rack-tracker 1.3.1 → 1.4.0

checksums.yaml

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
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data/CHANGELOG.md

@@ -1,3 +1,14 @@
+# 1.4.0
+
+  * [ENHANCEMENT] welcome Hotjar! #90
+  * [ENHANCEMENT] experimental turbolinks option for Google Tag manager #88
+  * small refactorings
+  * benchmark setup
+
+# 1.3.1
+
+  * [BUGFIX] google tag manager now supports body/head tags with attributes #86
+
 # 1.3.0
 
   * Added handler multiposition support which fixes #80 and

data/README.md

@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ but to get you started we're shipping support for the following services out of
 * [GoSquared](#gosquared)
 * [Criteo](#criteo)
 * [Zanox](#zanox)
+* [Hotjar](#hotjar)
 
 
 ## Installation
@@ -229,7 +230,7 @@ You can also specify a different value from default options:
 
 ### Google Tag Manager
 
-Google Tag manager code snippet doesn't support any option other than the container id
+Google Tag manager code snippet supports the container id
 
 ```ruby
   config.middleware.use(Rack::Tracker) do
@@ -237,6 +238,14 @@ Google Tag manager code snippet doesn't support any option other than the contai
   end
 ```
 
+You can also use an experimental feature to track pageviews under turbolinks, which adds a `pageView` event with a `virtualUrl` of the current url.
+
+```ruby
+  config.middleware.use(Rack::Tracker) do
+    handler :google_tag_manager, { container: 'GTM-XXXXXX', turbolinks: true }
+  end
+```
+
 #### Data Layer
 
 GTM supports a [dataLayer](https://developers.google.com/tag-manager/devguide#datalayer) for pushing events as well as variables.
@@ -477,6 +486,17 @@ def show
 end
 ```
 
+### Hotjar
+
+[Hotjar](https://www.hotjar.com/)
+
+```
+config.middleware.use(Rack::Tracker) do
+  handler :hotjar, { site_id: '1234' }
+end
+```
+
+
 ### Custom Handlers
 
 Tough we give you handlers for a few tracking services right out of the box, you might
@@ -488,13 +508,12 @@ your class needs to implement.
 Start with a plain ruby class that inherits from `Rack::Tracker::Handler`
 
 ```ruby
-class MyHandler <  Rack::Tracker::Handler
+class MyHandler < Rack::Tracker::Handler
   ...
 end
 ```
 
-Second we need a method called `#render` which will take care of rendering a
-template.
+If you want to customize the rendering of your template, you can overwrite the handlers `#render` method:
 
 ```ruby
 def render
@@ -531,7 +550,7 @@ Run your application and make a request, the result of the above template can be
 found right before `</head>`. You can change the position in your handler-code:
 
 ```ruby
-class MyHandler <  Rack::Tracker::Handler
+class MyHandler < Rack::Tracker::Handler
   self.position = :body
 
   ...

data/lib/rack/tracker.rb

@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ require "rack/tracker/vwo/vwo"
 require "rack/tracker/go_squared/go_squared"
 require "rack/tracker/criteo/criteo"
 require "rack/tracker/zanox/zanox"
+require "rack/tracker/hotjar/hotjar"
 
 module Rack
   class Tracker
@@ -64,28 +65,34 @@ module Rack
     end
 
     class HandlerSet
-      class Handler
-        def initialize(name, options)
-          @name = name
-          @options = options
-        end
-
+      Handler = Struct.new(:klass, :configuration) do
         def init(env)
-          @name.new(env, @options)
+          klass.new(env, configuration)
         end
       end
 
       def initialize(&block)
         @handlers = []
-        self.instance_exec(&block) if block_given?
+        instance_exec(&block) if block_given?
       end
 
-      def handler(name, opts = {}, &block)
-        @handlers << Handler.new(Rack::Tracker::HandlerDelegator.handler(name), opts)
+      # setup the handler class with configuration options and make it ready for receiving the env during injection
+      #
+      # usage:
+      #
+      #   use Rack::Tracker do
+      #     handler :google_analytics, { tracker: 'U-XXXXX-Y' }
+      #   end
+      #
+      def handler(name, configuration = {}, &block)
+        # we need here "something" (which is atm the handler struct)
+        # to postpone the initialization of the handler,
+        # to give it the env and configuration options when the result of the handler is injected into the response.
+        @handlers << Handler.new(Rack::Tracker::HandlerDelegator.handler(name), configuration)
       end
 
       def each(env = {}, &block)
-        @handlers.map{|h| h.init(env)}.each(&block)
+        @handlers.map { |h| h.init(env) }.each(&block)
       end
     end
   end

data/lib/rack/tracker/criteo/criteo.rb

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-class Rack::Tracker::Criteo <  Rack::Tracker::Handler
+class Rack::Tracker::Criteo < Rack::Tracker::Handler
 
   TRACKER_EVENTS = {
     # event name => event key name, e.g. { event: 'setSiteType', type: '' }
@@ -27,10 +27,6 @@ class Rack::Tracker::Criteo <  Rack::Tracker::Handler
     end
   end
 
-  def render
-    Tilt.new( File.join( File.dirname(__FILE__), 'template', 'criteo.erb') ).render(self)
-  end
-
   def self.track(name, event_name, event_args = {})
     { name.to_s => [{ 'class_name' => 'Event', 'event' => event_name.to_s.camelize(:lower) }.merge(event_args)] }
   end

data/lib/rack/tracker/facebook/facebook.rb

@@ -7,10 +7,6 @@ class Rack::Tracker::Facebook < Rack::Tracker::Handler
 
   self.position = :body
 
-  def render
-    Tilt.new( File.join( File.dirname(__FILE__), 'template/facebook.erb') ).render(self)
-  end
-
   def self.track(name, *event)
     { name.to_s => [event.last.merge('class_name' => 'Event')] }
   end

data/lib/rack/tracker/facebook_pixel/facebook_pixel.rb

@@ -17,10 +17,6 @@ class Rack::Tracker::FacebookPixel < Rack::Tracker::Handler
 
   self.position = :body
 
-  def render
-    Tilt.new( File.join( File.dirname(__FILE__), 'template/facebook_pixel.erb') ).render(self)
-  end
-
   def self.track(name, *event)
     { name.to_s => [event.last.merge('class_name' => 'Event')] }
   end

data/lib/rack/tracker/go_squared/go_squared.rb

@@ -19,10 +19,6 @@ class Rack::Tracker::GoSquared < Rack::Tracker::Handler
     options[:trackers]
   end
 
-  def render
-    Tilt.new( File.join( File.dirname(__FILE__), 'template', 'go_squared.erb') ).render(self)
-  end
-
   def visitor_name
     events.select{|e| e.kind_of?(VisitorName) }.first
   end

data/lib/rack/tracker/google_adwords_conversion/google_adwords_conversion.rb

@@ -5,10 +5,6 @@ class Rack::Tracker::GoogleAdwordsConversion < Rack::Tracker::Handler
 
   self.position = :body
 
-  def render
-    Tilt.new( File.join( File.dirname(__FILE__), 'template', 'google_adwords_conversion.erb') ).render(self)
-  end
-
   def self.track(name, *event)
     { name.to_s => [event.last.merge('class_name' => event.first.to_s.capitalize)] }
   end

data/lib/rack/tracker/google_analytics/google_analytics.rb

@@ -67,10 +67,6 @@ class Rack::Tracker::GoogleAnalytics < Rack::Tracker::Handler
     end
   end
 
-  def render
-    Tilt.new( File.join( File.dirname(__FILE__), 'template', 'google_analytics.erb') ).render(self)
-  end
-
   def ecommerce_events
     events.select {|e| e.kind_of?(Ecommerce) }
   end

data/lib/rack/tracker/google_tag_manager/template/google_tag_manager_head.erb

@@ -1,14 +1,28 @@
 <% if container %>
-<% if events.any? %>
-<script>
-  dataLayer = [];
-  dataLayer.push(<%= events.map(&:write).join(', ') %>);
-</script>
-<% end %>
+  <% unless options[:turbolinks] %>
+    <% if events.any? %>
+      <script>
+        dataLayer = [];
+        dataLayer.push(<%= events.map(&:write).join(', ') %>);
+      </script>
+    <% end %>
+  <% end %>
 
-<script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':
-new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],
-j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src=
-'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);
-})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','<%= container %>');</script>
+  <script>
+    <% if options[:turbolinks] %>
+      document.addEventListener('turbolinks:load', function(event) {
+        var url = event.data.url;
+        <% if events.any? %>
+          dataLayer.push(<%= events.map(&:write).join(', ') %>);
+        <% end %>
+        dataLayer.push({'event':'pageView','virtualUrl': url});
+      });
+    <% end %>
+  (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':
+  new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],
+  j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src=
+  'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);
+  })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','<%= container %>');</script>
 <% end %>
+
+

data/lib/rack/tracker/handler.rb

@@ -1,4 +1,14 @@
 class Rack::Tracker::Handler
+  class << self
+    def process_track(env, method_name, *args, &block)
+      new(env).write_event(track(method_name, *args, &block))
+    end
+
+    def track(name, event)
+      raise NotImplementedError.new("class method `#{__callee__}` is not implemented.")
+    end
+  end
+
   class_attribute :position
   self.position = :head
 
@@ -20,7 +30,7 @@ class Rack::Tracker::Handler
   end
 
   def render
-    raise NotImplementedError.new('needs implementation')
+    Tilt.new(File.join(File.dirname(__FILE__), handler_name, 'template', "#{handler_name}.erb") ).render(self)
   end
 
   def inject(response)
@@ -33,7 +43,16 @@ class Rack::Tracker::Handler
     response
   end
 
-  def self.track(name, event)
-    raise NotImplementedError.new("class method `#{__callee__}` is not implemented.")
+  def write_event(event)
+    event.deep_stringify_keys! # for consistent hash access use strings (keys from the session are always strings anyway)
+    if env.key?('tracker')
+      self.env['tracker'].deep_merge!(event) { |key, old, new| Array.wrap(old) + Array.wrap(new) }
+    else
+      self.env['tracker'] = event
+    end
+  end
+
+  def handler_name
+    self.class.name.demodulize.underscore
   end
 end

data/lib/rack/tracker/handler_delegator.rb

@@ -7,28 +7,19 @@ class Rack::Tracker::HandlerDelegator
 
   attr_accessor :env
 
-  def initialize(env={})
+  def initialize(env = {})
     @env = env
   end
 
   def method_missing(method_name, *args, &block)
     if respond_to?(method_name)
-      write_event(handler(method_name).track(method_name, *args, &block))
+      handler(method_name).process_track(env, method_name, *args, &block)
     else
       super
     end
   end
 
-  def write_event(event)
-    event.deep_stringify_keys! # for consistent hash access use strings (keys from the session are always strings anyway)
-    if env.key?('tracker')
-      self.env['tracker'].deep_merge!(event) { |key, old, new| Array.wrap(old) + Array.wrap(new) }
-    else
-      self.env['tracker'] = event
-    end
-  end
-
-  def respond_to?(method_name, include_private=false)
+  def respond_to?(method_name, include_private = false)
     handler(method_name).respond_to?(:track, include_private)
   end
 

data/lib/rack/tracker/hotjar/hotjar.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+class Rack::Tracker::Hotjar < Rack::Tracker::Handler
+end

data/lib/rack/tracker/hotjar/template/hotjar.erb

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+<script>
+  (function(h,o,t,j,a,r){
+    h.hj=h.hj||function(){(h.hj.q=h.hj.q||[]).push(arguments)};
+    h._hjSettings={hjid:<%= options[:site_id] %>,hjsv:5};
+    a=o.getElementsByTagName('head')[0];
+    r=o.createElement('script');r.async=1;
+    r.src=t+h._hjSettings.hjid+j+h._hjSettings.hjsv;
+    a.appendChild(r);
+  })(window,document,'//static.hotjar.com/c/hotjar-','.js?sv=');
+</script>

data/lib/rack/tracker/version.rb

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 module Rack
   class Tracker
-    VERSION = '1.3.1'
+    VERSION = '1.4.0'
   end
 end

data/lib/rack/tracker/vwo/vwo.rb

@@ -1,5 +1,2 @@
-class Rack::Tracker::Vwo <  Rack::Tracker::Handler
-  def render
-    Tilt.new( File.join( File.dirname(__FILE__), 'template', 'vwo.erb') ).render(self)
-  end
+class Rack::Tracker::Vwo < Rack::Tracker::Handler
 end

data/lib/rack/tracker/zanox/zanox.rb

@@ -37,10 +37,6 @@ class Rack::Tracker::Zanox < Rack::Tracker::Handler
     events.select{ |event| event.class.to_s.demodulize == 'Sale' }
   end
 
-  def render
-    Tilt.new( File.join( File.dirname(__FILE__), 'template', 'zanox.erb') ).render(self)
-  end
-
   # this is called with additional arguments to t.zanox
   def self.track(name, *event)
     { name.to_s => [event.last.merge('class_name' => event.first.to_s.capitalize)] }

data/spec/benchmark/tracker_injection_benchmark.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+require 'support/capybara_app_helper'
+require 'benchmark'
+
+EXAMPLE_SIZE = 1000
+
+RSpec.describe 'Benchmark' do
+  context 'with tracking' do
+    before do
+      setup_app(action: :turing) do |tracker|
+        tracker.handler :track_all_the_things, { custom_key: 'SomeKey123' }
+        tracker.handler :another_handler, { custom_key: 'AnotherKey42' }
+      end
+    end
+
+    it 'embeds the script tag *lightning fast*' do
+      Benchmark.bmbm do |bm|
+        bm.report 'render page with inject' do
+          EXAMPLE_SIZE.times do
+            visit '/'
+
+            expect(page.status_code).to eq(200)
+            expect(page.response_headers).to eq('Content-Type' => 'text/html; charset=utf-8', 'Content-Length' => '461684')
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  context 'w/o tracking' do
+    before do
+      setup_app(action: :do_not_track_alan) {}
+    end
+
+    it 'is for comparison only' do
+      Benchmark.bmbm do |bm|
+        bm.report 'render page w/o inject' do
+          EXAMPLE_SIZE.times do
+            visit '/'
+
+            expect(page.status_code).to eq(200)
+            expect(page.response_headers).to eq('Content-Type' => 'text/html; charset=utf-8', 'Content-Length' => '461470')
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/spec/fixtures/views/metal/turing.html.erb

@@ -0,0 +1,2517 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html class="client-nojs" dir="ltr" lang="en">
+<head>
+  <meta charset="UTF-8">
+  <title>Alan Turing - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</title>
+  <meta content="MediaWiki 1.27.0-wmf.6" name="generator">
+  <link href="android-app://org.wikipedia/http/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" rel="alternate">
+  <link href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&amp;action=edit" rel="alternate" title="Edit this page" type="application/x-wiki">
+  <link href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&amp;action=edit" rel="edit" title="Edit this page">
+  <link href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png" rel="apple-touch-icon">
+  <link href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico" rel="shortcut icon">
+  <link href="/w/opensearch_desc.php" rel="search" title="Wikipedia (en)" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml">
+  <link href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd" rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml">
+  <link href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/" rel="copyright">
+  <link href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&amp;feed=atom" rel="alternate" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" type="application/atom+xml">
+  <link href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" rel="canonical">
+  <link href="//meta.wikimedia.org" rel="dns-prefetch">
+</head>
+<body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr ns-0 ns-subject page-Alan_Turing skin-vector action-view">
+  <div class="noprint" id="mw-page-base"></div>
+  <div class="noprint" id="mw-head-base"></div>
+  <div class="mw-body" id="content" role="main">
+    <a id="top"></a>
+    <div id="siteNotice">
+      <!-- CentralNotice -->
+    </div>
+    <div class="mw-indicators">
+      <div class="mw-indicator" id="mw-indicator-good-star">
+        <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." data-file-height="185" data-file-width="180" height="20" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" width="19"></a>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+    <h1 class="firstHeading" id="firstHeading" lang="en">Alan Turing</h1>
+    <div class="mw-body-content" id="bodyContent">
+      <div id="siteSub">
+        From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
+      </div>
+      <div id="contentSub"></div>
+      <div class="mw-jump" id="jump-to-nav">
+        Jump to: <a href="#mw-head">navigation</a>, <a href="#p-search">search</a>
+      </div>
+      <div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en">
+        <div class="hatnote">
+          "Turing" redirects here. For other uses, see <a class="mw-disambig" href="/wiki/Turing_(disambiguation)" title="Turing (disambiguation)">Turing (disambiguation)</a>.
+        </div>
+        <table class="infobox vcard" style="width:22em">
+          <tr>
+            <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold"><span class="fn">Alan Turing</span></th>
+          </tr>
+          <tr>
+            <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;padding-bottom:0.5em;">
+              <a class="image" href="/wiki/File:Alan_Turing_Aged_16.jpg"><img alt="Alan Turing Aged 16.jpg" data-file-height="919" data-file-width="707" height="292" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Alan_Turing_Aged_16.jpg/225px-Alan_Turing_Aged_16.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Alan_Turing_Aged_16.jpg/338px-Alan_Turing_Aged_16.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Alan_Turing_Aged_16.jpg/450px-Alan_Turing_Aged_16.jpg 2x" width="225"></a>
+              <div>
+                Turing aged 16
+              </div>
+            </td>
+          </tr>
+          <tr>
+            <th scope="row">Born</th>
+            <td>
+              Alan Mathison Turing<br>
+              <span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1912-06-23</span>)</span>23 June 1912<br>
+              <a href="/wiki/Maida_Vale" title="Maida Vale">Maida Vale</a>, London, England
+            </td>
+          </tr>
+          <tr>
+            <th scope="row">Died</th>
+            <td>
+              7 June 1954<span style="display:none">(<span class="dday deathdate">1954-06-07</span>)</span> (aged&#160;41)<br>
+              <a href="/wiki/Wilmslow" title="Wilmslow">Wilmslow</a>, Cheshire, England
+            </td>
+          </tr>
+          <tr>
+            <th scope="row">Residence</th>
+            <td>Wilmslow, Cheshire, England</td>
+          </tr>
+          <tr>
+            <th scope="row">Nationality</th>
+            <td>British</td>
+          </tr>
+          <tr>
+            <th scope="row">Fields</th>
+            <td class="category">
+              <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">Mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cryptanalysis" title="Cryptanalysis">cryptanalysis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_and_theoretical_biology" title="Mathematical and theoretical biology">mathematical and theoretical biology</a>
+            </td>
+          </tr>
+          <tr>
+            <th scope="row">Institutions</th>
+            <td>
+              <a href="/wiki/University_of_Manchester" title="University of Manchester">University of Manchester</a><br>
+              <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Government_Code_and_Cypher_School" title="Government Code and Cypher School">Government Code and Cypher School</a><br>
+              <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/National_Physical_Laboratory,_UK" title="National Physical Laboratory, UK">National Physical Laboratory</a><br>
+              <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>
+            </td>
+          </tr>
+          <tr>
+            <th scope="row"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></span></th>
+            <td>
+              <div class="plainlist">
+                <ul>
+                  <li>
+                    <a href="/wiki/Sherborne_School" title="Sherborne School">Sherborne School</a>
+                  </li>
+                  <li>
+                    <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>
+                  </li>
+                  <li>
+                    <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>
+                  </li>
+                </ul>
+              </div>
+            </td>
+          </tr>
+          <tr>
+            <th scope="row">
+              <a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a>
+            </th>
+            <td>
+              <a class="external text" href="http://search.proquest.com/docview/301792588" rel="nofollow"><i>Systems of Logic based on Ordinals</i></a>&#160;<span style="font-size:90%;">(1938)</span>
+            </td>
+          </tr>
+          <tr>
+            <th scope="row">
+              <a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a>
+            </th>
+            <td>
+              <a href="/wiki/Alonzo_Church" title="Alonzo Church">Alonzo Church</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-mathgene_1-0"><a href="#cite_note-mathgene-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup>
+            </td>
+          </tr>
+          <tr>
+            <th scope="row">Doctoral students</th>
+            <td>
+              <a href="/wiki/Robin_Gandy" title="Robin Gandy">Robin Gandy</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-mathgene_1-1"><a href="#cite_note-mathgene-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup>
+            </td>
+          </tr>
+          <tr>
+            <th scope="row">Known&#160;for</th>
+            <td>
+              <div class="plainlist">
+                <ul>
+                  <li>
+                    <a href="/wiki/Cryptanalysis_of_the_Enigma" title="Cryptanalysis of the Enigma">Cryptanalysis of the Enigma</a>
+                  </li>
+                  <li>
+                    <a href="/wiki/Turing_machine" title="Turing machine">Turing machine</a>
+                  </li>
+                  <li>
+                    <a href="/wiki/Turing_test" title="Turing test">Turing test</a>
+                  </li>
+                </ul>
+              </div>
+            </td>
+          </tr>
+          <tr>
+            <th scope="row">Notable awards</th>
+            <td>
+              <div class="plainlist">
+                <ul>
+                  <li>
+                    <a href="/wiki/Smith%27s_Prize" title="Smith's Prize">Smith's Prize</a> <small>(1936)</small>
+                  </li>
+                  <li>
+                    <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Officer_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Officer of the Order of the British Empire">OBE</a>
+                  </li>
+                  <li>
+                    <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a> (1951)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-frs_2-0"><a href="#cite_note-frs-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup>
+                  </li>
+                </ul>
+              </div>
+            </td>
+          </tr>
+          <tr>
+            <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center">
+              <b>Signature</b>
+              <div style="padding-top:0.25em;">
+                <a class="image" href="/wiki/File:Alan_Turing_signature.svg" title="Alan Turing's signature"><img alt="" data-file-height="118" data-file-width="585" height="26" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Alan_Turing_signature.svg/128px-Alan_Turing_signature.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Alan_Turing_signature.svg/192px-Alan_Turing_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Alan_Turing_signature.svg/256px-Alan_Turing_signature.svg.png 2x" width="128"></a>
+              </div>
+            </td>
+          </tr>
+        </table>
+        <p><b>Alan Mathison Turing</b>, <small><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">OBE</a></small>, <small><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></small> (<span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English" title="Help:IPA for English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/ primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/tj/ 't' in 'tune'">tj</span><span title="/ʊər/ 'our' in 'tour'">ʊər</span><span title="/ɪ/ short 'i' in 'bid'">ɪ</span><span title="/ŋ/ 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span></span>/</a></span></span>; 23 June 1912&#160;– 7 June 1954) was a British pioneering <a href="/wiki/Computer_scientist" title="Computer scientist">computer scientist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathematician" title="Mathematician">mathematician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cryptanalysis" title="Cryptanalysis">cryptanalyst</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_and_theoretical_biology" title="Mathematical and theoretical biology">theoretical biologist</a>. He was highly influential in the development of <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a>, providing a formalisation of the concepts of <a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computation" title="Computation">computation</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Turing_machine" title="Turing machine">Turing machine</a>, which can be considered a model of a general purpose computer.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-frs_2-1"><a href="#cite_note-frs-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AFP_3-0"><a href="#cite_note-AFP-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> Turing is widely considered to be the father of theoretical computer science and <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
+        <p>During the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, Turing worked for the <a href="/wiki/Government_Communications_Headquarters#Government_Code_and_Cypher_School_.28GC.26CS.29" title="Government Communications Headquarters">Government Code and Cypher School</a> (GC&amp;CS) at <a href="/wiki/Bletchley_Park" title="Bletchley Park">Bletchley Park</a>, Britain's <a href="/wiki/Cryptanalysis" title="Cryptanalysis">codebreaking</a> centre. For a time he led <a href="/wiki/Hut_8" title="Hut 8">Hut 8</a>, the section responsible for German naval cryptanalysis. He devised a number of techniques for breaking German <a href="/wiki/Cipher" title="Cipher">ciphers</a>, including improvements to the pre-war Polish <a href="/wiki/Bomba_(cryptography)" title="Bomba (cryptography)">bombe</a> method and an <a href="/wiki/Electromechanics" title="Electromechanics">electromechanical</a> machine that could find settings for the <a href="/wiki/Enigma_machine" title="Enigma machine">Enigma machine</a>. Turing played a pivotal role in cracking intercepted coded messages that enabled the Allies to defeat the Nazis in many crucial engagements, including the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a>; it has been estimated that this work shortened the war in Europe by as many as two to four years.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
+        <p>After the war, he worked at the <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/National_Physical_Laboratory,_UK" title="National Physical Laboratory, UK">National Physical Laboratory</a>, where he designed the <a href="/wiki/Automatic_Computing_Engine" title="Automatic Computing Engine">ACE</a>, among the first designs for a stored-program computer. In 1948 Turing joined <a href="/wiki/Max_Newman" title="Max Newman">Max Newman</a>'s Computing Laboratory at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Manchester" title="University of Manchester">University of Manchester</a>, where he helped develop the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_computers" title="Manchester computers">Manchester computers</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> and became interested in <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Mathematical_biology" title="Mathematical biology">mathematical biology</a>. He wrote a paper on the chemical basis of <a href="/wiki/Morphogenesis" title="Morphogenesis">morphogenesis</a>, and predicted <a href="/wiki/Chemical_clock" title="Chemical clock">oscillating</a> <a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">chemical reactions</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Belousov%E2%80%93Zhabotinsky_reaction" title="Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction">Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction</a>, first observed in the 1960s.</p>
+        <p>Turing was prosecuted in 1952 for homosexual acts, when such behaviour was still <a href="/wiki/Labouchere_Amendment" title="Labouchere Amendment">a criminal act in the UK</a>. He accepted treatment with <a href="/wiki/Estrogen" title="Estrogen">oestrogen</a> injections (<a href="/wiki/Chemical_castration" title="Chemical castration">chemical castration</a>) as an alternative to prison. Turing died in 1954, 16 days before his 42nd birthday, from <a href="/wiki/Cyanide_poisoning" title="Cyanide poisoning">cyanide poisoning</a>. An inquest determined his death as suicide, but it has been noted that the known evidence is equally consistent with accidental poisoning.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> In 2009, following an <a href="/wiki/Internet_activism" title="Internet activism">Internet campaign</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">British Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Gordon Brown</a> made an <a href="#Government_apology_and_pardon_support">official public apology</a> on behalf of the British government for "the appalling way he was treated". <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a> granted him a posthumous pardon in 2013.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BBC-pardon24Dec_9-0"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-pardon24Dec-9"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-turingpardoncryptome24dec2013_10-0"><a href="#cite_note-turingpardoncryptome24dec2013-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-turingindependent24dec2013_11-0"><a href="#cite_note-turingindependent24dec2013-11"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
