rails 4.1.16 → 4.2.0

data/guides/source/active_model_basics.md

@@ -1,20 +1,32 @@
 Active Model Basics
 ===================
 
-This guide should provide you with all you need to get started using model classes. Active Model allows for Action Pack helpers to interact with non-Active Record models. Active Model also helps building custom ORMs for use outside of the Rails framework.
+This guide should provide you with all you need to get started using model
+classes. Active Model allows for Action Pack helpers to interact with
+plain Ruby objects. Active Model also helps build custom ORMs for use
+outside of the Rails framework.
 
-After reading this guide, you will know:
+After reading this guide, you will be able to add to plain Ruby objects:
+
+* The ability to behave like an Active Record model.
+* Callbacks and validations like Active Record.
+* Serializers.
+* Integration with the Rails internationalization (i18n) framework.
 
 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 Introduction
 ------------
 
-Active Model is a library containing various modules used in developing frameworks that need to interact with the Rails Action Pack library. Active Model provides a known set of interfaces for usage in classes. Some of modules are explained below.
+Active Model is a library containing various modules used in developing
+classes that need some features present on Active Record.
+Some of these modules are explained below.
 
-### AttributeMethods
+### Attribute Methods
 
-The AttributeMethods module can add custom prefixes and suffixes on methods of a class. It is used by defining the prefixes and suffixes and which methods on the object will use them.
+The `ActiveModel::AttributeMethods` module can add custom prefixes and suffixes
+on methods of a class. It is used by defining the prefixes and suffixes and
+which methods on the object will use them.
 
 ```ruby
 class Person
@@ -38,14 +50,17 @@ end
 
 person = Person.new
 person.age = 110
-person.age_highest?  # true
-person.reset_age     # 0
-person.age_highest?  # false
+person.age_highest?  # => true
+person.reset_age     # => 0
+person.age_highest?  # => false
 ```
 
 ### Callbacks
 
-Callbacks gives Active Record style callbacks. This provides an ability to define callbacks which run at appropriate times. After defining callbacks, you can wrap them with before, after and around custom methods.
+`ActiveModel::Callbacks` gives Active Record style callbacks. This provides an
+ability to define callbacks which run at appropriate times.
+After defining callbacks, you can wrap them with before, after and around
+custom methods.
 
 ```ruby
 class Person
@@ -69,7 +84,9 @@ end
 
 ### Conversion
 
-If a class defines `persisted?` and `id` methods, then you can include the `Conversion` module in that class and call the Rails conversion methods on objects of that class.
+If a class defines `persisted?` and `id` methods, then you can include the
+`ActiveModel::Conversion` module in that class and call the Rails conversion
+methods on objects of that class.
 
 ```ruby
 class Person
@@ -92,11 +109,13 @@ person.to_param            # => nil
 
 ### Dirty
 
-An object becomes dirty when it has gone through one or more changes to its attributes and has not been saved. This gives the ability to check whether an object has been changed or not. It also has attribute based accessor methods. Let's consider a Person class with attributes `first_name` and `last_name`:
+An object becomes dirty when it has gone through one or more changes to its
+attributes and has not been saved. `ActiveModel::Dirty` gives the ability to
+check whether an object has been changed or not. It also has attribute based
+accessor methods. Let's consider a Person class with attributes `first_name`
+and `last_name`:
 
 ```ruby
-require 'active_model'
-
 class Person
   include ActiveModel::Dirty
   define_attribute_methods :first_name, :last_name
@@ -162,10 +181,11 @@ Track what was the previous value of the attribute.
 
 ```ruby
 # attr_name_was accessor
-person.first_name_was # => "First Name"
+person.first_name_was # => nil
 ```
 
-Track both previous and current value of the changed attribute. Returns an array if changed, else returns nil.
+Track both previous and current value of the changed attribute. Returns an array
+if changed, else returns nil.
 
