rails 3.2.22.2 → 4.2.0
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- checksums.yaml +7 -0
- data/README.md +85 -0
- data/guides/CHANGELOG.md +31 -0
- data/guides/Rakefile +79 -0
- data/guides/assets/images/akshaysurve.jpg +0 -0
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- data/guides/assets/images/chapters_icon.gif +0 -0
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- data/guides/assets/images/footer_tile.gif +0 -0
- data/guides/assets/images/fxn.png +0 -0
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- data/guides/assets/images/getting_started/challenge.png +0 -0
- data/guides/assets/images/getting_started/confirm_dialog.png +0 -0
- data/guides/assets/images/getting_started/forbidden_attributes_for_new_article.png +0 -0
- data/guides/assets/images/getting_started/form_with_errors.png +0 -0
- data/guides/assets/images/getting_started/index_action_with_edit_link.png +0 -0
- data/guides/assets/images/getting_started/new_article.png +0 -0
- data/guides/assets/images/getting_started/rails_welcome.png +0 -0
- data/guides/assets/images/getting_started/routing_error_no_controller.png +0 -0
- data/guides/assets/images/getting_started/routing_error_no_route_matches.png +0 -0
- data/guides/assets/images/getting_started/show_action_for_articles.png +0 -0
- data/guides/assets/images/getting_started/template_is_missing_articles_new.png +0 -0
- data/guides/assets/images/getting_started/unknown_action_create_for_articles.png +0 -0
- data/guides/assets/images/getting_started/unknown_action_new_for_articles.png +0 -0
- data/guides/assets/images/grey_bullet.gif +0 -0
- data/guides/assets/images/habtm.png +0 -0
- data/guides/assets/images/has_many.png +0 -0
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- data/guides/assets/images/has_one.png +0 -0
- data/guides/assets/images/has_one_through.png +0 -0
- data/guides/assets/images/header_backdrop.png +0 -0
- data/guides/assets/images/header_tile.gif +0 -0
- data/guides/assets/images/i18n/demo_html_safe.png +0 -0
- data/guides/assets/images/i18n/demo_localized_pirate.png +0 -0
- data/guides/assets/images/i18n/demo_translated_en.png +0 -0
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- data/guides/assets/images/i18n/demo_translation_missing.png +0 -0
- data/guides/assets/images/i18n/demo_untranslated.png +0 -0
- data/guides/assets/images/icons/README +5 -0
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- data/guides/assets/images/polymorphic.png +0 -0
- data/guides/assets/images/radar.png +0 -0
- data/guides/assets/images/rails4_features.png +0 -0
- data/guides/assets/images/rails_guides_kindle_cover.jpg +0 -0
- data/guides/assets/images/rails_guides_logo.gif +0 -0
- data/guides/assets/images/rails_logo_remix.gif +0 -0
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- data/guides/assets/images/vijaydev.jpg +0 -0
- data/guides/assets/javascripts/guides.js +59 -0
- data/guides/assets/javascripts/jquery.min.js +4 -0
- data/guides/assets/javascripts/responsive-tables.js +43 -0
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- data/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushPerl.js +72 -0
- data/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushPhp.js +88 -0
- data/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushPlain.js +33 -0
- data/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushPowerShell.js +74 -0
- data/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushPython.js +64 -0
- data/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushRuby.js +55 -0
- data/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushSass.js +94 -0
- data/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushScala.js +51 -0
- data/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushSql.js +66 -0
- data/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushVb.js +56 -0
- data/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shBrushXml.js +69 -0
- data/guides/assets/javascripts/syntaxhighlighter/shCore.js +17 -0
- data/guides/assets/stylesheets/fixes.css +16 -0
- data/guides/assets/stylesheets/kindle.css +11 -0
- data/guides/assets/stylesheets/main.css +713 -0
- data/guides/assets/stylesheets/print.css +52 -0
- data/guides/assets/stylesheets/reset.css +43 -0
- data/guides/assets/stylesheets/responsive-tables.css +50 -0
- data/guides/assets/stylesheets/style.css +13 -0
- data/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shCore.css +226 -0
- data/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shCoreDefault.css +328 -0
- data/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shCoreDjango.css +331 -0
- data/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shCoreEclipse.css +339 -0
- data/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shCoreEmacs.css +324 -0
- data/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shCoreFadeToGrey.css +328 -0
- data/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shCoreMDUltra.css +324 -0
- data/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shCoreMidnight.css +324 -0
- data/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shCoreRDark.css +324 -0
- data/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shThemeDefault.css +117 -0
- data/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shThemeDjango.css +120 -0
- data/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shThemeEclipse.css +128 -0
- data/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shThemeEmacs.css +113 -0
- data/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shThemeFadeToGrey.css +117 -0
- data/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shThemeMDUltra.css +113 -0
- data/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shThemeMidnight.css +113 -0
- data/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shThemeRDark.css +113 -0
- data/guides/assets/stylesheets/syntaxhighlighter/shThemeRailsGuides.css +116 -0
- data/guides/bug_report_templates/action_controller_gem.rb +47 -0
- data/guides/bug_report_templates/action_controller_master.rb +54 -0
- data/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_gem.rb +40 -0
- data/guides/bug_report_templates/active_record_master.rb +49 -0
- data/guides/rails_guides/generator.rb +248 -0
- data/guides/rails_guides/helpers.rb +53 -0
- data/guides/rails_guides/indexer.rb +68 -0
- data/guides/rails_guides/kindle.rb +119 -0
- data/guides/rails_guides/levenshtein.rb +39 -0
- data/guides/rails_guides/markdown/renderer.rb +82 -0
- data/guides/rails_guides/markdown.rb +167 -0
- data/guides/rails_guides.rb +63 -0
- data/guides/source/2_2_release_notes.md +435 -0
- data/guides/source/2_3_release_notes.md +621 -0
- data/guides/source/3_0_release_notes.md +611 -0
- data/guides/source/3_1_release_notes.md +559 -0
- data/guides/source/3_2_release_notes.md +568 -0
- data/guides/source/4_0_release_notes.md +279 -0
- data/guides/source/4_1_release_notes.md +730 -0
- data/guides/source/4_2_release_notes.md +850 -0
- data/guides/source/_license.html.erb +2 -0
- data/guides/source/_welcome.html.erb +19 -0
- data/guides/source/action_controller_overview.md +1249 -0
- data/guides/source/action_mailer_basics.md +752 -0
- data/guides/source/action_view_overview.md +1620 -0
- data/guides/source/active_job_basics.md +318 -0
- data/guides/source/active_model_basics.md +554 -0
- data/guides/source/active_record_basics.md +374 -0
- data/guides/source/active_record_callbacks.md +413 -0
- data/guides/source/active_record_migrations.md +1018 -0
- data/guides/source/active_record_postgresql.md +433 -0
- data/guides/source/active_record_querying.md +1783 -0
- data/guides/source/active_record_validations.md +1178 -0
- data/guides/source/active_support_core_extensions.md +3904 -0
- data/guides/source/active_support_instrumentation.md +499 -0
- data/guides/source/api_documentation_guidelines.md +361 -0
- data/guides/source/asset_pipeline.md +1360 -0
- data/guides/source/association_basics.md +2236 -0
- data/guides/source/caching_with_rails.md +379 -0
- data/guides/source/command_line.md +625 -0
