rack 2.2.6 → 3.1.2

data/lib/rack/lint.rb

@@ -1,806 +1,989 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 require 'forwardable'
+require 'uri'
+
+require_relative 'constants'
+require_relative 'utils'
 
 module Rack
   # Rack::Lint validates your application and the requests and
   # responses according to the Rack spec.
 
   class Lint
+    REQUEST_PATH_ORIGIN_FORM = /\A\/[^#]*\z/
+    REQUEST_PATH_ABSOLUTE_FORM = /\A#{URI::DEFAULT_PARSER.make_regexp}\z/
+    REQUEST_PATH_AUTHORITY_FORM = /\A(.*?)(:\d*)\z/
+    REQUEST_PATH_ASTERISK_FORM = '*'
+
     def initialize(app)
       @app = app
-      @content_length = nil
     end
 
     # :stopdoc:
 
     class LintError < RuntimeError; end
-    module Assertion
-      def assert(message)
-        unless yield
-          raise LintError, message
-        end
-      end
-    end
-    include Assertion
-
-    ## This specification aims to formalize the Rack protocol.  You
+    # AUTHORS: n.b. The trailing whitespace between paragraphs is important and
+    # should not be removed. The whitespace creates paragraphs in the RDoc
+    # output.
+    #
+    ## This specification aims to formalize the Rack protocol. You
     ## can (and should) use Rack::Lint to enforce it.
     ##
     ## When you develop middleware, be sure to add a Lint before and
     ## after to catch all mistakes.
-
+    ##
     ## = Rack applications
-
+    ##
     ## A Rack application is a Ruby object (not a class) that
     ## responds to +call+.
     def call(env = nil)
-      dup._call(env)
+      Wrapper.new(@app, env).response
     end
 
-    def _call(env)
-      ## It takes exactly one argument, the *environment*
-      assert("No env given") { env }
-      check_env env
-
-      env[RACK_INPUT] = InputWrapper.new(env[RACK_INPUT])
-      env[RACK_ERRORS] = ErrorWrapper.new(env[RACK_ERRORS])
-
-      ## and returns an Array of exactly three values:
-      ary = @app.call(env)
-      assert("response is not an Array, but #{ary.class}") {
-        ary.kind_of? Array
-      }
-      assert("response array has #{ary.size} elements instead of 3") {
-        ary.size == 3
-      }
-
-      status, headers, @body = ary
-      ## The *status*,
-      check_status status
-      ## the *headers*,
-      check_headers headers
-
-      hijack_proc = check_hijack_response headers, env
-      if hijack_proc && headers.is_a?(Hash)
-        headers[RACK_HIJACK] = hijack_proc
+    class Wrapper
+      def initialize(app, env)
+        @app = app
+        @env = env
+        @response = nil
+        @head_request = false
+
+        @status = nil
+        @headers = nil
+        @body = nil
+        @invoked = nil
+        @content_length = nil
+        @closed = false
+        @size = 0
       end
 
-      ## and the *body*.
-      check_content_type status, headers
-      check_content_length status, headers
-      @head_request = env[REQUEST_METHOD] == HEAD
-      [status, headers, self]
-    end
+      def response
+        ## It takes exactly one argument, the *environment*
+        raise LintError, "No env given" unless @env
+        check_environment(@env)
 
-    ## == The Environment
-    def check_env(env)
-      ## The environment must be an unfrozen instance of Hash that includes
-      ## CGI-like headers.  The application is free to modify the
-      ## environment.
-      assert("env #{env.inspect} is not a Hash, but #{env.class}") {
-        env.kind_of? Hash
-      }
-      assert("env should not be frozen, but is") {
-        !env.frozen?
-      }
-
-      ##
-      ## The environment is required to include these variables
-      ## (adopted from PEP333), except when they'd be empty, but see
-      ## below.
-
-      ## <tt>REQUEST_METHOD</tt>:: The HTTP request method, such as
-      ##                           "GET" or "POST". This cannot ever
-      ##                           be an empty string, and so is
-      ##                           always required.
-
-      ## <tt>SCRIPT_NAME</tt>:: The initial portion of the request
-      ##                        URL's "path" that corresponds to the
-      ##                        application object, so that the
-      ##                        application knows its virtual
-      ##                        "location". This may be an empty
-      ##                        string, if the application corresponds
-      ##                        to the "root" of the server.
-
-      ## <tt>PATH_INFO</tt>:: The remainder of the request URL's
-      ##                      "path", designating the virtual
-      ##                      "location" of the request's target
-      ##                      within the application. This may be an
-      ##                      empty string, if the request URL targets
-      ##                      the application root and does not have a
-      ##                      trailing slash. This value may be
-      ##                      percent-encoded when originating from
-      ##                      a URL.
-
-      ## <tt>QUERY_STRING</tt>:: The portion of the request URL that
-      ##                         follows the <tt>?</tt>, if any. May be
-      ##                         empty, but is always required!
-
-      ## <tt>SERVER_NAME</tt>:: When combined with <tt>SCRIPT_NAME</tt> and
-      ##                        <tt>PATH_INFO</tt>, these variables can be
-      ##                        used to complete the URL. Note, however,
-      ##                        that <tt>HTTP_HOST</tt>, if present,
-      ##                        should be used in preference to
-      ##                        <tt>SERVER_NAME</tt> for reconstructing
-      ##                        the request URL.
-      ##                        <tt>SERVER_NAME</tt> can never be an empty
-      ##                        string, and so is always required.
-
-      ## <tt>SERVER_PORT</tt>:: An optional +Integer+ which is the port the
-      ##                        server is running on. Should be specified if
-      ##                        the server is running on a non-standard port.
-
-      ## <tt>HTTP_</tt> Variables:: Variables corresponding to the
-      ##                            client-supplied HTTP request
-      ##                            headers (i.e., variables whose
-      ##                            names begin with <tt>HTTP_</tt>). The
-      ##                            presence or absence of these
-      ##                            variables should correspond with
-      ##                            the presence or absence of the
-      ##                            appropriate HTTP header in the
-      ##                            request. See
-      ##                            {RFC3875 section 4.1.18}[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3875#section-4.1.18]
-      ##                            for specific behavior.
-
-      ## In addition to this, the Rack environment must include these
-      ## Rack-specific variables:
-
-      ## <tt>rack.version</tt>:: The Array representing this version of Rack
-      ##                         See Rack::VERSION, that corresponds to
-      ##                         the version of this SPEC.
-
-      ## <tt>rack.url_scheme</tt>:: +http+ or +https+, depending on the
-      ##                            request URL.
-
-      ## <tt>rack.input</tt>:: See below, the input stream.
-
-      ## <tt>rack.errors</tt>:: See below, the error stream.
-
-      ## <tt>rack.multithread</tt>:: true if the application object may be
-      ##                             simultaneously invoked by another thread
-      ##                             in the same process, false otherwise.
-
-      ## <tt>rack.multiprocess</tt>:: true if an equivalent application object
-      ##                              may be simultaneously invoked by another
-      ##                              process, false otherwise.
-
-      ## <tt>rack.run_once</tt>:: true if the server expects
-      ##                          (but does not guarantee!) that the
-      ##                          application will only be invoked this one
-      ##                          time during the life of its containing
-      ##                          process. Normally, this will only be true
-      ##                          for a server based on CGI
-      ##                          (or something similar).
-
-      ## <tt>rack.hijack?</tt>:: present and true if the server supports
-      ##                         connection hijacking. See below, hijacking.
-
-      ## <tt>rack.hijack</tt>:: an object responding to #call that must be
-      ##                        called at least once before using
-      ##                        rack.hijack_io.
-      ##                        It is recommended #call return rack.hijack_io
-      ##                        as well as setting it in env if necessary.
-
-      ## <tt>rack.hijack_io</tt>:: if rack.hijack? is true, and rack.hijack
-      ##                           has received #call, this will contain
-      ##                           an object resembling an IO. See hijacking.
-
-      ## Additional environment specifications have approved to
-      ## standardized middleware APIs.  None of these are required to
-      ## be implemented by the server.
-
-      ## <tt>rack.session</tt>:: A hash like interface for storing
-      ##                         request session data.
-      ##                         The store must implement:
-      if session = env[RACK_SESSION]
-        ##                         store(key, value)         (aliased as []=);
-        assert("session #{session.inspect} must respond to store and []=") {
-          session.respond_to?(:store) && session.respond_to?(:[]=)
-        }
+        ## and returns a non-frozen Array of exactly three values:
+        @response = @app.call(@env)
+        raise LintError, "response is not an Array, but #{@response.class}" unless @response.kind_of? Array
+        raise LintError, "response is frozen" if @response.frozen?
+        raise LintError, "response array has #{@response.size} elements instead of 3" unless @response.size == 3
 
