rails 3.2.22.5 → 4.0.0.beta1

data/guides/source/index.html.erb

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+<% content_for :page_title do %>
+Ruby on Rails Guides
+<% end %>
+
+<% content_for :header_section do %>
+<%= render 'welcome' %>
+<% end %>
+
+<% content_for :index_section do %>
+<div id="subCol">
+  <dl>
+    <dd class="kindle">Rails Guides are also available for <%= link_to 'Kindle', @mobi %>.</dd>
+    <dd class="work-in-progress">Guides marked with this icon are currently being worked on and will not be available in the Guides Index menu. While still useful, they may contain incomplete information and even errors. You can help by reviewing them and posting your comments and corrections.</dd>
+  </dl>
+</div>
+<% end %>
+
+<% documents_by_section.each do |section| %>
+  <h3><%= section['name'] %></h3>
+  <dl>
+    <% section['documents'].each do |document| %>
+      <%= guide(document['name'], document['url'], :work_in_progress => document['work_in_progress']) do %>
+        <p><%= document['description'] %></p>
+      <% end %>
+    <% end %>
+  </dl>
+<% end %>

data/guides/source/initialization.md

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+The Rails Initialization Process
+================================
+
+This guide explains the internals of the initialization process in Rails
+as of Rails 4. It is an extremely in-depth guide and recommended for advanced Rails developers.
+
+After reading this guide, you will know:
+
+* How to use `rails server`.
+
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+This guide goes through every method call that is
+required to boot up the Ruby on Rails stack for a default Rails 4
+application, explaining each part in detail along the way. For this
+guide, we will be focusing on what happens when you execute +rails
+server+ to boot your app.
+
+NOTE: Paths in this guide are relative to Rails or a Rails application unless otherwise specified.
+
+TIP: If you want to follow along while browsing the Rails [source
+code](https://github.com/rails/rails), we recommend that you use the `t`
+key binding to open the file finder inside GitHub and find files
+quickly.
+
+Launch!
+-------
+
+Now we finally boot and initialize the app. It all starts with your app's
+`bin/rails` executable. A Rails application is usually started by running
+`rails console` or `rails server`.
+
+### `bin/rails`
+
+This file is as follows:
+
+```ruby
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+APP_PATH = File.expand_path('../../config/application',  __FILE__)
+require File.expand_path('../../config/boot',  __FILE__)
+require 'rails/commands'
+```
+
+The `APP_PATH` constant will be used later in `rails/commands`. The `config/boot` file referenced here is the `config/boot.rb` file in our application which is responsible for loading Bundler and setting it up.
+
+### `config/boot.rb`
+
+`config/boot.rb` contains:
+
+```ruby
+# Set up gems listed in the Gemfile.
+ENV['BUNDLE_GEMFILE'] ||= File.expand_path('../../Gemfile', __FILE__)
+
+require 'bundler/setup' if File.exists?(ENV['BUNDLE_GEMFILE'])
+```
+
+In a standard Rails application, there's a `Gemfile` which declares all
+dependencies of the application. `config/boot.rb` sets
+`ENV['BUNDLE_GEMFILE']` to the location of this file. If the Gemfile
+exists, `bundler/setup` is then required.
+
+The gems that a Rails 4 application depends on are as follows:
+
+TODO: change these when the Rails 4 release is near.
+
+* abstract (1.0.0)
+* actionmailer (4.0.0.beta)
+* actionpack (4.0.0.beta)
+* activemodel (4.0.0.beta)
+* activerecord (4.0.0.beta)
+* activesupport (4.0.0.beta)
+* arel (2.0.7)
+* builder (3.0.0)
+* bundler (1.0.6)
+* erubis (2.6.6)
+* i18n (0.5.0)
+* mail (2.2.12)
+* mime-types (1.16)
+* polyglot (0.3.1)
+* rack (1.2.1)
+* rack-cache (0.5.3)
+* rack-mount (0.6.13)
+* rack-test (0.5.6)
+* rails (4.0.0.beta)
+* railties (4.0.0.beta)
+* rake (0.8.7)
+* sqlite3-ruby (1.3.2)
+* thor (0.14.6)
+* treetop (1.4.9)
+* tzinfo (0.3.23)
+
+### `rails/commands.rb`
+
+Once `config/boot.rb` has finished, the next file that is required is `rails/commands` which will execute a command based on the arguments passed in. In this case, the `ARGV` array simply contains `server` which is extracted into the `command` variable using these lines:
+
+```ruby
+ARGV << '--help' if ARGV.empty?
+
+aliases = {
+  "g"  => "generate",
+  "d"  => "destroy",
+  "c"  => "console",
+  "s"  => "server",
+  "db" => "dbconsole",
+  "r"  => "runner"
+}
+
+command = ARGV.shift
+command = aliases[command] || command
+```
+
+TIP: As you can see, an empty ARGV list will make Rails show the help
+snippet.