+        <p></p>
+        <div class="toc" id="toc">
+          <div id="toctitle">
+            <h2>Contents</h2>
+          </div>
+          <ul>
+            <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1">
+              <a href="#Early_life_and_family"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Early life and family</span></a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2">
+              <a href="#Education"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Education</span></a>
+              <ul>
+                <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3">
+                  <a href="#School"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">School</span></a>
+                </li>
+                <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4">
+                  <a href="#University_and_work_on_computability"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">University and work on computability</span></a>
+                </li>
+              </ul>
+            </li>
+            <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5">
+              <a href="#Cryptanalysis"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Cryptanalysis</span></a>
+              <ul>
+                <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6">
+                  <a href="#Bombe"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Bombe</span></a>
+                </li>
+                <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7">
+                  <a href="#Hut_8_and_Naval_Enigma"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Hut 8 and Naval Enigma</span></a>
+                </li>
+                <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8">
+                  <a href="#Turingery"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Turingery</span></a>
+                </li>
+                <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9">
+                  <a href="#Delilah"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Delilah</span></a>
+                </li>
+              </ul>
+            </li>
+            <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10">
+              <a href="#Early_computers_and_the_Turing_test"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Early computers and the Turing test</span></a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11">
+              <a href="#Pattern_formation_and_mathematical_biology"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Pattern formation and mathematical biology</span></a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12">
+              <a href="#Conviction_for_indecency"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Conviction for indecency</span></a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13">
+              <a href="#Death"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Death</span></a>
+              <ul>
+                <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14">
+                  <a href="#Alternative_death_theories"><span class="tocnumber">7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Alternative death theories</span></a>
+                </li>
+              </ul>
+            </li>
+            <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15">
+              <a href="#Recognition_and_tributes"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Recognition and tributes</span></a>
+              <ul>
+                <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16">
+                  <a href="#Tributes_by_universities_and_research_institutions"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Tributes by universities and research institutions</span></a>
+                </li>
+              </ul>
+            </li>
+            <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17">
+              <a href="#Government_apology_and_pardon"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Government apology and pardon</span></a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18">
+              <a href="#Centenary_celebrations"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Centenary celebrations</span></a>
+              <ul>
+                <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19">
+                  <a href="#UK_celebrations"><span class="tocnumber">10.1</span> <span class="toctext">UK celebrations</span></a>
+                </li>
+              </ul>
+            </li>
+            <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20">
+              <a href="#Portrayal_in_adaptations"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Portrayal in adaptations</span></a>
+              <ul>
+                <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21">
+                  <a href="#Theatre"><span class="tocnumber">11.1</span> <span class="toctext">Theatre</span></a>
+                </li>
+                <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22">
+                  <a href="#Literature"><span class="tocnumber">11.2</span> <span class="toctext">Literature</span></a>
+                </li>
+                <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23">
+                  <a href="#Music"><span class="tocnumber">11.3</span> <span class="toctext">Music</span></a>
+                </li>
+                <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24">
+                  <a href="#Film"><span class="tocnumber">11.4</span> <span class="toctext">Film</span></a>
+                </li>
+              </ul>
+            </li>
+            <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25">
+              <a href="#Awards_and_honours"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Awards and honours</span></a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26">
+              <a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27">
+              <a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28">
+              <a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">15</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a>
+              <ul>
+                <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29">
+                  <a href="#Papers"><span class="tocnumber">15.1</span> <span class="toctext">Papers</span></a>
+                </li>
+              </ul>
+            </li>
+            <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30">
+              <a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">16</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a>
+            </li>
+          </ul>
+        </div>
+        <p></p>
+        <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_life_and_family">Early life and family</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and family">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+        <p>Turing was born in Maida Vale, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, while his father, Julius Mathison Turing (1873–1947), was on leave from his position with the <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Indian_Civil_Service" title="Indian Civil Service">Indian Civil Service</a> (ICS) at <a href="/wiki/Chhatrapur" title="Chhatrapur">Chhatrapur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bihar_and_Orissa_Province" title="Bihar and Orissa Province">Bihar and Orissa Province</a>, in <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/British_India" title="British India">British India</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hodges1983P5_12-0"><a href="#cite_note-Hodges1983P5-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> Turing's father was the son of a clergyman, the Rev.&#160;John Robert Turing, from a Scottish family of merchants which had been based in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and included a <a href="/wiki/Baronet" title="Baronet">baronet</a>. Turing's mother, Julius' wife, was Ethel Sara (née Stoney; 1881–1976), daughter of Edward Waller Stoney, chief engineer of the <a href="/wiki/Madras_and_Southern_Mahratta_Railway" title="Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway">Madras Railways</a>. The Stoneys were a <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Ireland" title="Protestantism in Ireland">Protestant</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish" title="Anglo-Irish">Anglo-Irish</a> <a href="/wiki/Gentry" title="Gentry">gentry</a> family from both <a href="/wiki/County_Tipperary" title="County Tipperary">County Tipperary</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_Longford" title="County Longford">County Longford</a>, while Ethel herself had spent much of her childhood in <a href="/wiki/County_Clare" title="County Clare">County Clare</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
+        <p>Julius' work with the ICS brought the family to British India, where his grandfather had been a general in the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Army" title="Bengal Army">Bengal Army</a>. However, both Julius and Ethel wanted their children to be brought up in Britain, so they moved to <a href="/wiki/Maida_Vale" title="Maida Vale">Maida Vale</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-englishheritaget_15-0"><a href="#cite_note-englishheritaget-15"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> London, where Turing was born on 23 June 1912, as recorded by a <a href="/wiki/Blue_plaque" title="Blue plaque">blue plaque</a> on the outside of the house of his birth,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup> later the <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Colonnade_Hotel_(London)" title="Colonnade Hotel (London)">Colonnade Hotel</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hodges1983P5_12-1"><a href="#cite_note-Hodges1983P5-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-turingorguk_18-0"><a href="#cite_note-turingorguk-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> He had an elder brother, John (the father of Sir John Dermot Turing, 12th Baronet of the <a href="/wiki/Turing_baronets" title="Turing baronets">Turing baronets</a>).</p>
+        <p>Turing's father's civil service commission was still active and during Turing's childhood years Turing's parents travelled between <a href="/wiki/Hastings" title="Hastings">Hastings</a> in England<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup> and India, leaving their two sons to stay with a retired <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">Army</a> couple. At Hastings, Turing stayed at Baston Lodge, Upper Maze Hill, <a href="/wiki/St_Leonards-on-Sea" title="St Leonards-on-Sea">St Leonards-on-Sea</a>, now marked with a blue plaque.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
+        <p>Very early in life, Turing showed signs of the genius that he was later to display prominently.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-toolbox_21-0"><a href="#cite_note-toolbox-21"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup> His parents purchased a house in <a href="/wiki/Guildford" title="Guildford">Guildford</a> in 1927, and Turing lived there during school holidays. The location is also marked with a blue plaque.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
+        <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Education">Education</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+        <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="School">School</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: School">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+        <p>Turing's parents enrolled him at St Michael's, a day school at 20 Charles Road, <a href="/wiki/St_Leonards-on-Sea" title="St Leonards-on-Sea">St Leonards-on-Sea</a>, at the age of six. The headmistress recognised his talent early on, as did many of his subsequent educators. In 1926, at the age of 13, he went on to <a href="/wiki/Sherborne_School" title="Sherborne School">Sherborne School</a>, a well-known independent school in the <a href="/wiki/Market_town" title="Market town">market town</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sherborne" title="Sherborne">Sherborne</a> in Dorset. The first day of term coincided with the <a href="/wiki/1926_United_Kingdom_general_strike" title="1926 United Kingdom general strike">1926 General Strike</a> in Britain, but he was so determined to attend that he rode his bicycle unaccompanied more than 60 miles (97&#160;km) from <a href="/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a> to Sherborne, stopping overnight at an inn.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-metamagical_23-0"><a href="#cite_note-metamagical-23"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
+        <p>Turing's natural inclination towards mathematics and science did not earn him respect from some of the teachers at Sherborne, whose definition of education placed more emphasis on the <a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">classics</a>. His headmaster wrote to his parents: "I hope he will not fall between two stools. If he is to stay at public school, he must aim at becoming <i>educated</i>. If he is to be solely a <i>Scientific Specialist</i>, he is wasting his time at a public school".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup> Despite this, Turing continued to show remarkable ability in the studies he loved, solving advanced problems in 1927 without having studied even elementary <a href="/wiki/Calculus" title="Calculus">calculus</a>. In 1928, aged 16, Turing encountered <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>'s work; not only did he grasp it, but he might even have extrapolated Einstein's questioning of <a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_laws_of_motion" title="Newton's laws of motion">Newton's laws of motion</a> from a text in which this was never made explicit.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
+        <p>At Sherborne, Turing formed an important friendship with fellow pupil Christopher Morcom, who has been described as Turing's "first love". Their relationship provided inspiration in Turing's future endeavours, but it was cut short by Morcom's death, in February 1930, from complications of <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Bovine_tuberculosis" title="Bovine tuberculosis">bovine tuberculosis</a>, contracted after drinking infected cow's milk some years previously.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NYReviewBooks_26-0"><a href="#cite_note-NYReviewBooks-26"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-teuscher_28-0"><a href="#cite_note-teuscher-28"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
+        <p>The event caused Turing great sorrow. He coped with his grief by working that much harder on the topics of science and maths that he had shared with Morcom. In a letter to Morcom's mother Turing said:</p>
+        <blockquote>
+          <p>I am sure I could not have found anywhere another companion so brilliant and yet so charming and unconceited. I regarded my interest in my work, and in such things as astronomy (to which he introduced me) as something to be shared with him and I think he felt a little the same about me&#160;... I know I must put as much energy if not as much interest into my work as if he were alive, because that is what he would like me to do.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
+        </blockquote>
+        <p>Some have speculated that Morcom's death was the cause of Turing's <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">materialism</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup> but this seems unlikely. Apparently, at this point in his life he still believed in such concepts as a spirit, independent of the body and surviving death. In a later letter, also written to Morcom's mother, Turing said:</p>
+        <blockquote>
+          <p>Personally, I believe that spirit is really eternally connected with matter but certainly not by the same kind of body&#160;... as regards the actual connection between spirit and body I consider that the body [can] hold on to a 'spirit', whilst the body is alive and awake the two are firmly connected. When the body is asleep I cannot guess what happens but when the body dies, the 'mechanism' of the body, holding the spirit is gone and the spirit finds a new body sooner or later, perhaps immediately.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
+        </blockquote>
+        <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="University_and_work_on_computability">University and work on computability</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: University and work on computability">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+        <p>After Sherborne, Turing studied as an undergraduate from 1931 to 1934 at <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="King's College, Cambridge">King's College, Cambridge</a>, whence he gained first-class honours in mathematics. In 1935, at the young age of 22, he was elected a <a href="/wiki/Fellow" title="Fellow">fellow</a> at King's on the strength of a dissertation in which he proved the <a href="/wiki/Central_limit_theorem" title="Central limit theorem">central limit theorem</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-32"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup> despite the fact that the committee had failed to identify that it had already been proven, in 1922, by <a href="/wiki/Jarl_Waldemar_Lindeberg" title="Jarl Waldemar Lindeberg">Jarl Waldemar Lindeberg</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-33"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
+        <p>In 1928, German mathematician <a href="/wiki/David_Hilbert" title="David Hilbert">David Hilbert</a> had called attention to the <i><a href="/wiki/Entscheidungsproblem" title="Entscheidungsproblem">Entscheidungsproblem</a></i> (decision problem). In his paper "On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the <i>Entscheidungsproblem</i>" (submitted on 28 May 1936 and delivered 12 November),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-34"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span>[</span>34<span>]</span></a></sup> Turing reformulated <a href="/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%B6del" title="Kurt Gödel">Kurt Gödel</a>'s 1931 results on the limits of proof and computation, replacing Gödel's universal arithmetic-based formal language with the formal and simple hypothetical devices that became known as <a href="/wiki/Turing_machine" title="Turing machine">Turing machines</a>. He proved that some such machine would be capable of performing any conceivable mathematical computation if it were representable as an <a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithm</a>. He went on to prove that there was no solution to the <i><a href="/wiki/Entscheidungsproblem" title="Entscheidungsproblem">Entscheidungsproblem</a></i> by first showing that the <a href="/wiki/Halting_problem" title="Halting problem">halting problem</a> for Turing machines is <a href="/wiki/Decision_problem" title="Decision problem">undecidable</a>: in general, it is not possible to decide algorithmically whether a given Turing machine will ever halt.</p>
+        <div class="thumb tleft">
+          <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;">
+            <a class="image" href="/wiki/File:20130808_Kings_College_Front_Court_Fountain_Crop_03.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="3349" data-file-width="5023" height="147" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/20130808_Kings_College_Front_Court_Fountain_Crop_03.jpg/220px-20130808_Kings_College_Front_Court_Fountain_Crop_03.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/20130808_Kings_College_Front_Court_Fountain_Crop_03.jpg/330px-20130808_Kings_College_Front_Court_Fountain_Crop_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/20130808_Kings_College_Front_Court_Fountain_Crop_03.jpg/440px-20130808_Kings_College_Front_Court_Fountain_Crop_03.jpg 2x" width="220"></a>
+            <div class="thumbcaption">
+              <div class="magnify">
+                <a class="internal" href="/wiki/File:20130808_Kings_College_Front_Court_Fountain_Crop_03.jpg" title="Enlarge"></a>
+              </div><a href="/wiki/King%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="King's College, Cambridge">King's College, Cambridge</a>, where Turing was a student in 1931 and became a Fellow in 1935. The computer room is named after him.
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+        <p>Although Turing's proof was published shortly after <a href="/wiki/Alonzo_Church" title="Alonzo Church">Alonzo Church</a>'s equivalent proof<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-35"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span>[</span>35<span>]</span></a></sup> using his <a href="/wiki/Lambda_calculus" title="Lambda calculus">lambda calculus</a>, Turing's approach is considerably more accessible and intuitive than Church's.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It also included a notion of a 'Universal Machine' (now known as a <a href="/wiki/Universal_Turing_machine" title="Universal Turing machine">universal Turing machine</a>), with the idea that such a machine could perform the tasks of any other computation machine (as indeed could Church's lambda calculus). According to the <a href="/wiki/Church%E2%80%93Turing_thesis" title="Church–Turing thesis">Church–Turing thesis</a>, Turing machines and the lambda calculus are capable of computing anything that is computable. <a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">John von Neumann</a> acknowledged that the central concept of the modern computer was due to Turing's paper.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-36"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span>[</span>36<span>]</span></a></sup> To this day, Turing machines are a central object of study in <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_computation" title="Theory of computation">theory of computation</a>.</p>
+        <p>From September 1936 to July 1938, Turing spent most of his time studying under Church at <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>. In addition to his purely mathematical work, he studied cryptology and also built three of four stages of an electro-mechanical binary multiplier.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-37"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span>[</span>37<span>]</span></a></sup> In June 1938, he obtained his PhD from Princeton;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-38"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span>[</span>38<span>]</span></a></sup> his dissertation, <i><a href="/wiki/Systems_of_Logic_Based_on_Ordinals" title="Systems of Logic Based on Ordinals">Systems of Logic Based on Ordinals</a></i>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-turingphd_39-0"><a href="#cite_note-turingphd-39"><span>[</span>39<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-40"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span>[</span>40<span>]</span></a></sup> introduced the concept of <a href="/wiki/Ordinal_logic" title="Ordinal logic">ordinal logic</a> and the notion of <a href="/wiki/Turing_reduction" title="Turing reduction">relative computing</a>, where Turing machines are augmented with so-called <a href="/wiki/Oracle_machine" title="Oracle machine">oracles</a>, allowing a study of problems that cannot be solved by a Turing machine.</p>
+        <p>When Turing returned to Cambridge, he attended lectures given in 1939 by <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a> about the <a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_mathematics" title="Foundations of mathematics">foundations of mathematics</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-41"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span>[</span>41<span>]</span></a></sup> Remarkably, the lectures have been reconstructed verbatim, including interjections from Turing and other students, from students' notes.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-42"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span>[</span>42<span>]</span></a></sup> Turing and Wittgenstein argued and disagreed, with Turing defending <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mathematics#Formalism" title="Philosophy of mathematics">formalism</a> and Wittgenstein propounding his view that mathematics does not discover any absolute truths but rather invents them.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-43"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span>[</span>43<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
+        <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Cryptanalysis">Cryptanalysis</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Cryptanalysis">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+        <p>During the Second World War, Turing was a leading participant in the breaking of German ciphers at Bletchley Park. The historian and wartime codebreaker <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Asa_Briggs" title="Asa Briggs">Asa Briggs</a> has said, "You needed exceptional talent, you needed genius at Bletchley and Turing's was that genius."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-44"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span>[</span>44<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
+        <p>From September 1938, Turing had been working part-time with the <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Government_Code_and_Cypher_School#Government_Communications_Headquarters" title="Government Code and Cypher School">GC&amp;CS</a>, the British code breaking organisation. He concentrated on <a href="/wiki/Cryptanalysis_of_the_Enigma" title="Cryptanalysis of the Enigma">cryptanalysis of the Enigma</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Dilly_Knox" title="Dilly Knox">Dilly Knox</a>, a senior GC&amp;CS codebreaker.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-45"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span>[</span>45<span>]</span></a></sup> Soon after the July 1939 <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> meeting at which the <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Polish_Cipher_Bureau" title="Polish Cipher Bureau">Polish Cipher Bureau</a> had provided the British and French with the details of the wiring of <a href="/wiki/Enigma_rotor_details" title="Enigma rotor details">Enigma rotors</a> and their method of decrypting <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Enigma_code" title="Enigma code">Enigma code</a> messages, Turing and Knox started to work on a less fragile approach to the problem.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-46"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span>[</span>46<span>]</span></a></sup> The Polish method relied on an insecure <a href="/wiki/Cryptanalysis#Indicator" title="Cryptanalysis">indicator</a> procedure that the Germans were likely to change, which they did in May 1940. Turing's approach was more general, using <a href="/wiki/Cryptanalysis_of_the_Enigma#Crib-based_decryption" title="Cryptanalysis of the Enigma">crib-based decryption</a> for which he produced the functional specification of the <a href="/wiki/Bombe" title="Bombe">bombe</a> (an improvement of the Polish <a href="/wiki/Bomba_(cryptography)" title="Bomba (cryptography)">Bomba</a>).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-47"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span>[</span>47<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
+        <div class="thumb tright">
+          <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;">
+            <a class="image" href="/wiki/File:Turing_flat.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1261" data-file-width="1789" height="155" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Turing_flat.jpg/220px-Turing_flat.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Turing_flat.jpg/330px-Turing_flat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Turing_flat.jpg/440px-Turing_flat.jpg 2x" width="220"></a>
+            <div class="thumbcaption">
+              <div class="magnify">
+                <a class="internal" href="/wiki/File:Turing_flat.jpg" title="Enlarge"></a>
+              </div>Two cottages in the stable yard at <a href="/wiki/Bletchley_Park" title="Bletchley Park">Bletchley Park</a>. Turing worked here in 1939 and 1940, before moving to <a href="/wiki/Hut_8" title="Hut 8">Hut 8</a>.
