rack 2.0.9.3 → 3.0.0

data/lib/rack/utils.rb

@@ -1,11 +1,17 @@
 # -*- encoding: binary -*-
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
 require 'uri'
 require 'fileutils'
 require 'set'
 require 'tempfile'
-require 'rack/query_parser'
 require 'time'
 
+require_relative 'query_parser'
+require_relative 'mime'
+require_relative 'headers'
+require_relative 'constants'
+
 module Rack
   # Rack::Utils contains a grab-bag of useful methods for writing web
   # applications adopted from all kinds of Ruby libraries.
@@ -13,6 +19,7 @@ module Rack
   module Utils
     ParameterTypeError = QueryParser::ParameterTypeError
     InvalidParameterError = QueryParser::InvalidParameterError
+    ParamsTooDeepError = QueryParser::ParamsTooDeepError
     DEFAULT_SEP = QueryParser::DEFAULT_SEP
     COMMON_SEP = QueryParser::COMMON_SEP
     KeySpaceConstrainedParams = QueryParser::Params
@@ -20,57 +27,44 @@ module Rack
     class << self
       attr_accessor :default_query_parser
     end
-    # The default number of bytes to allow parameter keys to take up.
-    # This helps prevent a rogue client from flooding a Request.
-    self.default_query_parser = QueryParser.make_default(65536, 100)
+    # The default amount of nesting to allowed by hash parameters.
+    # This helps prevent a rogue client from triggering a possible stack overflow
+    # when parsing parameters.
+    self.default_query_parser = QueryParser.make_default(32)
+
+    module_function
 
     # URI escapes. (CGI style space to +)
     def escape(s)
       URI.encode_www_form_component(s)
     end
-    module_function :escape
 
     # Like URI escaping, but with %20 instead of +. Strictly speaking this is
     # true URI escaping.
     def escape_path(s)
       ::URI::DEFAULT_PARSER.escape s
     end
-    module_function :escape_path
 
     # Unescapes the **path** component of a URI.  See Rack::Utils.unescape for
     # unescaping query parameters or form components.
     def unescape_path(s)
       ::URI::DEFAULT_PARSER.unescape s
     end
-    module_function :unescape_path
-
 
     # Unescapes a URI escaped string with +encoding+. +encoding+ will be the
     # target encoding of the string returned, and it defaults to UTF-8
     def unescape(s, encoding = Encoding::UTF_8)
       URI.decode_www_form_component(s, encoding)
     end
-    module_function :unescape
 
     class << self
-      attr_accessor :multipart_total_part_limit
-
-      attr_accessor :multipart_file_limit
-
-      # multipart_part_limit is the original name of multipart_file_limit, but
-      # the limit only counts parts with filenames.
-      alias multipart_part_limit multipart_file_limit
-      alias multipart_part_limit= multipart_file_limit=
+      attr_accessor :multipart_part_limit
     end
 
-    # The maximum number of file parts a request can contain. Accepting too
-    # many parts can lead to the server running out of file handles.
+    # The maximum number of parts a request can contain. Accepting too many part
+    # can lead to the server running out of file handles.
     # Set to `0` for no limit.
-    self.multipart_file_limit = (ENV['RACK_MULTIPART_PART_LIMIT'] || ENV['RACK_MULTIPART_FILE_LIMIT'] || 128).to_i
-
-    # The maximum total number of parts a request can contain. Accepting too
-    # many can lead to excessive memory use and parsing time.
-    self.multipart_total_part_limit = (ENV['RACK_MULTIPART_TOTAL_PART_LIMIT'] || 4096).to_i
+    self.multipart_part_limit = (ENV['RACK_MULTIPART_PART_LIMIT'] || 128).to_i
 
     def self.param_depth_limit
       default_query_parser.param_depth_limit
@@ -81,11 +75,12 @@ module Rack
     end
 
     def self.key_space_limit
-      default_query_parser.key_space_limit
+      warn("`Rack::Utils.key_space_limit` is deprecated as this value no longer has an effect. It will be removed in Rack 3.1", uplevel: 1)
+      65536
     end
 
     def self.key_space_limit=(v)
-      self.default_query_parser = self.default_query_parser.new_space_limit(v)
+      warn("`Rack::Utils.key_space_limit=` is deprecated and no longer has an effect. It will be removed in Rack 3.1", uplevel: 1)
     end
 