 ```ruby
 # attr_name_change
@@ -175,7 +195,8 @@ person.last_name_change # => nil
 
 ### Validations
 
-Validations module adds the ability to class objects to validate them in Active Record style.
+`ActiveModel::Validations` module adds the ability to validate class objects
+like in Active Record.
 
 ```ruby
 class Person
@@ -188,7 +209,8 @@ class Person
   validates! :token, presence: true
 end
 
-person = Person.new(token: "2b1f325")
+person = Person.new
+person.token = "2b1f325"
 person.valid?                        # => false
 person.name = 'vishnu'
 person.email = 'me'
@@ -198,3 +220,335 @@ person.valid?                        # => true
 person.token = nil
 person.valid?                        # => raises ActiveModel::StrictValidationFailed
 ```
+
+### Naming
+
+`ActiveModel::Naming` adds a number of class methods which make the naming and routing
+easier to manage. The module defines the `model_name` class method which
+will define a number of accessors using some `ActiveSupport::Inflector` methods.
+
+```ruby
+class Person
+  extend ActiveModel::Naming
+end
+
+Person.model_name.name                # => "Person"
+Person.model_name.singular            # => "person"
+Person.model_name.plural              # => "people"
+Person.model_name.element             # => "person"
+Person.model_name.human               # => "Person"
+Person.model_name.collection          # => "people"
+Person.model_name.param_key           # => "person"
+Person.model_name.i18n_key            # => :person
+Person.model_name.route_key           # => "people"
+Person.model_name.singular_route_key  # => "person"
+```
+
+### Model
+
+`ActiveModel::Model` adds the ability to a class to work with Action Pack and
+Action View right out of the box.
+
+```ruby
+class EmailContact
+  include ActiveModel::Model
+
+  attr_accessor :name, :email, :message
+  validates :name, :email, :message, presence: true
+
+  def deliver
+    if valid?
+      # deliver email
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+When including `ActiveModel::Model` you get some features like:
+
+- model name introspection
+- conversions
+- translations
+- validations
+
+It also gives you the ability to initialize an object with a hash of attributes,
+much like any Active Record object.
+
+```ruby
+email_contact = EmailContact.new(name: 'David',
+                                 email: 'david@example.com',
+                                 message: 'Hello World')
+email_contact.name       # => 'David'
+email_contact.email      # => 'david@example.com'
+email_contact.valid?     # => true
+email_contact.persisted? # => false
+```
+
+Any class that includes `ActiveModel::Model` can be used with `form_for`,
+`render` and any other Action View helper methods, just like Active Record
+objects.
+
+### Serialization
+
+`ActiveModel::Serialization` provides a basic serialization for your object.
+You need to declare an attributes hash which contains the attributes you want to
+serialize. Attributes must be strings, not symbols.
+
+```ruby
+class Person
+  include ActiveModel::Serialization
+
+  attr_accessor :name
+
+  def attributes
+    {'name' => nil}
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Now you can access a serialized hash of your object using the `serializable_hash`.
+
+```ruby
+person = Person.new
+person.serializable_hash   # => {"name"=>nil}
+person.name = "Bob"
+person.serializable_hash   # => {"name"=>"Bob"}
+```
+
+#### ActiveModel::Serializers
+
+Rails provides two serializers `ActiveModel::Serializers::JSON` and
+`ActiveModel::Serializers::Xml`. Both of these modules automatically include
+the `ActiveModel::Serialization`.
+
+##### ActiveModel::Serializers::JSON
+
+To use the `ActiveModel::Serializers::JSON` you only need to change from
+`ActiveModel::Serialization` to `ActiveModel::Serializers::JSON`.
+
+```ruby
+class Person
+  include ActiveModel::Serializers::JSON
+
+  attr_accessor :name
+
+  def attributes
+    {'name' => nil}
+  end
+end
+```
+
+With the `as_json` you have a hash representing the model.
+
+```ruby
+person = Person.new
+person.as_json # => {"name"=>nil}
+person.name = "Bob"
+person.as_json # => {"name"=>"Bob"}
+```
+
+From a JSON string you define the attributes of the model.
+You need to have the `attributes=` method defined on your class:
+
+```ruby
+class Person
+  include ActiveModel::Serializers::JSON
+
+  attr_accessor :name
+
+  def attributes=(hash)
+    hash.each do |key, value|
+      send("#{key}=", value)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def attributes
+    {'name' => nil}