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+        <p>On 4 September 1939, the day after the UK declared war on Germany, Turing reported to Bletchley Park, the wartime station of GC&amp;CS.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Copeland2006p378_48-0"><a href="#cite_note-Copeland2006p378-48"><span>[</span>48<span>]</span></a></sup> Specifying the bombe was the first of five major cryptanalytical advances that Turing made during the war. The others were: deducing the indicator procedure used by the German navy; developing a statistical procedure for making much more efficient use of the bombes dubbed <i><a href="/wiki/Banburismus" title="Banburismus">Banburismus</a></i>; developing a procedure for working out the cam settings of the wheels of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Lorenz_SZ_40/42" title="Lorenz SZ 40/42">Lorenz SZ 40/42</a> (<i>Tunny</i>) dubbed <i><a href="/wiki/Turingery" title="Turingery">Turingery</a></i> and, towards the end of the war, the development of a portable <a href="/wiki/Secure_voice" title="Secure voice">secure voice</a> scrambler at <a href="/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Government_Communications_Centre" title="Her Majesty's Government Communications Centre">Hanslope Park</a> that was codenamed <i>Delilah</i>.</p>
+        <p>By using statistical techniques to optimise the trial of different possibilities in the code breaking process, Turing made an innovative contribution to the subject. He wrote two papers discussing mathematical approaches which were entitled <i>The Applications of Probability to Cryptography</i><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-49"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span>[</span>49<span>]</span></a></sup> and <i>Paper on Statistics of Repetitions</i>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-50"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span>[</span>50<span>]</span></a></sup> which were of such value to GC&amp;CS and its successor <a href="/wiki/Government_Communications_Headquarters" title="Government Communications Headquarters">GCHQ</a> that they were not released to the <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">UK National Archives</a> until April 2012, shortly before the centenary of his birth. A GCHQ mathematician said at the time that the fact that the contents had been restricted for some 70 years demonstrated their importance.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-51"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span>[</span>51<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
+        <p>Turing had something of a reputation for eccentricity at Bletchley Park. He was known to his colleagues as 'Prof' and his treatise on Enigma was known as 'The Prof's Book'.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-52"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span>[</span>52<span>]</span></a></sup> <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/I.J._Good" title="I.J. Good">Jack Good</a>, a cryptanalyst who worked with him, is quoted by <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Lewin" title="Ronald Lewin">Ronald Lewin</a> as having said of Turing:</p>
+        <blockquote class="templatequote">
+          <p>In the first week of June each year he would get a bad attack of hay fever, and he would cycle to the office wearing a service gas mask to keep the pollen off. His bicycle had a fault: the chain would come off at regular intervals. Instead of having it mended he would count the number of times the pedals went round and would get off the bicycle in time to adjust the chain by hand. Another of his eccentricities is that he chained his mug to the radiator pipes to prevent it being stolen.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-53"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span>[</span>53<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
+        </blockquote>
+        <p>While working at Bletchley, Turing, who was a talented long-distance runner, occasionally ran the 40 miles (64&#160;km) to London when he was needed for high-level meetings,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-54"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span>[</span>54<span>]</span></a></sup> and he was capable of world-class marathon standards.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-55"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span>[</span>55<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-56"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span>[</span>56<span>]</span></a></sup> Turing tried out for the 1948 British Olympic team, hampered by an injury. His tryout time for the marathon was only 11 minutes slower than British silver medalist Thomas Richards' Olympic race time of 2 hours 35 minutes. He was Walton Athletic Club's best runner, a fact discovered when he passed the group while running alone.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-57"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span>[</span>57<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-58"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span>[</span>58<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-59"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span>[</span>59<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
+        <p>In 1945, Turing was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">OBE</a> by King <a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a> for his wartime services, but his work remained secret for many years.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-60"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span>[</span>60<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
+        <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Bombe">Bombe</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Bombe">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+        <p>Within weeks of arriving at Bletchley Park,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Copeland2006p378_48-1"><a href="#cite_note-Copeland2006p378-48"><span>[</span>48<span>]</span></a></sup> Turing had specified an electromechanical machine that could help break Enigma more effectively than the Polish <i><a href="/wiki/Bomba_(cryptography)" title="Bomba (cryptography)">bomba kryptologiczna</a></i>, from which its name was derived. The bombe, with an enhancement suggested by mathematician <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Welchman" title="Gordon Welchman">Gordon Welchman</a>, became one of the primary tools, and the major automated one, used to attack Enigma-enciphered messages.</p>
+        <p>Jack Good opined:</p>
+        <blockquote class="templatequote">
+          <p>Turing's most important contribution, I <i>think</i>, was of part of the design of the bombe, the cryptanalytic machine. He had the idea that you could use, in effect, a theorem in logic which sounds, to the untrained ear, rather absurd; namely that, from a contradiction, you can deduce <i>everything.</i><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-61"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span>[</span>61<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
+        </blockquote>
+        <div class="thumb tleft">
+          <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;">
+            <a class="image" href="/wiki/File:Bombe-rebuild.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1115" data-file-width="1524" height="161" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Bombe-rebuild.jpg/220px-Bombe-rebuild.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Bombe-rebuild.jpg/330px-Bombe-rebuild.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Bombe-rebuild.jpg/440px-Bombe-rebuild.jpg 2x" width="220"></a>
+            <div class="thumbcaption">
+              <div class="magnify">
+                <a class="internal" href="/wiki/File:Bombe-rebuild.jpg" title="Enlarge"></a>
+              </div>A complete and working replica of a <a href="/wiki/Bombe" title="Bombe">bombe</a> at the National Codes Centre at Bletchley Park
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+        <p>The bombe searched for possible correct settings used for an Enigma message (i.e., rotor order, rotor settings and plugboard settings), using a suitable <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Crib_(cryptanalysis)" title="Crib (cryptanalysis)">crib</a></i>: a fragment of probable <a href="/wiki/Plaintext" title="Plaintext">plaintext</a>. For each possible setting of the rotors (which had on the order of 10<sup>19</sup> states, or 10<sup>22</sup> states for the four-rotor U-boat variant),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-62"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span>[</span>62<span>]</span></a></sup> the bombe performed a chain of logical deductions based on the crib, implemented electrically. The bombe detected when a contradiction had occurred, and ruled out that setting, moving on to the next. Most of the possible settings would cause contradictions and be discarded, leaving only a few to be investigated in detail. The first bombe was installed on 18 March 1940.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-63"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span>[</span>63<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
+        <p>By late 1941, Turing and his fellow cryptanalysts Gordon Welchman, <a href="/wiki/Conel_Hugh_O%27Donel_Alexander" title="Conel Hugh O'Donel Alexander">Hugh Alexander</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Milner-Barry" title="Stuart Milner-Barry">Stuart Milner-Barry</a> were frustrated. Building on the <a href="/wiki/Biuro_Szyfr%C3%B3w#Gift_to_allies" title="Biuro Szyfrów">work of the Poles</a>, they had set up a good working system for decrypting Enigma signals but they only had a few people and a few bombes so they did not have time to translate all the signals. In the summer they had had considerable success and shipping losses had fallen to under 100,000 tons a month but they were still on a knife-edge. They badly needed more resources to keep abreast of German adjustments. They had tried to get more people and fund more bombes through the proper channels but they were getting nowhere. Finally, breaking all the rules, on 28 October they wrote directly to <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> spelling out their difficulties, with Turing as the first named. They emphasised how small their need was compared with the vast expenditure of men and money by the forces and compared with the level of assistance they could offer to the forces.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-64"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span>[</span>64<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
+        <p>As <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Hodges" title="Andrew Hodges">Andrew Hodges</a>, biographer of Turing, later wrote, "This letter had an electric effect."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hodges_1983_221_65-0"><a href="#cite_note-Hodges_1983_221-65"><span>[</span>65<span>]</span></a></sup> Churchill wrote a memo to <a href="/wiki/Hastings_Ismay,_1st_Baron_Ismay" title="Hastings Ismay, 1st Baron Ismay">General Ismay</a> which read: "ACTION THIS DAY. Make sure they have all they want on extreme priority and report to me that this has been done." On 18 November, the chief of the secret service reported that every possible measure was being taken.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hodges_1983_221_65-1"><a href="#cite_note-Hodges_1983_221-65"><span>[</span>65<span>]</span></a></sup> The cryptographers at Bletchley Park did not know of the prime minister's response, but as Milner-Barry later recalled, "All that we did notice was that almost from that day the rough ways began miraculously to be made smooth."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-66"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span>[</span>66<span>]</span></a></sup> More than two hundred bombes were in operation by the end of the war.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-codebreaker_67-0"><a href="#cite_note-codebreaker-67"><span>[</span>67<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
+        <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Hut_8_and_Naval_Enigma">Hut 8 and Naval Enigma</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Hut 8 and Naval Enigma">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+        <div class="thumb tright">
+          <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;">
+            <a class="image" href="/wiki/File:AlanTuring-Bletchley.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="432" data-file-width="391" height="243" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/AlanTuring-Bletchley.jpg/220px-AlanTuring-Bletchley.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/AlanTuring-Bletchley.jpg/330px-AlanTuring-Bletchley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/AlanTuring-Bletchley.jpg 2x" width="220"></a>
+            <div class="thumbcaption">
+              <div class="magnify">
+                <a class="internal" href="/wiki/File:AlanTuring-Bletchley.jpg" title="Enlarge"></a>
+              </div>Turing by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Kettle" title="Stephen Kettle">Stephen Kettle</a> at Bletchley Park, commissioned by <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Frank" title="Sidney Frank">Sidney Frank</a>, built from half a million pieces of Welsh slate.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-68"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span>[</span>68<span>]</span></a></sup>
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+        <p>Turing decided to tackle the particularly difficult problem of <a href="/wiki/Cryptanalysis_of_the_Enigma#German_naval_Enigma" title="Cryptanalysis of the Enigma">German naval Enigma</a> "because no one else was doing anything about it and I could have it to myself".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MahonP14_69-0"><a href="#cite_note-MahonP14-69"><span>[</span>69<span>]</span></a></sup> In December 1939, Turing solved the essential part of the naval <a href="/wiki/Enigma_machine#Indicator" title="Enigma machine">indicator</a> system, which was more complex than the indicator systems used by the other services.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MahonP14_69-1"><a href="#cite_note-MahonP14-69"><span>[</span>69<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-70"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span>[</span>70<span>]</span></a></sup> That same night he also conceived of the idea of <i><a href="/wiki/Banburismus" title="Banburismus">Banburismus</a></i>, a sequential statistical technique (what <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Wald" title="Abraham Wald">Abraham Wald</a> later called <a href="/wiki/Sequential_analysis" title="Sequential analysis">sequential analysis</a>) to assist in breaking naval Enigma, "though I was not sure that it would work in practice, and was not, in fact, sure until some days had actually broken." <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MahonP14_69-2"><a href="#cite_note-MahonP14-69"><span>[</span>69<span>]</span></a></sup> For this, he invented a measure of weight of evidence that he called the <i><a href="/wiki/Ban_(unit)" title="Ban (unit)">ban</a></i>. Banburismus could rule out certain sequences of the Enigma rotors, substantially reducing the time needed to test settings on the bombes.</p>
+        <p>In 1941, Turing proposed marriage to Hut 8 colleague <a href="/wiki/Joan_Clarke" title="Joan Clarke">Joan Clarke</a>, a fellow mathematician and cryptanalyst, but their engagement was short-lived. After admitting his homosexuality to his fiancée, who was reportedly "unfazed" by the revelation, Turing decided that he could not go through with the marriage.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-71"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span>[</span>71<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
+        <div class="thumb tleft">
+          <div class="thumbinner" style="width:182px;">
+            <a class="image" href="/wiki/File:Joan_Clarke_(cryptanalyst).jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="410" data-file-width="323" height="228" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/35/Joan_Clarke_%28cryptanalyst%29.jpg/180px-Joan_Clarke_%28cryptanalyst%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/35/Joan_Clarke_%28cryptanalyst%29.jpg/270px-Joan_Clarke_%28cryptanalyst%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/35/Joan_Clarke_%28cryptanalyst%29.jpg 2x" width="180"></a>
+            <div class="thumbcaption">
+              <div class="magnify">
+                <a class="internal" href="/wiki/File:Joan_Clarke_(cryptanalyst).jpg" title="Enlarge"></a>
+              </div><a href="/wiki/Joan_Clarke" title="Joan Clarke">Joan Clarke</a>, friend and colleague of Turing at <a href="/wiki/Hut_8" title="Hut 8">Hut 8</a>, to whom he proposed marriage in the spring of 1941<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-72"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span>[</span>72<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-73"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span>[</span>73<span>]</span></a></sup>
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+        <p>Turing travelled to the United States in November 1942<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-74"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span>[</span>74<span>]</span></a></sup> and worked with US Navy cryptanalysts on naval Enigma and bombe construction in Washington; he also visited their <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Computing_Machine_Laboratory" title="United States Naval Computing Machine Laboratory">Computing Machine Laboratory</a> in Dayton, Ohio. His reaction to the American bombe design was far from enthusiastic:</p>
+        <blockquote class="templatequote">
+          <p>It seems a pity for them to go out of their way to build a machine to do all this stopping if it is not necessary. I am now converted to the extent of thinking that, starting from scratch on the design of a bombe, this method is about as good as our own. The American bombe program was to produce 336 bombes, one for each wheel order. I used to smile inwardly at the conception of test (of commutators) can hardly be considered conclusive, as they were not testing for the bounce with electronic stop finding devices.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-75"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span>[</span>75<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
+          <div class="templatequotecite">
+            <cite>— Alan Turing</cite>
+          </div>
+        </blockquote>
+        <p>During this trip, he also assisted at <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a> with the development of <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Secure_speech" title="Secure speech">secure speech</a> devices.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-76"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span>[</span>76<span>]</span></a></sup> He returned to Bletchley Park in March 1943. During his absence, <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Colonel_Hugh_O%27Donel_Alexander" title="Colonel Hugh O'Donel Alexander">Hugh Alexander</a> had officially assumed the position of head of Hut 8, although Alexander had been <i>de facto</i> head for some time (Turing had little interest in the day-to-day running of the section). Turing became a general consultant for cryptanalysis at Bletchley Park.</p>
+        <p>Alexander wrote as follows about his contribution:</p>
+        <blockquote class="templatequote">
+          <p>There should be no question in anyone's mind that Turing's work was the biggest factor in Hut 8's success. In the early days, he was the only cryptographer who thought the problem worth tackling and not only was he primarily responsible for the main theoretical work within the Hut, but he also shared with Welchman and Keen the chief credit for the invention of the bombe. It is always difficult to say that anyone is 'absolutely indispensable', but if anyone was indispensable to Hut 8, it was Turing. The pioneer's work always tends to be forgotten when experience and routine later make everything seem easy and many of us in Hut 8 felt that the magnitude of Turing's contribution was never fully realised by the outside world.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-77"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span>[</span>77<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
+          <div class="templatequotecite">
+            <cite>— Hugh Alexander</cite>
+          </div>
+        </blockquote>
+        <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Turingery">Turingery</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: Turingery">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+        <p>In July 1942, Turing devised a technique termed <i><a href="/wiki/Turingery" title="Turingery">Turingery</a></i> (or jokingly <i>Turingismus</i>)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-78"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span>[</span>78<span>]</span></a></sup> for use against the <a href="/wiki/Lorenz_cipher" title="Lorenz cipher">Lorenz cipher</a> messages produced by the Germans' new <i>Geheimschreiber</i> (secret writer) machine. This was a <a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">teleprinter</a> <a href="/wiki/Rotor_machine" title="Rotor machine">rotor cipher attachment</a> codenamed <i>Tunny</i> at Bletchley Park. Turingery was a method of <i>wheel-breaking</i>, i.e., a procedure for working out the cam settings of Tunny's wheels.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-79"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span>[</span>79<span>]</span></a></sup> He also introduced the Tunny team to <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Flowers" title="Tommy Flowers">Tommy Flowers</a> who, under the guidance of <a href="/wiki/Max_Newman" title="Max Newman">Max Newman</a>, went on to build the <a href="/wiki/Colossus_computer" title="Colossus computer">Colossus computer</a>, the world's first programmable digital electronic computer, which replaced a simpler prior machine (the <a href="/wiki/Heath_Robinson_(codebreaking_machine)" title="Heath Robinson (codebreaking machine)">Heath Robinson</a>), and whose superior speed allowed the statistical decryption techniques to be applied usefully to the messages.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-80"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span>[</span>80<span>]</span></a></sup> Some have mistakenly said that Turing was a key figure in the design of the Colossus computer. Turingery and the statistical approach of Banburismus undoubtedly fed into the thinking about <a href="/wiki/Cryptanalysis_of_the_Lorenz_cipher" title="Cryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher">cryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-81"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span>[</span>81<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-82"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span>[</span>82<span>]</span></a></sup> but he was not directly involved in the Colossus development.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-83"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span>[</span>83<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
+        <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Delilah">Delilah</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: Delilah">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+        <p>Following his work at Bell Labs in the US,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-84"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span>[</span>84<span>]</span></a></sup> Turing pursued the idea of electronic enciphering of speech in the telephone system, and in the latter part of the war, he moved to work for the Secret Service's Radio Security Service (later <a href="/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Government_Communications_Centre" title="Her Majesty's Government Communications Centre">HMGCC</a>) at <a href="/wiki/Hanslope_Park" title="Hanslope Park">Hanslope Park</a>. There he further developed his knowledge of electronics with the assistance of engineer Donald Bayley. Together they undertook the design and construction of a portable <a href="/wiki/Secure_voice" title="Secure voice">secure voice</a> communications machine codenamed <i>Delilah</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-85"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span>[</span>85<span>]</span></a></sup> It was intended for different applications, lacking capability for use with long-distance radio transmissions, and in any case, Delilah was completed too late to be used during the war. Though the system worked fully, with Turing demonstrating it to officials by encrypting and decrypting a recording of a <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> speech, Delilah was not adopted for use.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-86"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span>[</span>86<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
+        <p>Turing also consulted with Bell Labs on the development of <a href="/wiki/SIGSALY" title="SIGSALY">SIGSALY</a>, a secure voice system that was used in the later years of the war.</p>
+        <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Early_computers_and_the_Turing_test">Early computers and the Turing test</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section: Early computers and the Turing test">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+        <div class="thumb tright">
+          <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;">
+            <a class="image" href="/wiki/File:Alan_Turing_78_High_Street_Hampton_blue_plaque.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1705" data-file-width="1701" height="221" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Alan_Turing_78_High_Street_Hampton_blue_plaque.jpg/220px-Alan_Turing_78_High_Street_Hampton_blue_plaque.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Alan_Turing_78_High_Street_Hampton_blue_plaque.jpg/330px-Alan_Turing_78_High_Street_Hampton_blue_plaque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Alan_Turing_78_High_Street_Hampton_blue_plaque.jpg/440px-Alan_Turing_78_High_Street_Hampton_blue_plaque.jpg 2x" width="220"></a>
+            <div class="thumbcaption">
+              <div class="magnify">
+                <a class="internal" href="/wiki/File:Alan_Turing_78_High_Street_Hampton_blue_plaque.jpg" title="Enlarge"></a>
+              </div>Plaque, 78 High Street, Hampton
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+        <p>From 1945 to 1947, Turing lived in <a href="/wiki/Hampton,_London" title="Hampton, London">Hampton, London</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-87"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span>[</span>87<span>]</span></a></sup> while he worked on the design of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/ACE_(computer)" title="ACE (computer)">ACE</a> (Automatic Computing Engine) at the <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/National_Physical_Laboratory,_UK" title="National Physical Laboratory, UK">National Physical Laboratory (NPL)</a>. He presented a paper on 19 February 1946, which was the first detailed design of a <a href="/wiki/Stored-program_computer" title="Stored-program computer">stored-program computer</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-88"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span>[</span>88<span>]</span></a></sup> <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Von_Neumann" title="Von Neumann">Von Neumann</a>'s incomplete <i><a href="/wiki/First_Draft_of_a_Report_on_the_EDVAC" title="First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC">First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC</a></i> had predated Turing's paper, but it was much less detailed and, according to <a href="/wiki/John_R._Womersley" title="John R. Womersley">John R. Womersley</a>, Superintendent of the NPL Mathematics Division, it "contains a number of ideas which are Dr. Turing's own".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-89"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span>[</span>89<span>]</span></a></sup> Although ACE was a feasible design, the secrecy surrounding the wartime work at Bletchley Park led to delays in starting the project and he became disillusioned. In late 1947 he returned to Cambridge for a sabbatical year during which he produced a seminal work on <i>Intelligent Machinery</i> that was not published in his lifetime.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-90"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span>[</span>90<span>]</span></a></sup> While he was at Cambridge, the <a href="/wiki/Pilot_ACE" title="Pilot ACE">Pilot ACE</a> was being built in his absence. It executed its first program on 10 May 1950, and a number of later computers around the world owe much to it, including the <a href="/wiki/English_Electric_DEUCE" title="English Electric DEUCE">English Electric DEUCE</a> and the American <a href="/wiki/Bendix_G-15" title="Bendix G-15">Bendix G-15</a>. The full version of Turing's ACE was not built until after his death.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-91"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span>[</span>91<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
+        <p>According to the memoirs of the German computer pioneer <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Billing" title="Heinz Billing">Heinz Billing</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Physics" title="Max Planck Institute for Physics">Max Planck Institute for Physics</a>, published by Genscher, Düsseldorf, there was a meeting between Alan Turing and <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Zuse" title="Konrad Zuse">Konrad Zuse</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-92"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span>[</span>92<span>]</span></a></sup> It took place in <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a> in 1947. The interrogation had the form of a colloquium. Participants were <a href="/wiki/John_R._Womersley" title="John R. Womersley">Womersley</a>, Turing, Porter from England and a few German researchers like Zuse, Walther, and Billing. (For more details see Herbert Bruderer, <i>Konrad Zuse und die Schweiz</i>).</p>
+        <p>In 1948, Turing was appointed <a href="/wiki/Reader_(academic_rank)" title="Reader (academic rank)">Reader</a> in the <a href="/wiki/School_of_Mathematics,_University_of_Manchester" title="School of Mathematics, University of Manchester">Mathematics Department</a> at the University of Manchester. In 1949, he became Deputy Director of the Computing Laboratory there, working on software for one of the earliest <a href="/wiki/Von_Neumann_architecture" title="Von Neumann architecture">stored-programme</a> computers—the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Mark_1" title="Manchester Mark 1">Manchester Mark 1</a>. During this time he continued to do more abstract work in mathematics,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-doi10.1093.2Fqjmam.2F1.1.287_93-0"><a href="#cite_note-doi10.1093.2Fqjmam.2F1.1.287-93"><span>[</span>93<span>]</span></a></sup> and in "<a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Computing_machinery_and_intelligence" title="Computing machinery and intelligence">Computing machinery and intelligence</a>" (<i>Mind</i>, October 1950), Turing addressed the problem of <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>, and proposed an experiment which became known as the <a href="/wiki/Turing_test" title="Turing test">Turing test</a>, an attempt to define a standard for a machine to be called "intelligent". The idea was that a computer could be said to "think" if a human interrogator could not tell it apart, through conversation, from a human being.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-94"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span>[</span>94<span>]</span></a></sup> In the paper, Turing suggested that rather than building a programme to simulate the adult mind, it would be better rather to produce a simpler one to simulate a child's mind and then to subject it to a course of education. A <a href="/wiki/Turing_test#Reverse_Turing_test_and_CAPTCHA" title="Turing test">reversed</a> form of the Turing test is widely used on the Internet; the <a href="/wiki/CAPTCHA" title="CAPTCHA">CAPTCHA</a> test is intended to determine whether the user is a human or a computer.</p>
+        <p>In 1948, Turing, working with his former undergraduate colleague, <a href="/wiki/D._G._Champernowne" title="D. G. Champernowne">D. G. Champernowne</a>, began writing a <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">chess</a> program for a computer that did not yet exist. By 1950, the programme was completed and dubbed the Turochamp.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-95"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span>[</span>95<span>]</span></a></sup> In 1952, he tried to implement it on a <a href="/wiki/Ferranti_Mark_1" title="Ferranti Mark 1">Ferranti Mark 1</a>, but lacking enough power, the computer was unable to execute the programme. Instead, Turing played a game in which he simulated the computer, taking about half an hour per move. The game was recorded.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-96"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span>[</span>96<span>]</span></a></sup> The program lost to Turing's colleague <a href="/wiki/Alick_Glennie" title="Alick Glennie">Alick Glennie</a>, although it is said that it won a game against Champernowne's wife.</p>
+        <p>His Turing test was a significant, characteristically provocative and lasting contribution to the debate regarding artificial intelligence, which continues after more than half a century.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-97"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span>[</span>97<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
+        <p>He also invented the <a href="/wiki/LU_decomposition" title="LU decomposition">LU decomposition</a> method in 1948,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-doi10.1093.2Fqjmam.2F1.1.287_93-1"><a href="#cite_note-doi10.1093.2Fqjmam.2F1.1.287-93"><span>[</span>93<span>]</span></a></sup> used today for solving matrix equations.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-98"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span>[</span>98<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
+        <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Pattern_formation_and_mathematical_biology">Pattern formation and mathematical biology</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section: Pattern formation and mathematical biology">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+        <p>Towards the end of his life, Turing turned to <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_and_theoretical_biology" title="Mathematical and theoretical biology">mathematical biology</a>, publishing the "<a href="/wiki/The_Chemical_Basis_of_Morphogenesis" title="The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis">The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis</a>" in 1952. He was interested in <a href="/wiki/Morphogenesis" title="Morphogenesis">morphogenesis</a>, the development of patterns and shapes in biological organisms. His central interest in the field was understanding Fibonacci <a href="/wiki/Phyllotaxis" title="Phyllotaxis">phyllotaxis</a>, the existence of <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Fibonacci_numbers" title="Fibonacci numbers">Fibonacci numbers</a> in plant structures.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-99"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span>[</span>99<span>]</span></a></sup> He suggested that a system of chemicals reacting with each other and diffusing across space, termed a <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Reaction-diffusion_system" title="Reaction-diffusion system">reaction-diffusion system</a>, could account for "the main phenomena of morphogenesis."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-100"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span>[</span>100<span>]</span></a></sup> Instability in the system of <a href="/wiki/Linear_differential_equation" title="Linear differential equation">linear</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Partial_differential_equations" title="Partial differential equations">partial differential equations</a> used to model the system allows for small random perturbations to homogeneous initial state to drive the development of patterns. Though published before even the structure or role of <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> was understood, Turing's work on morphogenesis remains relevant today, and is considered a seminal piece of work in mathematical biology.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-101"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span>[</span>101<span>]</span></a></sup> Experiments suggest that Turing's work can partially explain growth of "feathers, hair follicles, the branching pattern of lungs, and even the left-right asymmetry that puts the heart on the left side of the chest."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-102"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span>[</span>102<span>]</span></a></sup> In 2012, Sheh, et al. found that in mice, removal of Hox genes causes an increase in the number of digits without an increase in the overall size of the limb, suggesting that Hox genes control digit formation by tuning the wavelength of a Turing-type mechanism.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-103"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span>[</span>103<span>]</span></a></sup> Later papers, though promised, were not available until <i>Collected Works of A.&#160;M.&#160;Turing</i> was published in 1992.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-104"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span>[</span>104<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
+        <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Conviction_for_indecency">Conviction for indecency</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section: Conviction for indecency">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+        <p>In January 1952, Turing, then 39, started a relationship with Arnold Murray, a 19-year-old unemployed man. Turing had met Murray just before Christmas outside the <a href="/wiki/Dancehouse" title="Dancehouse">Regal Cinema</a> when walking down Manchester's <a href="/wiki/Wilmslow_Road" title="Wilmslow Road">Oxford Road</a> and invited him to lunch. On 23 January Turing's house was burgled. Murray told Turing that the burglar was an acquaintance of his, and Turing reported the crime to the police. During the investigation he acknowledged a sexual relationship with Murray. Homosexual acts were criminal offences in the United Kingdom at that time,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-105"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span>[</span>105<span>]</span></a></sup> and both men were charged with gross indecency under <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Law_Amendment_Act_1885#Section_11" title="Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885">Section 11</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Law_Amendment_Act_1885" title="Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885">Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-LeavittP268_106-0"><a href="#cite_note-LeavittP268-106"><span>[</span>106<span>]</span></a></sup> Initial <a href="/wiki/Committal_procedure" title="Committal procedure">committal proceedings</a> for the trial were held on 27 February during which Turing's solicitor "reserved his defence".</p>