-        ##                         fetch(key, default = nil) (aliased as []);
-        assert("session #{session.inspect} must respond to fetch and []") {
-          session.respond_to?(:fetch) && session.respond_to?(:[])
-        }
+        @status, @headers, @body = @response
+        ## The *status*,
+        check_status(@status)
 
-        ##                         delete(key);
-        assert("session #{session.inspect} must respond to delete") {
-          session.respond_to?(:delete)
-        }
+        ## the *headers*,
+        check_headers(@headers)
 
-        ##                         clear;
-        assert("session #{session.inspect} must respond to clear") {
-          session.respond_to?(:clear)
-        }
+        hijack_proc = check_hijack_response(@headers, @env)
+        if hijack_proc
+          @headers[RACK_HIJACK] = hijack_proc
+        end
 
-        ##                         to_hash (returning unfrozen Hash instance);
-        assert("session #{session.inspect} must respond to to_hash and return unfrozen Hash instance") {
-          session.respond_to?(:to_hash) && session.to_hash.kind_of?(Hash) && !session.to_hash.frozen?
-        }
+        ## and the *body*.
+        check_content_type_header(@status, @headers)
+        check_content_length_header(@status, @headers)
+        check_rack_protocol_header(@status, @headers)
+        @head_request = @env[REQUEST_METHOD] == HEAD
+
+        @lint = (@env['rack.lint'] ||= []) << self
+
+        if (@env['rack.lint.body_iteration'] ||= 0) > 0
+          raise LintError, "Middleware must not call #each directly"
+        end
+
+        return [@status, @headers, self]
       end
 
-      ## <tt>rack.logger</tt>:: A common object interface for logging messages.
-      ##                        The object must implement:
-      if logger = env[RACK_LOGGER]
-        ##                         info(message, &block)
-        assert("logger #{logger.inspect} must respond to info") {
-          logger.respond_to?(:info)
-        }
+      ##
+      ## == The Environment
+      ##
+      def check_environment(env)
+        ## The environment must be an unfrozen instance of Hash that includes
+        ## CGI-like headers. The Rack application is free to modify the
+        ## environment.
+        raise LintError, "env #{env.inspect} is not a Hash, but #{env.class}" unless env.kind_of? Hash
+        raise LintError, "env should not be frozen, but is" if env.frozen?
 
-        ##                         debug(message, &block)
-        assert("logger #{logger.inspect} must respond to debug") {
-          logger.respond_to?(:debug)
-        }
+        ##
+        ## The environment is required to include these variables
+        ## (adopted from {PEP 333}[https://peps.python.org/pep-0333/]), except when they'd be empty, but see
+        ## below.
+
+        ## <tt>REQUEST_METHOD</tt>:: The HTTP request method, such as
+        ##                           "GET" or "POST". This cannot ever
+        ##                           be an empty string, and so is
+        ##                           always required.
+
+        ## <tt>SCRIPT_NAME</tt>:: The initial portion of the request
+        ##                        URL's "path" that corresponds to the
+        ##                        application object, so that the
+        ##                        application knows its virtual
+        ##                        "location". This may be an empty
+        ##                        string, if the application corresponds
+        ##                        to the "root" of the server.
+
+        ## <tt>PATH_INFO</tt>:: The remainder of the request URL's
+        ##                      "path", designating the virtual
+        ##                      "location" of the request's target
+        ##                      within the application. This may be an
+        ##                      empty string, if the request URL targets
+        ##                      the application root and does not have a
+        ##                      trailing slash. This value may be
+        ##                      percent-encoded when originating from
+        ##                      a URL.
+
+        ## <tt>QUERY_STRING</tt>:: The portion of the request URL that
+        ##                         follows the <tt>?</tt>, if any. May be
+        ##                         empty, but is always required!
+
+        ## <tt>SERVER_NAME</tt>:: When combined with <tt>SCRIPT_NAME</tt> and
+        ##                        <tt>PATH_INFO</tt>, these variables can be
+        ##                        used to complete the URL. Note, however,
+        ##                        that <tt>HTTP_HOST</tt>, if present,
+        ##                        should be used in preference to
+        ##                        <tt>SERVER_NAME</tt> for reconstructing
+        ##                        the request URL.
+        ##                        <tt>SERVER_NAME</tt> can never be an empty
+        ##                        string, and so is always required.
+
+        ## <tt>SERVER_PORT</tt>:: An optional +Integer+ which is the port the
+        ##                        server is running on. Should be specified if
+        ##                        the server is running on a non-standard port.
+
+        ## <tt>SERVER_PROTOCOL</tt>:: A string representing the HTTP version used
+        ##                            for the request.
+
+        ## <tt>HTTP_</tt> Variables:: Variables corresponding to the
+        ##                            client-supplied HTTP request
+        ##                            headers (i.e., variables whose
+        ##                            names begin with <tt>HTTP_</tt>). The
+        ##                            presence or absence of these
+        ##                            variables should correspond with
+        ##                            the presence or absence of the
+        ##                            appropriate HTTP header in the
+        ##                            request. See
+        ##                            {RFC3875 section 4.1.18}[https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3875#section-4.1.18]
+        ##                            for specific behavior.
+
+        ## In addition to this, the Rack environment must include these
+        ## Rack-specific variables:
+
+        ## <tt>rack.url_scheme</tt>:: +http+ or +https+, depending on the
+        ##                            request URL.
+
+        ## <tt>rack.input</tt>:: See below, the input stream.
+
+        ## <tt>rack.errors</tt>:: See below, the error stream.
+
+        ## <tt>rack.hijack?</tt>:: See below, if present and true, indicates
+        ##                         that the server supports partial hijacking.
+
+        ## <tt>rack.hijack</tt>:: See below, if present, an object responding
+        ##                        to +call+ that is used to perform a full
+        ##                        hijack.
+
+        ## <tt>rack.protocol</tt>:: An optional +Array+ of +String+, containing
+        ##                          the protocols advertised by the client in
+        ##                          the +upgrade+ header (HTTP/1) or the
+        ##                          +:protocol+ pseudo-header (HTTP/2).
+        if protocols = @env['rack.protocol']
+          unless protocols.is_a?(Array) && protocols.all?{|protocol| protocol.is_a?(String)}
+            raise LintError, "rack.protocol must be an Array of Strings"
+          end
+        end
 
-        ##                         warn(message, &block)
-        assert("logger #{logger.inspect} must respond to warn") {
-          logger.respond_to?(:warn)
-        }
+        ## Additional environment specifications have approved to
+        ## standardized middleware APIs. None of these are required to
+        ## be implemented by the server.
+
+        ## <tt>rack.session</tt>:: A hash-like interface for storing
+        ##                         request session data.
+        ##                         The store must implement:
+        if session = env[RACK_SESSION]
+          ##                         store(key, value)         (aliased as []=);
+          unless session.respond_to?(:store) && session.respond_to?(:[]=)
+            raise LintError, "session #{session.inspect} must respond to store and []="
+          end
 
-        ##                         error(message, &block)
-        assert("logger #{logger.inspect} must respond to error") {
-          logger.respond_to?(:error)
-        }
+          ##                         fetch(key, default = nil) (aliased as []);
+          unless session.respond_to?(:fetch) && session.respond_to?(:[])
+            raise LintError, "session #{session.inspect} must respond to fetch and []"
+          end
 
-        ##                         fatal(message, &block)
-        assert("logger #{logger.inspect} must respond to fatal") {
-          logger.respond_to?(:fatal)
-        }
-      end
+          ##                         delete(key);
+          unless session.respond_to?(:delete)
+            raise LintError, "session #{session.inspect} must respond to delete"
+          end
 
-      ## <tt>rack.multipart.buffer_size</tt>:: An Integer hint to the multipart parser as to what chunk size to use for reads and writes.
-      if bufsize = env[RACK_MULTIPART_BUFFER_SIZE]
-        assert("rack.multipart.buffer_size must be an Integer > 0 if specified") {
-          bufsize.is_a?(Integer) && bufsize > 0
-        }
-      end
+          ##                         clear;
+          unless session.respond_to?(:clear)
+            raise LintError, "session #{session.inspect} must respond to clear"
+          end
 