     if defined?(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC)
@@ -93,21 +88,20 @@ module Rack
         Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC)
       end
     else
+      # :nocov:
       def clock_time
         Time.now.to_f
       end
+      # :nocov:
     end
-    module_function :clock_time
 
     def parse_query(qs, d = nil, &unescaper)
       Rack::Utils.default_query_parser.parse_query(qs, d, &unescaper)
     end
-    module_function :parse_query
 
     def parse_nested_query(qs, d = nil)
       Rack::Utils.default_query_parser.parse_nested_query(qs, d)
     end
-    module_function :parse_nested_query
 
     def build_query(params)
       params.map { |k, v|
@@ -118,7 +112,6 @@ module Rack
         end
       }.join("&")
     end
-    module_function :build_query
 
     def build_nested_query(value, prefix = nil)
       case value
@@ -129,7 +122,7 @@ module Rack
       when Hash
         value.map { |k, v|
           build_nested_query(v, prefix ? "#{prefix}[#{escape(k)}]" : escape(k))
-        }.reject(&:empty?).join('&')
+        }.delete_if(&:empty?).join('&')
       when nil
         prefix
       else
@@ -137,20 +130,35 @@ module Rack
         "#{prefix}=#{escape(value)}"
       end
     end
-    module_function :build_nested_query
 
     def q_values(q_value_header)
       q_value_header.to_s.split(/\s*,\s*/).map do |part|
         value, parameters = part.split(/\s*;\s*/, 2)
         quality = 1.0
-        if md = /\Aq=([\d.]+)/.match(parameters)
+        if parameters && (md = /\Aq=([\d.]+)/.match(parameters))
           quality = md[1].to_f
         end
         [value, quality]
       end
     end
-    module_function :q_values
 
+    def forwarded_values(forwarded_header)
+      return nil unless forwarded_header
+      forwarded_header = forwarded_header.to_s.gsub("\n", ";")
+
+      forwarded_header.split(/\s*;\s*/).each_with_object({}) do |field, values|
+        field.split(/\s*,\s*/).each do |pair|
+          return nil unless pair =~ /\A\s*(by|for|host|proto)\s*=\s*"?([^"]+)"?\s*\Z/i
+          (values[$1.downcase.to_sym] ||= []) << $2
+        end
+      end
+    end
+    module_function :forwarded_values
+
+    # Return best accept value to use, based on the algorithm
+    # in RFC 2616 Section 14.  If there are multiple best
+    # matches (same specificity and quality), the value returned
+    # is arbitrary.
     def best_q_match(q_value_header, available_mimes)
       values = q_values(q_value_header)
 
@@ -161,9 +169,8 @@ module Rack
       end.compact.sort_by do |match, quality|
         (match.split('/', 2).count('*') * -10) + quality
       end.last
-      matches && matches.first
+      matches&.first
     end
-    module_function :best_q_match
 
     ESCAPE_HTML = {
       "&" => "&amp;",
@@ -180,243 +187,293 @@ module Rack
     def escape_html(string)
       string.to_s.gsub(ESCAPE_HTML_PATTERN){|c| ESCAPE_HTML[c] }
     end
-    module_function :escape_html
 
     def select_best_encoding(available_encodings, accept_encoding)
       # http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec14.html
 
-      expanded_accept_encoding =
-        accept_encoding.map { |m, q|
-          if m == "*"
-            (available_encodings - accept_encoding.map { |m2, _| m2 }).map { |m2| [m2, q] }
-          else
-            [[m, q]]
+      expanded_accept_encoding = []
+
+      accept_encoding.each do |m, q|
+        preference = available_encodings.index(m) || available_encodings.size
+
+        if m == "*"
+          (available_encodings - accept_encoding.map(&:first)).each do |m2|
+            expanded_accept_encoding << [m2, q, preference]
           end
-        }.inject([]) { |mem, list|
-          mem + list
-        }
+        else
+          expanded_accept_encoding << [m, q, preference]
+        end
+      end
 
-      encoding_candidates = expanded_accept_encoding.sort_by { |_, q| -q }.map { |m, _| m }
+      encoding_candidates = expanded_accept_encoding
+        .sort_by { |_, q, p| [-q, p] }
+        .map!(&:first)
 
       unless encoding_candidates.include?("identity")
         encoding_candidates.push("identity")
       end
 