+        <p>Later, convinced by the advice of his brother and his own solicitor, Turing entered a plea of guilty.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-107"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span>[</span>107<span>]</span></a></sup> The case, <i><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Regina</a> v. Turing and Murray,</i> was brought to trial on 31 March 1952,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-108"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span>[</span>108<span>]</span></a></sup> when Turing was convicted and given a choice between imprisonment and probation, which would be conditional on his agreement to undergo <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormonal</a> treatment designed to reduce <a href="/wiki/Libido" title="Libido">libido</a>. He accepted the option of treatment via injections of <a href="/wiki/Diethylstilbestrol" title="Diethylstilbestrol">stilboestrol</a>, a synthetic <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Oestrogen" title="Oestrogen">oestrogen</a>; this treatment was continued for the course of one year. The treatment rendered Turing <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Impotence" title="Impotence">impotent</a> and caused <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Gynaecomastia" title="Gynaecomastia">gynaecomastia</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-109"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span>[</span>109<span>]</span></a></sup> fulfilling in the literal sense Turing's prediction that "no doubt I shall emerge from it all a different man, but quite who I've not found out".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-110"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span>[</span>110<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-111"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span>[</span>111<span>]</span></a></sup> Murray was given a conditional discharge.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-112"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span>[</span>112<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
+        <p>Turing's conviction led to the removal of his security clearance and barred him from continuing with his cryptographic consultancy for the <a href="/wiki/Government_Communications_Headquarters" title="Government Communications Headquarters">Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ)</a>, the British <a href="/wiki/Signals_intelligence" title="Signals intelligence">signals intelligence</a> agency that had evolved from GC&amp;CS in 1946 (though he kept his academic job). He was denied entry into the United States after his conviction in 1952, but was free to visit other European countries, even though this was viewed by some as a security risk. At the time, there was acute public anxiety about homosexual entrapment of spies by Soviet agents,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-113"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span>[</span>113<span>]</span></a></sup> because of the recent exposure of the first two members of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Cambridge_Five" title="Cambridge Five">Cambridge Five</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guy_Burgess" title="Guy Burgess">Guy Burgess</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Donald_Duart_Maclean" title="Donald Duart Maclean">Donald Maclean</a>, as <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> <a href="/wiki/Double_agent" title="Double agent">double agents</a>. Turing was never accused of espionage, but in common with all who had worked at Bletchley Park, he was prevented by the <a href="/wiki/Official_Secrets_Act" title="Official Secrets Act">Official Secrets Act</a> from discussing his war work.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-114"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span>[</span>114<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
+        <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Death">Death</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section: Death">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+        <p>On 8 June 1954, Turing's housekeeper found him dead. He had died the previous day. A <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Post-mortem" title="Post-mortem">post-mortem</a> examination established that the cause of death was <a href="/wiki/Cyanide_poisoning" title="Cyanide poisoning">cyanide poisoning</a>. When his body was discovered, an apple lay half-eaten beside his bed, and although the apple was not tested for cyanide,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-115"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span>[</span>115<span>]</span></a></sup> it was speculated that this was the means by which a fatal dose was consumed. An <a href="/wiki/Inquests_in_England_and_Wales" title="Inquests in England and Wales">inquest</a> determined that he had committed suicide, and he was cremated at <a href="/wiki/Woking_Crematorium" title="Woking Crematorium">Woking Crematorium</a> on 12 June 1954.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-116"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span>[</span>116<span>]</span></a></sup> Turing's ashes were scattered there, just as his father's had been.</p>
+        <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Alternative_death_theories">Alternative death theories</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section: Alternative death theories">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+        <p>Philosophy professor <a href="/wiki/Jack_Copeland" title="Jack Copeland">Jack Copeland</a> has questioned various aspects of the coroner's historical verdict, suggesting the alternative explanation of the accidental inhalation of cyanide fumes from an apparatus for gold <a href="/wiki/Electroplating" title="Electroplating">electroplating</a> spoons, using potassium cyanide to <a href="/wiki/Gold#Commercial_chemistry" title="Gold">dissolve the gold</a>, which Turing had set up in his tiny spare room. Copeland notes that the autopsy findings were more consistent with inhalation than with ingestion of the poison. Turing also habitually ate an apple before bed, and it was not unusual for it to be discarded half-eaten.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Copeland_117-0"><a href="#cite_note-Copeland-117"><span>[</span>117<span>]</span></a></sup> In addition, Turing had reportedly borne his legal setbacks and hormone treatment (which had been discontinued a year previously) "with good humour" and had shown no sign of despondency prior to his death, setting down, in fact, a list of tasks he intended to complete upon return to his office after the holiday weekend.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Copeland_117-1"><a href="#cite_note-Copeland-117"><span>[</span>117<span>]</span></a></sup> At the time, Turing's mother believed that the ingestion was accidental, resulting from her son's careless storage of laboratory chemicals.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-118"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span>[</span>118<span>]</span></a></sup> Biographer Andrew Hodges suggests that Turing may have arranged the cyanide experiment deliberately, to give his mother some <a href="/wiki/Plausible_deniability" title="Plausible deniability">plausible deniability</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-119"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span>[</span>119<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
+        <p>Andrew Hodges, and another biographer, <a href="/wiki/David_Leavitt" title="David Leavitt">David Leavitt</a>, have both suggested that Turing was re-enacting a scene from the <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a> film <i><a href="/wiki/Snow_White_and_the_Seven_Dwarfs_(1937_film)" title="Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film)">Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs</a></i> (1937), his favourite fairy tale, both noting that (in Leavitt's words) he took "an especially keen pleasure in the scene where the Wicked Queen immerses her apple in the poisonous brew".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-120"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span>[</span>120<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
+        <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Recognition_and_tributes">Recognition and tributes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Edit section: Recognition and tributes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+        <p>A biography published by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> shortly after Turing's death, while his wartime work was still subject to the <a href="/wiki/Official_Secrets_Act" title="Official Secrets Act">Official Secrets Act</a>, recorded:</p>
+        <blockquote class="templatequote">
+          <p>Three remarkable papers written just before the war, on three diverse mathematical subjects, show the quality of the work that might have been produced if he had settled down to work on some big problem at that critical time. For his work at the Foreign Office he was awarded the OBE.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-frs_2-2"><a href="#cite_note-frs-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
+        </blockquote>
+        <p>Since 1966, the <a href="/wiki/Turing_Award" title="Turing Award">Turing Award</a> has been given annually by the <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)</a> for technical or theoretical contributions to the computing community. It is widely considered to be the computing world's highest honour, equivalent to the Nobel Prize.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-121"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span>[</span>121<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
+        <div class="thumb tleft">
+          <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;">
+            <a class="image" href="/wiki/File:Turing_Plaque.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="858" data-file-width="933" height="202" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Turing_Plaque.jpg/220px-Turing_Plaque.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Turing_Plaque.jpg/330px-Turing_Plaque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Turing_Plaque.jpg/440px-Turing_Plaque.jpg 2x" width="220"></a>
+            <div class="thumbcaption">
+              <div class="magnify">
+                <a class="internal" href="/wiki/File:Turing_Plaque.jpg" title="Enlarge"></a>
+              </div>A <a href="/wiki/Blue_plaque" title="Blue plaque">blue plaque</a> marking Turing's home at <a href="/wiki/Wilmslow" title="Wilmslow">Wilmslow</a>, Cheshire
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+        <p>On 23 June 1998, on what would have been Turing's 86th birthday, his biographer, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Hodges" title="Andrew Hodges">Andrew Hodges</a>, unveiled an official <a href="/wiki/English_Heritage" title="English Heritage">English Heritage</a> <a href="/wiki/Blue_plaque" title="Blue plaque">blue plaque</a> at his birthplace and childhood home in Warrington Crescent, London, later the Colonnade Hotel.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-122"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span>[</span>122<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-123"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span>[</span>123<span>]</span></a></sup> To mark the 50th anniversary of his death, a memorial plaque was unveiled on 7 June 2004 at his former residence, Hollymeade, in <a href="/wiki/Wilmslow" title="Wilmslow">Wilmslow</a>, Cheshire.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-124"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span>[</span>124<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
+        <p>On 13 March 2000, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a> issued a set of postage stamps to celebrate the greatest achievements of the 20th century, one of which carries a portrait of Turing against a background of repeated 0s and 1s, and is captioned: "1937: Alan Turing's theory of digital computing". On 1 April 2003, Turing's work at <a href="/wiki/Bletchley_Park" title="Bletchley Park">Bletchley Park</a> was named an <a href="/wiki/List_of_IEEE_milestones" title="List of IEEE milestones">IEEE Milestone</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-125"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span>[</span>125<span>]</span></a></sup> On 28 October 2004, a bronze statue of Alan Turing sculpted by <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/John_W._Mills" title="John W. Mills">John W. Mills</a> was unveiled at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Surrey" title="University of Surrey">University of Surrey</a> in <a href="/wiki/Guildford" title="Guildford">Guildford</a>, marking the 50th anniversary of Turing's death; it portrays him carrying his books across the campus.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-univsurrey_126-0"><a href="#cite_note-univsurrey-126"><span>[</span>126<span>]</span></a></sup> In 2006, Boston <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/GLBT_pride" title="GLBT pride">Pride</a> named Turing their Honorary Grand Marshal.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-bostonpride_127-0"><a href="#cite_note-bostonpride-127"><span>[</span>127<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
+        <p>Turing was one of four mathematicians examined in the BBC documentary entitled <i>Dangerous Knowledge</i> (2008).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-128"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span>[</span>128<span>]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Alumni_Weekly" title="Princeton Alumni Weekly">Princeton Alumni Weekly</a></i> named Turing the second most significant alumnus in the history of <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a>, second only to President <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a>. A 1.5-ton, life-size statue of Turing was unveiled on 19 June 2007 at Bletchley Park. Built from approximately half a million pieces of Welsh <a href="/wiki/Slate" title="Slate">slate</a>, it was sculpted by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Kettle" title="Stephen Kettle">Stephen Kettle</a>, having been commissioned by the American billionaire <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Frank" title="Sidney Frank">Sidney Frank</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-129"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span>[</span>129<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
+        <p>Turing has been honoured in various ways in <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, the city where he worked towards the end of his life. In 1994, a stretch of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/A6010_road" title="A6010 road">A6010 road</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> city intermediate ring road) was named "Alan Turing Way". A bridge carrying this road was widened, and carries the name Alan Turing Bridge. A <a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing_Memorial" title="Alan Turing Memorial">statue of Turing</a> was unveiled in Manchester on 23 June 2001 in <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Sackville_Park" title="Sackville Park">Sackville Park</a>, between the University of Manchester building on Whitworth Street and <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Canal_Street,_Manchester" title="Canal Street, Manchester">Canal Street</a>. The memorial statue depicts the "father of Computer Science" sitting on a bench at a central position in the park. Turing is shown holding an apple. The cast bronze bench carries in relief the text 'Alan Mathison Turing 1912–1954', and the motto 'Founder of Computer Science' as it could appear if encoded by an <a href="/wiki/Enigma_machine" title="Enigma machine">Enigma machine</a>: 'IEKYF ROMSI ADXUO KVKZC GUBJ'.</p>
+        <div class="thumb tright">
+          <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;">
+            <a class="image" href="/wiki/File:Sackville_Park_Turing_plaque.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1200" data-file-width="1600" height="165" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Sackville_Park_Turing_plaque.jpg/220px-Sackville_Park_Turing_plaque.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Sackville_Park_Turing_plaque.jpg/330px-Sackville_Park_Turing_plaque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Sackville_Park_Turing_plaque.jpg/440px-Sackville_Park_Turing_plaque.jpg 2x" width="220"></a>
+            <div class="thumbcaption">
+              <div class="magnify">
+                <a class="internal" href="/wiki/File:Sackville_Park_Turing_plaque.jpg" title="Enlarge"></a>
+              </div>Turing memorial statue plaque in Sackville Park, Manchester
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+        <p>A plaque at the statue's feet reads 'Father of computer science, mathematician, logician, wartime codebreaker, victim of prejudice'. There is also a <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a> quotation saying 'Mathematics, rightly viewed, possesses not only truth, but supreme beauty&#160;— a beauty cold and austere, like that of sculpture.' The sculptor buried his own old <a href="/wiki/Amstrad" title="Amstrad">Amstrad</a> computer under the <a href="/wiki/Plinth" title="Plinth">plinth</a> as a tribute to "the godfather of all modern computers".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-computerburied_130-0"><a href="#cite_note-computerburied-130"><span>[</span>130<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
+        <p>In 1999, <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time Magazine</a></i> named Turing as one of the <a href="/wiki/Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_Century" title="Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century">100 Most Important People of the 20th century</a> and stated: "The fact remains that everyone who taps at a keyboard, opening a spreadsheet or a word-processing program, is working on an incarnation of a Turing machine."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-AFP_3-1"><a href="#cite_note-AFP-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> Turing is featured in the <a href="/wiki/Neal_Stephenson" title="Neal Stephenson">Neal Stephenson</a> novel <i><a href="/wiki/Cryptonomicon" title="Cryptonomicon">Cryptonomicon</a></i> (1999).</p>
+        <p>In 2002, a new building named after Alan Turing was constructed on the Malvern site of <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/QinetiQ" title="QinetiQ">QinetiQ</a>. It houses about 200 scientists and engineers, some of whom work on <a href="/wiki/Big_data" title="Big data">big data</a> computing.</p>
+        <p>In 2002, Turing was ranked twenty-first on the BBC nationwide poll of the <a href="/wiki/100_Greatest_Britons" title="100 Greatest Britons">100 Greatest Britons</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-131"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span>[</span>131<span>]</span></a></sup> In 2006 British writer and mathematician <a href="/wiki/Ioan_James" title="Ioan James">Ioan James</a> chose Turing as one of twenty people to feature in his book about famous historical figures who may have had some of the traits of <a href="/wiki/Asperger_syndrome" title="Asperger syndrome">Asperger syndrome</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-132"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span>[</span>132<span>]</span></a></sup> In 2010, actor/playwright <a href="/wiki/Jade_Esteban_Estrada" title="Jade Esteban Estrada">Jade Esteban Estrada</a> portrayed Turing in the solo musical, <i>ICONS: The Lesbian and Gay History of the World, Vol. 4</i>. In 2011, in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>'s</i> "My hero" series, writer <a href="/wiki/Alan_Garner" title="Alan Garner">Alan Garner</a> chose Turing as his hero and described how they had met whilst out jogging in the early 1950s. Garner remembered Turing as "funny and witty" and said that he "talked endlessly". <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-133"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span>[</span>133<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
+        <p>In 2006, Alan Turing was named with online resources as an LGBT History Month Icon.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-134"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span>[</span>134<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
+        <div class="thumb tleft">
+          <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;">
+            <a class="image" href="/wiki/File:Alan_Turing_Memorial_Closer.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1600" data-file-width="1200" height="293" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Alan_Turing_Memorial_Closer.jpg/220px-Alan_Turing_Memorial_Closer.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Alan_Turing_Memorial_Closer.jpg/330px-Alan_Turing_Memorial_Closer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Alan_Turing_Memorial_Closer.jpg/440px-Alan_Turing_Memorial_Closer.jpg 2x" width="220"></a>
+            <div class="thumbcaption">
+              <div class="magnify">
+                <a class="internal" href="/wiki/File:Alan_Turing_Memorial_Closer.jpg" title="Enlarge"></a>
+              </div>Alan Turing memorial statue in <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Sackville_Park" title="Sackville Park">Sackville Park</a>, Manchester.
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+        <p>In February 2011, Turing's papers from the Second World War were bought for the nation with an 11th-hour bid by the <a href="/wiki/National_Heritage_Memorial_Fund" title="National Heritage Memorial Fund">National Heritage Memorial Fund</a>, allowing them to stay at Bletchley Park.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-135"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span>[</span>135<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
+        <p>The logo of <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a> is often erroneously referred to as a tribute to Alan Turing, with the bite mark a reference to his death.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-136"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span>[</span>136<span>]</span></a></sup> Both the designer of the logo<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-137"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span>[</span>137<span>]</span></a></sup> and the company deny that there is any homage to Turing in the design of the logo.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-138"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span>[</span>138<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Fry" title="Stephen Fry">Stephen Fry</a> has recounted asking <a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a> whether the design was intentional, saying that Jobs' response was, "God, we wish it were."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-139"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span>[</span>139<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
+        <p>The Turing Rainbow Festival, held in <a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a>, India in 2012 for celebrating the <a href="/wiki/LGBT" title="LGBT">LGBT</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genderqueer" title="Genderqueer">Genderqueer</a> cause, was named in honour of Alan Turing by Gopi Shankar of Srishti Madurai.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-140"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span>[</span>140<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
+        <p>Also in 2012 Turing was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Legacy_Walk" title="Legacy Walk">Legacy Walk</a>, an outdoor public display which celebrates <a href="/wiki/LGBT" title="LGBT">LGBT</a> history and people.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-141"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span>[</span>141<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-142"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span>[</span>142<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
+        <p>The francophone singer-songwriter <a href="/wiki/Salvatore_Adamo" title="Salvatore Adamo">Salvatore Adamo</a> makes a tribute to Turing with his song "Alan et la Pomme".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-143"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span>[</span>143<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
+        <p>Turing's life and work featured in a BBC children's programme about famous scientists&#160;– <i><a href="/wiki/Absolute_Genius_with_Dick_and_Dom" title="Absolute Genius with Dick and Dom">Absolute Genius with Dick and Dom</a></i>&#160;– the episode was first broadcast on 12 March 2014.</p>
+        <p>On 17 May 2014, the world's first work of public art to recognise Alan Turing as gay was commissioned in Bletchley, close by to Bletchley Park where his war-time work was carried out. The commission was announced by the owners of <a href="/wiki/Milton_Keynes" title="Milton Keynes">Milton Keynes</a>-based LGBT venue and nightclub, Pink Punters to mark International Day Against Homophobia and Transphobia. The work was unveiled at a ceremony on Turing's birthday, 23 June 2014, and is placed outside Pink Punter's alongside the busy Watling Street, the old main road to London where Turing himself would have passed by on many occasions.</p>
+        <p>On 22 October 2014, Turing was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/NSA_Hall_of_Honor" title="NSA Hall of Honor">NSA Hall of Honor</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-144"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span>[</span>144<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-145"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span>[</span>145<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
+        <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Tributes_by_universities_and_research_institutions">Tributes by universities and research institutions</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Edit section: Tributes by universities and research institutions">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+        <ul>
+          <li>The computer room at <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="King's College, Cambridge">King's College, Cambridge</a>, Alan Turing's alma mater, is called the Turing Room.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-146"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span>[</span>146<span>]</span></a></sup>
+          </li>
+          <li>The Turing Room at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh_School_of_Informatics" title="University of Edinburgh School of Informatics">University of Edinburgh's School of Informatics</a> houses a bust of Turing by <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Paolozzi" title="Eduardo Paolozzi">Eduardo Paolozzi</a>, and a set (No. 42/50) of his Turing prints (2000).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-147"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span>[</span>147<span>]</span></a></sup>
+          </li>
+          <li>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Surrey" title="University of Surrey">University of Surrey</a> has a statue of Turing on their main piazza<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-148"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span>[</span>148<span>]</span></a></sup> and one of the buildings of Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences is named after him.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SurreyCelebration_149-0"><a href="#cite_note-SurreyCelebration-149"><span>[</span>149<span>]</span></a></sup>
+          </li>
+          <li>
+            <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Bilgi_University" title="Istanbul Bilgi University">Istanbul Bilgi University</a> organises an annual conference on the theory of computation called "Turing Days".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-v3_150-0"><a href="#cite_note-v3-150"><span>[</span>150<span>]</span></a></sup>
+          </li>
+          <li>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas at Austin</a> has an honours computer science programme named the Turing Scholars.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-texturingschol_151-0"><a href="#cite_note-texturingschol-151"><span>[</span>151<span>]</span></a></sup>
+          </li>
+          <li>In the early 1960s <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> named the sole lecture room of the Polya Hall Mathematics building "Alan Turing Auditorium".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-stanforduniv_152-0"><a href="#cite_note-stanforduniv-152"><span>[</span>152<span>]</span></a></sup>
+          </li>
+          <li>One of the amphitheatres of the Computer Science department (<a href="/wiki/Laboratoire_d%27Informatique_Fondamentale_de_Lille" title="Laboratoire d'Informatique Fondamentale de Lille">LIFL</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lifl_153-0"><a href="#cite_note-lifl-153"><span>[</span>153<span>]</span></a></sup>) at the <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Lille_1" title="Université Lille 1">University of Lille</a> in <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Northern_France" title="Northern France">Northern France</a> is named in honour of Alan M. Turing (the other amphitheatre is named after <a href="/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%B6del" title="Kurt Gödel">Kurt Gödel</a>).
+          </li>
+        </ul>
+        <div class="thumb tright">
+          <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;">
+            <a class="image" href="/wiki/File:Alan_Turing_Building_1.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="2592" data-file-width="3888" height="147" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Alan_Turing_Building_1.jpg/220px-Alan_Turing_Building_1.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Alan_Turing_Building_1.jpg/330px-Alan_Turing_Building_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Alan_Turing_Building_1.jpg/440px-Alan_Turing_Building_1.jpg 2x" width="220"></a>
+            <div class="thumbcaption">
+              <div class="magnify">
+                <a class="internal" href="/wiki/File:Alan_Turing_Building_1.jpg" title="Enlarge"></a>
+              </div>The <a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing_Building" title="Alan Turing Building">Alan Turing Building</a> at the University of Manchester
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+        <ul>
+          <li>The Department of Computer Science at <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Catholic_University_of_Chile" title="Pontifical Catholic University of Chile">Pontifical Catholic University of Chile</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Buenos_Aires" title="University of Buenos Aires">University of Buenos Aires</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Polytechnic_University_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Polytechnic University of Puerto Rico">Polytechnic University of Puerto Rico</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/University_of_the_Andes,_Colombia" title="University of the Andes, Colombia">Los Andes University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a>, Colombia, <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="King's College, Cambridge">King's College, Cambridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangor_University" title="Bangor University">Bangor University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, the Universities of <a href="/wiki/Ghent_University" title="Ghent University">Ghent</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Mons" title="University of Mons">Mons</a> in <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Turin" title="University of Turin">University of Turin</a> (Università degli Studi di Torino), the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Puerto_Rico_at_Humacao" title="University of Puerto Rico at Humacao">University of Puerto Rico at Humacao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keele_University" title="Keele University">Keele University</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a> have computer laboratories named after Turing.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
+          </li>
+          <li>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Manchester" title="University of Manchester">University of Manchester</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Open_University" title="Open University">Open University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Brookes_University" title="Oxford Brookes University">Oxford Brookes University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aarhus_University" title="Aarhus University">Aarhus University</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Aarhus" title="Aarhus">Aarhus</a>, Denmark) all have buildings named after Turing.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
+          </li>
+          <li>Alan Turing Road in the <a href="/wiki/Surrey_Research_Park" title="Surrey Research Park">Surrey Research Park</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SurreyCelebration_149-1"><a href="#cite_note-SurreyCelebration-149"><span>[</span>149<span>]</span></a></sup> and the Alan Turing Way, part of the Manchester inner ring road<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-154"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span>[</span>154<span>]</span></a></sup> are named after Alan Turing.
+          </li>
+          <li>
+            <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University" title="Carnegie Mellon University">Carnegie Mellon University</a> has a granite bench, situated in the Hornbostel Mall, with the name "A. M. Turing" carved across the top, "Read" down the left leg, and "Write" down the other.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-155"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span>[</span>155<span>]</span></a></sup>
+          </li>
+          <li>The École Internationale des Sciences du Traitement de l'Information has named its third building "Turing".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li>
+          <li>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oregon" title="University of Oregon">University of Oregon</a> has a bust of Turing on the side of the Deschutes Hall, the computer science building.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Oregon_156-0"><a href="#cite_note-Oregon-156"><span>[</span>156<span>]</span></a></sup>
+          </li>
+          <li>The <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique_F%C3%A9d%C3%A9rale_de_Lausanne" title="École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne">École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne</a> has a road and a square named after Alan Turing (Chemin de Alan Turing and Place de Alan Turing).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-epfl_157-0"><a href="#cite_note-epfl-157"><span>[</span>157<span>]</span></a></sup>
+          </li>
+          <li>The <a href="/wiki/Faculty_of_Informatics_and_Information_Technologies" title="Faculty of Informatics and Information Technologies">Faculty of Informatics and Information Technologies</a> Slovak University of Technology in <a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> has a lecture room named "Turing Auditorium".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-158"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span>[</span>158<span>]</span></a></sup>
+          </li>
+          <li>The <a href="/wiki/Paris_Diderot_University" title="Paris Diderot University">Paris Diderot University</a> has a lecture room named "Amphithéâtre Turing".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
+          </li>
+          <li>The <a href="/wiki/Paul_Sabatier_University" title="Paul Sabatier University">Paul Sabatier University</a> has a lecture room named "Amphithéâtre Turing" (Bâtiment U4).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-159"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span>[</span>159<span>]</span></a></sup>
+          </li>
+          <li>The Department of Computer Science at the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Engineering,_Guindy" title="College of Engineering, Guindy">College of Engineering, Guindy</a> has named its lecture hall as the "Turing Hall".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
+          </li>
+          <li>The Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_W%C3%BCrzburg" title="University of Würzburg">University of Würzburg</a> has a lecture hall named "Turing Hörsaal".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-wueuniv_160-0"><a href="#cite_note-wueuniv-160"><span>[</span>160<span>]</span></a></sup>
+          </li>
+          <li>The largest conference hall at the <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Science_Park" title="Amsterdam Science Park">Amsterdam Science Park</a> is named Turingzaal.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-161"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span>[</span>161<span>]</span></a></sup>
+          </li>
+          <li>In the summer of 2014, <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London" title="King's College London">King's College London</a>'s School of Natural and Mathematical Sciences awarded the Alan Turing Centenary Prize to "the student&#160;... who has not only achieved outstanding academic performance, but also made a significant contribution to the life of [the department]".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
+          </li>
+          <li>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Kent" title="University of Kent">University of Kent</a> will open a brand new college, named Turing College at their Canterbury campus, to provide more than 800 new rooms to accommodate undergraduate and postgraduate students and keep up with increased demand for 'on campus living'. Other features of the new college include a hub to provide a social space for residents, study areas, office space and catering. Scientist George McVittie, an Honorary Professor at Kent from 1972 to 1988, worked with Alan Turing at Bletchley Park.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>
+          </li>
+          <li>The campus of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_polytechnique" title="École polytechnique">École polytechnique</a> has a building named after Alan Turing; it is a research centre of which premises are shared by the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique" title="École Polytechnique">École Polytechnique</a>, the <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/INRIA" title="INRIA">INRIA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>.