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Now it is possible to create an instance of person and set the attributes using `from_json`.
+
+```ruby
+json = { name: 'Bob' }.to_json
+person = Person.new
+person.from_json(json) # => #<Person:0x00000100c773f0 @name="Bob">
+person.name            # => "Bob"
+```
+
+##### ActiveModel::Serializers::Xml
+
+To use the `ActiveModel::Serializers::Xml` you only need to change from
+`ActiveModel::Serialization` to `ActiveModel::Serializers::Xml`.
+
+```ruby
+class Person
+  include ActiveModel::Serializers::Xml
+
+  attr_accessor :name
+
+  def attributes
+    {'name' => nil}
+  end
+end
+```
+
+With the `to_xml` you have a XML representing the model.
+
+```ruby
+person = Person.new
+person.to_xml # => "<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?>\n<person>\n  <name nil=\"true\"/>\n</person>\n"
+person.name = "Bob"
+person.to_xml # => "<?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"UTF-8\"?>\n<person>\n  <name>Bob</name>\n</person>\n"
+```
+
+From a XML string you define the attributes of the model.
+You need to have the `attributes=` method defined on your class:
+
+```ruby
+class Person
+  include ActiveModel::Serializers::Xml
+
+  attr_accessor :name
+
+  def attributes=(hash)
+    hash.each do |key, value|
+      send("#{key}=", value)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def attributes
+    {'name' => nil}
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Now it is possible to create an instance of person and set the attributes using `from_xml`.
+
+```ruby
+xml = { name: 'Bob' }.to_xml
+person = Person.new
+person.from_xml(xml) # => #<Person:0x00000100c773f0 @name="Bob">
+person.name          # => "Bob"
+```
+
+### Translation
+
+`ActiveModel::Translation` provides integration between your object and the Rails
+internationalization (i18n) framework.
+
+```ruby
+class Person
+  extend ActiveModel::Translation
+end
+```
+
+With the `human_attribute_name` you can transform attribute names into a more
+human format. The human format is defined in your locale file.
+
+* config/locales/app.pt-BR.yml
+
+  ```yml
+  pt-BR:
+    activemodel:
+      attributes:
+        person:
+          name: 'Nome'
+  ```
+
+```ruby
+Person.human_attribute_name('name') # => "Nome"
+```
+
+### Lint Tests
+
+`ActiveModel::Lint::Tests` allow you to test whether an object is compliant with
+the Active Model API.
+
+* app/models/person.rb
+
+    ```ruby
+    class Person
+      include ActiveModel::Model
+
+    end
+    ```
+
+* test/models/person_test.rb
+
+    ```ruby
+    require 'test_helper'
+
+    class PersonTest < ActiveSupport::TestCase
+      include ActiveModel::Lint::Tests
+
+      def setup
+        @model = Person.new
+      end
+    end
+    ```
+
+```bash
+$ rake test
+
+Run options: --seed 14596
+
+# Running:
+
+......
+
+Finished in 0.024899s, 240.9735 runs/s, 1204.8677 assertions/s.
+
+6 runs, 30 assertions, 0 failures, 0 errors, 0 skips
+```
+
+An object is not required to implement all APIs in order to work with
+Action Pack. This module only intends to provide guidance in case you want all
+features out of the box.
+
+### SecurePassword
+
+`ActiveModel::SecurePassword` provides a way to securely store any
+password in an encrypted form. On including this module, a
+`has_secure_password` class method is provided which defines
+an accessor named `password` with certain validations on it.
+
+#### Requirements
+
+`ActiveModel::SecurePassword` depends on the [`bcrypt`](https://github.com/codahale/bcrypt-ruby 'BCrypt'),
+so include this gem in your Gemfile to use `ActiveModel::SecurePassword` correctly.
+In order to make this work, the model must have an accessor named `password_digest`.
+The `has_secure_password` will add the following validations on the `password` accessor:
+
+1. Password should be present.
+2. Password should be equal to its confirmation.
+3. This maximum length of a password is 72 (required by `bcrypt` on which ActiveModel::SecurePassword depends)
+
+#### Examples
+
+```ruby
+class Person
+  include ActiveModel::SecurePassword
+  has_secure_password
+  attr_accessor :password_digest
+end
+
+person = Person.new
+
+# When password is blank.
+person.valid? # => false
+
+# When the confirmation doesn't match the password.
+person.password = 'aditya'
+person.password_confirmation = 'nomatch'
+person.valid? # => false
+
+# When the length of password, exceeds 72.
+person.password = person.password_confirmation = 'a' * 100
+person.valid? # => false
+
+# When all validations are passed.
+person.password = person.password_confirmation = 'aditya'
+person.valid? # => true
+```