-      expanded_accept_encoding.each { |m, q|
+      expanded_accept_encoding.each do |m, q|
         encoding_candidates.delete(m) if q == 0.0
-      }
+      end
 
-      return (encoding_candidates & available_encodings)[0]
+      (encoding_candidates & available_encodings)[0]
     end
-    module_function :select_best_encoding
 
-    def parse_cookies(env)
-      parse_cookies_header env[HTTP_COOKIE]
-    end
-    module_function :parse_cookies
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   parse_cookies_header(value) -> hash
+    #
+    # Parse cookies from the provided header +value+ according to RFC6265. The
+    # syntax for cookie headers only supports semicolons. Returns a map of
+    # cookie +key+ to cookie +value+.
+    #
+    #   parse_cookies_header('myname=myvalue; max-age=0')
+    #   # => {"myname"=>"myvalue", "max-age"=>"0"}
+    #
+    def parse_cookies_header(value)
+      return {} unless value
 
-    def parse_cookies_header(header)
-      # According to RFC 2109:
-      #   If multiple cookies satisfy the criteria above, they are ordered in
-      #   the Cookie header such that those with more specific Path attributes
-      #   precede those with less specific.  Ordering with respect to other
-      #   attributes (e.g., Domain) is unspecified.
-      cookies = parse_query(header, ';,') { |s| unescape(s) rescue s }
-      cookies.each_with_object({}) { |(k,v), hash| hash[k] = Array === v ? v.first : v }
+      value.split(/; */n).each_with_object({}) do |cookie, cookies|
+        next if cookie.empty?
+        key, value = cookie.split('=', 2)
+        cookies[key] = (unescape(value) rescue value) unless cookies.key?(key)
+      end
     end
-    module_function :parse_cookies_header
 
     def add_cookie_to_header(header, key, value)
+      warn("add_cookie_to_header is deprecated and will be removed in Rack 3.1", uplevel: 1)
+
+      case header
+      when nil, ''
+        return set_cookie_header(key, value)
+      when String
+        [header, set_cookie_header(key, value)]
+      when Array
+        header + [set_cookie_header(key, value)]
+      else
+        raise ArgumentError, "Unrecognized cookie header value. Expected String, Array, or nil, got #{header.inspect}"
+      end
+    end
+
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   parse_cookies(env) -> hash
+    #
+    # Parse cookies from the provided request environment using
+    # parse_cookies_header. Returns a map of cookie +key+ to cookie +value+.
+    #
+    #   parse_cookies({'HTTP_COOKIE' => 'myname=myvalue'})
+    #   # => {'myname' => 'myvalue'}
+    #
+    def parse_cookies(env)
+      parse_cookies_header env[HTTP_COOKIE]
+    end
+
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   set_cookie_header(key, value) -> encoded string
+    #
+    # Generate an encoded string using the provided +key+ and +value+ suitable
+    # for the +set-cookie+ header according to RFC6265. The +value+ may be an
+    # instance of either +String+ or +Hash+.
+    #
+    # If the cookie +value+ is an instance of +Hash+, it considers the following
+    # cookie attribute keys: +domain+, +max_age+, +expires+ (must be instance
+    # of +Time+), +secure+, +http_only+, +same_site+ and +value+. For more
+    # details about the interpretation of these fields, consult 
+    # [RFC6265 Section 5.2](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6265#section-5.2).
+    #
+    # An extra cookie attribute +escape_key+ can be provided to control whether
+    # or not the cookie key is URL encoded. If explicitly set to +false+, the
+    # cookie key name will not be url encoded (escaped). The default is +true+.
+    #
+    #   set_cookie_header("myname", "myvalue")
+    #   # => "myname=myvalue"
+    #
+    #   set_cookie_header("myname", {value: "myvalue", max_age: 10})
+    #   # => "myname=myvalue; max-age=10"
+    #
+    def set_cookie_header(key, value)
       case value
       when Hash
+        key = escape(key) unless value[:escape_key] == false
         domain  = "; domain=#{value[:domain]}"   if value[:domain]
         path    = "; path=#{value[:path]}"       if value[:path]
         max_age = "; max-age=#{value[:max_age]}" if value[:max_age]
-        # There is an RFC mess in the area of date formatting for Cookies. Not
-        # only are there contradicting RFCs and examples within RFC text, but
-        # there are also numerous conflicting names of fields and partially
-        # cross-applicable specifications.
-        #
-        # These are best described in RFC 2616 3.3.1. This RFC text also
-        # specifies that RFC 822 as updated by RFC 1123 is preferred. That is a
-        # fixed length format with space-date delimited fields.
-        #
-        # See also RFC 1123 section 5.2.14.
-        #
-        # RFC 6265 also specifies "sane-cookie-date" as RFC 1123 date, defined
-        # in RFC 2616 3.3.1. RFC 6265 also gives examples that clearly denote
-        # the space delimited format. These formats are compliant with RFC 2822.
-        #
-        # For reference, all involved RFCs are:
-        # RFC 822
-        # RFC 1123
-        # RFC 2109
-        # RFC 2616
-        # RFC 2822
-        # RFC 2965
-        # RFC 6265
-        expires = "; expires=" +
-          rfc2822(value[:expires].clone.gmtime) if value[:expires]
+        expires = "; expires=#{value[:expires].httpdate}" if value[:expires]
         secure = "; secure"  if value[:secure]
-        httponly = "; HttpOnly" if (value.key?(:httponly) ? value[:httponly] : value[:http_only])
+        httponly = "; httponly" if (value.key?(:httponly) ? value[:httponly] : value[:http_only])
         same_site =
           case value[:same_site]
           when false, nil
             nil
           when :none, 'None', :None
-            '; SameSite=None'.freeze
+            '; SameSite=None'
           when :lax, 'Lax', :Lax
-            '; SameSite=Lax'.freeze
+            '; SameSite=Lax'
           when true, :strict, 'Strict', :Strict
-            '; SameSite=Strict'.freeze
+            '; SameSite=Strict'
           else
             raise ArgumentError, "Invalid SameSite value: #{value[:same_site].inspect}"
           end
         value = value[:value]
+      else
+        key = escape(key)
       end
+
       value = [value] unless Array === value
 