+          </li>
+          <li>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> developed the <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Turing_programming_language" title="Turing programming language">Turing programming language</a> in 1982, named after Alan Turing
+          </li>
+        </ul>
+        <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Government_apology_and_pardon">Government apology and pardon</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Edit section: Government apology and pardon">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+        <p><span id="Government_apology_and_pardon_support"></span> In August 2009, <a href="/wiki/John_Graham-Cumming" title="John Graham-Cumming">John Graham-Cumming</a> started a petition urging the British Government to apologise for Turing's prosecution as a homosexual.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-162"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span>[</span>162<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-163"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span>[</span>163<span>]</span></a></sup> The petition received more than 30,000 signatures.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-PMapology_164-0"><a href="#cite_note-PMapology-164"><span>[</span>164<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-165"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span>[</span>165<span>]</span></a></sup> Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Gordon Brown</a> acknowledged the petition, releasing a statement on 10 September 2009 apologising and describing the treatment of Turing as "appalling":<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-PMapology_164-1"><a href="#cite_note-PMapology-164"><span>[</span>164<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-PM-apology_166-0"><a href="#cite_note-PM-apology-166"><span>[</span>166<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
+        <blockquote class="templatequote">
+          <p>Thousands of people have come together to demand justice for Alan Turing and recognition of the appalling way he was treated. While Turing was dealt with under the law of the time and we can't put the clock back, his treatment was of course utterly unfair and I am pleased to have the chance to say how deeply sorry I and we all are for what happened to him&#160;... So on behalf of the British government, and all those who live freely thanks to Alan's work I am very proud to say: we're sorry, you deserved so much better.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-PMapology_164-2"><a href="#cite_note-PMapology-164"><span>[</span>164<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-167"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span>[</span>167<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
+        </blockquote>
+        <p>In December 2011, William Jones created an <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/E-petition" title="E-petition">e-petition</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-PardonPetition_168-0"><a href="#cite_note-PardonPetition-168"><span>[</span>168<span>]</span></a></sup> requesting the British Government <a href="/wiki/Pardon" title="Pardon">pardon</a> Turing for his conviction of "gross indecency":<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BBBCPardon_169-0"><a href="#cite_note-BBBCPardon-169"><span>[</span>169<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
+        <blockquote class="templatequote">
+          <p>We ask the HM Government to grant a pardon to Alan Turing for the conviction of "gross indecency". In 1952, he was convicted of "gross indecency" with another man and was forced to undergo so-called "organo-therapy"&#160;– chemical castration. Two years later, he killed himself with cyanide, aged just 41. Alan Turing was driven to a terrible despair and early death by the nation he'd done so much to save. This remains a shame on the <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/UK" title="UK">British</a> government and British history. A pardon can go to some way to healing this damage. It may act as an apology to many of the other gay men, not as well-known as Alan Turing, who were subjected to these laws.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-PardonPetition_168-1"><a href="#cite_note-PardonPetition-168"><span>[</span>168<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
+        </blockquote>
+        <p>The petition gathered over 37,000 signatures,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-turingindependent24dec2013_11-1"><a href="#cite_note-turingindependent24dec2013-11"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-PardonPetition_168-2"><a href="#cite_note-PardonPetition-168"><span>[</span>168<span>]</span></a></sup> but the request was discouraged by <a href="/wiki/Tom_McNally,_Baron_McNally#Political_career" title="Tom McNally, Baron McNally">Lord McNally</a>, who gave the following opinion in his role as the Justice Minister:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-PardonPetitionDiscouraged_170-0"><a href="#cite_note-PardonPetitionDiscouraged-170"><span>[</span>170<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
+        <blockquote class="templatequote">
+          <p>A posthumous pardon was not considered appropriate as Alan Turing was properly convicted of what at the time was a criminal offence. He would have known that his offence was against the law and that he would be prosecuted. It is tragic that Alan Turing was convicted of an offence which now seems both cruel and absurd—particularly poignant given his outstanding contribution to the war effort. However, the law at the time required a prosecution and, as such, long-standing policy has been to accept that such convictions took place and, rather than trying to alter the historical context and to put right what cannot be put right, ensure instead that we never again return to those times.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-171"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span>[</span>171<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
+        </blockquote>
+        <p>On 26 July 2012, a bill was introduced in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/British_House_of_Lords" title="British House of Lords">House of Lords</a> to grant a statutory pardon to Turing for offences under section 11 of the Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885, of which he was convicted on 31 March 1952.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-172"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span>[</span>172<span>]</span></a></sup> Late in the year in a letter to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>, the physicist <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a> and 10 other signatories including the <a href="/wiki/Astronomer_Royal" title="Astronomer Royal">Astronomer Royal</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Martin_Rees,_Baron_Rees_of_Ludlow" title="Martin Rees, Baron Rees of Ludlow">Lord Rees</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Royal_Society" title="List of presidents of the Royal Society">President of the Royal Society</a> Sir <a href="/wiki/Paul_Nurse" title="Paul Nurse">Paul Nurse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Barker,_Baroness_Trumpington" title="Jean Barker, Baroness Trumpington">Lady Trumpington</a> (who worked for Turing during the war) and Lord Sharkey (the bill's sponsor) called on Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a> to act on the pardon request.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-173"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span>[</span>173<span>]</span></a></sup> The Government indicated it would support the bill,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-turingguardian19july2013_174-0"><a href="#cite_note-turingguardian19july2013-174"><span>[</span>174<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-175"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span>[</span>175<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-176"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span>[</span>176<span>]</span></a></sup> and it passed its third reading in the Lords in October.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-turingpinknewsdec2013_177-0"><a href="#cite_note-turingpinknewsdec2013-177"><span>[</span>177<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
+        <table class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9">
+          <tr>
+            <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" data-file-height="415" data-file-width="759" height="22" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/40px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/60px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/80px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" width="40"></td>
+            <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikinews has related news: <i><b><a class="extiw" href="//en.wikinews.org/wiki/Alan_Turing_given_posthumous_pardon" title="wikinews:Alan Turing given posthumous pardon">Alan Turing given posthumous pardon</a></b></i></td>
+          </tr>
+        </table>
+        <p>Before the bill could be debated in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/British_House_of_Commons" title="British House of Commons">House of Commons</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-178"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span>[</span>178<span>]</span></a></sup> the Government elected to proceed under the <a href="/wiki/Royal_prerogative_of_mercy" title="Royal prerogative of mercy">royal prerogative of mercy</a>. On 24 December 2013, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a> signed a pardon<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-turingpardoncryptome24dec2013_10-1"><a href="#cite_note-turingpardoncryptome24dec2013-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> for Turing's conviction for gross indecency, with immediate effect. Announcing the pardon, Justice Secretary <a href="/wiki/Chris_Grayling" title="Chris Grayling">Chris Grayling</a> said Turing deserved to be "remembered and recognised for his fantastic contribution to the war effort" and not for his later criminal conviction.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BBC-pardon24Dec_9-1"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-pardon24Dec-9"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-turingindependent24dec2013_11-2"><a href="#cite_note-turingindependent24dec2013-11"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup> The Queen officially pronounced Turing pardoned in August 2014.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-179"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span>[</span>179<span>]</span></a></sup> The Queen's action is only the fourth royal pardon granted since the conclusion of the Second World War.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-180"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span>[</span>180<span>]</span></a></sup> This case is unusual in that pardons are normally granted only when the person is technically innocent, and a request has been made by the family or other interested party. Neither condition was met in regard to Turing's conviction.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-grauniad_181-0"><a href="#cite_note-grauniad-181"><span>[</span>181<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
+        <p>In a letter to Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/David_Cameron" title="David Cameron">David Cameron</a> after announcement of the pardon, human rights advocate <a href="/wiki/Peter_Tatchell" title="Peter Tatchell">Peter Tatchell</a> criticised the decision to single out Turing due to his fame and achievements, when thousands of others convicted under the same law have not received pardons.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-UKHP_182-0"><a href="#cite_note-UKHP-182"><span>[</span>182<span>]</span></a></sup> Tatchell also called for a new investigation into Turing's death:</p>
+        <blockquote class="templatequote">
+          <p>A new inquiry is long overdue, even if only to dispel any doubts about the true cause of his death&#160;– including speculation that he was murdered by the security services (or others). I think murder by state agents is unlikely. There is no known evidence pointing to any such act. However, it is a major failing that this possibility has never been considered or investigated.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-183"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span>[</span>183<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
+        </blockquote>
+        <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Centenary_celebrations">Centenary celebrations</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Edit section: Centenary celebrations">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+        <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">
+          Main article: <a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing_Year" title="Alan Turing Year">Alan Turing Year</a>
+        </div>
+        <div class="thumb tleft">
+          <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;">
+            <a class="image" href="/wiki/File:David_Chalmers,_delivering_a_talk_at_De_La_Salle_University-Manila,_March_27,_2012.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="333" data-file-width="500" height="147" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/David_Chalmers%2C_delivering_a_talk_at_De_La_Salle_University-Manila%2C_March_27%2C_2012.jpg/220px-David_Chalmers%2C_delivering_a_talk_at_De_La_Salle_University-Manila%2C_March_27%2C_2012.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/David_Chalmers%2C_delivering_a_talk_at_De_La_Salle_University-Manila%2C_March_27%2C_2012.jpg/330px-David_Chalmers%2C_delivering_a_talk_at_De_La_Salle_University-Manila%2C_March_27%2C_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/David_Chalmers%2C_delivering_a_talk_at_De_La_Salle_University-Manila%2C_March_27%2C_2012.jpg/440px-David_Chalmers%2C_delivering_a_talk_at_De_La_Salle_University-Manila%2C_March_27%2C_2012.jpg 2x" width="220"></a>
+            <div class="thumbcaption">
+              <div class="magnify">
+                <a class="internal" href="/wiki/File:David_Chalmers,_delivering_a_talk_at_De_La_Salle_University-Manila,_March_27,_2012.jpg" title="Enlarge"></a>
+              </div><a href="/wiki/David_Chalmers" title="David Chalmers">David Chalmers</a> on stage for an Alan Turing Year conference at <a href="/wiki/De_La_Salle_University" title="De La Salle University">De La Salle University</a>, Manila, 27 March 2012
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+        <p>To mark the 100th anniversary of Turing's birth, the Turing Centenary Advisory Committee (TCAC) co-ordinated the <a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing_Year" title="Alan Turing Year">Alan Turing Year</a>, a year-long programme of events around the world honouring Turing's life and achievements. The TCAC, chaired by <a href="/wiki/S._Barry_Cooper" title="S. Barry Cooper">S. Barry Cooper</a> with Alan Turing's nephew Sir John Dermot Turing acting as Honorary President, worked with the University of Manchester faculty members and a broad spectrum of people from Cambridge University and <a href="/wiki/Bletchley_Park" title="Bletchley Park">Bletchley Park</a>.</p>
+        <p>On 23 June 2012, <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> featured an interactive <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Google_doodle#Google_Doodle" title="Google doodle">doodle</a> where visitors had to change the instructions of a Turing Machine, so when run, the symbols on the tape would match a provided sequence, featuring "Google" in <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/ITA2" title="ITA2">Baudot-Murray code</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-184"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span>[</span>184<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
+        <p>The Bletchley Park Trust collaborated with <a href="/wiki/Winning_Moves" title="Winning Moves">Winning Moves</a> to publish an Alan Turing edition of the board game <a href="/wiki/Monopoly_(game)" title="Monopoly (game)">Monopoly</a>. The game's squares and cards have been revised to tell the story of Alan Turing's life, from his birthplace in Maida Vale to Hut 8 at Bletchley Park.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-185"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span>[</span>185<span>]</span></a></sup> The game also includes a replica of an original hand-drawn board created by William Newman, son of Turing's mentor, <a href="/wiki/Max_Newman" title="Max Newman">Max Newman</a>, which Turing played on in the 1950s.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-186"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span>[</span>186<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
+        <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, the <a href="/wiki/De_La_Salle_University_College_of_Liberal_Arts#Academic_departments_of_CLA" title="De La Salle University College of Liberal Arts">Department of Philosophy</a> at <a href="/wiki/De_La_Salle_University" title="De La Salle University">De La Salle University-Manila</a> hosted Turing 2012, an international conference on philosophy, artificial intelligence, and cognitive science from 27 to 28 March 2012 to commemorate the centenary birth of Turing.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-187"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span>[</span>187<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-188"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span>[</span>188<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a>, India held celebrations, in conjunction with Asia's first <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Gay_Pride" title="Gay Pride">Gay Pride</a> festival, with a programme attended by 6,000 students.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-189"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span>[</span>189<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
+        <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="UK_celebrations">UK celebrations</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Edit section: UK celebrations">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+        <div class="thumb tright">
+          <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;">
+            <a class="image" href="/wiki/File:Alan_Turing_Olympic_Torch.jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1536" data-file-width="2048" height="165" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0d/Alan_Turing_Olympic_Torch.jpg/220px-Alan_Turing_Olympic_Torch.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0d/Alan_Turing_Olympic_Torch.jpg/330px-Alan_Turing_Olympic_Torch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0d/Alan_Turing_Olympic_Torch.jpg/440px-Alan_Turing_Olympic_Torch.jpg 2x" width="220"></a>
+            <div class="thumbcaption">
+              <div class="magnify">
+                <a class="internal" href="/wiki/File:Alan_Turing_Olympic_Torch.jpg" title="Enlarge"></a>
+              </div>The <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/London_2012" title="London 2012">London 2012</a> <a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay" title="2012 Summer Olympics torch relay">Olympic Torch</a> flame was passed on in front of Turing's statue in Manchester on his 100th birthday.
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+        <p>There was a three-day conference in Manchester in June, a two-day conference in San Francisco, organised by the ACM, and a birthday party and Turing Centenary Conference in Cambridge organised at <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="King's College, Cambridge">King's College, Cambridge</a> and the University of Cambridge, the latter organised by the association <a href="/wiki/Computability_in_Europe" title="Computability in Europe">Computability in Europe</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-190"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span>[</span>190<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
+        <p>The <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Science_Museum_(London)" title="Science Museum (London)">Science Museum in London</a> launched a free exhibition devoted to Turing's life and achievements in June 2012, to run until July 2013.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-191"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span>[</span>191<span>]</span></a></sup> In February 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Mail" title="Royal Mail">Royal Mail</a> issued a stamp featuring Turing as part of its "Britons of Distinction" series.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-192"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span>[</span>192<span>]</span></a></sup> The <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/London_2012" title="London 2012">London 2012</a> <a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay" title="2012 Summer Olympics torch relay">Olympic Torch</a> flame was passed on in front of Turing's statue in <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Sackville_Gardens" title="Sackville Gardens">Sackville Gardens</a>, Manchester, on the evening of 23 June 2012, the 100th anniversary of his birth.</p>
+        <p>On 22 June 2012 <a href="/wiki/Manchester_City_Council" title="Manchester City Council">Manchester City Council</a>, in partnership with the <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/The_Lesbian_and_Gay_Foundation_in_Manchester" title="The Lesbian and Gay Foundation in Manchester">Lesbian and Gay Foundation</a>, launched the Alan Turing Memorial Award which will recognise individuals or groups who have made a significant contribution to the fight against homophobia in Manchester.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-193"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span>[</span>193<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
+        <p>At the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>, a new course in <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Computer_Science" title="Computer Science">Computer Science</a> and Philosophy was established to coincide with the centenary of Turing's birth.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-194"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span>[</span>194<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
+        <p>Previous events have included a celebration of Turing's life and achievements, at the University of Manchester, arranged by the British Logic Colloquium and the <a href="/wiki/British_Society_for_the_History_of_Mathematics" title="British Society for the History of Mathematics">British Society for the History of Mathematics</a> on 5 June 2004.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-195"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span>[</span>195<span>]</span></a></sup></p>
+        <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Portrayal_in_adaptations">Portrayal in adaptations</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Edit section: Portrayal in adaptations">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+        <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Theatre">Theatre</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Edit section: Theatre">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+        <div class="thumb tright">
+          <div class="thumbinner" style="width:152px;">
+            <a class="image" href="/wiki/File:Benedict_Cumberbatch_2013_TIFF_(headshot).jpg"><img alt="" class="thumbimage" data-file-height="775" data-file-width="521" height="223" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Benedict_Cumberbatch_2013_TIFF_%28headshot%29.jpg/150px-Benedict_Cumberbatch_2013_TIFF_%28headshot%29.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Benedict_Cumberbatch_2013_TIFF_%28headshot%29.jpg/225px-Benedict_Cumberbatch_2013_TIFF_%28headshot%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Benedict_Cumberbatch_2013_TIFF_%28headshot%29.jpg/300px-Benedict_Cumberbatch_2013_TIFF_%28headshot%29.jpg 2x" width="150"></a>
+            <div class="thumbcaption">
+              <div class="magnify">
+                <a class="internal" href="/wiki/File:Benedict_Cumberbatch_2013_TIFF_(headshot).jpg" title="Enlarge"></a>
+              </div><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Cumberbatch" title="Benedict Cumberbatch">Benedict Cumberbatch</a> portrayed Turing in the film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Imitation_Game" title="The Imitation Game">The Imitation Game</a></i> (2014).
+            </div>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+        <ul>
+          <li>
+            <i><a href="/wiki/Breaking_the_Code" title="Breaking the Code">Breaking the Code</a></i> is a 1986 play by <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Whitemore" title="Hugh Whitemore">Hugh Whitemore</a> about Alan Turing. The play ran in <a href="/wiki/West_End_theatre" title="West End theatre">London's West End</a> beginning in November 1986 and on Broadway from 15 November 1987 to 10 April 1988. There was also a 1996 <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> television production (broadcast in the United States by <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>). In all three performances Turing was played by <a href="/wiki/Derek_Jacobi" title="Derek Jacobi">Derek Jacobi</a>. The Broadway production was nominated for three <a href="/wiki/Tony_Award" title="Tony Award">Tony Awards</a> including Best Actor in a Play, Best Featured Actor in a Play, and Best Direction of a Play, and for two <a href="/wiki/Drama_Desk_Award" title="Drama Desk Award">Drama Desk Awards</a>, for Best Actor and Best Featured Actor. Turing was again portrayed by Jacobi in the 1996 television film adaptation of <i>Breaking the Code</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BBC-mutlitiude_196-0"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-mutlitiude-196"><span>[</span>196<span>]</span></a></sup>
+          </li>
+        </ul>
+        <ul>
+          <li>In 2012, in honour of the Turing Centennial, <a href="/wiki/American_Lyric_Theater" title="American Lyric Theater">American Lyric Theater</a> commissioned an operatic exploration of the life and death of Alan Turing from composer Justine F. Chen and librettist David Simpatico.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-197"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span>[</span>197<span>]</span></a></sup> Titled <i>The Life and Death(s) of Alan Turing</i>, the opera is a historical fantasia on the life of the brilliant scientist. The opera will receive a concert performance in October 2015 in New York City. In November 2014, the opera and several other artistic works inspired by Turing's life were featured on <a href="/wiki/Studio_360" title="Studio 360">Studio 360</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-198"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span>[</span>198<span>]</span></a></sup>
+          </li>
+        </ul>
+        <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Literature">Literature</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+        <ul>
+          <li>The 2006 novel <i><a href="/wiki/A_Madman_Dreams_of_Turing_Machines" title="A Madman Dreams of Turing Machines">A Madman Dreams of Turing Machines</a></i> contrasts fictionalised accounts of the lives and ideas of Turing and <a href="/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%B6del" title="Kurt Gödel">Kurt Gödel</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-199"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span>[</span>199<span>]</span></a></sup>
+          </li>
+        </ul>
+        <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Music">Music</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+        <ul>
+          <li>Electronic music duo <a href="/wiki/Matmos" title="Matmos">Matmos</a> released an EP titled <i>For Alan Turing</i> in 2006, which was based on material commissioned by Dr. Robert Osserman and David Elsenbud of the <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_Sciences_Research_Institute" title="Mathematical Sciences Research Institute">Mathematical Sciences Research Institute</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-200"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span>[</span>200<span>]</span></a></sup> In one of its tracks, an original Enigma Machine is sampled.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-201"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span>[</span>201<span>]</span></a></sup>
+          </li>
+        </ul>
+        <ul>
+          <li>In 2012, Spanish group <a href="/wiki/Hidrogenesse" title="Hidrogenesse">Hidrogenesse</a> dedicated their LP <i>Un dígito binario dudoso. Recital para Alan Turing</i> (<i>A dubious binary digit. Concert for Alan Turing</i>) to the memory of the mathematician.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-202"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span>[</span>202<span>]</span></a></sup>
+          </li>
+        </ul>
+        <ul>
+          <li>A musical work inspired by Turing's life, written by <a href="/wiki/Neil_Tennant" title="Neil Tennant">Neil Tennant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chris_Lowe" title="Chris Lowe">Chris Lowe</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pet_Shop_Boys" title="Pet Shop Boys">Pet Shop Boys</a>, entitled <i>A Man from the Future</i>, was announced in late 2013.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-203"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span>[</span>203<span>]</span></a></sup> It was performed by the Pet Shop Boys and <a href="/wiki/Juliet_Stevenson" title="Juliet Stevenson">Juliet Stevenson</a> (narrator), the BBC Singers, and the BBC Concert Orchestra conducted by Dominic Wheeler at the <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/BBC_Proms" title="BBC Proms">BBC Proms</a> in the Royal Albert Hall on 23 July 2014.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-204"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span>[</span>204<span>]</span></a></sup>
+          </li>
+        </ul>
+        <ul>
+          <li>
+            <i>Codebreaker</i> is also the title of a choral work by the composer James McCarthy. It includes settings of texts by the poets <a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Owen" title="Wilfred Owen">Wilfred Owen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sara_Teasdale" title="Sara Teasdale">Sara Teasdale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walt_Whitman" title="Walt Whitman">Walt Whitman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns" title="Robert Burns">Robert Burns</a> that are used to illustrate aspects of Turing's life. It was premiered on 26 April 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Barbican_Centre" title="Barbican Centre">Barbican Centre</a> in London, where it was performed by the <a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire_Chorus" title="Hertfordshire Chorus">Hertfordshire Chorus</a>, who commissioned the work, led by <a href="/wiki/David_Temple" title="David Temple">David Temple</a> with the soprano soloist Naomi Harvey providing the voice of Turing's mother.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-205"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span>[</span>205<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-206"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span>[</span>206<span>]</span></a></sup>
+          </li>
+        </ul>
+        <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Film">Film</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24" title="Edit section: Film">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+        <ul>
+          <li>The drama-documentary <i><a href="/wiki/Codebreaker_(film)" title="Codebreaker (film)">Codebreaker</a></i>, about Turing's life, was aired by UK's <a href="/wiki/Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</a> in November 2011 and was released in the US in October 2012. It is also known as <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Codebreaker_(2011_film)" title="Codebreaker (2011 film)">Britain's Greatest Codebreaker</a></i>. The film features <a href="/wiki/Ed_Stoppard" title="Ed Stoppard">Ed Stoppard</a> as Turing and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Goodman" title="Henry Goodman">Henry Goodman</a> as Franz Greenbaum.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-207"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span>[</span>207<span>]</span></a></sup>
+          </li>
+        </ul>
+        <ul>
+          <li>The historical drama film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Imitation_Game" title="The Imitation Game">The Imitation Game</a></i>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Morten_Tyldum" title="Morten Tyldum">Morten Tyldum</a> and starring <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Cumberbatch" title="Benedict Cumberbatch">Benedict Cumberbatch</a> as Turing and <a href="/wiki/Keira_Knightley" title="Keira Knightley">Keira Knightley</a> as <a href="/wiki/Joan_Clarke" title="Joan Clarke">Joan Clarke</a>, was released in the UK on 14 November 2014 and released theatrically in the US on 28 November 2014. It is about Alan Turing breaking the <a href="/wiki/Enigma_machine" title="Enigma machine">Enigma</a> code with other codebreakers in <a href="/wiki/Bletchley_Park" title="Bletchley Park">Bletchley Park</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-208"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span>[</span>208<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NYT-20141030-CM_209-0"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20141030-CM-209"><span>[</span>209<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-210"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span>[</span>210<span>]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-211"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span>[</span>211<span>]</span></a></sup>
+          </li>
+        </ul>
+        <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Awards_and_honours">Awards and honours</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25" title="Edit section: Awards and honours">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+        <p>Turing was elected a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1951" title="List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1951">Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1951</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-frs_2-3"><a href="#cite_note-frs-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> In addition, he has had several things named in his honour.</p>
+        <div class="noprint portal tright" style="border:solid #aaa 1px;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em">
+          <table style="background:#f9f9f9;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;max-width:175px">
+            <tr style="vertical-align:middle">
+              <td style="text-align:center">
+                <a class="image" href="/wiki/File:P_vip.svg"><img alt="Portal icon" class="noviewer" data-file-height="1944" data-file-width="1911" height="28" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" width="28"></a>
+              </td>
+              <td style="padding:0 0.2em;vertical-align:middle;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold">
+                <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a>
+              </td>
+            </tr>
+            <tr style="vertical-align:middle">
+              <td style="text-align:center">
