rails-surrender 0.1.0 → 8.0.0

data/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,240 @@
+# Surrender
+A JSON rendering platform for Rails APIs. Provides many controls through URL query parameters for clients to craft 
+API responses from your resources.
+
+## Requirements
+* Ruby 3.3 or newer
+* Rails 8.0 or 8.1
+
+The gem's version names the Rails version it supports. Use 8.x for Rails 8.0 and 8.1, and 7.0.0 (on the
+`7-0-stable` branch) for Rails 7.0.
+
+Rails 8.0 is not compatible with version 3 of the `json` gem, so Rails 8.0 apps should keep `json` below 3:
+
+```ruby
+gem 'json', '< 3'
+```
+
+## Features
+Surrender adds a number of helpful features to API requests, through URL query parameters to craft the structure of the
+response:
+
+### Sorting
+Most attributes on the requested resource can be targeted for sorting.  Sorting is provided for to the API with the 
+'sort' query parameter.
+
+| example query param | description                                               |
+|---------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------|
+| `sort=name`         | Sort the results by the `name` attribute                  |
+| `sort=-created_at`  | Sort the results in reverse by the `created_at` attribute |
+| `sort=author.name`  | Sort the results by the `name` of each result's `author`  |
+
+Sorting by a column of an association works for associations that hold one record, such as `belongs_to` and `has_one`.
+An association that holds many would repeat each result once per associated record, so it is rejected.
+
+A model can define its own sorts as scopes named `sort_by_<name>`, which take the direction, `'ASC'` or `'DESC'`. A
+sort the model defines wins over a column of the same name, so `sort_by_title` can sort titles without regard to case:
+
+```ruby
+scope :sort_by_title, ->(direction) { order(Arel.sql("LOWER(title) #{direction}")) }
+```
+
+
+### Pagination
+Pagination is provided internally using the 'kaminari' gem. Access is provided to the API with the  `page` and `per` 
+query parameters
+
+| example query param | description                        |
+|---------------------|------------------------------------|
+| `per=20`            | Request 20 results per page        |
+| `page=2`            | Request the second page of results |
+
+A page holds 50 resources unless the request sets `per`, and never more than 100, whatever `per` asks for. Both numbers
+can be changed in the app's configuration (see Setup). `page` and `per` take positive whole numbers; anything else is
+rejected with a `Rails::Surrender::Error`.
+
+Paginated results will populate an `X-Pagination` header in the result set that provides a hash of the paginated
+details. The hash is structured like:
+
+```json
+{
+	"total": 70,
+	"page_total": 3,
+	"page": 2,
+	"previous_page": 1,
+	"next_page": 3,
+	"last_page": 3,
+	"per_page": 25,
+	"offset": 25
+}
+```
+
+### Filtering
+`rails-surrender` adds a number of scopes to your models for filtering, and provides access to the filters with the 
+`filter` query parameter. Most columns are provided with an equality filter and can be filtered on matching values. 
+Date and Time columns are also provided with `_before` and `_after` filters, named after the column without its `_at`
+suffix, which select records strictly before or after the given date or time. Examples are provided below:
+
+Note: Time-based filters take an [ISO 8601](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8601) date or time, such as
+`'2022-01-01'`, `'2022-01-01T13:30:00Z'` or `'2022-01-01T13:30:00-05:00'`, surrounded by single or double quotes. A time
+without an offset is in the app's time zone. Any other value is rejected with a `Rails::Surrender::Error`.
+
+| example query param                           | description                                                                       |
+|-----------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| `filter=active:false`                         | filter for resources with the `active` attribute set to false                     |
+| `filter=state:TX`                             | filter for resources with the `state` attribute of `TX`                           |
+| `filter=created_before:'2022-01-01'`          | filter for resources with a `created_at` value _before_ Jan 01, 2022              |
+| `filter=created_after:'2022-01-01'`           | filter for resources with a `created_at` value _after_ Jan 01, 2022               |
+| `filter=created_after:'2022-01-01T13:30:00Z'` | filter for resources with a `created_at` value _after_ 1:30pm UTC on Jan 01, 2022 |
+
+
+### Counting
+Instead of rendering a full list of resources, `rails-surrender` can return only the _count_ of the number of resources
+that _would_ be returned. A count ignores pagination: it counts every resource the filters select, not just one page.  This can be useful when combined with filters for basic reporting. Access is provided with
+the `count` query parameter.
+
+| example query param                                             | description                                          |
+|-----------------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------|
+| `count`                                                         | count the number of resources                        |
+| `filter=state:TX&count`                                         | count the number of resources in the `state` of 'TX' |
+| `filter=state:TX&count`                                         | count the number of resources in the `state` of 'TX' |
+| `filter=created_before:'2022-01-01'&count`                      | count the number of resources created before 2022    |
+
+
+### Including
+the `include` (and `exclude` described below) directive provides an easy but powerful mechanism for crafting the shape 
+of the response. For models that provide additional attributes or associations that are not rendered by default (see 
+setup below) the `include` query parameter can be used to request those attributes and associations be rendered in the
+request. The `include` parameter can request multiple attributes and associations, and for associations can include 
+additional values on nested resources. Examples below:
+
+| example query param                                                       | description                                                             |