-      cookie = "#{escape(key)}=#{value.map { |v| escape v }.join('&')}#{domain}" \
+      return "#{key}=#{value.map { |v| escape v }.join('&')}#{domain}" \
         "#{path}#{max_age}#{expires}#{secure}#{httponly}#{same_site}"
+    end
 
-      case header
-      when nil, ''
-        cookie
-      when String
-        [header, cookie].join("\n")
-      when Array
-        (header + [cookie]).join("\n")
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   set_cookie_header!(headers, key, value) -> header value
+    #
+    # Append a cookie in the specified headers with the given cookie +key+ and
+    # +value+ using set_cookie_header.
+    #
+    # If the headers already contains a +set-cookie+ key, it will be converted
+    # to an +Array+ if not already, and appended to.
+    def set_cookie_header!(headers, key, value)
+      if header = headers[SET_COOKIE]
+        if header.is_a?(Array)
+          header << set_cookie_header(key, value)
+        else
+          headers[SET_COOKIE] = [header, set_cookie_header(key, value)]
+        end
       else
-        raise ArgumentError, "Unrecognized cookie header value. Expected String, Array, or nil, got #{header.inspect}"
+        headers[SET_COOKIE] = set_cookie_header(key, value)
       end
     end
-    module_function :add_cookie_to_header
 
-    def set_cookie_header!(header, key, value)
-      header[SET_COOKIE] = add_cookie_to_header(header[SET_COOKIE], key, value)
-      nil
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   delete_set_cookie_header(key, value = {}) -> encoded string
+    #
+    # Generate an encoded string based on the given +key+ and +value+ using
+    # set_cookie_header for the purpose of causing the specified cookie to be
+    # deleted. The +value+ may be an instance of +Hash+ and can include
+    # attributes as outlined by set_cookie_header. The encoded cookie will have
+    # a +max_age+ of 0 seconds, an +expires+ date in the past and an empty
+    # +value+. When used with the +set-cookie+ header, it will cause the client
+    # to *remove* any matching cookie.
+    #
+    #   delete_set_cookie_header("myname")
+    #   # => "myname=; max-age=0; expires=Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:00 GMT"
+    #
+    def delete_set_cookie_header(key, value = {})
+      set_cookie_header(key, value.merge(max_age: '0', expires: Time.at(0), value: ''))
     end
-    module_function :set_cookie_header!
 