+                <a class="image" href="/wiki/File:Logic_portal.svg"><img alt="Portal icon" class="noviewer" data-file-height="218" data-file-width="287" height="24" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Logic_portal.svg/32px-Logic_portal.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Logic_portal.svg/48px-Logic_portal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Logic_portal.svg/64px-Logic_portal.svg.png 2x" width="32"></a>
+              </td>
+              <td style="padding:0 0.2em;vertical-align:middle;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold">
+                <a href="/wiki/Portal:Logic" title="Portal:Logic">Logic portal</a>
+              </td>
+            </tr>
+          </table>
+        </div>
+        <ul>
+          <li>
+            <a href="/wiki/Good%E2%80%93Turing_frequency_estimation" title="Good–Turing frequency estimation">Good–Turing frequency estimation</a>
+          </li>
+          <li>
+            <a href="/wiki/Turing_completeness" title="Turing completeness">Turing completeness</a>
+          </li>
+          <li>
+            <a href="/wiki/Turing_degree" title="Turing degree">Turing degree</a>
+          </li>
+          <li>
+            <a href="/wiki/Turing_Institute" title="Turing Institute">Turing Institute</a>
+          </li>
+          <li>
+            <a href="/wiki/Turing_Lecture" title="Turing Lecture">Turing Lecture</a>
+          </li>
+          <li>
+            <a href="/wiki/Turing_machine_examples" title="Turing machine examples">Turing machine examples</a>
+          </li>
+          <li>
+            <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Turing_patterns" title="Turing patterns">Turing patterns</a>
+          </li>
+          <li>
+            <a href="/wiki/Turing_reduction" title="Turing reduction">Turing reduction</a>
+          </li>
+          <li>
+            <a href="/wiki/Turing_switch" title="Turing switch">Turing switch</a>
+          </li>
+          <li>
+            <a href="/wiki/Unorganized_machine" title="Unorganized machine">Unorganised machine</a>
+          </li>
+        </ul>
+        <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&amp;action=edit&amp;section=26" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+        <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 25em; -webkit-column-width: 25em; column-width: 25em; list-style-type: decimal;">
+          <ol class="references">
+            <li id="cite_note-mathgene-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mathgene_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mathgene_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.genealogy.ams.org/id.php?id=8014" rel="nofollow">Alan Turing</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Mathematics_Genealogy_Project" title="Mathematics Genealogy Project">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-frs-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-frs_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frs_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frs_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frs_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a href="/wiki/Max_Newman" title="Max Newman">Newman, M. H. A.</a> (1955). "Alan Mathison Turing. 1912–1954". <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Memoirs_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society">Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society</a></i> <b>1</b>: 253–226. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="//dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1955.0019" rel="nofollow">10.1098/rsbm.1955.0019</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/769256" rel="nofollow">769256</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.atitle=Alan+Mathison+Turing.+1912%E2%80%931954&amp;rft.aufirst=M.+H.+A.&amp;rft.aulast=Newman&amp;rft.date=1955&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbm.1955.0019&amp;rft.jstor=769256&amp;rft.jtitle=Biographical+Memoirs+of+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society&amp;rft.pages=253-226&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=1"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-AFP-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AFP_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AFP_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Gray, Paul (29 March 1999). <a class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,990624,00.html" rel="nofollow">"Alan Turing&#160;– Time 100 People of the Century"</a>. <i>Time Magazine</i>. <q>Providing a blueprint for the electronic digital computer. The fact remains that everyone who taps at a keyboard, opening a spreadsheet or a word-processing program, is working on an incarnation of a Turing machine.</q></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.atitle=Alan+Turing%26nbsp%3B%E2%80%93+Time+100+People+of+the+Century&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul&amp;rft.aulast=Gray&amp;rft.date=29+March+1999&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C990624%2C00.html&amp;rft.jtitle=Time+Magazine&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSipser2006">Sipser 2006</a>, p.&#160;137</span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeavers2013">Beavers 2013</a>, p.&#160;481</span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <cite class="citation news"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Copeland" title="Jack Copeland">Copeland, Jack</a> (18 June 2012). <a class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-18419691" rel="nofollow">"Alan Turing: The codebreaker who saved 'millions of lives<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>"</a>. BBC News Technology<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.atitle=Alan+Turing%3A+The+codebreaker+who+saved+%27millions+of+lives%27&amp;rft.aufirst=Jack&amp;rft.aulast=Copeland&amp;rft.date=18+June+2012&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Ftechnology-18419691&amp;rft.pub=BBC+News+Technology&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> A number of sources state that Winston Churchill said that Turing made the single biggest contribution to Allied victory in the war against Nazi Germany. However both <a href="/wiki/The_Churchill_Centre" title="The Churchill Centre">The Churchill Centre</a> and Turing's biographer <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Hodges" title="Andrew Hodges">Andrew Hodges</a> have said they know of no documentary evidence to support this claim nor of the date or context in which Churchill supposedly said it, and the Churchill Centre lists it among their Churchill 'Myths'. See <cite class="citation web">Schilling, Jonathan. <a class="external text" href="http://www.winstonchurchill.org/resources/myths/churchill-said-turing-made-the-single-biggest-contribution-to-allied-victory" rel="nofollow">"Churchill Said Turing Made the Single Biggest Contribution to Allied Victory"</a>. The Churchill Centre: Myths<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.aufirst=Jonathan&amp;rft.aulast=Schilling&amp;rft.btitle=Churchill+Said+Turing+Made+the+Single+Biggest+Contribution+to+Allied+Victory&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.winstonchurchill.org%2Fresources%2Fmyths%2Fchurchill-said-turing-made-the-single-biggest-contribution-to-allied-victory&amp;rft.pub=The+Churchill+Centre%3A+Myths&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> and <cite class="citation web">Hodges, Andrew. <a class="external text" href="http://www.turing.org.uk/book/update/part4.html" rel="nofollow">"Part 4: The Relay Race"</a>. Update to <i>Alan Turing: the Enigma</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.aufirst=Andrew&amp;rft.aulast=Hodges&amp;rft.btitle=Part+4%3A+The+Relay+Race&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turing.org.uk%2Fbook%2Fupdate%2Fpart4.html&amp;rft.pub=Update+to+%27%27Alan+Turing%3A+the+Enigma%27%27&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> A BBC News profile piece that repeated the Churchill claim has subsequently been amended to say there is no evidence for it. See <cite class="citation news">Spencer, Clare (11 September 2009). <a class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/8250592.stm" rel="nofollow">"Profile: Alan Turing"</a>. BBC News. <q>Update 13 February 2015</q></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.atitle=Profile%3A+Alan+Turing&amp;rft.aufirst=Clare&amp;rft.aulast=Spencer&amp;rft.date=11+September+2009&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2F8250592.stm&amp;rft.pub=BBC+News&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeavitt2007">Leavitt 2007</a>, pp.&#160;231–233</span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Pease, Roland (26 June 2012). <a class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-18561092" rel="nofollow">"Alan Turing: Inquest's suicide verdict 'not supportable<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>"</a>. BBC News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.atitle=Alan+Turing%3A+Inquest%27s+suicide+verdict+%27not+supportable%27&amp;rft.aufirst=Roland&amp;rft.aulast=Pease&amp;rft.date=26+June+2012&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-18561092&amp;rft.pub=BBC+News&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-BBC-pardon24Dec-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC-pardon24Dec_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC-pardon24Dec_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-25495315" rel="nofollow">"Royal pardon for codebreaker Alan Turing"</a>. BBC News. 24 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.atitle=Royal+pardon+for+codebreaker+Alan+Turing&amp;rft.date=24+December+2013&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Ftechnology-25495315&amp;rft.pub=BBC+News&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-turingpardoncryptome24dec2013-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-turingpardoncryptome24dec2013_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-turingpardoncryptome24dec2013_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://cryptome.org/2013/12/turing-pardon.pdf" rel="nofollow">"(Archived copy of) Royal Pardon for Alan Turing"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.btitle=%28Archived+copy+of%29+Royal+Pardon+for+Alan+Turing&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcryptome.org%2F2013%2F12%2Fturing-pardon.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-turingindependent24dec2013-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-turingindependent24dec2013_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-turingindependent24dec2013_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-turingindependent24dec2013_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Wright, Oliver (23 December 2013). <a class="external text" href="http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/alan-turing-gets-his-royal-pardon-for-gross-indecency--61-years-after-he-poisoned-himself-9023116.html" rel="nofollow">"Alan Turing gets his royal pardon for 'gross indecency'&#160;– 61 years after he poisoned himself"</a>. <i>The Independent</i> (London).</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.atitle=Alan+Turing+gets+his+royal+pardon+for+%27gross+indecency%27%26nbsp%3B%E2%80%93+61+years+after+he+poisoned+himself&amp;rft.au=Wright%2C+Oliver&amp;rft.date=23+December+2013&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fhome-news%2Falan-turing-gets-his-royal-pardon-for-gross-indecency--61-years-after-he-poisoned-himself-9023116.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Independent&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-Hodges1983P5-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hodges1983P5_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hodges1983P5_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHodges1983">Hodges 1983</a>, p.&#160;5</span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.turing.org.uk/turing/scrapbook/early.html" rel="nofollow">"The Alan Turing Internet Scrapbook"</a>. Turing.org.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.btitle=The+Alan+Turing+Internet+Scrapbook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turing.org.uk%2Fturing%2Fscrapbook%2Fearly.html&amp;rft.pub=Turing.org.uk&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Phil Maguire, "An Irishman's Diary", page 5. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</a></i>, 23 June 2012.</span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-englishheritaget-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-englishheritaget_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.webcitation.org/5jkyjSdgY" rel="nofollow">"London Blue Plaques"</a>. <i>English Heritage</i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/server/show/nav.001002006005/chooseLetter/T" rel="nofollow">the original</a> on 13 September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.btitle=London+Blue+Plaques&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.english-heritage.org.uk%2Fserver%2Fshow%2Fnav.001002006005%2FchooseLetter%2FT&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://blogs.nature.com/london/2011/03/16/the-scientific-tourist-in-london-17-alan-turings-birth-place" rel="nofollow">The Scientific Tourist In London: #17 Alan Turing's Birth Place</a>, Nature.com London Blog</span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://openplaques.org/plaques/381" rel="nofollow">Plaque #381 on Open Plaques</a>.</span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-turingorguk-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-turingorguk_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.turing.org.uk/turing/scrapbook/memorial.html" rel="nofollow">"The Alan Turing Internet Scrapbook"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.btitle=The+Alan+Turing+Internet+Scrapbook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turing.org.uk%2Fturing%2Fscrapbook%2Fmemorial.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHodges1983">Hodges 1983</a>, p.&#160;6</span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.primelocation.com/for-sale/details/33060901" rel="nofollow">"Baston Lodge"</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.btitle=Baston+Lodge&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.primelocation.com%2Ffor-sale%2Fdetails%2F33060901&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-toolbox-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-toolbox_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Jones, G. James (11 December 2001). <a class="external text" href="http://www.systemtoolbox.com/article.php?history_id=3" rel="nofollow">"Alan Turing&#160;– Towards a Digital Mind: Part 1"</a>. <i>System Toolbox</i>. <a class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20070803163318/http://www.systemtoolbox.com/article.php?history_id=3" rel="nofollow">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.aufirst=G.+James&amp;rft.aulast=Jones&amp;rft.btitle=Alan+Turing%26nbsp%3B%E2%80%93+Towards+a+Digital+Mind%3A+Part+1&amp;rft.date=11+December+2001&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.systemtoolbox.com%2Farticle.php%3Fhistory_id%3D3&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.guildford-dragon.com/2012/11/29/founder-of-computer-science-alan-turings-guildford-stargazing/" rel="nofollow">"Guildford Dragon NEWS"</a>. The Guildford Dragon. 29 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.btitle=Guildford+Dragon+NEWS&amp;rft.date=29+November+2012&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guildford-dragon.com%2F2012%2F11%2F29%2Ffounder-of-computer-science-alan-turings-guildford-stargazing%2F&amp;rft.pub=The+Guildford+Dragon&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-metamagical-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-metamagical_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hofstadter, Douglas R. (1985). <i>Metamagical Themas: Questing for the Essence of Mind and Pattern</i>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-04566-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-04566-9">0-465-04566-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a>&#160;<a class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/230812136" rel="nofollow">230812136</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.aufirst=Douglas+R.&amp;rft.aulast=Hofstadter&amp;rft.btitle=Metamagical+Themas%3A+Questing+for+the+Essence+of+Mind+and+Pattern&amp;rft.date=1985&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F230812136&amp;rft.isbn=0-465-04566-9&amp;rft.pub=Basic+Books&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHodges1983">Hodges 1983</a>, p.&#160;26</span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHodges1983">Hodges 1983</a>, p.&#160;34</span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-NYReviewBooks-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYReviewBooks_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Caryl, Christian (19 December 2014). <a class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2014/dec/19/poor-imitation-alan-turing/" rel="nofollow">"Poor Imitation of Alan Turing"</a>. <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/New_York_Review_of_Books" title="New York Review of Books">New York Review of Books</a></i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.au=Caryl%2C+Christian&amp;rft.btitle=Poor+Imitation+of+Alan+Turing&amp;rft.date=19+December+2014&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Fblogs%2Fnyrblog%2F2014%2Fdec%2F19%2Fpoor-imitation-alan-turing%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rachel Hassall, <a class="external text" href="http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/The-Sherborne-Formula-Vivat-2012-2013-optimised.pdf" rel="nofollow">'The Sherborne Formula: The Making of Alan Turing'</a> 'Vivat!' 2012/13</span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-teuscher-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-teuscher_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Christof_Teuscher" title="Christof Teuscher">Teuscher, Christof (ed.)</a> (2004). <i>Alan Turing: Life and Legacy of a Great Thinker</i>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer-Verlag</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-540-20020-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-540-20020-7">3-540-20020-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a>&#160;<a class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/53434737+62339998" rel="nofollow">53434737 62339998</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.aufirst=Christof+%28ed.%29&amp;rft.aulast=Teuscher&amp;rft.btitle=Alan+Turing%3A+Life+and+Legacy+of+a+Great+Thinker&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F53434737+62339998&amp;rft.isbn=3-540-20020-7&amp;rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHodges1983">Hodges 1983</a>, p.&#160;61</span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Gray, <a class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,990624,00.html" rel="nofollow">Alan Turing</a> Time Magazine's Most Important People of the Century, p.2</span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHodges1983">Hodges 1983</a>, pp.&#160;82–83</span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Section 3 of John Aldrich, "England and Continental Probability in the Inter-War Years", Journal Electronique d'Histoire des Probabilités et de la Statistique, vol. 5/2 <a class="external text" href="http://www.jehps.net/decembre2009.html" rel="nofollow">Decembre 2009</a> Journal Electronique d'Histoire des Probabilités et de la Statistique</span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHodges1983">Hodges 1983</a>, pp.&#160;88,94</span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTuring1937">Turing 1937</a></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChurch1936">Church 1936</a></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"von Neumann&#160;... firmly emphasised to me, and to others I am sure, that the fundamental conception is owing to Turing—insofar as not anticipated by Babbage, Lovelace and others." Letter by <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Stanley_Frankel" title="Stanley Frankel">Stanley Frankel</a> to <a href="/wiki/Brian_Randell" title="Brian Randell">Brian Randell</a>, 1972, quoted in <a href="/wiki/Jack_Copeland" title="Jack Copeland">Jack Copeland</a> (2004) <i>The Essential Turing</i>, p22.</span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHodges1983">Hodges 1983</a>, p.&#160;138</span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Turing, A. M. (1939). "Systems of Logic Based on Ordinals". <i>Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society</i>: 161–228. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="//dx.doi.org/10.1112%2Fplms%2Fs2-45.1.161" rel="nofollow">10.1112/plms/s2-45.1.161</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.atitle=Systems+of+Logic+Based+on+Ordinals&amp;rft.aufirst=A.+M.&amp;rft.aulast=Turing&amp;rft.date=1939&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1112%2Fplms%2Fs2-45.1.161&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+London+Mathematical+Society&amp;rft.pages=161-228&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-turingphd-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-turingphd_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation thesis">Turing, Alan (1938). <a class="external text" href="http://search.proquest.com/docview/301792588" rel="nofollow"><i>Systems of Logic Based on Ordinals</i></a> (PhD thesis). Princeton University. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="//dx.doi.org/10.1112%2Fplms%2Fs2-45.1.161" rel="nofollow">10.1112/plms/s2-45.1.161</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.aufirst=Alan&amp;rft.aulast=Turing&amp;rft.btitle=Systems+of+Logic+Based+on+Ordinals&amp;rft.date=1938&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.proquest.com%2Fdocview%2F301792588&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1112%2Fplms%2Fs2-45.1.161&amp;rft.pub=Princeton+University&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" id="CITEREFTuring1938">Turing, A. M. (1938). <a class="external text" href="https://webspace.princeton.edu/users/jedwards/Turing%20Centennial%202012/Mudd%20Archive%20files/12285_AC100_Turing_1938.pdf" rel="nofollow">"Systems of Logic Based on Ordinals"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.aufirst=A.+M.&amp;rft.aulast=Turing&amp;rft.btitle=Systems+of+Logic+Based+on+Ordinals&amp;rft.date=1938&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwebspace.princeton.edu%2Fusers%2Fjedwards%2FTuring%2520Centennial%25202012%2FMudd%2520Archive%2520files%2F12285_AC100_Turing_1938.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHodges1983">Hodges 1983</a>, p.&#160;152</span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ed. <a href="/wiki/Cora_Diamond" title="Cora Diamond">Cora Diamond</a>: <i>Wittgenstein's Lectures on the Foundations of Mathematics</i>, University of Chicago Press, 1976</span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHodges1983">Hodges 1983</a>, pp.&#160;153–154</span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation audio-visual"><a href="/wiki/Asa_Briggs,_Baron_Briggs" title="Asa Briggs, Baron Briggs">Briggs, Asa</a> (21 November 2011). <i>Britain's Greatest Codebreaker</i> (TV broadcast). <a href="/wiki/Channel_4" title="Channel 4">UK Channel 4</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.aufirst=Asa&amp;rft.aulast=Briggs&amp;rft.btitle=Britain%27s+Greatest+Codebreaker&amp;rft.date=21+November+2011&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pub=UK+Channel+4&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Copeland" title="Jack Copeland">Copeland, Jack</a>, "Colossus and the Dawning of the Computer Age", p. 352 in <i>Action This Day</i>, 2001.</span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCopeland2004a">Copeland 2004a</a>, p.&#160;217</span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Clark, Liat (18 June 2012). <a class="external text" href="http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2012-06/18/turing-contributions?page=all" rel="nofollow">"Turing's achievements: codebreaking, AI and the birth of computer science (Wired UK)"</a>. Wired.co.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.atitle=Turing%27s+achievements%3A+codebreaking%2C+AI+and+the+birth+of+computer+science+%28Wired+UK%29&amp;rft.aufirst=Liat&amp;rft.aulast=Clark&amp;rft.date=18+June+2012&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.co.uk%2Fnews%2Farchive%2F2012-06%2F18%2Fturing-contributions%3Fpage%3Dall&amp;rft.pub=Wired.co.uk&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-Copeland2006p378-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Copeland2006p378_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Copeland2006p378_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Copeland, 2006 p. 378.</span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" id="CITEREFTuringc._1941">Turing, Alan (c. 1941). <a class="external text" href="http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C11510465" rel="nofollow">"The Applications of Probability to Cryptography"</a>. The National Archives (United Kingdom): HW 25/37.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.aufirst=Alan&amp;rft.aulast=Turing&amp;rft.btitle=The+Applications+of+Probability+to+Cryptography&amp;rft.date=c.+1941&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fdetails%2Fr%2FC11510465&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" id="CITEREFTuringc._1941">Turing, Alan (c. 1941). <a class="external text" href="http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C11510466" rel="nofollow">"Paper on Statistics of Repetitions"</a>. The National Archives (United Kingdom): HW 25/38.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.aufirst=Alan&amp;rft.aulast=Turing&amp;rft.btitle=Paper+on+Statistics+of+Repetitions&amp;rft.date=c.+1941&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fdetails%2Fr%2FC11510466&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Vallance, Chris (19 April 2012). <a class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-17771962" rel="nofollow">"Alan Turing papers on code breaking released by GCHQ"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.atitle=Alan+Turing+papers+on+code+breaking+released+by+GCHQ&amp;rft.aufirst=Chris&amp;rft.aulast=Vallance&amp;rft.date=19+April+2012&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Ftechnology-17771962&amp;rft.jtitle=BBC+News&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHodges1983">Hodges 1983</a>, p.&#160;208</span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewin1978">Lewin 1978</a>, p.&#160;57</span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book" id="CITEREFBrown1975"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Cave_Brown" title="Anthony Cave Brown">Brown, Anthony Cave</a> (1975). <i>Bodyguard of Lies: The Extraordinary True Story Behind D-Day</i>. The Lyons Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59921-383-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59921-383-5">978-1-59921-383-5</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.aufirst=Anthony+Cave&amp;rft.aulast=Brown&amp;rft.btitle=Bodyguard+of+Lies%3A+The+Extraordinary+True+Story+Behind+D-Day&amp;rft.date=1975&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-59921-383-5&amp;rft.pub=The+Lyons+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Graham-Cumming, John (10 March 2010). <a class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2010/mar/10/alan-turing-2012-olympics" rel="nofollow">"An Olympic honour for Alan Turing"</a>. London: The Guardian.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.atitle=An+Olympic+honour+for+Alan+Turing&amp;rft.au=Graham-Cumming%2C+John&amp;rft.date=10+March+2010&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Fcommentisfree%2F2010%2Fmar%2F10%2Falan-turing-2012-olympics&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=The+Guardian&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Butcher, Pat (14 September 2009). <a class="external text" href="http://www.globerunner.org/index.php/09/in-praise-of-great-men/" rel="nofollow">"In Praise of Great Men"</a>. Globe Runner.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.aufirst=Pat&amp;rft.aulast=Butcher&amp;rft.btitle=In+Praise+of+Great+Men&amp;rft.date=14+September+2009&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globerunner.org%2Findex.php%2F09%2Fin-praise-of-great-men%2F&amp;rft.pub=Globe+Runner&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Hodges" title="Andrew Hodges">Hodges, Andrew</a>. <a class="external text" href="http://www.turing.org.uk/bio/part6.html" rel="nofollow">"Alan Turing: a short biography"</a>. <a class="external free" href="http://www.turing.org.uk/" rel="nofollow">http://www.turing.org.uk/</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.aufirst=Andrew&amp;rft.aulast=Hodges&amp;rft.btitle=Alan+Turing%3A+a+short+biography&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turing.org.uk%2Fbio%2Fpart6.html&amp;rft.pub=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turing.org.uk%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/John_Graham-Cumming" title="John Graham-Cumming">Graham-Cumming, John</a> (10 March 2010). <a class="external text" href="http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2010/mar/10/alan-turing-2012-olympics" rel="nofollow">"Alan Turing: a short biography"</a>. <a class="external free" href="http://www.theguardian.com/" rel="nofollow">http://www.theguardian.com/</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rft.aulast=Graham-Cumming&amp;rft.btitle=Alan+Turing%3A+a+short+biography&amp;rft.date=10+March+2010&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2010%2Fmar%2F10%2Falan-turing-2012-olympics&amp;rft.pub=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Butcher, Pat (December 1999). <a class="external text" href="http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Extras/Turing_running.html" rel="nofollow">"Turing as a runner"</a>. The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.aufirst=Pat&amp;rft.aulast=Butcher&amp;rft.btitle=Turing+as+a+runner&amp;rft.date=December+1999&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk%2F~history%2FExtras%2FTuring_running.html&amp;rft.pub=The+MacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+archive&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-18541715" rel="nofollow">"Alan Turing: Colleagues share their memories"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 23 June 2012.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.atitle=Alan+Turing%3A+Colleagues+share+their+memories&amp;rft.date=23+June+2012&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Ftechnology-18541715&amp;rft.jtitle=BBC+News&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1155383/episodes" rel="nofollow">"Heroes of World War II (TV Series 2004– )"</a>. <i>IMDb</i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.btitle=Heroes+of+World+War+II+%28TV+Series+2004%E2%80%93+%29&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt1155383%2Fepisodes&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Professor Jack Good in "The Men Who Cracked Enigma", 2003: with his caveat: "if my memory is correct".</span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOakley2006">Oakley 2006</a>, p.&#160;40/03B</span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHodges1983">Hodges 1983</a>, p.&#160;218</span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-Hodges_1983_221-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hodges_1983_221_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hodges_1983_221_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHodges1983">Hodges 1983</a>, p.&#160;221</span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Copeland, <i>The Essential Turing</i>, <a class="external text" href="http://www.maths.ed.ac.uk/~aar/turingletter.pdf" rel="nofollow">pp. 336–337</a>.</span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-codebreaker-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-codebreaker_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Copeland" title="Jack Copeland">Copeland, Jack</a>; Proudfoot, Diane (May 2004). <a class="external text" href="http://www.alanturing.net/turing_archive/pages/Reference%20Articles/codebreaker.html" rel="nofollow">"Alan Turing, Codebreaker and Computer Pioneer"</a>. alanturing.net<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.aufirst=Jack&amp;rft.aulast=Copeland&amp;rft.au=Proudfoot%2C+Diane&amp;rft.btitle=Alan+Turing%2C+Codebreaker+and+Computer+Pioneer&amp;rft.date=May+2004&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alanturing.net%2Fturing_archive%2Fpages%2FReference%2520Articles%2Fcodebreaker.html&amp;rft.pub=alanturing.net&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.bletchleypark.org.uk/news/docview.rhtm/454075" rel="nofollow">"Bletchley Park Unveils Statue Commemorating Alan Turing"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.btitle=Bletchley+Park+Unveils+Statue+Commemorating+Alan+Turing&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bletchleypark.org.uk%2Fnews%2Fdocview.rhtm%2F454075&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-MahonP14-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MahonP14_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MahonP14_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MahonP14_69-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMahon1945">Mahon 1945</a>, p.&#160;14</span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeavitt2007">Leavitt 2007</a>, pp.&#160;184–186</span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeavitt2007">Leavitt 2007</a>, pp.&#160;176–178</span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/David_Leavitt" title="David Leavitt">Leavitt, David</a> (2007). <i>The man who knew too much: Alan Turing and the invention of the computer</i>. Phoenix. pp.&#160;176–178. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7538-2200-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7538-2200-5">978-0-7538-2200-5</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft.aulast=Leavitt&amp;rft.btitle=The+man+who+knew+too+much%3A+Alan+Turing+and+the+invention+of+the+computer&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7538-2200-5&amp;rft.pages=176-178&amp;rft.pub=Phoenix&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Grime, James (24 July 2014). <a class="external text" href="http://aperiodical.com/2014/07/an-alan-turing-expert-watches-the-the-imitation-game-trailer/" rel="nofollow">"An Alan Turing expert watches the "The Imitation Game" trailer"</a>. The Aperiodical<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.aufirst=James&amp;rft.aulast=Grime&amp;rft.btitle=An+Alan+Turing+expert+watches+the+%22The+Imitation+Game%22+trailer&amp;rft.date=24+July+2014&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faperiodical.com%2F2014%2F07%2Fan-alan-turing-expert-watches-the-the-imitation-game-trailer%2F&amp;rft.pub=The+Aperiodical&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHodges1983">Hodges 1983</a>, pp.&#160;242–245</span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.daytoncodebreakers.org/depth/bombe_history2/" rel="nofollow">"BOMBE PROJECT HISTORY, MAY 44"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.btitle=BOMBE+PROJECT+HISTORY%2C+MAY+44&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.daytoncodebreakers.org%2Fdepth%2Fbombe_history2%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHodges1983">Hodges 1983</a>, pp.&#160;245–253</span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlexandercirca_1945">Alexander circa 1945</a>, p.&#160;42</span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCopeland2006">Copeland 2006</a>, p.&#160;380</span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCopeland2006">Copeland 2006</a>, p.&#160;381</span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCopeland2006">Copeland 2006</a>, p.&#160;72</span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGannon2007">Gannon 2007</a>, p.