-      ## <tt>rack.multipart.tempfile_factory</tt>:: An object responding to #call with two arguments, the filename and content_type given for the multipart form field, and returning an IO-like object that responds to #<< and optionally #rewind. This factory will be used to instantiate the tempfile for each multipart form file upload field, rather than the default class of Tempfile.
-      if tempfile_factory = env[RACK_MULTIPART_TEMPFILE_FACTORY]
-        assert("rack.multipart.tempfile_factory must respond to #call") { tempfile_factory.respond_to?(:call) }
-        env[RACK_MULTIPART_TEMPFILE_FACTORY] = lambda do |filename, content_type|
-          io = tempfile_factory.call(filename, content_type)
-          assert("rack.multipart.tempfile_factory return value must respond to #<<") { io.respond_to?(:<<) }
-          io
+          ##                         to_hash (returning unfrozen Hash instance);
+          unless session.respond_to?(:to_hash) && session.to_hash.kind_of?(Hash) && !session.to_hash.frozen?
+            raise LintError, "session #{session.inspect} must respond to to_hash and return unfrozen Hash instance"
+          end
         end
-      end
 
-      ## The server or the application can store their own data in the
-      ## environment, too.  The keys must contain at least one dot,
-      ## and should be prefixed uniquely.  The prefix <tt>rack.</tt>
-      ## is reserved for use with the Rack core distribution and other
-      ## accepted specifications and must not be used otherwise.
-      ##
+        ## <tt>rack.logger</tt>:: A common object interface for logging messages.
+        ##                        The object must implement:
+        if logger = env[RACK_LOGGER]
+          ##                         info(message, &block)
+          unless logger.respond_to?(:info)
+            raise LintError, "logger #{logger.inspect} must respond to info"
+          end
+
+          ##                         debug(message, &block)
+          unless logger.respond_to?(:debug)
+            raise LintError, "logger #{logger.inspect} must respond to debug"
+          end
+
+          ##                         warn(message, &block)
+          unless logger.respond_to?(:warn)
+            raise LintError, "logger #{logger.inspect} must respond to warn"
+          end
 
-      %w[REQUEST_METHOD SERVER_NAME QUERY_STRING
-         rack.version rack.input rack.errors
-         rack.multithread rack.multiprocess rack.run_once].each { |header|
-        assert("env missing required key #{header}") { env.include? header }
-      }
+          ##                         error(message, &block)
+          unless logger.respond_to?(:error)
+            raise LintError, "logger #{logger.inspect} must respond to error"
+          end
+
+          ##                         fatal(message, &block)
+          unless logger.respond_to?(:fatal)
+            raise LintError, "logger #{logger.inspect} must respond to fatal"
+          end
+        end
 
-      ## The <tt>SERVER_PORT</tt> must be an Integer if set.
-      assert("env[SERVER_PORT] is not an Integer") do
+        ## <tt>rack.multipart.buffer_size</tt>:: An Integer hint to the multipart parser as to what chunk size to use for reads and writes.
+        if bufsize = env[RACK_MULTIPART_BUFFER_SIZE]
+          unless bufsize.is_a?(Integer) && bufsize > 0
+            raise LintError, "rack.multipart.buffer_size must be an Integer > 0 if specified"
+          end
+        end
+
+        ## <tt>rack.multipart.tempfile_factory</tt>:: An object responding to #call with two arguments, the filename and content_type given for the multipart form field, and returning an IO-like object that responds to #<< and optionally #rewind. This factory will be used to instantiate the tempfile for each multipart form file upload field, rather than the default class of Tempfile.
+        if tempfile_factory = env[RACK_MULTIPART_TEMPFILE_FACTORY]
+          raise LintError, "rack.multipart.tempfile_factory must respond to #call" unless tempfile_factory.respond_to?(:call)
+          env[RACK_MULTIPART_TEMPFILE_FACTORY] = lambda do |filename, content_type|
+            io = tempfile_factory.call(filename, content_type)
+            raise LintError, "rack.multipart.tempfile_factory return value must respond to #<<" unless io.respond_to?(:<<)
+            io
+          end
+        end
+
+        ## The server or the application can store their own data in the
+        ## environment, too.  The keys must contain at least one dot,
+        ## and should be prefixed uniquely.  The prefix <tt>rack.</tt>
+        ## is reserved for use with the Rack core distribution and other
+        ## accepted specifications and must not be used otherwise.
+        ##
+        %w[REQUEST_METHOD SERVER_NAME QUERY_STRING SERVER_PROTOCOL rack.errors].each do |header|
+          raise LintError, "env missing required key #{header}" unless env.include? header
+        end
+
+        ## The <tt>SERVER_PORT</tt> must be an Integer if set.
         server_port = env["SERVER_PORT"]
-        server_port.nil? || (Integer(server_port) rescue false)
-      end
+        unless server_port.nil? || (Integer(server_port) rescue false)
+          raise LintError, "env[SERVER_PORT] is not an Integer"
+        end
 
-      ## The <tt>SERVER_NAME</tt> must be a valid authority as defined by RFC7540.
-      assert("#{env[SERVER_NAME]} must be a valid authority") do
-        URI.parse("http://#{env[SERVER_NAME]}/") rescue false
-      end
+        ## The <tt>SERVER_NAME</tt> must be a valid authority as defined by RFC7540.
+        unless (URI.parse("http://#{env[SERVER_NAME]}/") rescue false)
+          raise LintError, "#{env[SERVER_NAME]} must be a valid authority"
+        end
 
-      ## The <tt>HTTP_HOST</tt> must be a valid authority as defined by RFC7540.
-      assert("#{env[HTTP_HOST]} must be a valid authority") do
-        URI.parse("http://#{env[HTTP_HOST]}/") rescue false
-      end
+        ## The <tt>HTTP_HOST</tt> must be a valid authority as defined by RFC7540.
+        unless (URI.parse("http://#{env[HTTP_HOST]}/") rescue false)
+          raise LintError, "#{env[HTTP_HOST]} must be a valid authority"
+        end
 
-      ## The environment must not contain the keys
-      ## <tt>HTTP_CONTENT_TYPE</tt> or <tt>HTTP_CONTENT_LENGTH</tt>
-      ## (use the versions without <tt>HTTP_</tt>).
-      %w[HTTP_CONTENT_TYPE HTTP_CONTENT_LENGTH].each { |header|
-        assert("env contains #{header}, must use #{header[5, -1]}") {
-          not env.include? header
-        }
-      }
-
-      ## The CGI keys (named without a period) must have String values.
-      ## If the string values for CGI keys contain non-ASCII characters,
-      ## they should use ASCII-8BIT encoding.
-      env.each { |key, value|
-        next  if key.include? "."   # Skip extensions
-        assert("env variable #{key} has non-string value #{value.inspect}") {
-          value.kind_of? String
-        }
-        next if value.encoding == Encoding::ASCII_8BIT
-        assert("env variable #{key} has value containing non-ASCII characters and has non-ASCII-8BIT encoding #{value.inspect} encoding: #{value.encoding}") {
-          value.b !~ /[\x80-\xff]/n
+        ## The <tt>SERVER_PROTOCOL</tt> must match the regexp <tt>HTTP/\d(\.\d)?</tt>.
+        server_protocol = env['SERVER_PROTOCOL']
+        unless %r{HTTP/\d(\.\d)?}.match?(server_protocol)
+          raise LintError, "env[SERVER_PROTOCOL] does not match HTTP/\\d(\\.\\d)?"
+        end
+
+        ## The environment must not contain the keys
+        ## <tt>HTTP_CONTENT_TYPE</tt> or <tt>HTTP_CONTENT_LENGTH</tt>
+        ## (use the versions without <tt>HTTP_</tt>).
+        %w[HTTP_CONTENT_TYPE HTTP_CONTENT_LENGTH].each { |header|
+          if env.include? header
+            raise LintError, "env contains #{header}, must use #{header[5..-1]}"
+          end
         }
-      }
-
-      ## There are the following restrictions:
-
-      ## * <tt>rack.version</tt> must be an array of Integers.
-      assert("rack.version must be an Array, was #{env[RACK_VERSION].class}") {
-        env[RACK_VERSION].kind_of? Array
-      }
-      ## * <tt>rack.url_scheme</tt> must either be +http+ or +https+.
-      assert("rack.url_scheme unknown: #{env[RACK_URL_SCHEME].inspect}") {
-        %w[http https].include?(env[RACK_URL_SCHEME])
-      }
-
-      ## * There must be a valid input stream in <tt>rack.input</tt>.
-      check_input env[RACK_INPUT]
-      ## * There must be a valid error stream in <tt>rack.errors</tt>.
-      check_error env[RACK_ERRORS]
-      ## * There may be a valid hijack stream in <tt>rack.hijack_io</tt>
-      check_hijack env
-
-      ## * The <tt>REQUEST_METHOD</tt> must be a valid token.
-      assert("REQUEST_METHOD unknown: #{env[REQUEST_METHOD].dump}") {
-        env[REQUEST_METHOD] =~ /\A[0-9A-Za-z!\#$%&'*+.^_`|~-]+\z/
-      }
-
-      ## * The <tt>SCRIPT_NAME</tt>, if non-empty, must start with <tt>/</tt>
-      assert("SCRIPT_NAME must start with /") {
-        !env.include?(SCRIPT_NAME) ||
-        env[SCRIPT_NAME] == "" ||
-        env[SCRIPT_NAME] =~ /\A\//
-      }
-      ## * The <tt>PATH_INFO</tt>, if non-empty, must start with <tt>/</tt>
-      assert("PATH_INFO must start with /") {
-        !env.include?(PATH_INFO) ||
-        env[PATH_INFO] == "" ||
-        env[PATH_INFO] =~ /\A\//
-      }
-      ## * The <tt>CONTENT_LENGTH</tt>, if given, must consist of digits only.
-      assert("Invalid CONTENT_LENGTH: #{env["CONTENT_LENGTH"]}") {
-        !env.include?("CONTENT_LENGTH") || env["CONTENT_LENGTH"] =~ /\A\d+\z/
-      }
-
-      ## * One of <tt>SCRIPT_NAME</tt> or <tt>PATH_INFO</tt> must be
-      ##   set.  <tt>PATH_INFO</tt> should be <tt>/</tt> if
-      ##   <tt>SCRIPT_NAME</tt> is empty.
-      assert("One of SCRIPT_NAME or PATH_INFO must be set (make PATH_INFO '/' if SCRIPT_NAME is empty)") {
-        env[SCRIPT_NAME] || env[PATH_INFO]
-      }
-      ##   <tt>SCRIPT_NAME</tt> never should be <tt>/</tt>, but instead be empty.
-      assert("SCRIPT_NAME cannot be '/', make it '' and PATH_INFO '/'") {
-        env[SCRIPT_NAME] != "/"
-      }
-    end
 