data/guides/source/active_record_basics.md

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ Object Relational Mapping system.
 in his book _Patterns of Enterprise Application Architecture_. In
 Active Record, objects carry both persistent data and behavior which
 operates on that data. Active Record takes the opinion that ensuring
-data access logic is part of the object will educate users of that
+data access logic as part of the object will educate users of that
 object on how to write to and read from the database.
 
 ### Object Relational Mapping
@@ -82,13 +82,13 @@ by underscores. Examples:
 * Model Class - Singular with the first letter of each word capitalized (e.g.,
 `BookClub`).
 
-| Model / Class | Table / Schema |
-| ------------- | -------------- |
-| `Post`        | `posts`        |
-| `LineItem`    | `line_items`   |
-| `Deer`        | `deers`        |
-| `Mouse`       | `mice`         |
-| `Person`      | `people`       |
+| Model / Class    | Table / Schema |
+| ---------------- | -------------- |
+| `Article`        | `articles`     |
+| `LineItem`       | `line_items`   |
+| `Deer`           | `deers`        |
+| `Mouse`          | `mice`         |
+| `Person`         | `people`       |
 
 
 ### Schema Conventions
@@ -116,13 +116,13 @@ to Active Record instances:
   locking](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/Locking.html) to
   a model.
 * `type` - Specifies that the model uses [Single Table
-  Inheritance](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/Base.html#label-Single+table+inheritance).
+  Inheritance](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActiveRecord/Base.html#class-ActiveRecord::Base-label-Single+table+inheritance).
 * `(association_name)_type` - Stores the type for
   [polymorphic associations](association_basics.html#polymorphic-associations).
 * `(table_name)_count` - Used to cache the number of belonging objects on
-  associations. For example, a `comments_count` column in a `Post` class that
+  associations. For example, a `comments_count` column in a `Articles` class that
   has many instances of `Comment` will cache the number of existent comments
-  for each post.
+  for each article.
 
 NOTE: While these column names are optional, they are in fact reserved by Active Record. Steer clear of reserved keywords unless you want the extra functionality. For example, `type` is a reserved keyword used to designate a table using Single Table Inheritance (STI). If you are not using STI, try an analogous keyword like "context", that may still accurately describe the data you are modeling.
 
@@ -309,11 +309,11 @@ into the database. There are several methods that you can use to check your
 models and validate that an attribute value is not empty, is unique and not
 already in the database, follows a specific format and many more.
 