&#160;230</span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHilton2006">Hilton 2006</a>, pp.&#160;197–199</span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCopeland2006">Copeland 2006</a>, pp.&#160;382, 383</span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHodges1983">Hodges 1983</a>, pp.&#160;245–250</span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHodges1983">Hodges 1983</a>, p.&#160;273</span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHodges1983">Hodges 1983</a>, p.&#160;346</span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://openplaques.org/plaques/1619" rel="nofollow">Plaque #1619 on Open Plaques</a>.</span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCopeland2006">Copeland 2006</a>, p.&#160;108</span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" id="CITEREFRandell1980"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Randell" title="Brian Randell">Randell, B</a> (1980). <a class="external text" href="http://www.cs.ncl.ac.uk/research/pubs/books/papers/133.pdf" rel="nofollow">"A History of Computing in the Twentieth Century: Colossus"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.aufirst=B&amp;rft.aulast=Randell&amp;rft.btitle=A+History+of+Computing+in+the+Twentieth+Century%3A+Colossus&amp;rft.date=1980&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.ncl.ac.uk%2Fresearch%2Fpubs%2Fbooks%2Fpapers%2F133.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> citing <cite class="citation journal" id="CITEREFWomersley1946"><a href="/wiki/John_R._Womersley" title="John R. Womersley">Womersley, J. R.</a> (13 February 1946). "<span style="padding-left:0.2em;">'</span>ACE' Machine Project". <i>Executive Committee, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex</i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.atitle=%27ACE%27+Machine+Project&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+R.&amp;rft.aulast=Womersley&amp;rft.date=13+February+1946&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Executive+Committee%2C+National+Physical+Laboratory%2C+Teddington%2C+Middlesex&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="#CITEREFCopeland2004b">Copeland 2004b</a>, pp.&#160;410–432</span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.npl.co.uk/about/history/notable-individuals/turing/" rel="nofollow">"Turing at NPL"</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.btitle=Turing+at+NPL&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.npl.co.uk%2Fabout%2Fhistory%2Fnotable-individuals%2Fturing%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Bruderer, Herbert. <a class="external text" href="http://www.mathcomp.leeds.ac.uk/turing2012/Images/Turing_Zuse.pdf" rel="nofollow">"Did Alan Turing interrogate Konrad Zuse in Göttingen in 1947?"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.au=Bruderer%2C+Herbert&amp;rft.btitle=Did+Alan+Turing+interrogate+Konrad+Zuse+in+G%C3%B6ttingen+in+1947%3F&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mathcomp.leeds.ac.uk%2Fturing2012%2FImages%2FTuring_Zuse.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-doi10.1093.2Fqjmam.2F1.1.287-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-doi10.1093.2Fqjmam.2F1.1.287_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-doi10.1093.2Fqjmam.2F1.1.287_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Turing, A. M. (1948). "Rounding-Off Errors in Matrix Processes". <i>The Quarterly Journal of Mechanics and Applied Mathematics</i> <b>1</b>: 287–308. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="//dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fqjmam%2F1.1.287" rel="nofollow">10.1093/qjmam/1.1.287</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.atitle=Rounding-Off+Errors+in+Matrix+Processes&amp;rft.aufirst=A.+M.&amp;rft.aulast=Turing&amp;rft.date=1948&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fqjmam%2F1.1.287&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Quarterly+Journal+of+Mechanics+and+Applied+Mathematics&amp;rft.pages=287-308&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=1"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Stevan_Harnad" title="Stevan Harnad">Harnad, Stevan</a> (2008) <a class="external text" href="http://eprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk/7741" rel="nofollow">The Annotation Game: On Turing (1950) on Computing, Machinery and Intelligence</a>. In: Epstein, Robert &amp; Peters, Grace (Eds.) <i>Parsing the Turing Test: Philosophical and Methodological Issues in the Quest for the Thinking Computer</i>. Springer</span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Clark, Liat. <a class="external text" href="http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2012-06/18/turing-contributions?page=all" rel="nofollow">"Turing's achievements: codebreaking, AI and the birth of computer science"</a>. Wired<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.aufirst=Liat&amp;rft.aulast=Clark&amp;rft.btitle=Turing%27s+achievements%3A+codebreaking%2C+AI+and+the+birth+of+computer+science&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.co.uk%2Fnews%2Farchive%2F2012-06%2F18%2Fturing-contributions%3Fpage%3Dall&amp;rft.pub=Wired&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1356927" rel="nofollow">Alan Turing vs Alick Glennie (1952) "Turing Test"</a> Chessgames.com</span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Pinar Saygin, A.; Cicekli, I.; Akman, V. (2000). "Turing Test: 50 Years Later". <i>Minds and Machines</i> <b>10</b> (4): 463. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="//dx.doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1011288000451" rel="nofollow">10.1023/A:1011288000451</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.atitle=Turing+Test%3A+50+Years+Later&amp;rft.au=Akman%2C+V.&amp;rft.au=Cicekli%2C+I.&amp;rft.aufirst=A.&amp;rft.aulast=Pinar+Saygin&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1011288000451&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.jtitle=Minds+and+Machines&amp;rft.pages=463&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=10"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.intusoft.com/nlhtm/nl71.htm" rel="nofollow">"SPICE 1 2 3 and beyond&#160;... Intusoft Newsletter, August 2003"</a>. Intusoft.com. 16 August 2001. <a class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20110611202939/http://www.intusoft.com/nlhtm/nl71.htm" rel="nofollow">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.btitle=SPICE+1+2+3+and+beyond%26nbsp%3B...+Intusoft+Newsletter%2C+August+2003&amp;rft.date=16+August+2001&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intusoft.com%2Fnlhtm%2Fnl71.htm&amp;rft.pub=Intusoft.com&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Clark, Liat; Ian Steadman (18 June 2012). <a class="external text" href="http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2012-06/18/turing-contributions?page=all" rel="nofollow">"Turing's achievements: codebreaking, AI and the birth of computer science"</a>. <i>wired.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.au=Clark%2C+Liat&amp;rft.au=Ian+Steadman&amp;rft.btitle=Turing%27s+achievements%3A+codebreaking%2C+AI+and+the+birth+of+computer+science&amp;rft.date=18+June+2012&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.co.uk%2Fnews%2Farchive%2F2012-06%2F18%2Fturing-contributions%3Fpage%3Dall&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Turing, Alan M. (14 August 1952). "The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis". <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Philosophical_Transactions_of_the_Royal_Society_of_London" title="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London">Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London</a> B</i> <b>237</b> (641). pp.&#160;37–72. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="//dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.1952.0012" rel="nofollow">10.1098/rstb.1952.0012</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.atitle=The+Chemical+Basis+of+Morphogenesis&amp;rft.aufirst=Alan+M.&amp;rft.aulast=Turing&amp;rft.date=14+August+1952&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstb.1952.0012&amp;rft.issue=641&amp;rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London+B&amp;rft.pages=37-72&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=237"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030823032620/http://www.swintons.net/deodands/archives/000087.html" rel="nofollow">Turing's Last, Lost work</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 23 August 2003)</span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Vogel, G. (2012). "Turing Pattern Fingered for Digit Formation". <i>Science</i> <b>338</b> (6113): 1406. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="//dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.338.6113.1406" rel="nofollow">10.1126/science.338.6113.1406</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23239707" rel="nofollow">23239707</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.atitle=Turing+Pattern+Fingered+for+Digit+Formation&amp;rft.aufirst=G.&amp;rft.aulast=Vogel&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.338.6113.1406&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23239707&amp;rft.issue=6113&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.pages=1406&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=338"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Sheth, R.; Marcon, L.; Bastida, M. F.; Junco, M.; Quintana, L.; Dahn, R.; Kmita, M.; Sharpe, J.; Ros, M. A. (2012). "Hox Genes Regulate Digit Patterning by Controlling the Wavelength of a Turing-Type Mechanism". <i>Science</i> <b>338</b> (6113): 1476–1480. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="//dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1226804" rel="nofollow">10.1126/science.1226804</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a>&#160;<a class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23239739" rel="nofollow">23239739</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.atitle=Hox+Genes+Regulate+Digit+Patterning+by+Controlling+the+Wavelength+of+a+Turing-Type+Mechanism&amp;rft.au=Bastida%2C+M.+F.&amp;rft.au=Dahn%2C+R.&amp;rft.aufirst=R.&amp;rft.au=Junco%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Kmita%2C+M.&amp;rft.aulast=Sheth&amp;rft.au=Marcon%2C+L.&amp;rft.au=Quintana%2C+L.&amp;rft.au=Ros%2C+M.+A.&amp;rft.au=Sharpe%2C+J.&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1226804&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23239739&amp;rft.issue=6113&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft.pages=1476-1480&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=338"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Andrew Hodges. <a class="external text" href="http://www.turing.org.uk/sources/biblio3.html" rel="nofollow">"The Alan Turing Bibliography"</a>. <i><a class="external free" href="http://www.turing.org.uk/" rel="nofollow">http://www.turing.org.uk/</a></i>. p.&#160;morphogenesis<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.au=Andrew+Hodges&amp;rft.btitle=The+Alan+Turing+Bibliography&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turing.org.uk%2Fsources%2Fbiblio3.html&amp;rft.pages=morphogenesis&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHodges1983">Hodges 1983</a>, p.&#160;458</span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-LeavittP268-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LeavittP268_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeavitt2007">Leavitt 2007</a>, p.&#160;268</span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Hodges" title="Andrew Hodges">Hodges, Andrew</a> (27 May 2012). <a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=HyMcH_9eTtoC&amp;pg=PA463&amp;dq=%2227+february%22+%22alan+turing%22#v=onepage&amp;q=%2227%20february%22%20%22alan%20turing%22&amp;f=false" rel="nofollow"><i>Alan Turing: The Enigma</i></a>. p.&#160;463. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-15564-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-15564-X">0-691-15564-X</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.aufirst=Andrew&amp;rft.aulast=Hodges&amp;rft.btitle=Alan+Turing%3A+The+Enigma&amp;rft.date=27+May+2012&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DHyMcH_9eTtoC%26pg%3DPA463%26dq%3D%252227%2Bfebruary%2522%2B%2522alan%2Bturing%2522%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%252227%2520february%2522%2520%2522alan%2520turing%2522%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rft.isbn=0-691-15564-X&amp;rft.pages=463&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Hodges" title="Andrew Hodges">Hodges, Andrew</a> (27 May 2012). <a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=HyMcH_9eTtoC&amp;pg=PA471&amp;dq=%22alan+turing%22++Fraser+Harrison#v=onepage&amp;q=%22alan%20turing%22%20%20Fraser%20Harrison&amp;f=false" rel="nofollow"><i>Alan Turing: The Enigma</i></a>. p.&#160;471. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-15564-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-15564-X">0-691-15564-X</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.aufirst=Andrew&amp;rft.aulast=Hodges&amp;rft.btitle=Alan+Turing%3A+The+Enigma&amp;rft.date=27+May+2012&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DHyMcH_9eTtoC%26pg%3DPA471%26dq%3D%2522alan%2Bturing%2522%2B%2BFraser%2BHarrison%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%2522alan%2520turing%2522%2520%2520Fraser%2520Harrison%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rft.isbn=0-691-15564-X&amp;rft.pages=471&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hodges, Andrew (2012). <i>Alan Turing: The Enigma The Centenary Edition</i>. Princeton University.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.au=Hodges%2C+Andrew&amp;rft.btitle=Alan+Turing%3A+The+Enigma+The+Centenary+Edition&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pub=Princeton+University&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Turing, Alan (1952). <a class="external text" href="http://www.webcitation.org/6CxLiSeL9" rel="nofollow">"Letters of Note: Yours in distress, Alan"</a>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.lettersofnote.com/2012/06/yours-in-distress-alan.html" rel="nofollow">the original</a> on 16 December 2012.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.aufirst=Alan&amp;rft.aulast=Turing&amp;rft.btitle=Letters+of+Note%3A+Yours+in+distress%2C+Alan&amp;rft.date=1952&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lettersofnote.com%2F2012%2F06%2Fyours-in-distress-alan.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Hodges" title="Andrew Hodges">Hodges, Andrew</a> (27 May 2012). <a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=CGmyLDrbQtQC&amp;pg=PT21&amp;dq=alan+turing+%22lies+with+men%22" rel="nofollow"><i>Alan Turing: The Enigma</i></a>. p.&#160;xxviii. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-15564-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-15564-X">0-691-15564-X</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.aufirst=Andrew&amp;rft.aulast=Hodges&amp;rft.btitle=Alan+Turing%3A+The+Enigma&amp;rft.date=27+May+2012&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DCGmyLDrbQtQC%26pg%3DPT21%26dq%3Dalan%2Bturing%2B%2522lies%2Bwith%2Bmen%2522&amp;rft.isbn=0-691-15564-X&amp;rft.pages=xxviii&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHodges1983">Hodges 1983</a>, p.&#160;473</span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeavitt2007">Leavitt 2007</a>, p.&#160;269</span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCopeland2006">Copeland 2006</a>, p.&#160;143</span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHodges1983">Hodges 1983</a>, p.&#160;488</span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHodges1983">Hodges 1983</a>, p.&#160;529</span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-Copeland-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Copeland_117-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Copeland_117-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Pease, Roland (23 June 2012). <a class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-18561092" rel="nofollow">"Alan Turing: Inquest's suicide verdict 'not supportable<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News_Online" title="BBC News Online">BBC News Online</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2012</span>. <q><i>We have&#160;... been recreating the narrative of Turing's life, and we have recreated him as an unhappy young man who committed suicide. But the evidence is not there"</i></q></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.atitle=Alan+Turing%3A+Inquest%27s+suicide+verdict+%27not+supportable%27&amp;rft.aufirst=Roland&amp;rft.aulast=Pease&amp;rft.date=23+June+2012&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-18561092&amp;rft.pub=BBC+News+Online&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Letter to Robin Gandy, 28 July 1954, <a class="external free" href="http://www.christies.com/lotfinder/books-manuscripts/turing-ethel-sara-series-of-11-5685694-details.aspx" rel="nofollow">http://www.christies.com/lotfinder/books-manuscripts/turing-ethel-sara-series-of-11-5685694-details.aspx</a></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHodges1983">Hodges 1983</a>, pp.&#160;488, 489</span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeavitt2007">Leavitt 2007</a>, p.&#160;140 and <a href="#CITEREFHodges1983">Hodges 1983</a>, pp.&#160;149, 489</span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Geringer, Steven (27 July 2007). <a class="external text" href="http://www.acm.org/press-room/news-releases-2007/turingaward/" rel="nofollow">"ACM'S Turing Award Prize Raised To $250,000"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">ACM</a> press release<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.au=Geringer%2C+Steven&amp;rft.btitle=ACM%27S+Turing+Award+Prize+Raised+To+%24250%2C000&amp;rft.date=27+July+2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acm.org%2Fpress-room%2Fnews-releases-2007%2Fturingaward%2F&amp;rft.pub=ACM+press+release&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.turing.org.uk/bio/oration.html" rel="nofollow">"Unveiling the official Blue Plaque on Alan Turing's Birthplace"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.btitle=Unveiling+the+official+Blue+Plaque+on+Alan+Turing%27s+Birthplace&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.turing.org.uk%2Fbio%2Foration.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20071013143212/http://www.blueplaque.com/detail.php?plaque_id=348" rel="nofollow">"About this Plaque&#160;– Alan Turing"</a>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.blueplaque.com/detail.php?plaque_id=348" rel="nofollow">the original</a> on 13 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.btitle=About+this+Plaque%26nbsp%3B%E2%80%93+Alan+Turing&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blueplaque.com%2Fdetail.php%3Fplaque_id%3D348&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://openplaques.org/plaques/3276" rel="nofollow">Plaque #3276 on Open Plaques</a>.</span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">IEEE History Center (2003). <a class="external text" href="http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Milestones:Code-breaking_at_Bletchley_Park_during_World_War_II,_1939-1945" rel="nofollow">"Milestones:Code-breaking at Bletchley Park during World War II, 1939–1945"</a>. <i>IEEE Global History Network</i>. IEEE<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.au=IEEE+History+Center&amp;rft.btitle=Milestones%3ACode-breaking+at+Bletchley+Park+during+World+War+II%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ieeeghn.org%2Fwiki%2Findex.php%2FMilestones%3ACode-breaking_at_Bletchley_Park_during_World_War_II%2C_1939-1945&amp;rft.pub=IEEE&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-univsurrey-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-univsurrey_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://portal.surrey.ac.uk/press/oct2004/281004a/" rel="nofollow">"The Earl of Wessex unveils statue of Alan Turing"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.btitle=The+Earl+of+Wessex+unveils+statue+of+Alan+Turing&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fportal.surrey.ac.uk%2Fpress%2Foct2004%2F281004a%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-bostonpride-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bostonpride_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060619181036/http://archive.limited/f/8mh/honorarymarshal.php" rel="nofollow">Boston Pride: Honorary Grand Marshal</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 19 June 2006)</span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/documentaries/features/dangerous-knowledge.shtml" rel="nofollow">"Dangerous Knowledge"</a>. BBC Four. 11 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.btitle=Dangerous+Knowledge&amp;rft.date=11+June+2008&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fbbcfour%2Fdocumentaries%2Ffeatures%2Fdangerous-knowledge.shtml&amp;rft.pub=BBC+Four&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.bletchleypark.org.uk/news/docview.rhtm/454075/article.html" rel="nofollow">Bletchley Park Unveils Statue Commemorating Alan Turing</a>, Bletchley Park press release, 20 June 2007.</span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-computerburied-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-computerburied_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/computer-buried-in-tribute-to-genius-1186583" rel="nofollow">"Computer buried in tribute to genius"</a>. <i>Manchester Evening News</i>. 17 February 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.atitle=Computer+buried+in+tribute+to+genius&amp;rft.date=17+February+2007&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.manchestereveningnews.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fgreater-manchester-news%2Fcomputer-buried-in-tribute-to-genius-1186583&amp;rft.jtitle=Manchester+Evening+News&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2208671.stm" rel="nofollow">"100 great British heroes"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 21 August 2002.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.atitle=100+great+British+heroes&amp;rft.date=21+August+2002&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fentertainment%2F2208671.stm&amp;rft.jtitle=BBC+News&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">James, Ioan M. (2006). <a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=SZ-p4GOdJIgC" rel="nofollow"><i>Asperger's Syndrome and High Achievement</i></a>. Jessica Kingsley. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84310-388-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84310-388-2">978-1-84310-388-2</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.au=James%2C+Ioan+M.&amp;rft.btitle=Asperger%27s+Syndrome+and+High+Achievement&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DSZ-p4GOdJIgC&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-84310-388-2&amp;rft.pub=Jessica+Kingsley&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" id="CITEREFGarner2011"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Garner" title="Alan Garner">Garner, Alan</a> (12 November 2011). <a class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2011/nov/11/alan-turing-my-hero-alan-garner" rel="nofollow">"My Hero: Alan Turing"</a>. <i>Saturday Guardian Review</i> (London). p.&#160;5<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.atitle=My+Hero%3A+Alan+Turing&amp;rft.aufirst=Alan&amp;rft.aulast=Garner&amp;rft.date=12+November+2011&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Fbooks%2F2011%2Fnov%2F11%2Falan-turing-my-hero-alan-garner&amp;rft.jtitle=Saturday+Guardian+Review&amp;rft.pages=5&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.lgbthistorymonth.com/alan-turing" rel="nofollow">"Alan Turing"</a>. LGBTHistoryMonth.com. 20 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.btitle=Alan+Turing&amp;rft.date=20+August+2011&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lgbthistorymonth.com%2Falan-turing&amp;rft.pub=LGBTHistoryMonth.com&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Halliday, Josh (25 February 2011). <a class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2011/feb/25/turing-papers-auction-bid-bletchley" rel="nofollow">"Turing papers to stay in UK after 11th-hour auction bid at"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i> (UK)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.atitle=Turing+papers+to+stay+in+UK+after+11th-hour+auction+bid+at&amp;rft.au=Halliday%2C+Josh&amp;rft.date=25+February+2011&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Fscience%2F2011%2Ffeb%2F25%2Fturing-papers-auction-bid-bletchley&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&amp;rft.place=UK&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/logos-that-became-legends-icons-from-the-world-of-advertising-768077.html" rel="nofollow">"Logos that became legends: Icons from the world of advertising"</a>. <i>The Independent</i> (UK). 4 January 2008. <a class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091003003651/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/logos-that-became-legends-icons-from-the-world-of-advertising-768077.html" rel="nofollow">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.atitle=Logos+that+became+legends%3A+Icons+from+the+world+of+advertising&amp;rft.date=4+January+2008&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmedia%2Flogos-that-became-legends-icons-from-the-world-of-advertising-768077.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Independent&amp;rft.place=UK&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://creativebits.org/interview/interview_rob_janoff_designer_apple_logo" rel="nofollow">"Interview with Rob Janoff, designer of the Apple logo"</a>. creativebits<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.btitle=Interview+with+Rob+Janoff%2C+designer+of+the+Apple+logo&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcreativebits.org%2Finterview%2Finterview_rob_janoff_designer_apple_logo&amp;rft.pub=creativebits&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeavitt2007">Leavitt 2007</a>, p.&#160;280</span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20120620-the-turing-test-of-time" rel="nofollow">"Science &amp; Environment&#160;– Alan Turing: Separating the man and the myth"</a>. BBC. Retrieved 23 June 2012.</span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Karthikeyan, D. (30 July 2012). <a class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/article3702689.ece" rel="nofollow">"Cities / Madurai&#160;: Madurai comes out of the closet"</a>. Chennai, India: The Hindu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.atitle=Cities+%2F+Madurai+%3A+Madurai+comes+out+of+the+closet&amp;rft.aufirst=D.&amp;rft.aulast=Karthikeyan&amp;rft.date=30+July+2012&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fcities%2FMadurai%2Farticle3702689.ece&amp;rft.place=Chennai%2C+India&amp;rft.pub=The+Hindu&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Salvo, Victor // The Legacy Project. <a class="external text" href="http://www.legacyprojectchicago.org/2012_INDUCTEES.html" rel="nofollow">"2012 INDUCTEES"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.au=Salvo%2C+Victor+%2F%2F+The+Legacy+Project&amp;rft.btitle=2012+INDUCTEES&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legacyprojectchicago.org%2F2012_INDUCTEES.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.advocate.com/pride/2014/10/11/photos-7-lgbt-heroes-honored-plaques-chicagos-legacy-walk" rel="nofollow">"PHOTOS: 7 LGBT Heroes Honored With Plaques in Chicago's Legacy Walk"</a>. <i>Advocate.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.btitle=PHOTOS%3A+7+LGBT+Heroes+Honored+With+Plaques+in+Chicago%27s+Legacy+Walk&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.advocate.com%2Fpride%2F2014%2F10%2F11%2Fphotos-7-lgbt-heroes-honored-plaques-chicagos-legacy-walk&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Kamiab, Farbod (20 November 2012). <a class="external text" href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WkPopfcnEO4" rel="nofollow">"Alan et la Pomme&#160;– Salvatore Adamo"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Video upload)</span>. <i>YouTube</i>. Google Inc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.au=Kamiab%2C+Farbod&amp;rft.btitle=Alan+et+la+Pomme%26nbsp%3B%E2%80%93+Salvatore+Adamo&amp;rft.date=20+November+2012&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DWkPopfcnEO4&amp;rft.pub=Google+Inc&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="https://www.nsa.gov/about/cryptologic_heritage/hall_of_honor/2014/turing.shtml" rel="nofollow">"Hall of Honor Inductee&#160;– Alan Turing&#160;– NSA/CSS"</a>. National Security Agency. 22 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.btitle=Hall+of+Honor+Inductee%26nbsp%3B%E2%80%93+Alan+Turing%26nbsp%3B%E2%80%93+NSA%2FCSS&amp;rft.date=22+October+2014&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nsa.gov%2Fabout%2Fcryptologic_heritage%2Fhall_of_honor%2F2014%2Fturing.shtml&amp;rft.pub=National+Security+Agency&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="https://www.nsa.gov/public_info/press_room/2014/Cryptologists_Added_to_Hall_of_Honor.shtml" rel="nofollow">"2014 Press Release&#160;– Five Cryptologists Added to NSA/CSS Cryptologic Hall of Honor"</a>. National Security Agency. 22 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.btitle=2014+Press+Release%26nbsp%3B%E2%80%93+Five+Cryptologists+Added+to+NSA%2FCSS+Cryptologic+Hall+of+Honor&amp;rft.date=22+October+2014&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nsa.gov%2Fpublic_info%2Fpress_room%2F2014%2FCryptologists_Added_to_Hall_of_Honor.shtml&amp;rft.pub=National+Security+Agency&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/study/facilities/academic.html" rel="nofollow">"King's College Cambridge"</a>. kings.cam.ac.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.btitle=King%27s+College+Cambridge&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kings.cam.ac.uk%2Fstudy%2Ffacilities%2Facademic.html&amp;rft.pub=kings.cam.ac.uk&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.synth.co.uk/images/paolozzi2.html" rel="nofollow">"Turing prints (2000)"</a>. Synth.co.uk. 24 September 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.btitle=Turing+prints+%282000%29&amp;rft.date=24+September+2000&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.synth.co.uk%2Fimages%2Fpaolozzi2.html&amp;rft.pub=Synth.co.uk&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://portal.surrey.ac.uk/portal/page?_pageid=799,277813&amp;_dad=portal&amp;_schema=PORTAL" rel="nofollow">"The Earl of Wessex unveils statue of Alan Turing"</a>. University of Surrey<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.btitle=The+Earl+of+Wessex+unveils+statue+of+Alan+Turing&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fportal.surrey.ac.uk%2Fportal%2Fpage%3F_pageid%3D799%2C277813%26_dad%3Dportal%26_schema%3DPORTAL&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Surrey&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-SurreyCelebration-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SurreyCelebration_149-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SurreyCelebration_149-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131225111618/http://www.surrey.ac.uk/computing/news/events/2012/a_celebration_of_the_code_breaker_alan_turing.htm" rel="nofollow">"A celebration of the code breaker&#160;– Alan Turing"</a>. University of Surrey. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.surrey.ac.uk/computing/news/events/2012/a_celebration_of_the_code_breaker_alan_turing.htm" rel="nofollow">the original</a> on 25 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.btitle=A+celebration+of+the+code+breaker%26nbsp%3B%E2%80%93+Alan+Turing&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.surrey.ac.uk%2Fcomputing%2Fnews%2Fevents%2F2012%2Fa_celebration_of_the_code_breaker_alan_turing.htm&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Surrey&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-v3-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-v3_150-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.v3.co.uk/v3-uk/news/2381568/the-imitation-game-10-surprising-facts-about-bletchley-park-genius-alan-turing/page/2" rel="nofollow">"The Imitation Game: 10 surprising facts about Bletchley Park genius Alan Turing"</a>. V3.co.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.btitle=The+Imitation+Game%3A+10+surprising+facts+about+Bletchley+Park+genius+Alan+Turing&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.v3.co.uk%2Fv3-uk%2Fnews%2F2381568%2Fthe-imitation-game-10-surprising-facts-about-bletchley-park-genius-alan-turing%2Fpage%2F2&amp;rft.pub=V3.co.uk&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-texturingschol-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-texturingschol_151-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="https://www.cs.utexas.edu/turing-scholars" rel="nofollow">"Turing Scholars Program at the University of Texas at Austin"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.btitle=Turing+Scholars+Program+at+the+University+of+Texas+at+Austin&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.utexas.edu%2Fturing-scholars&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-stanforduniv-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stanforduniv_152-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/Knuth_Don_X4100/PDF_index/k-8-pdf/k-8-u2679-Stanford-Comp-Dedication.pdf" rel="nofollow">"Polya Hall, Stanford University"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.btitle=Polya+Hall%2C+Stanford+University&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.computerhistory.org%2Fresources%2Ftext%2FKnuth_Don_X4100%2FPDF_index%2Fk-8-pdf%2Fk-8-u2679-Stanford-Comp-Dedication.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-lifl-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lifl_153-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.lifl.fr/" rel="nofollow">"Laboratoire d'Informatique Fondamentale de Lille"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.btitle=Laboratoire+d%27Informatique+Fondamentale+de+Lille&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lifl.fr%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Cooksey, Katie (24 December 2013). <a class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-manchester-25499447" rel="nofollow">"Alan Turing: Manchester celebrates pardoned genius"</a>. BBC News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.atitle=Alan+Turing%3A+Manchester+celebrates+pardoned+genius&amp;rft.aufirst=Katie&amp;rft.aulast=Cooksey&amp;rft.date=24+December+2013&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-manchester-25499447&amp;rft.pub=BBC+News&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external free" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A._M._Turing_bench,_Carnegie_Mellon_University,_Pittsburgh_PA,_USA.jpg">https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A._M._Turing_bench,_Carnegie_Mellon_University,_Pittsburgh_PA,_USA.jpg</a></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-Oregon-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oregon_156-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.mathcomp.leeds.ac.uk/turing2012/files/oregon.html" rel="nofollow">"Turing at the University of Oregon"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.btitle=Turing+at+the+University+of+Oregon&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mathcomp.leeds.ac.uk%2Fturing2012%2Ffiles%2Foregon.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