- data/guides/source/configuring.md +1045 -0
- data/guides/source/constant_autoloading_and_reloading.md +1297 -0
- data/guides/source/contributing_to_ruby_on_rails.md +624 -0
- data/guides/source/credits.html.erb +80 -0
- data/guides/source/debugging_rails_applications.md +861 -0
- data/guides/source/development_dependencies_install.md +289 -0
- data/guides/source/documents.yaml +205 -0
- data/guides/source/engines.md +1412 -0
- data/guides/source/form_helpers.md +1024 -0
- data/guides/source/generators.md +676 -0
- data/guides/source/getting_started.md +2085 -0
- data/guides/source/i18n.md +1086 -0
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- data/guides/source/initialization.md +704 -0
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- data/guides/source/nested_model_forms.md +228 -0
- data/guides/source/plugins.md +444 -0
- data/guides/source/rails_application_templates.md +266 -0
- data/guides/source/rails_on_rack.md +336 -0
- data/guides/source/routing.md +1141 -0
- data/guides/source/ruby_on_rails_guides_guidelines.md +127 -0
- data/guides/source/security.md +1024 -0
- data/guides/source/testing.md +1123 -0
- data/guides/source/upgrading_ruby_on_rails.md +1154 -0
- data/guides/source/working_with_javascript_in_rails.md +407 -0
- data/guides/w3c_validator.rb +97 -0
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Action Mailer Basics
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====================
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This guide provides you with all you need to get started in sending and
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receiving emails from and to your application, and many internals of Action
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Mailer. It also covers how to test your mailers.
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After reading this guide, you will know:
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* How to send and receive email within a Rails application.
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* How to generate and edit an Action Mailer class and mailer view.
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* How to configure Action Mailer for your environment.
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* How to test your Action Mailer classes.
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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Introduction
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------------
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Action Mailer allows you to send emails from your application using mailer classes
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and views. Mailers work very similarly to controllers. They inherit from
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`ActionMailer::Base` and live in `app/mailers`, and they have associated views
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that appear in `app/views`.
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Sending Emails
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--------------
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This section will provide a step-by-step guide to creating a mailer and its
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views.
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### Walkthrough to Generating a Mailer
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#### Create the Mailer
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```bash
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$ bin/rails generate mailer UserMailer
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create app/mailers/user_mailer.rb
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create app/mailers/application_mailer.rb
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invoke erb
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create app/views/user_mailer
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create app/views/layouts/mailer.text.erb
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create app/views/layouts/mailer.html.erb
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invoke test_unit
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create test/mailers/user_mailer_test.rb
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create test/mailers/previews/user_mailer_preview.rb
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```
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```ruby
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# app/mailers/application_mailer.rb
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class ApplicationMailer < ActionMailer::Base
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default "from@example.com"
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layout 'mailer'
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end
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# app/mailers/user_mailer.rb
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class UserMailer < ApplicationMailer
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end
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```
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As you can see, you can generate mailers just like you use other generators with
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Rails. Mailers are conceptually similar to controllers, and so we get a mailer,
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a directory for views, and a test.
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app/mailers, just make sure that it inherits from `ActionMailer::Base`:
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```ruby
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class MyMailer < ActionMailer::Base
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end
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```
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#### Edit the Mailer
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Mailers are very similar to Rails controllers. They also have methods called
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"actions" and use views to structure the content. Where a controller generates
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content like HTML to send back to the client, a Mailer creates a message to be
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delivered via email.
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`app/mailers/user_mailer.rb` contains an empty mailer:
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```ruby
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class UserMailer < ApplicationMailer
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end
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```
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registered email address:
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```ruby
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class UserMailer < ApplicationMailer
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default from: 'notifications@example.com'
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@user = user
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@url = 'http://example.com/login'
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mail(to: @user.email, subject: 'Welcome to My Awesome Site')
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end
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end
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```
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Here is a quick explanation of the items presented in the preceding method. For
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a full list of all available options, please have a look further down at the
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Complete List of Action Mailer user-settable attributes section.