     def make_delete_cookie_header(header, key, value)
-      case header
-      when nil, ''
-        cookies = []
-      when String
-        cookies = header.split("\n")
-      when Array
-        cookies = header
-      end
-
-      cookies.reject! { |cookie|
-        if value[:domain]
-          cookie =~ /\A#{escape(key)}=.*domain=#{value[:domain]}/
-        elsif value[:path]
-          cookie =~ /\A#{escape(key)}=.*path=#{value[:path]}/
-        else
-          cookie =~ /\A#{escape(key)}=/
-        end
-      }
+      warn("make_delete_cookie_header is deprecated and will be removed in Rack 3.1, use delete_set_cookie_header! instead", uplevel: 1)
 
-      cookies.join("\n")
+      delete_set_cookie_header!(header, key, value)
     end
-    module_function :make_delete_cookie_header
 
-    def delete_cookie_header!(header, key, value = {})
-      header[SET_COOKIE] = add_remove_cookie_to_header(header[SET_COOKIE], key, value)
-      nil
+    def delete_cookie_header!(headers, key, value = {})
+      headers[SET_COOKIE] = delete_set_cookie_header!(headers[SET_COOKIE], key, value)
+
+      return nil
     end
-    module_function :delete_cookie_header!
 
-    # Adds a cookie that will *remove* a cookie from the client.  Hence the
-    # strange method name.
     def add_remove_cookie_to_header(header, key, value = {})
-      new_header = make_delete_cookie_header(header, key, value)
+      warn("add_remove_cookie_to_header is deprecated and will be removed in Rack 3.1, use delete_set_cookie_header! instead", uplevel: 1)
+
+      delete_set_cookie_header!(header, key, value)
+    end
 
-      add_cookie_to_header(new_header, key,
-                 {:value => '', :path => nil, :domain => nil,
-                   :max_age => '0',
-                   :expires => Time.at(0) }.merge(value))
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   delete_set_cookie_header!(header, key, value = {}) -> header value
+    #
+    # Set an expired cookie in the specified headers with the given cookie
+    # +key+ and +value+ using delete_set_cookie_header. This causes
+    # the client to immediately delete the specified cookie.
+    #
+    #   delete_set_cookie_header!(nil, "mycookie")
+    #   # => "mycookie=; max-age=0; expires=Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:00 GMT"
+    #
+    # If the header is non-nil, it will be modified in place.
+    #
+    #   header = []
+    #   delete_set_cookie_header!(header, "mycookie")
+    #   # => ["mycookie=; max-age=0; expires=Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:00 GMT"]
+    #   header
+    #   # => ["mycookie=; max-age=0; expires=Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:00 GMT"]
+    #
+    def delete_set_cookie_header!(header, key, value = {})
+      if header
+        header = Array(header)
+        header << delete_set_cookie_header(key, value)
+      else
+        header = delete_set_cookie_header(key, value)
+      end
 
+      return header
     end
-    module_function :add_remove_cookie_to_header
 
     def rfc2822(time)
       time.rfc2822
     end
-    module_function :rfc2822
-
-    # Modified version of stdlib time.rb Time#rfc2822 to use '%d-%b-%Y' instead
-    # of '% %b %Y'.
-    # It assumes that the time is in GMT to comply to the RFC 2109.
-    #
-    # NOTE: I'm not sure the RFC says it requires GMT, but is ambiguous enough
-    # that I'm certain someone implemented only that option.
-    # Do not use %a and %b from Time.strptime, it would use localized names for
-    # weekday and month.
-    #
-    def rfc2109(time)
-      wday = Time::RFC2822_DAY_NAME[time.wday]
-      mon = Time::RFC2822_MONTH_NAME[time.mon - 1]
-      time.strftime("#{wday}, %d-#{mon}-%Y %H:%M:%S GMT")
-    end
-    module_function :rfc2109
 
     # Parses the "Range:" header, if present, into an array of Range objects.
     # Returns nil if the header is missing or syntactically invalid.
     # Returns an empty array if none of the ranges are satisfiable.
     def byte_ranges(env, size)
-      warn "`byte_ranges` is deprecated, please use `get_byte_ranges`" if $VERBOSE
       get_byte_ranges env['HTTP_RANGE'], size
     end
-    module_function :byte_ranges
 
