once, Sprockets uses the maximum
-compression ratio, thus reducing the size of the data transfer to the minimum.
-On the other hand, web servers can be configured to serve compressed content
-directly from disk, rather than deflating non-compressed files themselves.
-
-NGINX is able to do this automatically enabling `gzip_static`:
-
-```nginx
-location ~ ^/(assets)/  {
-  root /path/to/public;
-  gzip_static on; # to serve pre-gzipped version
-  expires max;
-  add_header Cache-Control public;
-}
-```
-
-This directive is available if the core module that provides this feature was
-compiled with the web server. Ubuntu/Debian packages, even `nginx-light`, have
-the module compiled. Otherwise, you may need to perform a manual compilation:
-
-```bash
-./configure --with-http_gzip_static_module
-```
-
-If you're compiling NGINX with Phusion Passenger you'll need to pass that option
-when prompted.
-
-A robust configuration for Apache is possible but tricky; please Google around.
-(Or help update this Guide if you have a good configuration example for Apache.)
-
-### Local Precompilation
-
-There are several reasons why you might want to precompile your assets locally.
-Among them are:
-
-* You may not have write access to your production file system.
-* You may be deploying to more than one server, and want to avoid
-duplication of work.
-* You may be doing frequent deploys that do not include asset changes.
-
-Local compilation allows you to commit the compiled files into source control,
-and deploy as normal.
-
-There are three caveats:
-
-* You must not run the Capistrano deployment task that precompiles assets.
-* You must ensure any necessary compressors or minifiers are
-available on your development system.
-* You must change the following application configuration setting:
-
-In `config/environments/development.rb`, place the following line:
-
-```ruby
-config.assets.prefix = "/dev-assets"
-```
-
-The `prefix` change makes Sprockets use a different URL for serving assets in
-development mode, and pass all requests to Sprockets. The prefix is still set to
-`/assets` in the production environment. Without this change, the application
-would serve the precompiled assets from `/assets` in development, and you would
-not see any local changes until you compile assets again.
-
-In practice, this will allow you to precompile locally, have those files in your
-working tree, and commit those files to source control when needed.  Development
-mode will work as expected.
-
-### Live Compilation
-
-In some circumstances you may wish to use live compilation. In this mode all
-requests for assets in the pipeline are handled by Sprockets directly.
-
-To enable this option set:
-
-```ruby
-config.assets.compile = true
-```
-
-On the first request the assets are compiled and cached as outlined in
-development above, and the manifest names used in the helpers are altered to
-include the MD5 hash.
-
-Sprockets also sets the `Cache-Control` HTTP header to `max-age=31536000`. This
-signals all caches between your server and the client browser that this content
-(the file served) can be cached for 1 year. The effect of this is to reduce the
-number of requests for this asset from your server; the asset has a good chance
-of being in the local browser cache or some intermediate cache.
-
-This mode uses more memory, performs more poorly than the default and is not
-recommended.
-
-If you are deploying a production application to a system without any
-pre-existing JavaScript runtimes, you may want to add one to your Gemfile:
-
-```ruby
-group :production do
-  gem 'therubyracer'
-end
-```
-
-### CDNs
-
-CDN stands for [Content Delivery
-Network](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_delivery_network), they are
-primarily designed to cache assets all over the world so that when a browser
-requests the asset, a cached copy will be geographically close to that browser.
-If you are serving assets directly from your Rails server in production, the
-best practice is to use a CDN in front of your application.
-
-A common pattern for using a CDN is to set your production application as the
-"origin" server. This means when a browser requests an asset from the CDN and
-there is a cache miss, it will grab the file from your server on the fly and
-then cache it. For example if you are running a Rails application on
-`example.com` and have a CDN configured at `mycdnsubdomain.fictional-cdn.com`,
-then when a request is made to `mycdnsubdomain.fictional-
-cdn.com/assets/smile.png`, the CDN will query your server once at
-`example.com/assets/smile.png` and cache the request. The next request to the
-CDN that comes in to the same URL will hit the cached copy. When the CDN can
-serve an asset directly the request never touches your Rails server. Since the
-assets from a CDN are geographically closer to the browser, the request is
-faster, and since your server doesn't need to spend time serving assets, it can
-focus on serving application code as fast as possible.
-
-#### Set up a CDN to Serve Static Assets
-
-To set up your CDN you have to have your application running in production on
-the internet at a publically available URL, for example `example.com`. Next
-you'll need to sign up for a CDN service from a cloud hosting provider. When you
-do this you need to configure the "origin" of the CDN to point back at your
-website `example.com`, check your provider for documentation on configuring the
-origin server.