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* `default Hash` - This is a hash of default values for any email you send from
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this mailer. In this case we are setting the `:from` header to a value for all
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messages in this class. This can be overridden on a per-email basis.
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* `mail` - The actual email message, we are passing the `:to` and `:subject`
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headers in.
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Just like controllers, any instance variables we define in the method become
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available for use in the views.
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Create a file called `welcome_email.html.erb` in `app/views/user_mailer/`. This
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will be the template used for the email, formatted in HTML:
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```html+erb
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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<html>
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<head>
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</head>
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<body>
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<h1>Welcome to example.com, <%= @user.name %></h1>
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<p>
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You have successfully signed up to example.com,
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your username is: <%= @user.login %>.<br>
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</p>
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<p>
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To login to the site, just follow this link: <%= @url %>.
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</p>
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<p>Thanks for joining and have a great day!</p>
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</body>
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</html>
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```
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Let's also make a text part for this email. Not all clients prefer HTML emails,
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and so sending both is best practice. To do this, create a file called
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`welcome_email.text.erb` in `app/views/user_mailer/`:
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```erb
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Welcome to example.com, <%= @user.name %>
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===============================================
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You have successfully signed up to example.com,
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your username is: <%= @user.login %>.
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To login to the site, just follow this link: <%= @url %>.
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Thanks for joining and have a great day!
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```
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When you call the `mail` method now, Action Mailer will detect the two templates
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(text and HTML) and automatically generate a `multipart/alternative` email.
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#### Calling the Mailer
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Mailers are really just another way to render a view. Instead of rendering a
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view and sending out the HTTP protocol, they are just sending it out through the
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email protocols instead. Due to this, it makes sense to just have your
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controller tell the Mailer to send an email when a user is successfully created.
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Setting this up is painfully simple.
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First, let's create a simple `User` scaffold:
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```bash
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$ bin/rails generate scaffold user name email login
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$ bin/rake db:migrate
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```
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Now that we have a user model to play with, we will just edit the
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`app/controllers/users_controller.rb` make it instruct the `UserMailer` to deliver
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an email to the newly created user by editing the create action and inserting a
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call to `UserMailer.welcome_email` right after the user is successfully saved.
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Action Mailer is nicely integrated with Active Job so you can send emails outside
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of the request-response cycle, so the user doesn't have to wait on it:
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|
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```ruby
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class UsersController < ApplicationController
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# POST /users
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# POST /users.json
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def create
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@user = User.new(params[:user])
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respond_to do |format|
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if @user.save
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# Tell the UserMailer to send a welcome email after save
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UserMailer.welcome_email(@user).deliver_later
|
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+
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format.html { redirect_to(@user, notice: 'User was successfully created.') }
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format.json { render json: @user, status: :created, location: @user }
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else
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format.html { render action: 'new' }
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format.json { render json: @user.errors, status: :unprocessable_entity }
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end
|
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end
|
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end
|
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|
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end
|
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```
|
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+
|
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|
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NOTE: Active Job's default behavior is to execute jobs ':inline'. So, you can use
|
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`deliver_later` now to send emails, and when you later decide to start sending
|
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|
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them from a background job, you'll only need to set up Active Job to use a queueing
|
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|
+
backend (Sidekiq, Resque, etc).
|
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|
+
|
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If you want to send emails right away (from a cronjob for example) just call
|
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`deliver_now`:
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|
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```ruby
|
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|
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class SendWeeklySummary
|
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|
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def run
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|
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|
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User.find_each do |user|
|
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|
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UserMailer.weekly_summary(user).deliver_now
|
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|
+
end
|
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|
+
end
|
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|
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end
|
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|
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```
|
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|
+
|
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|
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The method `welcome_email` returns a `ActionMailer::MessageDelivery` object which
|
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+
can then just be told `deliver_now` or `deliver_later` to send itself out. The
|
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|
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`ActionMailer::MessageDelivery` object is just a wrapper around a `Mail::Message`. If
|
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|
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you want to inspect, alter or do anything else with the `Mail::Message` object you can
|
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|
+
access it with the `message` method on the `ActionMailer::MessageDelivery` object.
|
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|
+
|
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|
+
### Auto encoding header values
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|
+
|
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|
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Action Mailer handles the auto encoding of multibyte characters inside of
|
|
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|
+
headers and bodies.
|
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|
+
|
|
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|
+
For more complex examples such as defining alternate character sets or
|
|
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|
+
self-encoding text first, please refer to the
|
|
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|
+
[Mail](https://github.com/mikel/mail) library.
|
|
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|
+
|
|
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|
+
### Complete List of Action Mailer Methods
|
|
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|
+
|
|
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|
+
There are just three methods that you need to send pretty much any email
|
|
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|
+
message:
|
|
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|
+
|
|
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|
+
* `headers` - Specifies any header on the email you want. You can pass a hash of
|
|
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|
+
header field names and value pairs, or you can call `headers[:field_name] =
|
|
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|
+
'value'`.
|
|
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|
+
* `attachments` - Allows you to add attachments to your email. For example,
|
|
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|
+
`attachments['file-name.jpg'] = File.read('file-name.jpg')`.
|
|
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|
+
* `mail` - Sends the actual email itself. You can pass in headers as a hash to
|
|
249
|
+
the mail method as a parameter, mail will then create an email, either plain
|
|
250
|
+
text, or multipart, depending on what email templates you have defined.