+
+If we used `s` rather than `server`, Rails will use the `aliases` defined in the file and match them to their respective commands. With the `server` command, Rails will run this code:
+
+```ruby
+when 'server'
+  # Change to the application's path if there is no config.ru file in current dir.
+  # This allows us to run `rails server` from other directories, but still get
+  # the main config.ru and properly set the tmp directory.
+  Dir.chdir(File.expand_path('../../', APP_PATH)) unless File.exists?(File.expand_path("config.ru"))
+
+  require 'rails/commands/server'
+  Rails::Server.new.tap do |server|
+    # We need to require application after the server sets environment,
+    # otherwise the --environment option given to the server won't propagate.
+    require APP_PATH
+    Dir.chdir(Rails.application.root)
+    server.start
+  end
+```
+
+This file will change into the root of the directory (a path two directories back from `APP_PATH` which points at `config/application.rb`), but only if the `config.ru` file isn't found. This then requires `rails/commands/server` which sets up the `Rails::Server` class.
+
+```ruby
+require 'fileutils'
+require 'optparse'
+require 'action_dispatch'
+
+module Rails
+  class Server < ::Rack::Server
+```
+
+`fileutils` and `optparse` are standard Ruby libraries which provide helper functions for working with files and parsing options.
+
+### `actionpack/lib/action_dispatch.rb`
+
+Action Dispatch is the routing component of the Rails framework.
+It adds functionalities like routing, session, and common middlewares.
+
+### `rails/commands/server.rb`
+
+The `Rails::Server` class is defined in this file as inheriting from `Rack::Server`. When `Rails::Server.new` is called, this calls the `initialize` method in `rails/commands/server.rb`:
+
+```ruby
+def initialize(*)
+  super
+  set_environment
+end
+```
+
+Firstly, `super` is called which calls the `initialize` method on `Rack::Server`.
+
+### Rack: `lib/rack/server.rb`
+
+`Rack::Server` is responsible for providing a common server interface for all Rack-based applications, which Rails is now a part of.
+
+The `initialize` method in `Rack::Server` simply sets a couple of variables:
+
+```ruby
+def initialize(options = nil)
+  @options = options
+  @app = options[:app] if options && options[:app]
+end
+```
+
+In this case, `options` will be `nil` so nothing happens in this method.
+
+After `super` has finished in `Rack::Server`, we jump back to `rails/commands/server.rb`. At this point, `set_environment` is called within the context of the `Rails::Server` object and this method doesn't appear to do much at first glance:
+
+```ruby
+def set_environment
+  ENV["RAILS_ENV"] ||= options[:environment]
+end
+```
+
+In fact, the `options` method here does quite a lot. This method is defined in `Rack::Server` like this:
+
+```ruby
+def options
+  @options ||= parse_options(ARGV)
+end
+```
+
+Then `parse_options` is defined like this:
+
+```ruby
+def parse_options(args)
+  options = default_options
+
+  # Don't evaluate CGI ISINDEX parameters.
+  # http://hoohoo.ncsa.uiuc.edu/cgi/cl.html
+  args.clear if ENV.include?("REQUEST_METHOD")
+
+  options.merge! opt_parser.parse! args
+  options[:config] = ::File.expand_path(options[:config])
+  ENV["RACK_ENV"] = options[:environment]
+  options
+end
+```
+
+With the `default_options` set to this:
+
+```ruby
+def default_options
+  {
+    :environment => ENV['RACK_ENV'] || "development",
+    :pid         => nil,
+    :Port        => 9292,
+    :Host        => "0.0.0.0",
+    :AccessLog   => [],
+    :config      => "config.ru"
+  }
+end
+```
+
+There is no `REQUEST_METHOD` key in `ENV` so we can skip over that line. The next line merges in the options from `opt_parser` which is defined plainly in `Rack::Server`
+
+```ruby
+def opt_parser
+  Options.new
+end
+```
+
+The class **is** defined in `Rack::Server`, but is overwritten in `Rails::Server` to take different arguments. Its `parse!` method begins like this:
+
+```ruby
+def parse!(args)
+  args, options = args.dup, {}
+
+  opt_parser = OptionParser.new do |opts|
+    opts.banner = "Usage: rails server [mongrel, thin, etc] [options]"
+    opts.on("-p", "--port=port", Integer,
+            "Runs Rails on the specified port.", "Default: 3000") { |v| options[:Port] = v }
+  ...
+```
+
+This method will set up keys for the `options` which Rails will then be
+able to use to determine how its server should run. After `initialize`
+has finished, we jump back into `rails/server` where `APP_PATH` (which was
+set earlier) is required.