+|---------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| `include=created_at, updated_at`                                          | include the `created_at` and `updated at` attributes of the resource(s) |
+| `include=work_orders`                                                     | include the `work_orders` association of the resource(s)                |
+| `include=work_orders:[activities]`                                        | include the `work_orders` and it's `activities` association             |
+| `include=created_at, work_orders:[created_at, activities:[created_at ]]`  | combine various attributes and associations and nested results          |
+
+Each resource renders its `id` first, then its other attributes, then its `*_ids` lists, then its associations. Within
+each group, the model's default fields come first, then those the controller includes, then those the request includes.
+
+
+### Excluding
+Exclude (and exclude below) provide an easy but powerful mechanism for crafting the shape of the response. Excluding 
+works like the reverse of include. Models may define attributes or associations that are rendered by default, but
+exclude can be used to prevent rendering of those attributes. Examples below:
+
+| example query param              | description                                                                                          |
+|----------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| `exclude=created_at, updated_at` | exclude the `created_at` and `updated at` attributes of the resource(s) that are rendered by default |
+| `exclude=work_orders`            | include the `work_orders` association of the resource(s) that is rendered by default                 |
+| `exclude=activities:[creator]`   | keep the default `activities` association, but leave out each activity's `creator`                   |
+
+To list only the ids of the resources, exclude every other field they render by default, such as
+`exclude=title,genre,author`.
+
+
+## Example Project
+A full working example project is provided in the [rails-surrender-demo](https://github.com/smmcbride/rails-surrender-demo)
+repository. It provides several models and endpoints demonstrating a working configuration of `rails-surrender`. The
+project provides seed data, a browser explorer where each query parameter is a checkbox and the response is shown as
+you send it, and a `bin/http` command for trying each query parameter from the terminal.
+
+
+## Installation
+
+This project is intended to be used in a Ruby on Rails project. To install, simply add this your Gemfile:
+
+```ruby
+gem 'rails-surrender', '~> 8.0'
+```
+
+and bundle:
+
+```sh
+% bundle
+```
+
+## Setup
+Surrender setup begins in your models. To enable rendering of a model with this gem, call `surrenders` on it with the
+fields to render by default, and optionally `available:` with the fields API clients can add with the `include` query
+parameter. A field can be any model attribute or method, a `*_ids` attribute such as `chapter_ids`, or an association
+such as one defined with `has_many` or `belongs_to`. Surrender renders associations as nested resources, using the
+associated model's own `surrenders` fields, and renders every other field as an attribute.
+
+An example invocation of the `surrenders` method is provided below:
+```ruby
+  surrenders :id, :title, :description, :status, :activities,
+             available: [:created_at, :updated_at, :user]
+```
+
+A model that doesn't call `surrenders` renders its `id` and `created_at`. A subclass that calls `surrenders` adds its
+fields to those of its superclass, and its records render them wherever they appear, including in a collection of the
+superclass.
+
+Surrender can't expand a polymorphic `belongs_to`, because it works out the fields to render before any record loads,
+when the association has no class yet. Listing one as a field raises `ArgumentError`.
+
+To invoke surrender in your controllers, simply end your controller action with a call to `surrender` with the 
+resource you wish to render. An example controller action is provided below:
+
+```ruby
+  def index
+    books = Book.all
+    surrender books
+  end
+```
+
+
+### Configuration
+
+Surrender's page sizes are set in `config/application.rb`, or per environment in `config/environments/*.rb`:
+
+```ruby
+config.surrender.default_per_page = 50   # the page size when a request doesn't set `per`
+config.surrender.max_per_page = 100      # the most a page holds, whatever `per` asks for; nil removes the limit
+```
+
+The app won't boot if the default is larger than the limit, or either isn't a positive whole number. Kaminari's own
+page size settings don't apply to surrender's pages.
+
+### Describing what a request may ask
+
+`surrender_menu` lists everything a request may ask of a model, read from the same rules that check requests, for
+documentation or an API explorer like the demo's:
+
+```ruby
+menu = Book.surrender_menu
+menu.fields   # each with its name, kind (:attribute, :id_list or :expand), default?, and an expand's own menu
+menu.filters  # each with its name and the column it compares, or nil for a filter the model defines
+menu.sorts    # ['id', 'title', ..., 'author.name', 'title_length']
+menu.page_size.default, menu.page_size.max   # 50 and 100 unless configured
+```
+
+### Additional Notes
+
+Surrender prevents circular renderings. If a `Book` model, for example, expands its `Author`, and `Author` expands its
+`books`, then surrender leaves out the `books` of an author rendered inside a book. It never expands an association
+into a model already rendered above it, and it treats an STI subclass as its base class when checking.
+
+Surrender prevents un-authorized access to associated resources by invoking the `current_ability` rule-set from the 
+CanCanCan gem, if it is used in your Rails project. Any controller method named `current_ability`, public or private, 
+that returns an object responding to `can?(:read, record)` is used the same way. If neither is present it will allow 
+full access to associated resources.
+
+## Development
+
+The test suite boots a small Rails app (`spec/dummy`) against an in-memory SQLite database. Run it against the
+latest Rails with:
+
+```sh
+bundle install
+bundle exec rake
+```
+
+`rake` runs both the specs and RuboCop. To run the specs against each supported Rails version:
+
+```sh
+bundle exec appraisal install
+bundle exec appraisal rspec
+```