|
|
251
|
+
|
|
252
|
+
#### Adding Attachments
|
|
253
|
+
|
|
254
|
+
Action Mailer makes it very easy to add attachments.
|
|
255
|
+
|
|
256
|
+
* Pass the file name and content and Action Mailer and the
|
|
257
|
+
[Mail gem](https://github.com/mikel/mail) will automatically guess the
|
|
258
|
+
mime_type, set the encoding and create the attachment.
|
|
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|
+
|
|
260
|
+
```ruby
|
|
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|
+
attachments['filename.jpg'] = File.read('/path/to/filename.jpg')
|
|
262
|
+
```
|
|
263
|
+
|
|
264
|
+
When the `mail` method will be triggered, it will send a multipart email with
|
|
265
|
+
an attachment, properly nested with the top level being `multipart/mixed` and
|
|
266
|
+
the first part being a `multipart/alternative` containing the plain text and
|
|
267
|
+
HTML email messages.
|
|
268
|
+
|
|
269
|
+
NOTE: Mail will automatically Base64 encode an attachment. If you want something
|
|
270
|
+
different, encode your content and pass in the encoded content and encoding in a
|
|
271
|
+
`Hash` to the `attachments` method.
|
|
272
|
+
|
|
273
|
+
* Pass the file name and specify headers and content and Action Mailer and Mail
|
|
274
|
+
will use the settings you pass in.
|
|
275
|
+
|
|
276
|
+
```ruby
|
|
277
|
+
encoded_content = SpecialEncode(File.read('/path/to/filename.jpg'))
|
|
278
|
+
attachments['filename.jpg'] = {
|
|
279
|
+
mime_type: 'application/x-gzip',
|
|
280
|
+
encoding: 'SpecialEncoding',
|
|
281
|
+
content: encoded_content
|
|
282
|
+
}
|
|
283
|
+
```
|
|
284
|
+
|
|
285
|
+
NOTE: If you specify an encoding, Mail will assume that your content is already
|
|
286
|
+
encoded and not try to Base64 encode it.
|
|
287
|
+
|
|
288
|
+
#### Making Inline Attachments
|
|
289
|
+
|
|
290
|
+
Action Mailer 3.0 makes inline attachments, which involved a lot of hacking in pre 3.0 versions, much simpler and trivial as they should be.
|
|
291
|
+
|
|
292
|
+
* First, to tell Mail to turn an attachment into an inline attachment, you just call `#inline` on the attachments method within your Mailer:
|
|
293
|
+
|
|
294
|
+
```ruby
|
|
295
|
+
def welcome
|
|
296
|
+
attachments.inline['image.jpg'] = File.read('/path/to/image.jpg')
|
|
297
|
+
end
|
|
298
|
+
```
|
|
299
|
+
|
|
300
|
+
* Then in your view, you can just reference `attachments` as a hash and specify
|
|
301
|
+
which attachment you want to show, calling `url` on it and then passing the
|
|
302
|
+
result into the `image_tag` method:
|
|
303
|
+
|
|
304
|
+
```html+erb
|
|
305
|
+
<p>Hello there, this is our image</p>
|
|
306
|
+
|
|
307
|
+
<%= image_tag attachments['image.jpg'].url %>
|
|
308
|
+
```
|
|
309
|
+
|
|
310
|
+
* As this is a standard call to `image_tag` you can pass in an options hash
|
|
311
|
+
after the attachment URL as you could for any other image:
|
|
312
|
+
|
|
313
|
+
```html+erb
|
|
314
|
+
<p>Hello there, this is our image</p>
|
|
315
|
+
|
|
316
|
+
<%= image_tag attachments['image.jpg'].url, alt: 'My Photo', class: 'photos' %>
|
|
317
|
+
```
|
|
318
|
+
|
|
319
|
+
#### Sending Email To Multiple Recipients
|
|
320
|
+
|
|
321
|
+
It is possible to send email to one or more recipients in one email (e.g.,
|
|
322
|
+
informing all admins of a new signup) by setting the list of emails to the `:to`
|
|
323
|
+
key. The list of emails can be an array of email addresses or a single string
|
|
324
|
+
with the addresses separated by commas.
|
|
325
|
+
|
|
326
|
+
```ruby
|
|
327
|
+
class AdminMailer < ActionMailer::Base
|
|
328
|
+
default to: Proc.new { Admin.pluck(:email) },
|
|
329
|
+
from: 'notification@example.com'
|
|
330
|
+
|
|
331
|
+
def new_registration(user)
|
|
332
|
+
@user = user
|
|
333
|
+
mail(subject: "New User Signup: #{@user.email}")
|
|
334
|
+
end
|
|
335
|
+
end
|
|
336
|
+
```
|
|
337
|
+
|
|
338
|
+
The same format can be used to set carbon copy (Cc:) and blind carbon copy
|
|
339
|
+
(Bcc:) recipients, by using the `:cc` and `:bcc` keys respectively.
|
|
340
|
+
|
|
341
|
+
#### Sending Email With Name
|
|
342
|
+
|
|
343
|
+
Sometimes you wish to show the name of the person instead of just their email
|
|
344
|
+
address when they receive the email. The trick to doing that is to format the
|
|
345
|
+
email address in the format `"Full Name <email>"`.