+
+### `config/application`
+
+When `require APP_PATH` is executed, `config/application.rb` is loaded.
+This file exists in your app and it's free for you to change based
+on your needs.
+
+### `Rails::Server#start`
+
+After `config/application` is loaded, `server.start` is called. This method is defined like this:
+
+```ruby
+def start
+  url = "#{options[:SSLEnable] ? 'https' : 'http'}://#{options[:Host]}:#{options[:Port]}"
+  puts "=> Booting #{ActiveSupport::Inflector.demodulize(server)}"
+  puts "=> Rails #{Rails.version} application starting in #{Rails.env} on #{url}"
+  puts "=> Call with -d to detach" unless options[:daemonize]
+  trap(:INT) { exit }
+  puts "=> Ctrl-C to shutdown server" unless options[:daemonize]
+
+  #Create required tmp directories if not found
+  %w(cache pids sessions sockets).each do |dir_to_make|
+    FileUtils.mkdir_p(Rails.root.join('tmp', dir_to_make))
+  end
+
+  unless options[:daemonize]
+    wrapped_app # touch the app so the logger is set up
+
+    console = ActiveSupport::Logger.new($stdout)
+    console.formatter = Rails.logger.formatter
+
+    Rails.logger.extend(ActiveSupport::Logger.broadcast(console))
+  end
+
+  super
+ensure
+  # The '-h' option calls exit before @options is set.
+  # If we call 'options' with it unset, we get double help banners.
+  puts 'Exiting' unless @options && options[:daemonize]
+end
+```
+
+This is where the first output of the Rails initialization happens. This
+method creates a trap for `INT` signals, so if you `CTRL-C` the server,
+it will exit the process. As we can see from the code here, it will
+create the `tmp/cache`, `tmp/pids`, `tmp/sessions` and `tmp/sockets`
+directories. It then calls `wrapped_app` which is responsible for
+creating the Rack app, before creating and assigning an
+instance of `ActiveSupport::Logger`.
+
+The `super` method will call `Rack::Server.start` which begins its definition like this:
+
+```ruby
+def start &blk
+  if options[:warn]
+    $-w = true
+  end
+
+  if includes = options[:include]
+    $LOAD_PATH.unshift(*includes)
+  end
+
+  if library = options[:require]
+    require library
+  end
+
+  if options[:debug]
+    $DEBUG = true
+    require 'pp'
+    p options[:server]
+    pp wrapped_app
+    pp app
+  end
+
+  check_pid! if options[:pid]
+
+  # Touch the wrapped app, so that the config.ru is loaded before
+  # daemonization (i.e. before chdir, etc).
+  wrapped_app
+
+  daemonize_app if options[:daemonize]
+
+  write_pid if options[:pid]
+
+  trap(:INT) do
+    if server.respond_to?(:shutdown)
+      server.shutdown
+    else
+      exit
+    end
+  end
+
+  server.run wrapped_app, options, &blk
+end
+```
+
+The interesting part for a Rails app is the last line, `server.run`. Here we encounter the `wrapped_app` method again, which this time
+we're going to explore more (even though it was executed before, and
+thus memorized by now).
+
+```ruby
+@wrapped_app ||= build_app app
+```
+
+The `app` method here is defined like so:
+
+```ruby
+def app
+  @app ||= begin
+    if !::File.exist? options[:config]
+      abort "configuration #{options[:config]} not found"
+    end
+
+    app, options = Rack::Builder.parse_file(self.options[:config], opt_parser)
+    self.options.merge! options
+    app
+  end
+end
+```
+
+The `options[:config]` value defaults to `config.ru` which contains this:
+
+```ruby
+# This file is used by Rack-based servers to start the application.
+
+require ::File.expand_path('../config/environment',  __FILE__)
+run <%= app_const %>
+```
+
+
+The `Rack::Builder.parse_file` method here takes the content from this `config.ru` file and parses it using this code:
+
+```ruby
+app = eval "Rack::Builder.new {( " + cfgfile + "\n )}.to_app",
+    TOPLEVEL_BINDING, config
+```
+
+The `initialize` method of `Rack::Builder` will take the block here and execute it within an instance of `Rack::Builder`. This is where the majority of the initialization process of Rails happens. The `require` line for `config/environment.rb` in `config.ru` is the first to run:
+
+```ruby
+require ::File.expand_path('../config/environment',  __FILE__)
+```
+
+### `config/environment.rb`
+
+This file is the common file required by `config.ru` (`rails server`) and Passenger. This is where these two ways to run the server meet; everything before this point has been Rack and Rails setup.
+
+This file begins with requiring `config/application.rb`.