-    ## === The Input Stream
-    ##
-    ## The input stream is an IO-like object which contains the raw HTTP
-    ## POST data.
-    def check_input(input)
-      ## When applicable, its external encoding must be "ASCII-8BIT" and it
-      ## must be opened in binary mode, for Ruby 1.9 compatibility.
-      assert("rack.input #{input} does not have ASCII-8BIT as its external encoding") {
-        input.external_encoding == Encoding::ASCII_8BIT
-      } if input.respond_to?(:external_encoding)
-      assert("rack.input #{input} is not opened in binary mode") {
-        input.binmode?
-      } if input.respond_to?(:binmode?)
-
-      ## The input stream must respond to +gets+, +each+, +read+ and +rewind+.
-      [:gets, :each, :read, :rewind].each { |method|
-        assert("rack.input #{input} does not respond to ##{method}") {
-          input.respond_to? method
+        ## The CGI keys (named without a period) must have String values.
+        ## If the string values for CGI keys contain non-ASCII characters,
+        ## they should use ASCII-8BIT encoding.
+        env.each { |key, value|
+          next  if key.include? "."   # Skip extensions
+          unless value.kind_of? String
+            raise LintError, "env variable #{key} has non-string value #{value.inspect}"
+          end
+          next if value.encoding == Encoding::ASCII_8BIT
+          unless value.b !~ /[\x80-\xff]/n
+            raise LintError, "env variable #{key} has value containing non-ASCII characters and has non-ASCII-8BIT encoding #{value.inspect} encoding: #{value.encoding}"
+          end
         }
-      }
-    end
 
-    class InputWrapper
-      include Assertion
+        ## There are the following restrictions:
 
-      def initialize(input)
-        @input = input
-      end
+        ## * <tt>rack.url_scheme</tt> must either be +http+ or +https+.
+        unless %w[http https].include?(env[RACK_URL_SCHEME])
+          raise LintError, "rack.url_scheme unknown: #{env[RACK_URL_SCHEME].inspect}"
+        end
 
-      ## * +gets+ must be called without arguments and return a string,
-      ##   or +nil+ on EOF.
-      def gets(*args)
-        assert("rack.input#gets called with arguments") { args.size == 0 }
-        v = @input.gets
-        assert("rack.input#gets didn't return a String") {
-          v.nil? or v.kind_of? String
-        }
-        v
+        ## * There may be a valid input stream in <tt>rack.input</tt>.
+        if rack_input = env[RACK_INPUT]
+          check_input_stream(rack_input)
+          @env[RACK_INPUT] = InputWrapper.new(rack_input)
+        end
+
+        ## * There must be a valid error stream in <tt>rack.errors</tt>.
+        rack_errors = env[RACK_ERRORS]
+        check_error_stream(rack_errors)
+        @env[RACK_ERRORS] = ErrorWrapper.new(rack_errors)
+
+        ## * There may be a valid hijack callback in <tt>rack.hijack</tt>
+        check_hijack env
+        ## * There may be a valid early hints callback in <tt>rack.early_hints</tt>
+        check_early_hints env
+
+        ## * The <tt>REQUEST_METHOD</tt> must be a valid token.
+        unless env[REQUEST_METHOD] =~ /\A[0-9A-Za-z!\#$%&'*+.^_`|~-]+\z/
+          raise LintError, "REQUEST_METHOD unknown: #{env[REQUEST_METHOD].dump}"
+        end
+
+        ## * The <tt>SCRIPT_NAME</tt>, if non-empty, must start with <tt>/</tt>
+        if env.include?(SCRIPT_NAME) && env[SCRIPT_NAME] != "" && env[SCRIPT_NAME] !~ /\A\//
+          raise LintError, "SCRIPT_NAME must start with /"
+        end
+
+        ## * The <tt>PATH_INFO</tt>, if provided, must be a valid request target.
+        if env.include?(PATH_INFO)
+          case env[PATH_INFO]
+          when REQUEST_PATH_ASTERISK_FORM
+            ##   * Only <tt>OPTIONS</tt> requests may have <tt>PATH_INFO</tt> set to <tt>*</tt> (asterisk-form).
+            unless env[REQUEST_METHOD] == OPTIONS
+              raise LintError, "Only OPTIONS requests may have PATH_INFO set to '*' (asterisk-form)"
+            end
+          when REQUEST_PATH_AUTHORITY_FORM
+            ##   * Only <tt>CONNECT</tt> requests may have <tt>PATH_INFO</tt> set to an authority (authority-form). Note that in HTTP/2+, the authority-form is not a valid request target.
+            unless env[REQUEST_METHOD] == CONNECT
+              raise LintError, "Only CONNECT requests may have PATH_INFO set to an authority (authority-form)"
+            end
+          when REQUEST_PATH_ABSOLUTE_FORM
+            ##   * <tt>CONNECT</tt> and <tt>OPTIONS</tt> requests must not have <tt>PATH_INFO</tt> set to a URI (absolute-form).
+            if env[REQUEST_METHOD] == CONNECT || env[REQUEST_METHOD] == OPTIONS
+              raise LintError, "CONNECT and OPTIONS requests must not have PATH_INFO set to a URI (absolute-form)"
+            end
+          when REQUEST_PATH_ORIGIN_FORM
+            ##   * Otherwise, <tt>PATH_INFO</tt> must start with a <tt>/</tt> and must not include a fragment part starting with '#' (origin-form).
+          else
+            raise LintError, "PATH_INFO must start with a '/' and must not include a fragment part starting with '#' (origin-form)"
+          end
+        end
+
+        ## * The <tt>CONTENT_LENGTH</tt>, if given, must consist of digits only.
+        if env.include?("CONTENT_LENGTH") && env["CONTENT_LENGTH"] !~ /\A\d+\z/
+          raise LintError, "Invalid CONTENT_LENGTH: #{env["CONTENT_LENGTH"]}"
+        end
+
+        ## * One of <tt>SCRIPT_NAME</tt> or <tt>PATH_INFO</tt> must be
+        ##   set. <tt>PATH_INFO</tt> should be <tt>/</tt> if
+        ##   <tt>SCRIPT_NAME</tt> is empty.
+        unless env[SCRIPT_NAME] || env[PATH_INFO]
+          raise LintError, "One of SCRIPT_NAME or PATH_INFO must be set (make PATH_INFO '/' if SCRIPT_NAME is empty)"
+        end
+        ##   <tt>SCRIPT_NAME</tt> never should be <tt>/</tt>, but instead be empty.
+        unless env[SCRIPT_NAME] != "/"
+          raise LintError, "SCRIPT_NAME cannot be '/', make it '' and PATH_INFO '/'"
+        end
+
+        ## <tt>rack.response_finished</tt>:: An array of callables run by the server after the response has been
+        ## processed. This would typically be invoked after sending the response to the client, but it could also be
+        ## invoked if an error occurs while generating the response or sending the response; in that case, the error
+        ## argument will be a subclass of +Exception+.
+        ## The callables are invoked with +env, status, headers, error+ arguments and should not raise any
+        ## exceptions. They should be invoked in reverse order of registration.
+        if callables = env[RACK_RESPONSE_FINISHED]
+          raise LintError, "rack.response_finished must be an array of callable objects" unless callables.is_a?(Array)
+
+          callables.each do |callable|
+            raise LintError, "rack.response_finished values must respond to call(env, status, headers, error)" unless callable.respond_to?(:call)
+          end
+        end
       end
 