-Validation is a very important issue to consider when persisting to database, so
-the methods `create`, `save` and `update` take it into account when
+Validation is a very important issue to consider when persisting to the database, so
+the methods `save` and `update` take it into account when
 running: they return `false` when validation fails and they didn't actually
-perform any operation on database. All of these have a bang counterpart (that
-is, `create!`, `save!` and `update!`), which are stricter in that
+perform any operation on the database. All of these have a bang counterpart (that
+is, `save!` and `update!`), which are stricter in that
 they raise the exception `ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid` if validation fails.
 A quick example to illustrate:
 
@@ -322,8 +322,9 @@ class User < ActiveRecord::Base
   validates :name, presence: true
 end
 
-User.create  # => false
-User.create! # => ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid: Validation failed: Name can't be blank
+user = User.new
+user.save  # => false
+user.save! # => ActiveRecord::RecordInvalid: Validation failed: Name can't be blank
 ```
 
 You can learn more about validations in the [Active Record Validations
@@ -357,7 +358,7 @@ class CreatePublications < ActiveRecord::Migration
       t.string :publisher_type
       t.boolean :single_issue
 
-      t.timestamps
+      t.timestamps null: false
     end
     add_index :publications, :publication_type_id
   end

data/guides/source/active_record_callbacks.md

@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ After reading this guide, you will know:
 The Object Life Cycle
 ---------------------
 
-During the normal operation of a Rails application, objects may be created, updated, and destroyed. Active Record provides hooks into this <em>object life cycle</em> so that you can control your application and its data.
+During the normal operation of a Rails application, objects may be created, updated, and destroyed. Active Record provides hooks into this *object life cycle* so that you can control your application and its data.
 
 Callbacks allow you to trigger logic before or after an alteration of an object's state.
 
@@ -92,6 +92,7 @@ Here is a list with all the available Active Record callbacks, listed in the sam
 * `around_create`
 * `after_create`
 * `after_save`
+* `after_commit/after_rollback`
 
 ### Updating an Object
 
@@ -103,12 +104,14 @@ Here is a list with all the available Active Record callbacks, listed in the sam
 * `around_update`
 * `after_update`
 * `after_save`
+* `after_commit/after_rollback`
 
 ### Destroying an Object
 
 * `before_destroy`
 * `around_destroy`
 * `after_destroy`
+* `after_commit/after_rollback`
 
 WARNING. `after_save` runs both on create and update, but always _after_ the more specific callbacks `after_create` and `after_update`, no matter the order in which the macro calls were executed.
 
@@ -258,27 +261,27 @@ WARNING. Any exception that is not `ActiveRecord::Rollback` will be re-raised by
 Relational Callbacks
 --------------------
 
-Callbacks work through model relationships, and can even be defined by them. Suppose an example where a user has many posts. A user's posts should be destroyed if the user is destroyed. Let's add an `after_destroy` callback to the `User` model by way of its relationship to the `Post` model:
+Callbacks work through model relationships, and can even be defined by them. Suppose an example where a user has many articles. A user's articles should be destroyed if the user is destroyed. Let's add an `after_destroy` callback to the `User` model by way of its relationship to the `Article` model:
 
 ```ruby
 class User < ActiveRecord::Base
-  has_many :posts, dependent: :destroy
+  has_many :articles, dependent: :destroy
 end
 
-class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
+class Article < ActiveRecord::Base
   after_destroy :log_destroy_action
 
   def log_destroy_action
-    puts 'Post destroyed'
+    puts 'Article destroyed'
   end
 end
 
 >> user = User.first
 => #<User id: 1>
->> user.posts.create!
-=> #<Post id: 1, user_id: 1>
+>> user.articles.create!
+=> #<Article id: 1, user_id: 1>
 >> user.destroy
-Post destroyed
+Article destroyed
 => #<User id: 1>
 ```
 
@@ -325,7 +328,7 @@ When writing conditional callbacks, it is possible to mix both `:if` and `:unles
 ```ruby
 class Comment < ActiveRecord::Base
   after_create :send_email_to_author, if: :author_wants_emails?,
-    unless: Proc.new { |comment| comment.post.ignore_comments? }
+    unless: Proc.new { |comment| comment.article.ignore_comments? }
 end
 ```