+
+### `config/application.rb`
+
+This file requires `config/boot.rb`, but only if it hasn't been required before, which would be the case in `rails server` but **wouldn't** be the case with Passenger.
+
+Then the fun begins!
+
+Loading Rails
+-------------
+
+The next line in `config/application.rb` is:
+
+```ruby
+require 'rails/all'
+```
+
+### `railties/lib/rails/all.rb`
+
+This file is responsible for requiring all the individual frameworks of Rails:
+
+```ruby
+require "rails"
+
+%w(
+    active_record
+    action_controller
+    action_mailer
+    rails/test_unit
+    sprockets
+).each do |framework|
+  begin
+    require "#{framework}/railtie"
+  rescue LoadError
+  end
+end
+```
+
+This is where all the Rails frameworks are loaded and thus made
+available to the application. We won't go into detail of what happens
+inside each of those frameworks, but you're encouraged to try and
+explore them on your own.
+
+For now, just keep in mind that common functionality like Rails engines,
+I18n and Rails configuration is all being defined here.
+
+### Back to `config/environment.rb`
+
+When `config/application.rb` has finished loading Rails, and defined
+your application namespace, you go back to `config/environment.rb`,
+where your application is initialized. For example, if you application was called
+`Blog`, here you would find `Blog::Application.initialize!`, which is
+defined in `rails/application.rb`
+
+### `railties/lib/rails/application.rb`
+
+The `initialize!` method looks like this:
+
+```ruby
+def initialize!(group=:default) #:nodoc:
+  raise "Application has been already initialized." if @initialized
+  run_initializers(group, self)
+  @initialized = true
+  self
+end
+```
+
+As you can see, you can only initialize an app once. This is also where the initializers are run.
+
+TODO: review this
+
+The initializers code itself is tricky. What Rails is doing here is it
+traverses all the class ancestors looking for an `initializers` method,
+sorting them and running them. For example, the `Engine` class will make
+all the engines available by providing the `initializers` method.
+
+After this is done we go back to `Rack::Server`
+
+### Rack: lib/rack/server.rb
+
+Last time we left when the `app` method was being defined:
+
+```ruby
+def app
+  @app ||= begin
+    if !::File.exist? options[:config]
+      abort "configuration #{options[:config]} not found"
+    end
+
+    app, options = Rack::Builder.parse_file(self.options[:config], opt_parser)
+    self.options.merge! options
+    app
+  end
+end
+```
+
+At this point `app` is the Rails app itself (a middleware), and what
+happens next is Rack will call all the provided middlewares:
+
+```ruby
+def build_app(app)
+  middleware[options[:environment]].reverse_each do |middleware|
+    middleware = middleware.call(self) if middleware.respond_to?(:call)
+    next unless middleware
+    klass = middleware.shift
+    app = klass.new(app, *middleware)
+  end
+  app
+end
+```
+
+Remember, `build_app` was called (by wrapped_app) in the last line of `Server#start`.
+Here's how it looked like when we left:
+
+```ruby
+server.run wrapped_app, options, &blk
+```
+
+At this point, the implementation of `server.run` will depend on the
+server you're using. For example, if you were using Mongrel, here's what
+the `run` method would look like:
+
+```ruby
+def self.run(app, options={})
+  server = ::Mongrel::HttpServer.new(
+    options[:Host]           || '0.0.0.0',
+    options[:Port]           || 8080,
+    options[:num_processors] || 950,
+    options[:throttle]       || 0,
+    options[:timeout]        || 60)
+  # Acts like Rack::URLMap, utilizing Mongrel's own path finding methods.
+  # Use is similar to #run, replacing the app argument with a hash of
+  # { path=>app, ... } or an instance of Rack::URLMap.
+  if options[:map]
+    if app.is_a? Hash
+      app.each do |path, appl|
+        path = '/'+path unless path[0] == ?/
+        server.register(path, Rack::Handler::Mongrel.new(appl))
+      end
+    elsif app.is_a? URLMap
+      app.instance_variable_get(:@mapping).each do |(host, path, appl)|
+       next if !host.nil? && !options[:Host].nil? && options[:Host] != host
+       path = '/'+path unless path[0] == ?/
+       server.register(path, Rack::Handler::Mongrel.new(appl))
+      end
+    else
+      raise ArgumentError, "first argument should be a Hash or URLMap"
+    end
+  else
+    server.register('/', Rack::Handler::Mongrel.new(app))
+  end
+  yield server  if block_given?
+  server.run.join
+end
+```
+
+We won't dig into the server configuration itself, but this is
+the last piece of our journey in the Rails initialization process.
+
+This high level overview will help you understand when your code is
+executed and how, and overall become a better Rails developer. If you
+still want to know more, the Rails source code itself is probably the
+best place to go next.