-      ## * +read+ behaves like IO#read.
-      ##   Its signature is <tt>read([length, [buffer]])</tt>.
-      ##
-      ##   If given, +length+ must be a non-negative Integer (>= 0) or +nil+,
-      ##   and +buffer+ must be a String and may not be nil.
-      ##
-      ##   If +length+ is given and not nil, then this method reads at most
-      ##   +length+ bytes from the input stream.
       ##
-      ##   If +length+ is not given or nil, then this method reads
-      ##   all data until EOF.
+      ## === The Input Stream
       ##
-      ##   When EOF is reached, this method returns nil if +length+ is given
-      ##   and not nil, or "" if +length+ is not given or is nil.
-      ##
-      ##   If +buffer+ is given, then the read data will be placed
-      ##   into +buffer+ instead of a newly created String object.
-      def read(*args)
-        assert("rack.input#read called with too many arguments") {
-          args.size <= 2
-        }
-        if args.size >= 1
-          assert("rack.input#read called with non-integer and non-nil length") {
-            args.first.kind_of?(Integer) || args.first.nil?
-          }
-          assert("rack.input#read called with a negative length") {
-            args.first.nil? || args.first >= 0
-          }
+      ## The input stream is an IO-like object which contains the raw HTTP
+      ## POST data.
+      def check_input_stream(input)
+        ## When applicable, its external encoding must be "ASCII-8BIT" and it
+        ## must be opened in binary mode.
+        if input.respond_to?(:external_encoding) && input.external_encoding != Encoding::ASCII_8BIT
+          raise LintError, "rack.input #{input} does not have ASCII-8BIT as its external encoding"
         end
-        if args.size >= 2
-          assert("rack.input#read called with non-String buffer") {
-            args[1].kind_of?(String)
-          }
+        if input.respond_to?(:binmode?) && !input.binmode?
+          raise LintError, "rack.input #{input} is not opened in binary mode"
         end
 
-        v = @input.read(*args)
-
-        assert("rack.input#read didn't return nil or a String") {
-          v.nil? or v.kind_of? String
+        ## The input stream must respond to +gets+, +each+, and +read+.
+        [:gets, :each, :read].each { |method|
+          unless input.respond_to? method
+            raise LintError, "rack.input #{input} does not respond to ##{method}"
+          end
         }
-        if args[0].nil?
-          assert("rack.input#read(nil) returned nil on EOF") {
-            !v.nil?
-          }
+      end
+
+      class InputWrapper
+        def initialize(input)
+          @input = input
         end
 
-        v
-      end
+        ## * +gets+ must be called without arguments and return a string,
+        ##   or +nil+ on EOF.
+        def gets(*args)
+          raise LintError, "rack.input#gets called with arguments" unless args.size == 0
+          v = @input.gets
+          unless v.nil? or v.kind_of? String
+            raise LintError, "rack.input#gets didn't return a String"
+          end
+          v
+        end
+
+        ## * +read+ behaves like <tt>IO#read</tt>.
+        ##   Its signature is <tt>read([length, [buffer]])</tt>.
+        ##
+        ##   If given, +length+ must be a non-negative Integer (>= 0) or +nil+,
+        ##   and +buffer+ must be a String and may not be nil.
+        ##
+        ##   If +length+ is given and not nil, then this method reads at most
+        ##   +length+ bytes from the input stream.
+        ##
+        ##   If +length+ is not given or nil, then this method reads
+        ##   all data until EOF.
+        ##
+        ##   When EOF is reached, this method returns nil if +length+ is given
+        ##   and not nil, or "" if +length+ is not given or is nil.
+        ##
+        ##   If +buffer+ is given, then the read data will be placed
+        ##   into +buffer+ instead of a newly created String object.
+        def read(*args)
+          unless args.size <= 2
+            raise LintError, "rack.input#read called with too many arguments"
+          end
+          if args.size >= 1
+            unless args.first.kind_of?(Integer) || args.first.nil?
+              raise LintError, "rack.input#read called with non-integer and non-nil length"
+            end
+            unless args.first.nil? || args.first >= 0
+              raise LintError, "rack.input#read called with a negative length"
+            end
+          end
+          if args.size >= 2
+            unless args[1].kind_of?(String)
+              raise LintError, "rack.input#read called with non-String buffer"
+            end
+          end
 
-      ## * +each+ must be called without arguments and only yield Strings.
-      def each(*args)
-        assert("rack.input#each called with arguments") { args.size == 0 }
-        @input.each { |line|
-          assert("rack.input#each didn't yield a String") {
-            line.kind_of? String
+          v = @input.read(*args)
+
+          unless v.nil? or v.kind_of? String
+            raise LintError, "rack.input#read didn't return nil or a String"
+          end
+          if args[0].nil?
+            unless !v.nil?
+              raise LintError, "rack.input#read(nil) returned nil on EOF"
+            end
+          end
+
+          v
+        end
+
+        ## * +each+ must be called without arguments and only yield Strings.
+        def each(*args)
+          raise LintError, "rack.input#each called with arguments" unless args.size == 0
+          @input.each { |line|
+            unless line.kind_of? String
+              raise LintError, "rack.input#each didn't yield a String"
+            end
+            yield line
           }
-          yield line
-        }
+        end
+
+        ## * +close+ can be called on the input stream to indicate that
+        ##   any remaining input is not needed.
+        def close(*args)
+          @input.close(*args)
+        end
       end
 
-      ## * +rewind+ must be called without arguments. It rewinds the input
-      ##   stream back to the beginning. It must not raise Errno::ESPIPE:
-      ##   that is, it may not be a pipe or a socket. Therefore, handler
-      ##   developers must buffer the input data into some rewindable object
-      ##   if the underlying input stream is not rewindable.
-      def rewind(*args)
-        assert("rack.input#rewind called with arguments") { args.size == 0 }
-        assert("rack.input#rewind raised Errno::ESPIPE") {
-          begin
-            @input.rewind
-            true
-          rescue Errno::ESPIPE
-            false
+      ##
+      ## === The Error Stream
+      ##
+      def check_error_stream(error)
+        ## The error stream must respond to +puts+, +write+ and +flush+.
+        [:puts, :write, :flush].each { |method|
+          unless error.respond_to? method
+            raise LintError, "rack.error #{error} does not respond to ##{method}"
           end
         }
       end
 
-      ## * +close+ must never be called on the input stream.
-      def close(*args)
-        assert("rack.input#close must not be called") { false }
-      end
-    end
+      class ErrorWrapper
+        def initialize(error)
+          @error = error
+        end
 
-    ## === The Error Stream
-    def check_error(error)
-      ## The error stream must respond to +puts+, +write+ and +flush+.
-      [:puts, :write, :flush].each { |method|
-        assert("rack.error #{error} does not respond to ##{method}") {
-          error.respond_to? method
-        }
-      }
-    end
+        ## * +puts+ must be called with a single argument that responds to +to_s+.
+        def puts(str)
+          @error.puts str
+        end
 
-    class ErrorWrapper
-      include Assertion
+        ## * +write+ must be called with a single argument that is a String.
+        def write(str)
+          raise LintError, "rack.errors#write not called with a String" unless str.kind_of? String
+          @error.write str
+        end
 