|
|
346
|
+
|
|
347
|
+
```ruby
|
|
348
|
+
def welcome_email(user)
|
|
349
|
+
@user = user
|
|
350
|
+
email_with_name = %("#{@user.name}" <#{@user.email}>)
|
|
351
|
+
mail(to: email_with_name, subject: 'Welcome to My Awesome Site')
|
|
352
|
+
end
|
|
353
|
+
```
|
|
354
|
+
|
|
355
|
+
### Mailer Views
|
|
356
|
+
|
|
357
|
+
Mailer views are located in the `app/views/name_of_mailer_class` directory. The
|
|
358
|
+
specific mailer view is known to the class because its name is the same as the
|
|
359
|
+
mailer method. In our example from above, our mailer view for the
|
|
360
|
+
`welcome_email` method will be in `app/views/user_mailer/welcome_email.html.erb`
|
|
361
|
+
for the HTML version and `welcome_email.text.erb` for the plain text version.
|
|
362
|
+
|
|
363
|
+
To change the default mailer view for your action you do something like:
|
|
364
|
+
|
|
365
|
+
```ruby
|
|
366
|
+
class UserMailer < ApplicationMailer
|
|
367
|
+
default from: 'notifications@example.com'
|
|
368
|
+
|
|
369
|
+
def welcome_email(user)
|
|
370
|
+
@user = user
|
|
371
|
+
@url = 'http://example.com/login'
|
|
372
|
+
mail(to: @user.email,
|
|
373
|
+
subject: 'Welcome to My Awesome Site',
|
|
374
|
+
template_path: 'notifications',
|
|
375
|
+
template_name: 'another')
|
|
376
|
+
end
|
|
377
|
+
end
|
|
378
|
+
```
|
|
379
|
+
|
|
380
|
+
In this case it will look for templates at `app/views/notifications` with name
|
|
381
|
+
`another`. You can also specify an array of paths for `template_path`, and they
|
|
382
|
+
will be searched in order.
|
|
383
|
+
|
|
384
|
+
If you want more flexibility you can also pass a block and render specific
|
|
385
|
+
templates or even render inline or text without using a template file:
|
|
386
|
+
|
|
387
|
+
```ruby
|
|
388
|
+
class UserMailer < ApplicationMailer
|
|
389
|
+
default from: 'notifications@example.com'
|
|
390
|
+
|
|
391
|
+
def welcome_email(user)
|
|
392
|
+
@user = user
|
|
393
|
+
@url = 'http://example.com/login'
|
|
394
|
+
mail(to: @user.email,
|
|
395
|
+
subject: 'Welcome to My Awesome Site') do |format|
|
|
396
|
+
format.html { render 'another_template' }
|
|
397
|
+
format.text { render text: 'Render text' }
|
|
398
|
+
end
|
|
399
|
+
end
|
|
400
|
+
end
|
|
401
|
+
```
|
|
402
|
+
|
|
403
|
+
This will render the template 'another_template.html.erb' for the HTML part and
|
|
404
|
+
use the rendered text for the text part. The render command is the same one used
|
|
405
|
+
inside of Action Controller, so you can use all the same options, such as
|
|
406
|
+
`:text`, `:inline` etc.
|
|
407
|
+
|
|
408
|
+
### Action Mailer Layouts
|
|
409
|
+
|
|
410
|
+
Just like controller views, you can also have mailer layouts. The layout name
|
|
411
|
+
needs to be the same as your mailer, such as `user_mailer.html.erb` and
|
|
412
|
+
`user_mailer.text.erb` to be automatically recognized by your mailer as a
|
|
413
|
+
layout.
|
|
414
|
+
|
|
415
|
+
In order to use a different file, call `layout` in your mailer:
|
|
416
|
+
|
|
417
|
+
```ruby
|
|
418
|
+
class UserMailer < ApplicationMailer
|
|
419
|
+
layout 'awesome' # use awesome.(html|text).erb as the layout
|
|
420
|
+
end
|
|
421
|
+
```
|
|
422
|
+
|
|
423
|
+
Just like with controller views, use `yield` to render the view inside the
|
|
424
|
+
layout.
|
|
425
|
+
|
|
426
|
+
You can also pass in a `layout: 'layout_name'` option to the render call inside
|
|
427
|
+
the format block to specify different layouts for different formats:
|
|
428
|
+
|
|
429
|
+
```ruby
|
|
430
|
+
class UserMailer < ApplicationMailer
|
|
431
|
+
def welcome_email(user)
|
|
432
|
+
mail(to: user.email) do |format|
|
|
433
|
+
format.html { render layout: 'my_layout' }
|
|
434
|
+
format.text
|
|
435
|
+
end
|
|
436
|
+
end
|
|
437
|
+
end
|
|
438
|
+
```
|
|
439
|
+
|
|
440
|
+
Will render the HTML part using the `my_layout.html.erb` file and the text part
|
|
441
|
+
with the usual `user_mailer.text.erb` file if it exists.
|
|
442
|
+
|
|
443
|
+
### Generating URLs in Action Mailer Views
|
|
444
|
+
|
|
445
|
+
Unlike controllers, the mailer instance doesn't have any context about the
|
|
446
|
+
incoming request so you'll need to provide the `:host` parameter yourself.
|
|
447
|
+
|
|
448
|
+
As the `:host` usually is consistent across the application you can configure it
|
|
449
|
+
globally in `config/application.rb`:
|
|
450
|
+
|
|
451
|
+
```ruby
|
|
452
|
+
config.action_mailer.default_url_options = { host: 'example.com' }
|
|
453
|
+
```
|
|
454
|
+
|
|
455
|
+
Because of this behavior you cannot use any of the `*_path` helpers inside of
|
|
456
|
+
an email. Instead you will need to use the associated `*_url` helper. For example
|
|
457
|
+
instead of using
|
|
458
|
+
|
|
459
|
+
```
|
|
460
|
+
<%= link_to 'welcome', welcome_path %>
|
|
461
|
+
```
|
|
462
|
+
|
|
463
|
+
You will need to use:
|
|
464
|
+
|
|
465
|
+
```
|
|
466
|
+
<%= link_to 'welcome', welcome_url %>
|
|
467
|
+
```
|
|
468
|
+
|
|
469
|
+
By using the full URL, your links will now work in your emails.