data/lib/rails/surrender/config/locales/en.yml

@@ -6,7 +6,10 @@ en:
         incorrect_format: "The %{param} parameter was improperly formatted."
         filter:
           not_available: "%{param} is not a valid filter parameter."
+          invalid_time: "%{param} needs an ISO 8601 date or time, such as '2026-01-01' or '2026-01-01T13:30:00Z', not '%{value}'."
         include:
           not_available: "%{param} is not a valid include parameter."
+        pagination:
+          invalid: "%{param} needs a positive whole number, not '%{value}'."
         sort:
           invalid_column: "%{param} is not a valid sort parameter."

data/lib/rails/surrender/controller_additions.rb

@@ -1,10 +1,5 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
-require_relative 'helpers/query_param_parser'
-require_relative 'helpers/filter_builder'
-require_relative 'helpers/pagination_builder'
-require_relative 'helpers/sort_builder'
-
 module Rails
   module Surrender
     # Additions to the Rails ActionController to allow surrender's rendering.
@@ -14,36 +9,17 @@ module Rails
         super
       end
 
-      def surrender(resource, status: 200, reload: true, include: [], exclude: [])
-        resource = filter resource if parsed_query_params.filter?
-
-        if parsed_query_params.sort?
-          resource = sort resource
-          response.headers['X-Sort'] = parsed_query_params.sort.request
-        end
-
-        if paginate?(resource)
-          resource = paginate resource
-          response.headers['X-Pagination'] = pagination_headers(resource)
-        end
+      def surrender(resource, status: 200, include: [], exclude: [])
+        selection = Selection.new(query_params, paginate: @will_paginate)
+        selected = selection.apply(resource)
+        response.headers.merge!(selected.headers)
 
-        surrender_response = if parsed_query_params.count?
-                               Render::Count.new(resource).parse
-                             elsif parsed_query_params.ids?
-                               Render::Ids.new(resource).parse
+        surrender_response = if selection.count?
+                               Response.new(data: { count: selected.count })
                              else
-                               config = Render::Configuration.new(
-                                 resource_class: resource_class(resource),
-                                 reload_resource: reload,
-                                 user_exclude: parsed_query_params.exclude,
-                                 user_include: parsed_query_params.include,
-                                 ctrl_exclude: exclude,
-                                 ctrl_include: include
-                               )
-
-                               Render::Resource.new(resource: resource,
-                                                    ability: ability,
-                                                    config: config).parse
+                               asks = { include: query_params[:include], exclude: query_params[:exclude],
+                                        controller_include: include, controller_exclude: exclude }
+                               Render::Resource.new(resource: selected.records, ability: ability, asks: asks).parse
                              end
 