-
-The CDN you provisioned should give you a custom subdomain for your application
-such as `mycdnsubdomain.fictional-cdn.com` (note fictional-cdn.com is not a
-valid CDN provider at the time of this writing). Now that you have configured
-your CDN server, you need to tell browsers to use your CDN to grab assets
-instead of your Rails server directly. You can do this by configuring Rails to
-set your CDN as the asset host instead of using a relative path. To set your
-asset host in Rails, you need to set `config.action_controller.asset_host` in
-`config/production.rb`:
-
-```ruby
-config.action_controller.asset_host = 'mycdnsubdomain.fictional-cdn.com'
-```
-
-NOTE: You only need to provide the "host", this is the subdomain and root
-domain, you do not need to specify a protocol or "scheme" such as `http://` or
-`https://`. When a web page is requested, the protocol in the link to your asset
-that is generated will match how the webpage is accessed by default.
-
-You can also set this value through an [environment
-variable](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environment_variable) to make running a
-staging copy of your site easier:
-
-```
-config.action_controller.asset_host = ENV['CDN_HOST']
-```
-
-
-
-Note: You would need to set `CDN_HOST` on your server to `mycdnsubdomain
-.fictional-cdn.com` for this to work.
-
-Once you have configured your server and your CDN when you serve a webpage that
-has an asset:
-
-```erb
-<%= asset_path('smile.png') %>
-```
-
-Instead of returning a path such as `/assets/smile.png` (digests are left out
-for readability). The URL generated will have the full path to your CDN.
-
-```
-http://mycdnsubdomain.fictional-cdn.com/assets/smile.png
-```
-
-If the CDN has a copy of `smile.png` it will serve it to the browser and your
-server doesn't even know it was requested. If the CDN does not have a copy it
-will try to find it a the "origin" `example.com/assets/smile.png` and then store
-it for future use.
-
-If you want to serve only some assets from your CDN, you can use custom `:host`
-option your asset helper, which overwrites value set in
-`config.action_controller.asset_host`.
-
-```erb
-<%= asset_path 'image.png', host: 'mycdnsubdomain.fictional-cdn.com' %>
-```
-
-#### Customize CDN Caching Behavior
-
-A CDN works by caching content. If the CDN has stale or bad content, then it is
-hurting rather than helping your application. The purpose of this section is to
-describe general caching behavior of most CDNs, your specific provider may
-behave slightly differently.
-
-##### CDN Request Caching
-
-While a CDN is described as being good for caching assets, in reality caches the
-entire request. This includes the body of the asset as well as any headers. The
-most important one being `Cache-Control` which tells the CDN (and web browsers)
-how to cache contents. This means that if someone requests an asset that does
-not exist `/assets/i-dont-exist.png` and your Rails application returns a 404,
-then your CDN will likely cache the 404 page if a valid `Cache-Control` header
-is present.
-
-##### CDN Header Debugging
-
-One way to check the headers are cached properly in your CDN is by using [curl](
-http://explainshell.com/explain?cmd=curl+-I+http%3A%2F%2Fwww.example.com). You
-can request the headers from both your server and your CDN to verify they are
-the same:
-
-```
-$ curl -I http://www.example/assets/application-
-d0e099e021c95eb0de3615fd1d8c4d83.css
-HTTP/1.1 200 OK
-Server: Cowboy
-Date: Sun, 24 Aug 2014 20:27:50 GMT
-Connection: keep-alive
-Last-Modified: Thu, 08 May 2014 01:24:14 GMT
-Content-Type: text/css
-Cache-Control: public, max-age=2592000
-Content-Length: 126560
-Via: 1.1 vegur
-```
-
-Versus the CDN copy.
-
-```
-$ curl -I http://mycdnsubdomain.fictional-cdn.com/application-
-d0e099e021c95eb0de3615fd1d8c4d83.css
-HTTP/1.1 200 OK Server: Cowboy Last-
-Modified: Thu, 08 May 2014 01:24:14 GMT Content-Type: text/css
-Cache-Control:
-public, max-age=2592000
-Via: 1.1 vegur
-Content-Length: 126560
-Accept-Ranges:
-bytes
-Date: Sun, 24 Aug 2014 20:28:45 GMT
-Via: 1.1 varnish
-Age: 885814
-Connection: keep-alive
-X-Served-By: cache-dfw1828-DFW
-X-Cache: HIT
-X-Cache-Hits:
-68
-X-Timer: S1408912125.211638212,VS0,VE0
-```
-
-Check your CDN documentation for any additional information they may provide
-such as `X-Cache` or for any additional headers they may add.