|
|
470
|
+
|
|
471
|
+
#### generating URLs with `url_for`
|
|
472
|
+
|
|
473
|
+
You need to pass the `only_path: false` option when using `url_for`. This will
|
|
474
|
+
ensure that absolute URLs are generated because the `url_for` view helper will,
|
|
475
|
+
by default, generate relative URLs when a `:host` option isn't explicitly
|
|
476
|
+
provided.
|
|
477
|
+
|
|
478
|
+
```erb
|
|
479
|
+
<%= url_for(controller: 'welcome',
|
|
480
|
+
action: 'greeting',
|
|
481
|
+
only_path: false) %>
|
|
482
|
+
```
|
|
483
|
+
|
|
484
|
+
If you did not configure the `:host` option globally make sure to pass it to
|
|
485
|
+
`url_for`.
|
|
486
|
+
|
|
487
|
+
|
|
488
|
+
```erb
|
|
489
|
+
<%= url_for(host: 'example.com',
|
|
490
|
+
controller: 'welcome',
|
|
491
|
+
action: 'greeting') %>
|
|
492
|
+
```
|
|
493
|
+
|
|
494
|
+
NOTE: When you explicitly pass the `:host` Rails will always generate absolute
|
|
495
|
+
URLs, so there is no need to pass `only_path: false`.
|
|
496
|
+
|
|
497
|
+
#### generating URLs with named routes
|
|
498
|
+
|
|
499
|
+
Email clients have no web context and so paths have no base URL to form complete
|
|
500
|
+
web addresses. Thus, you should always use the "_url" variant of named route
|
|
501
|
+
helpers.
|
|
502
|
+
|
|
503
|
+
If you did not configure the `:host` option globally make sure to pass it to the
|
|
504
|
+
url helper.
|
|
505
|
+
|
|
506
|
+
```erb
|
|
507
|
+
<%= user_url(@user, host: 'example.com') %>
|
|
508
|
+
```
|
|
509
|
+
|
|
510
|
+
### Sending Multipart Emails
|
|
511
|
+
|
|
512
|
+
Action Mailer will automatically send multipart emails if you have different
|
|
513
|
+
templates for the same action. So, for our UserMailer example, if you have
|
|
514
|
+
`welcome_email.text.erb` and `welcome_email.html.erb` in
|
|
515
|
+
`app/views/user_mailer`, Action Mailer will automatically send a multipart email
|
|
516
|
+
with the HTML and text versions setup as different parts.
|
|
517
|
+
|
|
518
|
+
The order of the parts getting inserted is determined by the `:parts_order`
|
|
519
|
+
inside of the `ActionMailer::Base.default` method.
|
|
520
|
+
|
|
521
|
+
### Sending Emails with Dynamic Delivery Options
|
|
522
|
+
|
|
523
|
+
If you wish to override the default delivery options (e.g. SMTP credentials)
|
|
524
|
+
while delivering emails, you can do this using `delivery_method_options` in the
|
|
525
|
+
mailer action.
|
|
526
|
+
|
|
527
|
+
```ruby
|
|
528
|
+
class UserMailer < ApplicationMailer
|
|
529
|
+
def welcome_email(user, company)
|
|
530
|
+
@user = user
|
|
531
|
+
@url = user_url(@user)
|
|
532
|
+
delivery_options = { user_name: company.smtp_user,
|
|
533
|
+
password: company.smtp_password,
|
|
534
|
+
address: company.smtp_host }
|
|
535
|
+
mail(to: @user.email,
|
|
536
|
+
subject: "Please see the Terms and Conditions attached",
|
|
537
|
+
delivery_method_options: delivery_options)
|
|
538
|
+
end
|
|
539
|
+
end
|
|
540
|
+
```
|
|
541
|
+
|
|
542
|
+
### Sending Emails without Template Rendering
|
|
543
|
+
|
|
544
|
+
There may be cases in which you want to skip the template rendering step and
|
|
545
|
+
supply the email body as a string. You can achieve this using the `:body`
|
|
546
|
+
option. In such cases don't forget to add the `:content_type` option. Rails
|
|
547
|
+
will default to `text/plain` otherwise.
|
|
548
|
+
|
|
549
|
+
```ruby
|
|
550
|
+
class UserMailer < ApplicationMailer
|
|
551
|
+
def welcome_email(user, email_body)
|
|
552
|
+
mail(to: user.email,
|
|
553
|
+
body: email_body,
|
|
554
|
+
content_type: "text/html",
|
|
555
|
+
subject: "Already rendered!")
|
|
556
|
+
end
|
|
557
|
+
end
|
|
558
|
+
```
|
|
559
|
+
|
|
560
|
+
Receiving Emails
|
|
561
|
+
----------------
|
|
562
|
+
|
|
563
|
+
Receiving and parsing emails with Action Mailer can be a rather complex
|
|
564
|
+
endeavor. Before your email reaches your Rails app, you would have had to
|
|
565
|
+
configure your system to somehow forward emails to your app, which needs to be
|
|
566
|
+
listening for that. So, to receive emails in your Rails app you'll need to:
|
|
567
|
+
|
|
568
|
+
* Implement a `receive` method in your mailer.