-      def initialize(error)
-        @error = error
+        ## * +flush+ must be called without arguments and must be called
+        ##   in order to make the error appear for sure.
+        def flush
+          @error.flush
+        end
+
+        ## * +close+ must never be called on the error stream.
+        def close(*args)
+          raise LintError, "rack.errors#close must not be called"
+        end
       end
 
-      ## * +puts+ must be called with a single argument that responds to +to_s+.
-      def puts(str)
-        @error.puts str
+      ##
+      ## === Hijacking
+      ##
+      ## The hijacking interfaces provides a means for an application to take
+      ## control of the HTTP connection. There are two distinct hijack
+      ## interfaces: full hijacking where the application takes over the raw
+      ## connection, and partial hijacking where the application takes over
+      ## just the response body stream. In both cases, the application is
+      ## responsible for closing the hijacked stream.
+      ##
+      ## Full hijacking only works with HTTP/1. Partial hijacking is functionally
+      ## equivalent to streaming bodies, and is still optionally supported for
+      ## backwards compatibility with older Rack versions.
+      ##
+      ## ==== Full Hijack
+      ##
+      ## Full hijack is used to completely take over an HTTP/1 connection. It
+      ## occurs before any headers are written and causes the request to
+      ## ignores any response generated by the application.
+      ##
+      ## It is intended to be used when applications need access to raw HTTP/1
+      ## connection.
+      ##
+      def check_hijack(env)
+        ## If +rack.hijack+ is present in +env+, it must respond to +call+
+        if original_hijack = env[RACK_HIJACK]
+          raise LintError, "rack.hijack must respond to call" unless original_hijack.respond_to?(:call)
+
+          env[RACK_HIJACK] = proc do
+            io = original_hijack.call
+
+            ## and return an +IO+ instance which can be used to read and write
+            ## to the underlying connection using HTTP/1 semantics and
+            ## formatting.
+            raise LintError, "rack.hijack must return an IO instance" unless io.is_a?(IO)
+
+            io
+          end
+        end
       end
 
-      ## * +write+ must be called with a single argument that is a String.
-      def write(str)
-        assert("rack.errors#write not called with a String") { str.kind_of? String }
-        @error.write str
+      ##
+      ## ==== Partial Hijack
+      ##
+      ## Partial hijack is used for bi-directional streaming of the request and
+      ## response body. It occurs after the status and headers are written by
+      ## the server and causes the server to ignore the Body of the response.
+      ##
+      ## It is intended to be used when applications need bi-directional
+      ## streaming.
+      ##
+      def check_hijack_response(headers, env)
+        ## If +rack.hijack?+ is present in +env+ and truthy,
+        if env[RACK_IS_HIJACK]
+          ## an application may set the special response header +rack.hijack+
+          if original_hijack = headers[RACK_HIJACK]
+            ## to an object that responds to +call+,
+            unless original_hijack.respond_to?(:call)
+              raise LintError, 'rack.hijack header must respond to #call'
+            end
+            ## accepting a +stream+ argument.
+            return proc do |io|
+              original_hijack.call StreamWrapper.new(io)
+            end
+          end
+          ##
+          ## After the response status and headers have been sent, this hijack
+          ## callback will be invoked with a +stream+ argument which follows the
+          ## same interface as outlined in "Streaming Body". Servers must
+          ## ignore the +body+ part of the response tuple when the
+          ## +rack.hijack+ response header is present. Using an empty +Array+
+          ## instance is recommended.
+        else
+          ##
+          ## The special response header +rack.hijack+ must only be set
+          ## if the request +env+ has a truthy +rack.hijack?+.
+          if headers.key?(RACK_HIJACK)
+            raise LintError, 'rack.hijack header must not be present if server does not support hijacking'
+          end
+        end
+
+        nil
       end
 
-      ## * +flush+ must be called without arguments and must be called
-      ##   in order to make the error appear for sure.
-      def flush
-        @error.flush
+      ##
+      ## === Early Hints
+      ##
+      ## The application or any middleware may call the <tt>rack.early_hints</tt>
+      ## with an object which would be valid as the headers of a Rack response.
+      def check_early_hints(env)
+        if env[RACK_EARLY_HINTS]
+          ##
+          ## If <tt>rack.early_hints</tt> is present, it must respond to #call.
+          unless env[RACK_EARLY_HINTS].respond_to?(:call)
+            raise LintError, "rack.early_hints must respond to call"
+          end
+
+          original_callback = env[RACK_EARLY_HINTS]
+          env[RACK_EARLY_HINTS] = lambda do |headers|
+            ## If <tt>rack.early_hints</tt> is called, it must be called with
+            ## valid Rack response headers.
+            check_headers(headers)
+            original_callback.call(headers)
+          end
+        end
       end
 
-      ## * +close+ must never be called on the error stream.
-      def close(*args)
-        assert("rack.errors#close must not be called") { false }
+      ##
+      ## == The Response
+      ##
+      ## === The Status
+      ##
+      def check_status(status)
+        ## This is an HTTP status. It must be an Integer greater than or equal to
+        ## 100.
+        unless status.is_a?(Integer) && status >= 100
+          raise LintError, "Status must be an Integer >=100"
+        end
       end
-    end
 
-    class HijackWrapper
-      include Assertion
-      extend Forwardable
+      ##
+      ## === The Headers
+      ##
+      def check_headers(headers)
+        ## The headers must be a unfrozen Hash.
+        unless headers.kind_of?(Hash)
+          raise LintError, "headers object should be a hash, but isn't (got #{headers.class} as headers)"
+        end
 
-      REQUIRED_METHODS = [
-        :read, :write, :read_nonblock, :write_nonblock, :flush, :close,
-        :close_read, :close_write, :closed?
-      ]
+        if headers.frozen?
+          raise LintError, "headers object should not be frozen, but is"
+        end
 
-      def_delegators :@io, *REQUIRED_METHODS
+        headers.each do |key, value|
+          ## The header keys must be Strings.
+          unless key.kind_of? String
+            raise LintError, "header key must be a string, was #{key.class}"
+          end
 
-      def initialize(io)
-        @io = io
-        REQUIRED_METHODS.each do |meth|
-          assert("rack.hijack_io must respond to #{meth}") { io.respond_to? meth }
+          ## Special headers starting "rack." are for communicating with the
+          ## server, and must not be sent back to the client.
+          next if key.start_with?("rack.")
+
+          ## The header must not contain a +Status+ key.
+          raise LintError, "header must not contain status" if key == "status"
+          ## Header keys must conform to RFC7230 token specification, i.e. cannot
+          ## contain non-printable ASCII, DQUOTE or "(),/:;<=>?@[\]{}".
+          raise LintError, "invalid header name: #{key}" if key =~ /[\(\),\/:;<=>\?@\[\\\]{}[:cntrl:]]/
+          ## Header keys must not contain uppercase ASCII characters (A-Z).
+          raise LintError, "uppercase character in header name: #{key}" if key =~ /[A-Z]/
+
+          ## Header values must be either a String instance,
+          if value.kind_of?(String)
+            check_header_value(key, value)
+          elsif value.kind_of?(Array)
+            ## or an Array of String instances,
+            value.each{|value| check_header_value(key, value)}
+          else
+            raise LintError, "a header value must be a String or Array of Strings, but the value of '#{key}' is a #{value.class}"
+          end
         end
       end
-    end
 