     def get_byte_ranges(http_range, size)
       # See <http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec14.html#sec14.35>
       return nil unless http_range && http_range =~ /bytes=([^;]+)/
       ranges = []
       $1.split(/,\s*/).each do |range_spec|
-        return nil unless range_spec.include?('-')
-        range = range_spec.split('-')
-        r0, r1 = range[0], range[1]
-        if r0.nil? || r0.empty?
-          return nil if r1.nil?
+        return nil  unless range_spec =~ /(\d*)-(\d*)/
+        r0, r1 = $1, $2
+        if r0.empty?
+          return nil  if r1.empty?
           # suffix-byte-range-spec, represents trailing suffix of file
           r0 = size - r1.to_i
           r0 = 0  if r0 < 0
           r1 = size - 1
         else
           r0 = r0.to_i
-          if r1.nil?
+          if r1.empty?
             r1 = size - 1
           else
             r1 = r1.to_i
             return nil  if r1 < r0  # backwards range is syntactically invalid
-            r1 = size-1  if r1 >= size
+            r1 = size - 1  if r1 >= size
           end
         end
         ranges << (r0..r1)  if r0 <= r1
       end
       ranges
     end
-    module_function :get_byte_ranges
 
-    # Constant time string comparison.
-    #
-    # NOTE: the values compared should be of fixed length, such as strings
-    # that have already been processed by HMAC. This should not be used
-    # on variable length plaintext strings because it could leak length info
-    # via timing attacks.
-    def secure_compare(a, b)
-      return false unless a.bytesize == b.bytesize
+    # :nocov:
+    if defined?(OpenSSL.fixed_length_secure_compare)
+      # Constant time string comparison.
+      #
+      # NOTE: the values compared should be of fixed length, such as strings
+      # that have already been processed by HMAC. This should not be used
+      # on variable length plaintext strings because it could leak length info
+      # via timing attacks.
+      def secure_compare(a, b)
+        return false unless a.bytesize == b.bytesize
 
-      l = a.unpack("C*")
+        OpenSSL.fixed_length_secure_compare(a, b)
+      end
+    # :nocov:
+    else
+      def secure_compare(a, b)
+        return false unless a.bytesize == b.bytesize
 
-      r, i = 0, -1
-      b.each_byte { |v| r |= v ^ l[i+=1] }
-      r == 0
+        l = a.unpack("C*")
+
+        r, i = 0, -1
+        b.each_byte { |v| r |= v ^ l[i += 1] }
+        r == 0
+      end
     end
-    module_function :secure_compare
 
     # Context allows the use of a compatible middleware at different points
     # in a request handling stack. A compatible middleware must define
@@ -439,98 +496,49 @@ module Rack
         self.class.new(@for, app)
       end
 
-      def context(env, app=@app)
+      def context(env, app = @app)
         recontext(app).call(env)
       end
     end
 
-    # A case-insensitive Hash that preserves the original case of a
+    # A wrapper around Headers
     # header when set.
-    class HeaderHash < Hash
-      def self.new(hash={})
-        HeaderHash === hash ? hash : super(hash)
-      end
-
-      def initialize(hash={})
-        super()
-        @names = {}
-        hash.each { |k, v| self[k] = v }
-      end
-
-      # on dup/clone, we need to duplicate @names hash
-      def initialize_copy(other)
-        super
-        @names = other.names.dup
-      end
-
-      def each
-        super do |k, v|
-          yield(k, v.respond_to?(:to_ary) ? v.to_ary.join("\n") : v)
+    #
+    # @api private
+    class HeaderHash < Hash # :nodoc:
+      def self.[](headers)
+        warn "Rack::Utils::HeaderHash is deprecated and will be removed in Rack 3.1, switch to Rack::Headers", uplevel: 1
+        if headers.is_a?(Headers) && !headers.frozen?
+          return headers
         end
-      end
 
-      def to_hash
-        hash = {}
-        each { |k,v| hash[k] = v }
-        hash
+        new_headers = Headers.new
+        headers.each{|k,v| new_headers[k] = v}
+        new_headers
       end
 
-      def [](k)
-        super(k) || super(@names[k.downcase])
+      def self.new(hash = {})
+        warn "Rack::Utils::HeaderHash is deprecated and will be removed in Rack 3.1, switch to Rack::Headers", uplevel: 1
+        headers = Headers.new
+        hash.each{|k,v| headers[k] = v}
+        headers
       end
 