|
|
569
|
+
|
|
570
|
+
* Configure your email server to forward emails from the address(es) you would
|
|
571
|
+
like your app to receive to `/path/to/app/bin/rails runner
|
|
572
|
+
'UserMailer.receive(STDIN.read)'`.
|
|
573
|
+
|
|
574
|
+
Once a method called `receive` is defined in any mailer, Action Mailer will
|
|
575
|
+
parse the raw incoming email into an email object, decode it, instantiate a new
|
|
576
|
+
mailer, and pass the email object to the mailer `receive` instance
|
|
577
|
+
method. Here's an example:
|
|
578
|
+
|
|
579
|
+
```ruby
|
|
580
|
+
class UserMailer < ApplicationMailer
|
|
581
|
+
def receive(email)
|
|
582
|
+
page = Page.find_by(address: email.to.first)
|
|
583
|
+
page.emails.create(
|
|
584
|
+
subject: email.subject,
|
|
585
|
+
body: email.body
|
|
586
|
+
)
|
|
587
|
+
|
|
588
|
+
if email.has_attachments?
|
|
589
|
+
email.attachments.each do |attachment|
|
|
590
|
+
page.attachments.create({
|
|
591
|
+
file: attachment,
|
|
592
|
+
description: email.subject
|
|
593
|
+
})
|
|
594
|
+
end
|
|
595
|
+
end
|
|
596
|
+
end
|
|
597
|
+
end
|
|
598
|
+
```
|
|
599
|
+
|
|
600
|
+
Action Mailer Callbacks
|
|
601
|
+
---------------------------
|
|
602
|
+
|
|
603
|
+
Action Mailer allows for you to specify a `before_action`, `after_action` and
|
|
604
|
+
`around_action`.
|
|
605
|
+
|
|
606
|
+
* Filters can be specified with a block or a symbol to a method in the mailer
|
|
607
|
+
class similar to controllers.
|
|
608
|
+
|
|
609
|
+
* You could use a `before_action` to populate the mail object with defaults,
|
|
610
|
+
delivery_method_options or insert default headers and attachments.
|
|
611
|
+
|
|
612
|
+
* You could use an `after_action` to do similar setup as a `before_action` but
|
|
613
|
+
using instance variables set in your mailer action.
|
|
614
|
+
|
|
615
|
+
```ruby
|
|
616
|
+
class UserMailer < ApplicationMailer
|
|
617
|
+
after_action :set_delivery_options,
|
|
618
|
+
:prevent_delivery_to_guests,
|
|
619
|
+
:set_business_headers
|
|
620
|
+
|
|
621
|
+
def feedback_message(business, user)
|
|
622
|
+
@business = business
|
|
623
|
+
@user = user
|
|
624
|
+
mail
|
|
625
|
+
end
|
|
626
|
+
|
|
627
|
+
def campaign_message(business, user)
|
|
628
|
+
@business = business
|
|
629
|
+
@user = user
|
|
630
|
+
end
|
|
631
|
+
|
|
632
|
+
private
|
|
633
|
+
|
|
634
|
+
def set_delivery_options
|
|
635
|
+
# You have access to the mail instance,
|
|
636
|
+
# @business and @user instance variables here
|
|
637
|
+
if @business && @business.has_smtp_settings?
|
|
638
|
+
mail.delivery_method.settings.merge!(@business.smtp_settings)
|
|
639
|
+
end
|
|
640
|
+
end
|
|
641
|
+
|
|
642
|
+
def prevent_delivery_to_guests
|
|
643
|
+
if @user && @user.guest?
|
|
644
|
+
mail.perform_deliveries = false
|
|
645
|
+
end
|
|
646
|
+
end
|
|
647
|
+
|
|
648
|
+
def set_business_headers
|
|
649
|
+
if @business
|
|
650
|
+
headers["X-SMTPAPI-CATEGORY"] = @business.code
|
|
651
|
+
end
|
|
652
|
+
end
|
|
653
|
+
end
|
|
654
|
+
```
|
|
655
|
+
|
|
656
|
+
* Mailer Filters abort further processing if body is set to a non-nil value.
|
|
657
|
+
|
|
658
|
+
Using Action Mailer Helpers
|
|
659
|
+
---------------------------
|
|
660
|
+
|
|
661
|
+
Action Mailer now just inherits from `AbstractController`, so you have access to
|
|
662
|
+
the same generic helpers as you do in Action Controller.
|
|
663
|
+
|
|
664
|
+
Action Mailer Configuration
|
|
665
|
+
---------------------------
|
|
666
|
+
|
|
667
|
+
The following configuration options are best made in one of the environment
|
|
668
|
+
files (environment.rb, production.rb, etc...)