-    ## === Hijacking
-    #
-    # AUTHORS: n.b. The trailing whitespace between paragraphs is important and
-    # should not be removed. The whitespace creates paragraphs in the RDoc
-    # output.
-    #
-    ## ==== Request (before status)
-    def check_hijack(env)
-      if env[RACK_IS_HIJACK]
-        ## If rack.hijack? is true then rack.hijack must respond to #call.
-        original_hijack = env[RACK_HIJACK]
-        assert("rack.hijack must respond to call") { original_hijack.respond_to?(:call) }
-        env[RACK_HIJACK] = proc do
-          ## rack.hijack must return the io that will also be assigned (or is
-          ## already present, in rack.hijack_io.
-          io = original_hijack.call
-          HijackWrapper.new(io)
-          ##
-          ## rack.hijack_io must respond to:
-          ## <tt>read, write, read_nonblock, write_nonblock, flush, close,
-          ## close_read, close_write, closed?</tt>
-          ##
-          ## The semantics of these IO methods must be a best effort match to
-          ## those of a normal ruby IO or Socket object, using standard
-          ## arguments and raising standard exceptions. Servers are encouraged
-          ## to simply pass on real IO objects, although it is recognized that
-          ## this approach is not directly compatible with SPDY and HTTP 2.0.
-          ##
-          ## IO provided in rack.hijack_io should preference the
-          ## IO::WaitReadable and IO::WaitWritable APIs wherever supported.
-          ##
-          ## There is a deliberate lack of full specification around
-          ## rack.hijack_io, as semantics will change from server to server.
-          ## Users are encouraged to utilize this API with a knowledge of their
-          ## server choice, and servers may extend the functionality of
-          ## hijack_io to provide additional features to users. The purpose of
-          ## rack.hijack is for Rack to "get out of the way", as such, Rack only
-          ## provides the minimum of specification and support.
-          env[RACK_HIJACK_IO] = HijackWrapper.new(env[RACK_HIJACK_IO])
-          io
-        end
-      else
-        ##
-        ## If rack.hijack? is false, then rack.hijack should not be set.
-        assert("rack.hijack? is false, but rack.hijack is present") { env[RACK_HIJACK].nil? }
-        ##
-        ## If rack.hijack? is false, then rack.hijack_io should not be set.
-        assert("rack.hijack? is false, but rack.hijack_io is present") { env[RACK_HIJACK_IO].nil? }
+      def check_header_value(key, value)
+        ## such that each String instance must not contain characters below 037.
+        if value =~ /[\000-\037]/
+          raise LintError, "invalid header value #{key}: #{value.inspect}"
+        end
       end
-    end
 
-    ## ==== Response (after headers)
-    ## It is also possible to hijack a response after the status and headers
-    ## have been sent.
-    def check_hijack_response(headers, env)
-
-      # this check uses headers like a hash, but the spec only requires
-      # headers respond to #each
-      headers = Rack::Utils::HeaderHash[headers]
-
-      ## In order to do this, an application may set the special header
-      ## <tt>rack.hijack</tt> to an object that responds to <tt>call</tt>
-      ## accepting an argument that conforms to the <tt>rack.hijack_io</tt>
-      ## protocol.
-      ##
-      ## After the headers have been sent, and this hijack callback has been
-      ## called, the application is now responsible for the remaining lifecycle
-      ## of the IO. The application is also responsible for maintaining HTTP
-      ## semantics. Of specific note, in almost all cases in the current SPEC,
-      ## applications will have wanted to specify the header Connection:close in
-      ## HTTP/1.1, and not Connection:keep-alive, as there is no protocol for
-      ## returning hijacked sockets to the web server. For that purpose, use the
-      ## body streaming API instead (progressively yielding strings via each).
-      ##
-      ## Servers must ignore the <tt>body</tt> part of the response tuple when
-      ## the <tt>rack.hijack</tt> response API is in use.
-
-      if env[RACK_IS_HIJACK] && headers[RACK_HIJACK]
-        assert('rack.hijack header must respond to #call') {
-          headers[RACK_HIJACK].respond_to? :call
+      ##
+      ## ==== The +content-type+ Header
+      ##
+      def check_content_type_header(status, headers)
+        headers.each { |key, value|
+          ## There must not be a <tt>content-type</tt> header key when the +Status+ is 1xx,
+          ## 204, or 304.
+          if key == "content-type"
+            if Rack::Utils::STATUS_WITH_NO_ENTITY_BODY.key? status.to_i
+              raise LintError, "content-type header found in #{status} response, not allowed"
+            end
+            return
+          end
         }
-        original_hijack = headers[RACK_HIJACK]
-        proc do |io|
-          original_hijack.call HijackWrapper.new(io)
-        end
-      else
-        ##
-        ## The special response header <tt>rack.hijack</tt> must only be set
-        ## if the request env has <tt>rack.hijack?</tt> <tt>true</tt>.
-        assert('rack.hijack header must not be present if server does not support hijacking') {
-          headers[RACK_HIJACK].nil?
+      end
+
+      ##
+      ## ==== The +content-length+ Header
+      ##
+      def check_content_length_header(status, headers)
+        headers.each { |key, value|
+          if key == 'content-length'
+            ## There must not be a <tt>content-length</tt> header key when the
+            ## +Status+ is 1xx, 204, or 304.
+            if Rack::Utils::STATUS_WITH_NO_ENTITY_BODY.key? status.to_i
+              raise LintError, "content-length header found in #{status} response, not allowed"
+            end
+            @content_length = value
+          end
         }
+      end
 
-        nil
+      def verify_content_length(size)
+        if @head_request
+          unless size == 0
+            raise LintError, "Response body was given for HEAD request, but should be empty"
+          end
+        elsif @content_length
+          unless @content_length == size.to_s
+            raise LintError, "content-length header was #{@content_length}, but should be #{size}"
+          end
+        end
       end
-    end
-    ## ==== Conventions
-    ## * Middleware should not use hijack unless it is handling the whole
-    ##   response.
-    ## * Middleware may wrap the IO object for the response pattern.
-    ## * Middleware should not wrap the IO object for the request pattern. The
-    ##   request pattern is intended to provide the hijacker with "raw tcp".
-
-    ## == The Response
-
-    ## === The Status
-    def check_status(status)
-      ## This is an HTTP status. When parsed as integer (+to_i+), it must be
-      ## greater than or equal to 100.
-      assert("Status must be >=100 seen as integer") { status.to_i >= 100 }
-    end
 
-    ## === The Headers
-    def check_headers(header)
-      ## The header must respond to +each+, and yield values of key and value.
-      assert("headers object should respond to #each, but doesn't (got #{header.class} as headers)") {
-         header.respond_to? :each
-      }
-
-      header.each { |key, value|
-        ## The header keys must be Strings.
-        assert("header key must be a string, was #{key.class}") {
-          key.kind_of? String
-        }
+      ## 
+      ## ==== The +rack.protocol+ Header
+      ##
+      def check_rack_protocol_header(status, headers)
+        ## If the +rack.protocol+ header is present, it must be a +String+, and
+        ## must be one of the values from the +rack.protocol+ array from the
+        ## environment.
+        protocol = headers['rack.protocol']
+
+        if protocol
+          request_protocols = @env['rack.protocol']
+
+          if request_protocols.nil?
+            raise LintError, "rack.protocol header is #{protocol.inspect}, but rack.protocol was not set in request!"
+          elsif !request_protocols.include?(protocol)
+            raise LintError, "rack.protocol header is #{protocol.inspect}, but should be one of #{request_protocols.inspect} from the request!"
+          end
+        end
+      end
+      ##
+      ## Setting this value informs the server that it should perform a
+      ## connection upgrade. In HTTP/1, this is done using the +upgrade+
+      ## header. In HTTP/2, this is done by accepting the request.
+      ##
+      ## === The Body
+      ##
+      ## The Body is typically an +Array+ of +String+ instances, an enumerable
+      ## that yields +String+ instances, a +Proc+ instance, or a File-like
+      ## object.
+      ##
+      ## The Body must respond to +each+ or +call+. It may optionally respond
+      ## to +to_path+ or +to_ary+. A Body that responds to +each+ is considered
+      ## to be an Enumerable Body. A Body that responds to +call+ is considered
+      ## to be a Streaming Body.
+      ##
+      ## A Body that responds to both +each+ and +call+ must be treated as an
+      ## Enumerable Body, not a Streaming Body. If it responds to +each+, you
+      ## must call +each+ and not +call+. If the Body doesn't respond to
+      ## +each+, then you can assume it responds to +call+.
+      ##
+      ## The Body must either be consumed or returned. The Body is consumed by
+      ## optionally calling either +each+ or +call+.
+      ## Then, if the Body responds to +close+, it must be called to release
+      ## any resources associated with the generation of the body.
+      ## In other words, +close+ must always be called at least once; typically
+      ## after the web server has sent the response to the client, but also in
+      ## cases where the Rack application makes internal/virtual requests and
+      ## discards the response.
+      ##
+      def close
+        ##
+        ## After calling +close+, the Body is considered closed and should not
+        ## be consumed again.
+        @closed = true
 