         # Allows the calling method to decorate the response data before returning the result
@@ -55,54 +31,18 @@ module Rails
       private
 
       def ability
-        return current_ability if respond_to?(:current_ability)
+        # Apps commonly override CanCanCan's current_ability as a private method.
+        return current_ability if respond_to?(:current_ability, true)
 
         DefaultAbility.new
       end
 
-      def resource_class(resource)
-        resource.try(:klass) || resource.class
-      end
-
       def skip_pagination
         @will_paginate = false
       end
 
-      def filter(resource)
-        FilterBuilder.new(resource: resource, filter: parsed_query_params.filter).build!
-      end
-
-      def paginate?(resource)
-        pagination(resource).paginatable? && @will_paginate
-      end
-
-      def paginate(resource)
-        pagination(resource).build!
-      end
-
-      def pagination(resource)
-        PaginationBuilder.new(resource: resource, pagination: parsed_query_params.pagination)
-      end
-
-      def pagination_headers(resource)
-        {
-          total: resource.total_count,
-          page_total: resource.count,
-          page: resource.current_page,
-          previous_page: resource.prev_page,
-          next_page: resource.next_page,
-          last_page: resource.total_pages,
-          per_page: parsed_query_params.pagination.per,
-          offset: resource.offset_value
-        }.to_json
-      end
-
-      def sort(resource)
-        SortBuilder.new(resource: resource, sort: parsed_query_params.sort).build!
-      end
-
-      def parsed_query_params
-        @parsed_query_params ||= QueryParamParser.new(request.query_parameters.symbolize_keys)
+      def query_params
+        request.query_parameters.symbolize_keys
       end
     end
   end