-      def []=(k, v)
-        canonical = k.downcase.freeze
-        delete k if @names[canonical] && @names[canonical] != k # .delete is expensive, don't invoke it unless necessary
-        @names[canonical] = k
-        super k, v
+      def self.allocate
+        raise TypeError, "cannot allocate HeaderHash"
       end
-
-      def delete(k)
-        canonical = k.downcase
-        result = super @names.delete(canonical)
-        result
-      end
-
-      def include?(k)
-        super || @names.include?(k.downcase)
-      end
-
-      alias_method :has_key?, :include?
-      alias_method :member?, :include?
-      alias_method :key?, :include?
-
-      def merge!(other)
-        other.each { |k, v| self[k] = v }
-        self
-      end
-
-      def merge(other)
-        hash = dup
-        hash.merge! other
-      end
-
-      def replace(other)
-        clear
-        other.each { |k, v| self[k] = v }
-        self
-      end
-
-      protected
-        def names
-          @names
-        end
     end
 
     # Every standard HTTP code mapped to the appropriate message.
     # Generated with:
-    # curl -s https://www.iana.org/assignments/http-status-codes/http-status-codes-1.csv | \
-    #   ruby -ne 'm = /^(\d{3}),(?!Unassigned|\(Unused\))([^,]+)/.match($_) and \
-    #             puts "#{m[1]} => \x27#{m[2].strip}\x27,"'
+    #   curl -s https://www.iana.org/assignments/http-status-codes/http-status-codes-1.csv | \
+    #     ruby -ne 'm = /^(\d{3}),(?!Unassigned|\(Unused\))([^,]+)/.match($_) and \
+    #               puts "#{m[1]} => \x27#{m[2].strip}\x27,"'
     HTTP_STATUS_CODES = {
       100 => 'Continue',
       101 => 'Switching Protocols',
       102 => 'Processing',
+      103 => 'Early Hints',
       200 => 'OK',
       201 => 'Created',
       202 => 'Accepted',
@@ -547,6 +555,7 @@ module Rack
       303 => 'See Other',
       304 => 'Not Modified',
       305 => 'Use Proxy',
+      306 => '(Unused)',
       307 => 'Temporary Redirect',
       308 => 'Permanent Redirect',
       400 => 'Bad Request',
@@ -571,6 +580,7 @@ module Rack
       422 => 'Unprocessable Entity',
       423 => 'Locked',
       424 => 'Failed Dependency',
+      425 => 'Too Early',
       426 => 'Upgrade Required',
       428 => 'Precondition Required',
       429 => 'Too Many Requests',
@@ -585,12 +595,13 @@ module Rack
       506 => 'Variant Also Negotiates',
       507 => 'Insufficient Storage',
       508 => 'Loop Detected',
+      509 => 'Bandwidth Limit Exceeded',
       510 => 'Not Extended',
       511 => 'Network Authentication Required'
     }
 
     # Responses with HTTP status codes that should not have an entity body
-    STATUS_WITH_NO_ENTITY_BODY = Set.new((100..199).to_a << 204 << 304)
+    STATUS_WITH_NO_ENTITY_BODY = Hash[((100..199).to_a << 204 << 304).product([true])]
 
     SYMBOL_TO_STATUS_CODE = Hash[*HTTP_STATUS_CODES.map { |code, message|
       [message.downcase.gsub(/\s|-|'/, '_').to_sym, code]
@@ -598,12 +609,11 @@ module Rack
 
     def status_code(status)
       if status.is_a?(Symbol)
-        SYMBOL_TO_STATUS_CODE[status] || 500
+        SYMBOL_TO_STATUS_CODE.fetch(status) { raise ArgumentError, "Unrecognized status code #{status.inspect}" }
       else
         status.to_i
       end
     end
-    module_function :status_code
 
     PATH_SEPS = Regexp.union(*[::File::SEPARATOR, ::File::ALT_SEPARATOR].compact)
 
@@ -617,18 +627,16 @@ module Rack
         part == '..' ? clean.pop : clean << part
       end
 
-      clean.unshift '/' if parts.empty? || parts.first.empty?
-
-      ::File.join(*clean)
+      clean_path = clean.join(::File::SEPARATOR)
+      clean_path.prepend("/") if parts.empty? || parts.first.empty?
+      clean_path
     end
-    module_function :clean_path_info
 
-    NULL_BYTE = "\0".freeze
+    NULL_BYTE = "\0"
 
     def valid_path?(path)
       path.valid_encoding? && !path.include?(NULL_BYTE)
     end
-    module_function :valid_path?
 
   end
 end