-        ## Special headers starting "rack." are for communicating with the
-        ## server, and must not be sent back to the client.
-        next if key =~ /^rack\..+$/
-
-        ## The header must not contain a +Status+ key.
-        assert("header must not contain Status") { key.downcase != "status" }
-        ## The header must conform to RFC7230 token specification, i.e. cannot
-        ## contain non-printable ASCII, DQUOTE or "(),/:;<=>?@[\]{}".
-        assert("invalid header name: #{key}") { key !~ /[\(\),\/:;<=>\?@\[\\\]{}[:cntrl:]]/ }
-
-        ## The values of the header must be Strings,
-        assert("a header value must be a String, but the value of " +
-          "'#{key}' is a #{value.class}") { value.kind_of? String }
-        ## consisting of lines (for multiple header values, e.g. multiple
-        ## <tt>Set-Cookie</tt> values) separated by "\\n".
-        value.split("\n").each { |item|
-          ## The lines must not contain characters below 037.
-          assert("invalid header value #{key}: #{item.inspect}") {
-            item !~ /[\000-\037]/
-          }
-        }
-      }
-    end
+        ## If the original Body is replaced by a new Body, the new Body must
+        ## also consume the original Body by calling +close+ if possible.
+        @body.close if @body.respond_to?(:close)
 
-    ## === The Content-Type
-    def check_content_type(status, headers)
-      headers.each { |key, value|
-        ## There must not be a <tt>Content-Type</tt>, when the +Status+ is 1xx,
-        ## 204 or 304.
-        if key.downcase == "content-type"
-          assert("Content-Type header found in #{status} response, not allowed") {
-            not Rack::Utils::STATUS_WITH_NO_ENTITY_BODY.key? status.to_i
-          }
-          return
+        index = @lint.index(self)
+        unless @env['rack.lint'][0..index].all? {|lint| lint.instance_variable_get(:@closed)}
+          raise LintError, "Body has not been closed"
         end
-      }
-    end
+      end
 
-    ## === The Content-Length
-    def check_content_length(status, headers)
-      headers.each { |key, value|
-        if key.downcase == 'content-length'
-          ## There must not be a <tt>Content-Length</tt> header when the
-          ## +Status+ is 1xx, 204 or 304.
-          assert("Content-Length header found in #{status} response, not allowed") {
-            not Rack::Utils::STATUS_WITH_NO_ENTITY_BODY.key? status.to_i
-          }
-          @content_length = value
+      def verify_to_path
+        ##
+        ## If the Body responds to +to_path+, it must return a +String+
+        ## path for the local file system whose contents are identical
+        ## to that produced by calling +each+; this may be used by the
+        ## server as an alternative, possibly more efficient way to
+        ## transport the response. The +to_path+ method does not consume
+        ## the body.
+        if @body.respond_to?(:to_path)
+          unless ::File.exist? @body.to_path
+            raise LintError, "The file identified by body.to_path does not exist"
+          end
         end
-      }
-    end
+      end
 
-    def verify_content_length(bytes)
-      if @head_request
-        assert("Response body was given for HEAD request, but should be empty") {
-          bytes == 0
-        }
-      elsif @content_length
-        assert("Content-Length header was #{@content_length}, but should be #{bytes}") {
-          @content_length == bytes.to_s
-        }
+      ##
+      ## ==== Enumerable Body
+      ##
+      def each
+        ## The Enumerable Body must respond to +each+.
+        raise LintError, "Enumerable Body must respond to each" unless @body.respond_to?(:each)
+
+        ## It must only be called once.
+        raise LintError, "Response body must only be invoked once (#{@invoked})" unless @invoked.nil?
+
+        ## It must not be called after being closed,
+        raise LintError, "Response body is already closed" if @closed
+
+        @invoked = :each
+
+        @body.each do |chunk|
+          ## and must only yield String values.
+          unless chunk.kind_of? String
+            raise LintError, "Body yielded non-string value #{chunk.inspect}"
+          end
+
+          ##
+          ## Middleware must not call +each+ directly on the Body.
+          ## Instead, middleware can return a new Body that calls +each+ on the
+          ## original Body, yielding at least once per iteration.
+          if @lint[0] == self
+            @env['rack.lint.body_iteration'] += 1
+          else
+            if (@env['rack.lint.body_iteration'] -= 1) > 0
+              raise LintError, "New body must yield at least once per iteration of old body"
+            end
+          end
+
+          @size += chunk.bytesize
+          yield chunk
+        end
+
+        verify_content_length(@size)
+
+        verify_to_path
       end
-    end
 
-    ## === The Body
-    def each
-      @closed = false
-      bytes = 0
+      BODY_METHODS = {to_ary: true, each: true, call: true, to_path: true}
 
-      ## The Body must respond to +each+
-      assert("Response body must respond to each") do
-        @body.respond_to?(:each)
+      def to_path
+        @body.to_path
       end
 
-      @body.each { |part|
-        ## and must only yield String values.
-        assert("Body yielded non-string value #{part.inspect}") {
-          part.kind_of? String
-        }
-        bytes += part.bytesize
-        yield part
-      }
-      verify_content_length(bytes)
+      def respond_to?(name, *)
+        if BODY_METHODS.key?(name)
+          @body.respond_to?(name)
+        else
+          super
+        end
+      end
 
       ##
-      ## The Body itself should not be an instance of String, as this will
-      ## break in Ruby 1.9.
+      ## If the Body responds to +to_ary+, it must return an +Array+ whose
+      ## contents are identical to that produced by calling +each+.
+      ## Middleware may call +to_ary+ directly on the Body and return a new
+      ## Body in its place. In other words, middleware can only process the
+      ## Body directly if it responds to +to_ary+. If the Body responds to both
+      ## +to_ary+ and +close+, its implementation of +to_ary+ must call
+      ## +close+.
+      def to_ary
+        @body.to_ary.tap do |content|
+          unless content == @body.enum_for.to_a
+            raise LintError, "#to_ary not identical to contents produced by calling #each"
+          end
+        end
+      ensure
+        close
+      end
+
+      ##
+      ## ==== Streaming Body
       ##
-      ## If the Body responds to +close+, it will be called after iteration. If
-      ## the body is replaced by a middleware after action, the original body
-      ## must be closed first, if it responds to close.
-      # XXX howto: assert("Body has not been closed") { @closed }
+      def call(stream)
+        ## The Streaming Body must respond to +call+.
+        raise LintError, "Streaming Body must respond to call" unless @body.respond_to?(:call)
 
+        ## It must only be called once.
+        raise LintError, "Response body must only be invoked once (#{@invoked})" unless @invoked.nil?
 
-      ##
-      ## If the Body responds to +to_path+, it must return a String
-      ## identifying the location of a file whose contents are identical
-      ## to that produced by calling +each+; this may be used by the
-      ## server as an alternative, possibly more efficient way to
-      ## transport the response.
+        ## It must not be called after being closed.
+        raise LintError, "Response body is already closed" if @closed
 
-      if @body.respond_to?(:to_path)
-        assert("The file identified by body.to_path does not exist") {
-          ::File.exist? @body.to_path
-        }
+        @invoked = :call
+
+        ## It takes a +stream+ argument.
+        ##
+        ## The +stream+ argument must implement:
+        ## <tt>read, write, <<, flush, close, close_read, close_write, closed?</tt>
+        ##
+        @body.call(StreamWrapper.new(stream))
       end
 
-      ##
-      ## The Body commonly is an Array of Strings, the application
-      ## instance itself, or a File-like object.
-    end
+      class StreamWrapper
+        extend Forwardable
 
-    def close
-      @closed = true
-      @body.close  if @body.respond_to?(:close)
-    end
+        ## The semantics of these IO methods must be a best effort match to
+        ## those of a normal Ruby IO or Socket object, using standard arguments
+        ## and raising standard exceptions. Servers are encouraged to simply
+        ## pass on real IO objects, although it is recognized that this approach
+        ## is not directly compatible with HTTP/2.
+        REQUIRED_METHODS = [
+          :read, :write, :<<, :flush, :close,
+          :close_read, :close_write, :closed?
+        ]
+
+        def_delegators :@stream, *REQUIRED_METHODS
+
+        def initialize(stream)
+          @stream = stream
 
-    # :startdoc:
+          REQUIRED_METHODS.each do |method_name|
+            raise LintError, "Stream must respond to #{method_name}" unless stream.respond_to?(method_name)
+          end
+        end
+      end
 
+      # :startdoc:
+    end
   end
 end
 
+##
 ## == Thanks
-## Some parts of this specification are adopted from PEP333: Python
-## Web Server Gateway Interface
-## v1.0 (http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0333/). I'd like to thank
-## everyone involved in that effort.
+## Some parts of this specification are adopted from {PEP 333 – Python Web Server Gateway Interface v1.0}[https://peps.python.org/pep-0333/]
+## I'd like to thank everyone involved in that effort.