|
|
669
|
+
|
|
670
|
+
| Configuration | Description |
|
|
671
|
+
|---------------|-------------|
|
|
672
|
+
|`logger`|Generates information on the mailing run if available. Can be set to `nil` for no logging. Compatible with both Ruby's own `Logger` and `Log4r` loggers.|
|
|
673
|
+
|`smtp_settings`|Allows detailed configuration for `:smtp` delivery method:<ul><li>`:address` - Allows you to use a remote mail server. Just change it from its default `"localhost"` setting.</li><li>`:port` - On the off chance that your mail server doesn't run on port 25, you can change it.</li><li>`:domain` - If you need to specify a HELO domain, you can do it here.</li><li>`:user_name` - If your mail server requires authentication, set the username in this setting.</li><li>`:password` - If your mail server requires authentication, set the password in this setting.</li><li>`:authentication` - If your mail server requires authentication, you need to specify the authentication type here. This is a symbol and one of `:plain`, `:login`, `:cram_md5`.</li><li>`:enable_starttls_auto` - Set this to `false` if there is a problem with your server certificate that you cannot resolve.</li></ul>|
|
|
674
|
+
|`sendmail_settings`|Allows you to override options for the `:sendmail` delivery method.<ul><li>`:location` - The location of the sendmail executable. Defaults to `/usr/sbin/sendmail`.</li><li>`:arguments` - The command line arguments to be passed to sendmail. Defaults to `-i -t`.</li></ul>|
|
|
675
|
+
|`raise_delivery_errors`|Whether or not errors should be raised if the email fails to be delivered. This only works if the external email server is configured for immediate delivery.|
|
|
676
|
+
|`delivery_method`|Defines a delivery method. Possible values are:<ul><li>`:smtp` (default), can be configured by using `config.action_mailer.smtp_settings`.</li><li>`:sendmail`, can be configured by using `config.action_mailer.sendmail_settings`.</li><li>`:file`: save emails to files; can be configured by using `config.action_mailer.file_settings`.</li><li>`:test`: save emails to `ActionMailer::Base.deliveries` array.</li></ul>See [API docs](http://api.rubyonrails.org/classes/ActionMailer/Base.html) for more info.|
|
|
677
|
+
|`perform_deliveries`|Determines whether deliveries are actually carried out when the `deliver` method is invoked on the Mail message. By default they are, but this can be turned off to help functional testing.|
|
|
678
|
+
|`deliveries`|Keeps an array of all the emails sent out through the Action Mailer with delivery_method :test. Most useful for unit and functional testing.|
|
|
679
|
+
|`default_options`|Allows you to set default values for the `mail` method options (`:from`, `:reply_to`, etc.).|
|
|
680
|
+
|
|
681
|
+
For a complete writeup of possible configurations see the
|
|
682
|
+
[Configuring Action Mailer](configuring.html#configuring-action-mailer) in
|
|
683
|
+
our Configuring Rails Applications guide.
|
|
684
|
+
|
|
685
|
+
### Example Action Mailer Configuration
|
|
686
|
+
|
|
687
|
+
An example would be adding the following to your appropriate
|
|
688
|
+
`config/environments/$RAILS_ENV.rb` file:
|
|
689
|
+
|
|
690
|
+
```ruby
|
|
691
|
+
config.action_mailer.delivery_method = :sendmail
|
|
692
|
+
# Defaults to:
|
|
693
|
+
# config.action_mailer.sendmail_settings = {
|
|
694
|
+
# location: '/usr/sbin/sendmail',
|
|
695
|
+
# arguments: '-i -t'
|
|
696
|
+
# }
|
|
697
|
+
config.action_mailer.perform_deliveries = true
|
|
698
|
+
config.action_mailer.raise_delivery_errors = true
|
|
699
|
+
config.action_mailer.default_options = {from: 'no-reply@example.com'}
|
|
700
|
+
```
|
|
701
|
+
|
|
702
|
+
### Action Mailer Configuration for Gmail
|
|
703
|
+
|
|
704
|
+
As Action Mailer now uses the [Mail gem](https://github.com/mikel/mail), this
|
|
705
|
+
becomes as simple as adding to your `config/environments/$RAILS_ENV.rb` file:
|
|
706
|
+
|
|
707
|
+
```ruby
|
|
708
|
+
config.action_mailer.delivery_method = :smtp
|
|
709
|
+
config.action_mailer.smtp_settings = {
|
|
710
|
+
address: 'smtp.gmail.com',
|
|
711
|
+
port: 587,
|
|
712
|
+
domain: 'example.com',
|
|
713
|
+
user_name: '<username>',
|
|
714
|
+
password: '<password>',
|
|
715
|
+
authentication: 'plain',
|
|
716
|
+
enable_starttls_auto: true }
|
|
717
|
+
```
|
|
718
|
+
|
|
719
|
+
Mailer Testing
|
|
720
|
+
--------------
|
|
721
|
+
|
|
722
|
+
You can find detailed instructions on how to test your mailers in the
|
|
723
|
+
[testing guide](testing.html#testing-your-mailers).
|
|
724
|
+
|
|
725
|
+
Intercepting Emails
|
|
726
|
+
-------------------
|
|
727
|
+
|
|
728
|
+
There are situations where you need to edit an email before it's
|
|
729
|
+
delivered. Fortunately Action Mailer provides hooks to intercept every
|
|
730
|
+
email. You can register an interceptor to make modifications to mail messages
|
|
731
|
+
right before they are handed to the delivery agents.
|
|
732
|
+
|
|
733
|
+
```ruby
|
|
734
|
+
class SandboxEmailInterceptor
|
|
735
|
+
def self.delivering_email(message)
|
|
736
|
+
message.to = ['sandbox@example.com']
|
|
737
|
+
end
|
|
738
|
+
end
|
|
739
|
+
```
|
|
740
|
+
|
|
741
|
+
Before the interceptor can do its job you need to register it with the Action
|
|
742
|
+
Mailer framework. You can do this in an initializer file
|
|
743
|
+
`config/initializers/sandbox_email_interceptor.rb`
|
|
744
|
+
|
|
745
|
+
```ruby
|
|
746
|
+
ActionMailer::Base.register_interceptor(SandboxEmailInterceptor) if Rails.env.staging?
|
|
747
|
+
```
|
|
748
|
+
|
|
749
|
+
NOTE: The example above uses a custom environment called "staging" for a
|
|
750
|
+
production like server but for testing purposes. You can read
|
|
751
|
+
[Creating Rails environments](configuring.html#creating-rails-environments)
|
|
752
|
+
for more information about custom Rails environments.
|