-
-##### CDNs and the Cache-Control Header
-
-The [cache control
-header](http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec14.html#sec14.9) is a W3C
-specification that describes how a request can be cached. When no CDN is used, a
-browser will use this information to cache contents. This is very helpful for
-assets that are not modified so that a browser does not need to re-download a
-website's CSS or javascript on every request. Generally we want our Rails server
-to tell our CDN (and browser) that the asset is "public", that means any cache
-can store the request. Also we commonly want to set `max-age` which is how long
-the cache will store the object before invalidating the cache. The `max-age`
-value is set to seconds with a maximum possible value of `31536000` which is one
-year. You can do this in your rails application by setting
-
-```
-config.static_cache_control = "public, max-age=31536000"
-```
-
-Now when your application serves an asset in production, the CDN will store the
-asset for up to a year. Since most CDNs also cache headers of the request, this
-`Cache-Control` will be passed along to all future browsers seeking this asset,
-the browser then knows that it can store this asset for a very long time before
-needing to re-request it.
-
-##### CDNs and URL based Cache Invalidation
-
-Most CDNs will cache contents of an asset based on the complete URL. This means
-that a request to
-
-```
-http://mycdnsubdomain.fictional-cdn.com/assets/smile-123.png
-```
-
-Will be a completely different cache from
-
-```
-http://mycdnsubdomain.fictional-cdn.com/assets/smile.png
-```
-
-If you want to set far future `max-age` in your `Cache-Control` (and you do),
-then make sure when you change your assets that your cache is invalidated. For
-example when changing the smiley face in an image from yellow to blue, you want
-all visitors of your site to get the new blue face. When using a CDN with the
-Rails asset pipeline `config.assets.digest` is set to true by default so that
-each asset will have a different file name when it is changed. This way you
-don't have to ever manually invalidate any items in your cache. By using a
-different unique asset name instead, your users get the latest asset.
-
-Customizing the Pipeline
-------------------------
-
-### CSS Compression
-
-One of the options for compressing CSS is YUI. The [YUI CSS
-compressor](http://yui.github.io/yuicompressor/css.html) provides
-minification.
-
-The following line enables YUI compression, and requires the `yui-compressor`
-gem.
-
-```ruby
-config.assets.css_compressor = :yui
-```
-The other option for compressing CSS if you have the sass-rails gem installed is
-
-```ruby
-config.assets.css_compressor = :sass
-```
-
-### JavaScript Compression
-
-Possible options for JavaScript compression are `:closure`, `:uglifier` and
-`:yui`. These require the use of the `closure-compiler`, `uglifier` or
-`yui-compressor` gems, respectively.
-
-The default Gemfile includes [uglifier](https://github.com/lautis/uglifier).
-This gem wraps [UglifyJS](https://github.com/mishoo/UglifyJS) (written for
-NodeJS) in Ruby. It compresses your code by removing white space and comments,
-shortening local variable names, and performing other micro-optimizations such
-as changing `if` and `else` statements to ternary operators where possible.
-
-The following line invokes `uglifier` for JavaScript compression.
-
-```ruby
-config.assets.js_compressor = :uglifier
-```
-
-NOTE: You will need an [ExecJS](https://github.com/rails/execjs#readme)
-supported runtime in order to use `uglifier`. If you are using Mac OS X or
-Windows you have a JavaScript runtime installed in your operating system.
-
-NOTE: The `config.assets.compress` initialization option is no longer used in
-Rails 4 to enable either CSS or JavaScript compression. Setting it will have no
-effect on the application. Instead, setting `config.assets.css_compressor` and
-`config.assets.js_compressor` will control compression of CSS and JavaScript
-assets.
-
-### Using Your Own Compressor
-
-The compressor config settings for CSS and JavaScript also take any object.
-This object must have a `compress` method that takes a string as the sole
-argument and it must return a string.
-
-```ruby
-class Transformer
-  def compress(string)
-    do_something_returning_a_string(string)
-  end
-end
-```
-
-To enable this, pass a new object to the config option in `application.rb`:
-
-```ruby
-config.assets.css_compressor = Transformer.new
-```
-
-
-### Changing the _assets_ Path
-
-The public path that Sprockets uses by default is `/assets`.
-
-This can be changed to something else:
-
-```ruby
-config.assets.prefix = "/some_other_path"
-```
-
-This is a handy option if you are updating an older project that didn't use the
-asset pipeline and already uses this path or you wish to use this path for
-a new resource.
-
-### X-Sendfile Headers
-
-The X-Sendfile header is a directive to the web server to ignore the response
-from the application, and instead serve a specified file from disk. This option
-is off by default, but can be enabled if your server supports it. When enabled,
-this passes responsibility for serving the file to the web server, which is
-faster. Have a look at [send_file](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionController/DataStreaming.html#method-i-send_file)
-on how to use this feature.