data/lib/rails/surrender/fields/asks.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Rails
+  module Surrender
+    module Fields
+      # What a request and a controller ask one level of the tree to include and exclude. Each list holds bare names,
+      # and hashes that carry the asks for the level below, such as { 'author' => ['name'] }.
+      Asks = Data.define(:request_include, :request_exclude, :controller_include, :controller_exclude) do
+        def initialize(request_include: [], request_exclude: [], controller_include: [], controller_exclude: [])
+          super(request_include: listed(request_include), request_exclude: listed(request_exclude),
+                controller_include: listed(controller_include), controller_exclude: listed(controller_exclude))
+        end
+
+        def request_includes
+          names_in(request_include)
+        end
+
+        def controller_includes
+          names_in(controller_include)
+        end
+
+        # A request's include wins over any exclude. `author:[name]` excludes the author's name, not the author, so
+        # only bare names exclude at this level.
+        def excludes?(name)
+          return false if request_includes.include?(name)
+
+          (request_exclude + controller_exclude).grep_v(Hash).map(&:to_sym).include?(name)
+        end
+
+        def below(name)
+          self.class.new(**to_h.transform_values { |list| asks_below(list)[name] })
+        end
+
+        private
+
+        def listed(list)
+          (list.is_a?(Array) ? list : [list]).compact
+        end
+
+        def names_in(list)
+          list.flat_map { |item| item.is_a?(Hash) ? item.keys : item }.map(&:to_sym).uniq
+        end
+
+        def asks_below(list)
+          list.grep(Hash).reduce({}, :merge).transform_keys(&:to_sym)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/rails/surrender/fields/attribute.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Rails
+  module Surrender
+    module Fields
+      # A field rendered as the value its record returns for it.
+      Attribute = Data.define(:name) do
+        # Every record leads with its id, wherever the model or the asks list it.
+        def rank
+          name == :id ? 0 : 1
+        end
+
+        def kind
+          :attribute
+        end
+
+        def preload; end
+
+        def circular?(_above)
+          false
+        end
+
+        def branch(**); end
+
+        def menu(**); end
+
+        def write(record, into:, **)
+          into[name] = record.public_send(name)
+        end
+
+        def describe(_branch)
+          :attribute
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/rails/surrender/fields/expand.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Rails
+  module Surrender
+    module Fields
+      # A field that names an association and renders as the nested resource, with the fields of its branch.
+      Expand = Data.define(:name, :reflection) do
+        def rank
+          3
+        end
+
+        def kind
+          :expand
+        end
+
+        def preload
+          name
+        end
+
+        # Surrender never renders a model inside itself, and STI subclasses count as their base class.
+        def circular?(above)
+          target.base_class.in?(above)
+        end
+
+        def branch(asks:, above:)
+          Node.new(target, asks.below(name), above + [target.base_class])
+        end
+
+        def menu(above:)
+          Menu.new(target, above: above + [target.base_class])
+        end
+
+        # The record at the top is never checked against the ability, only the records nested in it.
+        def write(record, into:, ability:, branch:)
+          value = record.public_send(name)
+
+          if reflection.collection?
+            into[name] = value.select { |nested| ability.can?(:read, nested) }
+                              .map { |nested| branch.for(nested.class).render(nested, ability) }
+          elsif value.nil?
+            into[name] = nil
+          elsif ability.can?(:read, value)
+            into[name] = branch.for(value.class).render(value, ability)
+          end
+        end
+
+        def describe(branch)
+          branch.to_h
+        end
+
+        private
+
+        # A polymorphic association has no class until a record loads, but the tree is worked out before any do.
+        def target
+          if reflection.polymorphic?
+            raise ArgumentError,
+                  "surrender can't expand the polymorphic association #{reflection.active_record}##{name}"
+          end
+
+          reflection.klass
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/rails/surrender/fields/field_tree.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative '../params/list_param'
+require_relative 'node'
+
+module Rails
+  module Surrender
+    # The fields one request renders, nested by expand, worked out from the model and the asks of the request and the
+    # controller before any record loads. Preloading and rendering both read it, so they always agree.
+    class FieldTree
+      # `include:` and `exclude:` are the request's asks, as the query string gives them: `'books:[pages], author'`.
+      # A controller's asks are lists: `[:pages, { author: [:name] }]`.
+      def initialize(model, include: '', exclude: '', controller_include: [], controller_exclude: [])
+        asks = Fields::Asks.new(request_include: Params::ListParam.parse(include, param: :include),
+                                request_exclude: Params::ListParam.parse(exclude, param: :exclude),
+                                controller_include: controller_include, controller_exclude: controller_exclude)
+        @root = Fields::Node.new(model, asks, [model.base_class])
+      end
+
+      # Renders a record as a hash, or a relation as an array of them.
+      def render(resource, ability:)
+        records = resource.is_a?(ActiveRecord::Relation) ? resource.to_a : [resource]
+        preload(records)
+        rendered = records.map { |record| @root.for(record.class).render(record, ability) }
+        resource.is_a?(ActiveRecord::Relation) ? rendered : rendered.first
+      end
+
+      def to_h
+        @root.to_h
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      # Level by level, each association loads once for every record that renders it, whatever the record's class.
+      # STI subclasses then share a query for an association they inherit, and one only a subclass renders loads only
+      # for that subclass's records, which a nested `includes` on the parent's relation can't name.
+      def preload(records)
+        level = { @root => records }
+        until level.empty?
+          variants = variants_in(level)
+          load_associations(variants)
+          level = level_below(variants)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def variants_in(level)
+        level.flat_map do |node, records|
+          records.group_by(&:class).map { |klass, group| [node.for(klass), group] }
+        end
+      end
+
+      def load_associations(variants)
+        loading = Hash.new { |by_association, association| by_association[association] = [] }
+        variants.each { |node, records| node.preloads.each { |association| loading[association].concat(records) } }
+        loading.each do |association, records|
+          ActiveRecord::Associations::Preloader.new(records: records, associations: association).call
+        end
+      end
+
+      def level_below(variants)
+        level = Hash.new { |records_by_node, node| records_by_node[node] = [] }
+        variants.each do |node, records|
+          node.branches.each do |name, branch|
+            level[branch].concat(records.flat_map { |record| Array(record.public_send(name)) })
+          end
+        end
+        level.transform_values { |records| records.compact.uniq }.reject { |_, records| records.empty? }
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/rails/surrender/fields/id_list.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Rails
+  module Surrender
+    module Fields
+      # A field that names an association by its ids, such as chapter_ids, and renders them as a flat list.
+      IdList = Data.define(:name, :association) do
+        def rank
+          2
+        end
+
+        def kind
+          :id_list
+        end
+
+        def preload
+          association
+        end
+
+        def circular?(_above)
+          false
+        end
+
+        def branch(**); end
+
+        def menu(**); end
+
+        def write(record, into:, **)
+          into[name] = record.public_send(name)
+        end
+
+        def describe(_branch)
+          :id_list
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end