-
-Apache and NGINX support this option, which can be enabled in
-`config/environments/production.rb`:
-
-```ruby
-# config.action_dispatch.x_sendfile_header = "X-Sendfile" # for Apache
-# config.action_dispatch.x_sendfile_header = 'X-Accel-Redirect' # for NGINX
-```
-
-WARNING: If you are upgrading an existing application and intend to use this
-option, take care to paste this configuration option only into `production.rb`
-and any other environments you define with production behavior (not
-`application.rb`).
-
-TIP: For further details have a look at the docs of your production web server:
-- [Apache](https://tn123.org/mod_xsendfile/)
-- [NGINX](http://wiki.nginx.org/XSendfile)
-
-Assets Cache Store
-------------------
-
-The default Rails cache store will be used by Sprockets to cache assets in
-development and production. This can be changed by setting
-`config.assets.cache_store`:
-
-```ruby
-config.assets.cache_store = :memory_store
-```
-
-The options accepted by the assets cache store are the same as the application's
-cache store.
-
-```ruby
-config.assets.cache_store = :memory_store, { size: 32.megabytes }
-```
-
-To disable the assets cache store:
-
-```ruby
-config.assets.configure do |env|
-  env.cache = ActiveSupport::Cache.lookup_store(:null_store)
-end
-```
-
-Adding Assets to Your Gems
---------------------------
-
-Assets can also come from external sources in the form of gems.
-
-A good example of this is the `jquery-rails` gem which comes with Rails as the
-standard JavaScript library gem. This gem contains an engine class which
-inherits from `Rails::Engine`. By doing this, Rails is informed that the
-directory for this gem may contain assets and the `app/assets`, `lib/assets` and
-`vendor/assets` directories of this engine are added to the search path of
-Sprockets.
-
-Making Your Library or Gem a Pre-Processor
-------------------------------------------
-
-As Sprockets uses [Tilt](https://github.com/rtomayko/tilt) as a generic
-interface to different templating engines, your gem should just implement the
-Tilt template protocol. Normally, you would subclass `Tilt::Template` and
-reimplement the `prepare` method, which initializes your template, and the
-`evaluate` method, which returns the processed source. The original source is
-stored in `data`. Have a look at
-[`Tilt::Template`](https://github.com/rtomayko/tilt/blob/master/lib/tilt/template.rb)
-sources to learn more.
-
-```ruby
-module BangBang
-  class Template < ::Tilt::Template
-    def prepare
-      # Do any initialization here
-    end
-
-    # Adds a "!" to original template.
-    def evaluate(scope, locals, &block)
-      "#{data}!"
-    end
-  end
-end
-```
-
-Now that you have a `Template` class, it's time to associate it with an
-extension for template files:
-
-```ruby
-Sprockets.register_engine '.bang', BangBang::Template
-```
-
-Upgrading from Old Versions of Rails
-------------------------------------
-
-There are a few issues when upgrading from Rails 3.0 or Rails 2.x. The first is
-moving the files from `public/` to the new locations. See [Asset
-Organization](#asset-organization) above for guidance on the correct locations
-for different file types.
-
-Next will be avoiding duplicate JavaScript files. Since jQuery is the default
-JavaScript library from Rails 3.1 onwards, you don't need to copy `jquery.js`
-into `app/assets` and it will be included automatically.
-
-The third is updating the various environment files with the correct default
-options.
-
-In `application.rb`:
-
-```ruby
-# Version of your assets, change this if you want to expire all your assets
-config.assets.version = '1.0'
-
-# Change the path that assets are served from config.assets.prefix = "/assets"
-```
-
-In `development.rb`:
-
-```ruby
-# Expands the lines which load the assets
-config.assets.debug = true
-```
-
-And in `production.rb`:
-
-```ruby
-# Choose the compressors to use (if any) config.assets.js_compressor  =
-# :uglifier config.assets.css_compressor = :yui
-
-# Don't fallback to assets pipeline if a precompiled asset is missed
-config.assets.compile = false
-
-# Generate digests for assets URLs. This is planned for deprecation.
-config.assets.digest = true
-
-# Precompile additional assets (application.js, application.css, and all
-# non-JS/CSS are already added) config.assets.precompile += %w( search.js )
-```
-
-Rails 4 no longer sets default config values for Sprockets in `test.rb`, so
-`test.rb` now requires Sprockets configuration. The old defaults in the test
-environment are: `config.assets.compile = true`, `config.assets.compress = false`,
-`config.assets.debug = false` and `config.assets.digest = false`.
-
-The following should also be added to `Gemfile`:
-
-```ruby
-gem 'sass-rails',   "~> 3.2.3"
-gem 'coffee-rails', "~> 3.2.1"
-gem 'uglifier'
-```