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+            <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.univ-tlse3.fr/24006883/0/fiche___pagelibre/&amp;RH=ACCUEIL&amp;RF=RUB01" rel="nofollow">[1]</a> Paul Sabatier University campus map</span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-wueuniv-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wueuniv_160-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.mathematik-informatik.uni-wuerzburg.de/en/sonstiges/directions_maps/faculty_of_mathematics_and_computer_science/computer_science_building/ground_floor/" rel="nofollow">"Turing Hörsaal at University of Würzburg"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.btitle=Turing+H%C3%B6rsaal+at+University+of+W%C3%BCrzburg&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mathematik-informatik.uni-wuerzburg.de%2Fen%2Fsonstiges%2Fdirections_maps%2Ffaculty_of_mathematics_and_computer_science%2Fcomputer_science_building%2Fground_floor%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.amsterdamsciencepark.nl/location-facilities/facilities/catering-and-conference/" rel="nofollow">"Facilities / Catering and conference"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Science_Park" title="Amsterdam Science Park">Amsterdam Science Park</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.btitle=Facilities+%2F+Catering+and+conference&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amsterdamsciencepark.nl%2Flocation-facilities%2Ffacilities%2Fcatering-and-conference%2F&amp;rft.pub=Amsterdam+Science+Park&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8226509.stm" rel="nofollow"><i>Thousands call for Turing apology</i></a>. BBC News. 31 August 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.btitle=Thousands+call+for+Turing+apology&amp;rft.date=31+August+2009&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Ftechnology%2F8226509.stm&amp;rft.pub=BBC+News&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/europe/09/01/alan.turing.petition/index.html" rel="nofollow"><i>Petition seeks apology for Enigma code-breaker Turing</i></a>. CNN. 1 September 2009. <a class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20091005081407/http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/europe/09/01/alan.turing.petition/index.html?" rel="nofollow">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.btitle=Petition+seeks+apology+for+Enigma+code-breaker+Turing&amp;rft.date=1+September+2009&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2009%2FWORLD%2Feurope%2F09%2F01%2Falan.turing.petition%2Findex.html&amp;rft.pub=CNN&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-PMapology-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PMapology_164-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PMapology_164-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PMapology_164-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Davies, Caroline (11 September 2009). <a class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/sep/11/pm-apology-to-alan-turing" rel="nofollow">"PM's apology to codebreaker Alan Turing: we were inhumane"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i> (UK).</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.atitle=PM%27s+apology+to+codebreaker+Alan+Turing%3A+we+were+inhumane&amp;rft.aufirst=Caroline&amp;rft.aulast=Davies&amp;rft.date=11+September+2009&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Fworld%2F2009%2Fsep%2F11%2Fpm-apology-to-alan-turing&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&amp;rft.place=UK&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The petition was only open to UK citizens.</span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-PM-apology-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PM-apology_166-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8249792.stm" rel="nofollow">"PM apology after Turing petition"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 11 September 2009.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.atitle=PM+apology+after+Turing+petition&amp;rft.date=11+September+2009&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Ftechnology%2F8249792.stm&amp;rft.jtitle=BBC+News&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.cs.auckland.ac.nz/~ian/TuringApology.html" rel="nofollow">Full text of the Prime Minister's apology</a>.</span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-PardonPetition-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PardonPetition_168-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PardonPetition_168-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PardonPetition_168-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="https://submissions.epetitions.direct.gov.uk/petitions/23526" rel="nofollow">"Grant a pardon to Alan Turing"</a>. 6 December 2011.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.btitle=Grant+a+pardon+to+Alan+Turing&amp;rft.date=6+December+2011&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsubmissions.epetitions.direct.gov.uk%2Fpetitions%2F23526&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-BBBCPardon-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBBCPardon_169-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-manchester-16061279" rel="nofollow">"Petition to pardon computer pioneer Alan Turing started"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 6 December 2011.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.atitle=Petition+to+pardon+computer+pioneer+Alan+Turing+started&amp;rft.date=6+December+2011&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-manchester-16061279&amp;rft.jtitle=BBC+News&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-PardonPetitionDiscouraged-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PardonPetitionDiscouraged_170-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Wainwright, Martin (7 February 2012). <a class="external text" href="http://www.theguardian.com/uk/the-northerner/2012/feb/07/alan-turing-pardon-lord-mcnally-lord-sharkey-computers" rel="nofollow">"Government rejects a pardon for computer genius Alan Turing"</a>. The Guardian.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.aufirst=Martin&amp;rft.aulast=Wainwright&amp;rft.btitle=Government+rejects+a+pardon+for+computer+genius+Alan+Turing&amp;rft.date=7+February+2012&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk%2Fthe-northerner%2F2012%2Ffeb%2F07%2Falan-turing-pardon-lord-mcnally-lord-sharkey-computers&amp;rft.pub=The+Guardian&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld201212/ldhansrd/text/120202w0001.htm" rel="nofollow">"hansard"</a>. publications.parliament.uk. 2 February 2012.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.btitle=hansard&amp;rft.date=2+February+2012&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.publications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fld201212%2Fldhansrd%2Ftext%2F120202w0001.htm&amp;rft.pub=publications.parliament.uk&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://services.parliament.uk/bills/2012-13/alanturingstatutorypardon.html" rel="nofollow">"Bill"</a>. Services.parliament.uk. 26 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.btitle=Bill&amp;rft.date=26+July+2012&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fservices.parliament.uk%2Fbills%2F2012-13%2Falanturingstatutorypardon.html&amp;rft.pub=Services.parliament.uk&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pearse, Damian, <a class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2012/dec/14/alan-turing-pardon-stephen-hawking" rel="nofollow">"Alan Turing should be pardoned, argue Stephen Hawking and top scientists"</a>, <i>The Guardian</i>, 13 December 2012. Retrieved 15 December 2012.</span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-turingguardian19july2013-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-turingguardian19july2013_174-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Watt, Nicholas (19 July 2013). <a class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk-news/2013/jul/19/enigma-codebreaker-alan-turing-posthumous-pardon" rel="nofollow">"Enigma codebreaker Alan Turing to be given posthumous pardon"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i> (London).</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.atitle=Enigma+codebreaker+Alan+Turing+to+be+given+posthumous+pardon&amp;rft.au=Watt%2C+Nicholas&amp;rft.date=19+July+2013&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.uk%2Fuk-news%2F2013%2Fjul%2F19%2Fenigma-codebreaker-alan-turing-posthumous-pardon&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Worth, Dan (30 October 2013). <a class="external text" href="http://www.v3.co.uk/v3-uk/news/2302744/alan-turing-pardon-moves-a-step-closer" rel="nofollow">"Alan Turing pardon sails through House of Lords"</a>. V3<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.atitle=Alan+Turing+pardon+sails+through+House+of+Lords&amp;rft.aufirst=Dan&amp;rft.aulast=Worth&amp;rft.date=30+October+2013&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.v3.co.uk%2Fv3-uk%2Fnews%2F2302744%2Falan-turing-pardon-moves-a-step-closer&amp;rft.pub=V3&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://services.parliament.uk/bills/2013-14/alanturingstatutorypardon.html" rel="nofollow">"Alan Turing (Statutory Pardon) Bill"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.btitle=Alan+Turing+%28Statutory+Pardon%29+Bill&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fservices.parliament.uk%2Fbills%2F2013-14%2Falanturingstatutorypardon.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-turingpinknewsdec2013-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-turingpinknewsdec2013_177-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Roberts, Scott (2 December 2013). <a class="external text" href="http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2013/12/02/lib-dem-mp-john-leech-disappointed-at-delay-to-alan-turing-pardon-bill" rel="nofollow">"Lib Dem MP John Leech disappointed at delay to Alan Turing pardon bill"</a>. Pink News.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.au=Roberts%2C+Scott&amp;rft.btitle=Lib+Dem+MP+John+Leech+disappointed+at+delay+to+Alan+Turing+pardon+bill&amp;rft.date=2+December+2013&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pinknews.co.uk%2F2013%2F12%2F02%2Flib-dem-mp-john-leech-disappointed-at-delay-to-alan-turing-pardon-bill&amp;rft.pub=Pink+News&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://services.parliament.uk/bills/2013-14/alanturingstatutorypardon.html" rel="nofollow">"Alan Turing (Statutory Pardon) Bill"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.btitle=Alan+Turing+%28Statutory+Pardon%29+Bill&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fservices.parliament.uk%2Fbills%2F2013-14%2Falanturingstatutorypardon.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.advocate.com/world/2014/08/22/queens-decree-alan-turing-now-officially-pardoned" rel="nofollow">"With Queen's Decree, Alan Turing Is Now Officially Pardoned"</a>. <i>Advocate.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.btitle=With+Queen%27s+Decree%2C+Alan+Turing+Is+Now+Officially+Pardoned&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.advocate.com%2Fworld%2F2014%2F08%2F22%2Fqueens-decree-alan-turing-now-officially-pardoned&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pardoned: Alan Turing, Computing patriarch. <i>Time</i> Magazine, vol. 183, no. 1, 13 January 2014, p. 14. Retrieved 6 January 2014.</span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-grauniad-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-grauniad_181-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Davies, Caroline (24 December 2013). "Codebreaker Turing is given posthumous royal pardon". <i>The Guardian</i> (London: Guardian News and Media). pp.&#160;1, 6.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.atitle=Codebreaker+Turing+is+given+posthumous+royal+pardon&amp;rft.aufirst=Caroline&amp;rft.aulast=Davies&amp;rft.date=24+December+2013&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&amp;rft.pages=1%2C+6&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Guardian+News+and+Media&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-UKHP-182"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UKHP_182-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Tatchell, Peter G (24 December 2013). <a class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/peter-g-tatchell/alan-turing-pardon_b_4498564.html" rel="nofollow">"Alan Turing: Was He Murdered By the Security Services?"</a>. <a class="external free" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/" rel="nofollow">http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.atitle=Alan+Turing%3A+Was+He+Murdered+By+the+Security+Services%3F&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter+G&amp;rft.aulast=Tatchell&amp;rft.date=24+December+2013&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.co.uk%2Fpeter-g-tatchell%2Falan-turing-pardon_b_4498564.html&amp;rft.pub=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.co.uk%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-183"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Ward, Alex (29 December 2013). <a class="external text" href="http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2530751/Security-services-killed-code-breaker-Alan-Turing-gay-claims-campaigner-Peter-Tatchell.html" rel="nofollow">"<i>Daily Mail</i>, 29 December 2013"</a>. London: Dailymail.co.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.atitle=Daily+Mail%2C+29+December+2013&amp;rft.au=Ward%2C+Alex&amp;rft.date=29+December+2013&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailymail.co.uk%2Fnews%2Farticle-2530751%2FSecurity-services-killed-code-breaker-Alan-Turing-gay-claims-campaigner-Peter-Tatchell.html&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Dailymail.co.uk&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://content.usatoday.com/communities/technologylive/post/2012/06/google-doodle-honors-alan-turing/1#.T-U2U47igfM" rel="nofollow">"Google Doodle honors Alan Turing"</a>. Content.usatoday.com. 22 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.atitle=Google+Doodle+honors+Alan+Turing&amp;rft.date=22+June+2012&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.usatoday.com%2Fcommunities%2Ftechnologylive%2Fpost%2F2012%2F06%2Fgoogle-doodle-honors-alan-turing%2F1%23.T-U2U47igfM&amp;rft.pub=Content.usatoday.com&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-19543039" rel="nofollow">"Special Monopoly edition celebrates Alan Turing's life"</a>. BBC News Technology. 10 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.atitle=Special+Monopoly+edition+celebrates+Alan+Turing%27s+life&amp;rft.date=10+September+2012&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Ftechnology-19543039&amp;rft.pub=BBC+News+Technology&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.bletchleypark.org.uk/news/docview.rhtm/668532" rel="nofollow">"Bletchley Park Launches Special Edition Alan Turing Monopoly Board"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.btitle=Bletchley+Park+Launches+Special+Edition+Alan+Turing+Monopoly+Board&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bletchleypark.org.uk%2Fnews%2Fdocview.rhtm%2F668532&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/lifestyle/03/24/12/dlsu-host-intl-summit-philosophy" rel="nofollow">"DLSU to host int'l summit on philosophy"</a>. <i>ABS-CBN.com</i>. 24 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.atitle=DLSU+to+host+int%27l+summit+on+philosophy&amp;rft.date=24+March+2012&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs-cbnnews.com%2Flifestyle%2F03%2F24%2F12%2Fdlsu-host-intl-summit-philosophy&amp;rft.jtitle=ABS-CBN.com&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Layug-Rosero, Regina (21 April 2012). <a class="external text" href="http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/255746/scitech/science/the-thinking-machine-a-philosophical-analysis-of-the-singularity" rel="nofollow">"The Thinking Machine: A philosophical analysis of the Singularity"</a>. <i>GMA News Online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.atitle=The+Thinking+Machine%3A+A+philosophical+analysis+of+the+Singularity&amp;rft.au=Layug-Rosero%2C+Regina&amp;rft.date=21+April+2012&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gmanetwork.com%2Fnews%2Fstory%2F255746%2Fscitech%2Fscience%2Fthe-thinking-machine-a-philosophical-analysis-of-the-singularity&amp;rft.jtitle=GMA+News+Online&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Shankar, M. Gopi (5 July 2012). <a class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/making-themselves-heard/article3605820.ece" rel="nofollow">"Making themselves heard"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i> (Chennai, India)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.atitle=Making+themselves+heard&amp;rft.au=Shankar%2C+M.+Gopi&amp;rft.date=5+July+2012&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ffeatures%2Fmetroplus%2Fmaking-themselves-heard%2Farticle3605820.ece&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&amp;rft.place=Chennai%2C+India&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://m.guardian.co.uk/uk/2011/feb/23/northerner-alan-turing-centenary-celebrations?cat=uk&amp;type=article" rel="nofollow">"The Northerner: Alan Turing, computer pioneer, has centenary marked by a year of celebrations"</a>. M.guardian.co.uk. 23 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.btitle=The+Northerner%3A+Alan+Turing%2C+computer+pioneer%2C+has+centenary+marked+by+a+year+of+celebrations&amp;rft.date=23+February+2011&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fm.guardian.co.uk%2Fuk%2F2011%2Ffeb%2F23%2Fnortherner-alan-turing-centenary-celebrations%3Fcat%3Duk%26type%3Darticle&amp;rft.pub=M.guardian.co.uk&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a href="/wiki/Rory_Cellan-Jones" title="Rory Cellan-Jones">Cellan-Jones, Rory</a>; Rooney (curator), David (18 June 2012). <a class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-18459979" rel="nofollow">"Enigma? First look at Alan Turing exhibition (report with video preview)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News_Online" title="BBC News Online">BBC News Online</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.atitle=Enigma%3F+First+look+at+Alan+Turing+exhibition+%28report+with+video+preview%29&amp;rft.aufirst=Rory&amp;rft.aulast=Cellan-Jones&amp;rft.au=Rooney+%28curator%29%2C+David&amp;rft.date=18+June+2012&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Ftechnology-18459979&amp;rft.jtitle=BBC+News+Online&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Cutlack, Gary (2 January 2012). <a class="external text" href="http://www.gizmodo.co.uk/2012/01/alan-turing-to-feature-in-britons-of-distinction-stamp-series/" rel="nofollow">"Codebreaker Alan Turing gets stamp of approval"</a>. <i>Gizmodo</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.atitle=Codebreaker+Alan+Turing+gets+stamp+of+approval&amp;rft.au=Cutlack%2C+Gary&amp;rft.date=2+January+2012&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gizmodo.co.uk%2F2012%2F01%2Falan-turing-to-feature-in-britons-of-distinction-stamp-series%2F&amp;rft.jtitle=Gizmodo&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Anon (22 June 2012). <a class="external text" href="http://menmedia.co.uk/manchestereveningnews/news/s/1581770_centenary-award-tribute-to-enigma-codebreaker-alan-turing" rel="nofollow">"Centenary award tribute to "enigma" codebreaker Alan Turing."</a>. <i>Manchester Evening News</i> (Manchester: MEN media)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.atitle=Centenary+award+tribute+to+%22enigma%22+codebreaker+Alan+Turing.&amp;rft.au=Anon&amp;rft.date=22+June+2012&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmenmedia.co.uk%2Fmanchestereveningnews%2Fnews%2Fs%2F1581770_centenary-award-tribute-to-enigma-codebreaker-alan-turing&amp;rft.jtitle=Manchester+Evening+News&amp;rft.place=Manchester&amp;rft.pub=MEN+media&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a class="external text" href="http://www.cs.ox.ac.uk/admissions/ugrad/Computer_Science_and_Philosophy" rel="nofollow">"Computer Science and Philosophy"</a>. University of Oxford<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.atitle=Computer+Science+and+Philosophy&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.ox.ac.uk%2Fadmissions%2Fugrad%2FComputer_Science_and_Philosophy&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Oxford&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> A new undergraduate degree course, with its first students having started in 2012, the centenary of Alan Turing's birth.</span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.dcs.warwick.ac.uk/bshm/archive/meetings.html" rel="nofollow">"BSHM Meetings (1992–2007)"</a>. dcs.warwick.ac.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.btitle=BSHM+Meetings+%281992%E2%80%932007%29&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dcs.warwick.ac.uk%2Fbshm%2Farchive%2Fmeetings.html&amp;rft.pub=dcs.warwick.ac.uk&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-BBC-mutlitiude-196"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC-mutlitiude_196-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-18472563" rel="nofollow">"Alan Turing: A multitude of lives in fiction"</a>. BBC. 23 June 2012.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.atitle=Alan+Turing%3A+A+multitude+of+lives+in+fiction&amp;rft.date=23+June+2012&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Ftechnology-18472563&amp;rft.pub=BBC&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-197"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://altnyc.org/new-operas-for-new-audiences/the-turing-project/" rel="nofollow">"The Life and Death(s) of Alan Turing - a new opera - American Lyric Theater"</a>. <i>altnyc.org</i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Death%28s%29+of+Alan+Turing+-+a+new+opera+-+American+Lyric+Theater&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faltnyc.org%2Fnew-operas-for-new-audiences%2Fthe-turing-project%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-198"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.studio360.org/story/alan-turing-man-and-myth/" rel="nofollow">"Alan Turing, Man and Myth - Studio 360"</a>. <i>studio360</i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.btitle=Alan+Turing%2C+Man+and+Myth++-+Studio+360&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.studio360.org%2Fstory%2Falan-turing-man-and-myth%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation" id="CITEREFHolt2006">Holt, Jim (3 September 2006), <a class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/03/books/review/Holt.t.html" rel="nofollow">"Obsessive-Genius Disorder"</a>, <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/New_York_Times" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.atitle=Obsessive-Genius+Disorder&amp;rft.aufirst=Jim&amp;rft.aulast=Holt&amp;rft.date=3+September+2006&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F09%2F03%2Fbooks%2Freview%2FHolt.t.html&amp;rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>.</span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[<cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://vague-terrain.com/?release=for-alan-turing" rel="nofollow">"Matmos release <i>For Alan Turing</i>"</a>. <i>Vague Terrain</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.btitle=Matmos+release+For+Alan+Turing&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvague-terrain.com%2F%3Frelease%3Dfor-alan-turing&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>]</span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Sheppard, Justin (7 September 2006). <a class="external text" href="http://www.prefixmag.com/news/track-review-matmos-enigma-machine-for-alan-turing/8032/" rel="nofollow">"Track Review: Matmos&#160;— Enigma Machine For Alan Turing"</a>. <i>Prefix Mag</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.aufirst=Justin&amp;rft.aulast=Sheppard&amp;rft.btitle=Track+Review%3A+Matmos%26nbsp%3B%E2%80%94+Enigma+Machine+For+Alan+Turing&amp;rft.date=7+September+2006&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prefixmag.com%2Fnews%2Ftrack-review-matmos-enigma-machine-for-alan-turing%2F8032%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Rodríguez Ramos, Javier (29 May 2012). <a class="external text" href="http://cultura.elpais.com/cultura/2012/05/25/tentaciones/1337949017_223917.html" rel="nofollow">"Hidrogenesse, 'Un dígito binario dudoso<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>"</a>. <i>El País&#160;— Cultura</i> (in Spanish). Grupo PRISA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.aufirst=Javier&amp;rft.aulast=Rodr%C3%ADguez+Ramos&amp;rft.btitle=Hidrogenesse%2C+%27Un+d%C3%ADgito+binario+dudoso%27&amp;rft.date=29+May+2012&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcultura.elpais.com%2Fcultura%2F2012%2F05%2F25%2Ftentaciones%2F1337949017_223917.html&amp;rft.pub=Grupo+PRISA&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Portwood, Jerry (13 September 2012). <a class="external text" href="http://www.out.com/entertainment/popnography/2012/09/13/pet-shop-boys-speak-out-about-alan-turing" rel="nofollow">"Pet Shop Boys Working on Alan Turing Project"</a>. Out <i>magazine</i>. Here Media<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.aufirst=Jerry&amp;rft.aulast=Portwood&amp;rft.btitle=Pet+Shop+Boys+Working+on+Alan+Turing+Project&amp;rft.date=13+September+2012&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.out.com%2Fentertainment%2Fpopnography%2F2012%2F09%2F13%2Fpet-shop-boys-speak-out-about-alan-turing&amp;rft.pub=Here+Media&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b04b2m2y" rel="nofollow">"BBC Radio 3&#160;– BBC Proms, 2014 Season, Prom 8: Pet Shop Boys"</a>. <i>BBC</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.btitle=BBC+Radio+3%26nbsp%3B%E2%80%93+BBC+Proms%2C+2014+Season%2C+Prom+8%3A+Pet+Shop+Boys&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fb04b2m2y&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.classical-music.com/event/hertfordshire-chorus-james-mccarthy-codebreaker" rel="nofollow">"Hertfordshire Chorus&#160;– James McCarthy: Codebreaker, a life in music"</a>. <i>Classical-Music.com</i>. BBC Music Magazine<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.btitle=Hertfordshire+Chorus%26nbsp%3B%E2%80%93+James+McCarthy%3A+Codebreaker%2C+a+life+in+music&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.classical-music.com%2Fevent%2Fhertfordshire-chorus-james-mccarthy-codebreaker&amp;rft.pub=BBC+Music+Magazine&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SRMNi4_th-0" rel="nofollow">Codebreaker</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2119396/" rel="nofollow">"Codebreaker"</a>. IMDB<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.btitle=Codebreaker&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt2119396%2F&amp;rft.pub=IMDB&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Brooks, Brian. <a class="external text" href="http://deadline.com/2014/11/the-imitation-game-will-stuff-theaters-this-holiday-weekend-specialty-box-office-preview-1201297279/" rel="nofollow">"<span style="padding-left:0.2em;">'</span>The Imitation Game' Will Stuff Theaters This Holiday Weekend&#160;– Specialty Box Office Preview"</a>. <i>Deadline</i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.aufirst=Brian&amp;rft.aulast=Brooks&amp;rft.btitle=%27The+Imitation+Game%27+Will+Stuff+Theaters+This+Holiday+Weekend%26nbsp%3B%E2%80%93+Specialty+Box+Office+Preview&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdeadline.com%2F2014%2F11%2Fthe-imitation-game-will-stuff-theaters-this-holiday-weekend-specialty-box-office-preview-1201297279%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-NYT-20141030-CM-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20141030-CM_209-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Charles, McGrath (30 October 2014). <a class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/02/movies/the-imitation-game-dramatizes-the-story-of-alan-turing.html" rel="nofollow">"The Riddle Who Unlocked the Enigma&#160;– 'The Imitation Game' Dramatises the Story of Alan Turing"</a>. <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/New_York_Times" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.atitle=The+Riddle+Who+Unlocked+the+Enigma%26nbsp%3B%E2%80%93+%27The+Imitation+Game%27+Dramatises+the+Story+of+Alan+Turing&amp;rft.aufirst=McGrath&amp;rft.aulast=Charles&amp;rft.date=30+October+2014&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F11%2F02%2Fmovies%2Fthe-imitation-game-dramatizes-the-story-of-alan-turing.html&amp;rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Walters, Ben (9 October 2014). <a class="external text" href="http://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2014/oct/09/the-imitation-game-alan-turing-gay" rel="nofollow">"The Imitation Game: the queerest thing to hit multiplexes for years?"</a>. theguardian.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.au=Walters%2C+Ben&amp;rft.btitle=The+Imitation+Game%3A+the+queerest+thing+to+hit+multiplexes+for+years%3F&amp;rft.date=9+October+2014&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ffilm%2Ffilmblog%2F2014%2Foct%2F09%2Fthe-imitation-game-alan-turing-gay&amp;rft.pub=theguardian.com&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+            <li id="cite_note-211"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Bradshaw, Peter (13 November 2014). <a class="external text" href="http://www.theguardian.com/film/2014/nov/13/the-imitation-game-review-cumberbatch-turing" rel="nofollow">"The Imitation Game review&#160;– Cumberbatch cracks biopic code"</a>. theguardian.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.au=Bradshaw%2C+Peter&amp;rft.btitle=The+Imitation+Game+review%26nbsp%3B%E2%80%93+Cumberbatch+cracks+biopic+code&amp;rft.date=13+November+2014&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ffilm%2F2014%2Fnov%2F13%2Fthe-imitation-game-review-cumberbatch-turing&amp;rft.pub=theguardian.com&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span></li>
+          </ol>
+        </div>
+        <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&amp;action=edit&amp;section=27" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+        <div class="refbegin columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em;">
+          <ul>
+            <li><cite class="citation book" id="CITEREFAgar2001">Agar, Jon (2001). <i>Turing and the Universal Machine</i>. Duxford: Icon. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84046-250-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84046-250-0">978-1-84046-250-0</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.aufirst=Jon&amp;rft.aulast=Agar&amp;rft.btitle=Turing+and+the+Universal+Machine&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-84046-250-0&amp;rft.place=Duxford&amp;rft.pub=Icon&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
+            <li><cite class="citation book">Agar, Jon (2003). <i>The government machine: a revolutionary history of the computer</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01202-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01202-7">978-0-262-01202-7</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.aufirst=Jon&amp;rft.aulast=Agar&amp;rft.btitle=The+government+machine%3A+a+revolutionary+history+of+the+computer&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-262-01202-7&amp;rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&amp;rft.pub=MIT+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
+            <li><cite class="citation journal" id="CITEREFAlexandercirca_1945"><a href="/wiki/Conel_Hugh_O%27Donel_Alexander" title="Conel Hugh O'Donel Alexander">Alexander, C. Hugh O'D.</a> (c. 1945). <a class="external text" href="http://www.ellsbury.com/gne/gne-000.htm" rel="nofollow">"Cryptographic History of Work on the German Naval Enigma"</a>. The National Archives, Kew, Reference HW 25/1.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.atitle=Cryptographic+History+of+Work+on+the+German+Naval+Enigma&amp;rft.aufirst=C.+Hugh+O%27D.&amp;rft.aulast=Alexander&amp;rft.date=c.+1945&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ellsbury.com%2Fgne%2Fgne-000.htm&amp;rft.pub=The+National+Archives%2C+Kew%2C+Reference+HW+25%2F1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
+            <li><cite class="citation book" id="CITEREFBeavers2013">Beavers, Anthony (2013). "Alan Turing: Mathematical Mechanist". In Cooper, S. Barry; van Leeuwen, Jan. <a class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=C9WQbm4ovFoC&amp;pg=PA481&amp;dq=alan+turing+father+of+computer+science#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false" rel="nofollow"><i>Alan Turing: His Work and Impact</i></a>. Waltham: Elsevier. pp.&#160;481–485. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-386980-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-386980-7">978-0-12-386980-7</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.atitle=Alan+Turing%3A+Mathematical+Mechanist&amp;rft.aufirst=Anthony&amp;rft.aulast=Beavers&amp;rft.btitle=Alan+Turing%3A+His+Work+and+Impact&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DC9WQbm4ovFoC%26pg%3DPA481%26dq%3Dalan%2Bturing%2Bfather%2Bof%2Bcomputer%2Bscience%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-12-386980-7&amp;rft.pages=481-485&amp;rft.place=Waltham&amp;rft.pub=Elsevier&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
+            <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/James_R._Beniger" title="James R. Beniger">Beniger, James</a> (1986). <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/The_control_revolution:_technological_and_economic_origins_of_the_information_society" title="The control revolution: technological and economic origins of the information society">The control revolution: technological and economic origins of the information society</a></i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-16986-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-16986-7">0-674-16986-7</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.aufirst=James&amp;rft.aulast=Beniger&amp;rft.btitle=The+control+revolution%3A+technological+and+economic+origins+of+the+information+society&amp;rft.date=1986&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-674-16986-7&amp;rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&amp;rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
+            <li><cite class="citation book" id="CITEREFBabbage1864"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage" title="Charles Babbage">Babbage, Charles</a> (1864). <a href="/wiki/Martin_Campbell-Kelly" title="Martin Campbell-Kelly">Campbell-Kelly, Martin</a>, ed. <i>Passages from the life of a philosopher</i>. Rough Draft Printing (published 2008). <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60386-092-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60386-092-5">978-1-60386-092-5</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.aufirst=Charles&amp;rft.aulast=Babbage&amp;rft.btitle=Passages+from+the+life+of+a+philosopher&amp;rft.date=1864&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-60386-092-5&amp;rft.pub=Rough+Draft+Printing&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
+            <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/David_Bodanis" title="David Bodanis">Bodanis, David</a> (2005). <i>Electric Universe: How Electricity Switched on the Modern World</i>. New York: Three Rivers Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-307-33598-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-307-33598-4">0-307-33598-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a>&#160;<a class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/61684223" rel="nofollow">61684223</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft.aulast=Bodanis&amp;rft.btitle=Electric+Universe%3A+How+Electricity+Switched+on+the+Modern+World&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F61684223&amp;rft.isbn=0-307-33598-4&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Three+Rivers+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
+            <li>Bruderer, Herbert: <a class="external text" href="http://www.oldenbourg-verlag.de/wissenschaftsverlag/konrad-zuse-und-schweiz/9783486713664" rel="nofollow"><i>Konrad Zuse und die Schweiz. Wer hat den Computer erfunden? Charles Babbage, Alan Turing und John von Neumann</i></a> Oldenbourg Verlag, München 2012, XXVI, 224 Seiten, <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783486713664">ISBN 978-3-486-71366-4</a>
+            </li>
+            <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Campbell-Kelly" title="Martin Campbell-Kelly">Campbell-Kelly, Martin</a>; Aspray, William (1996). <i>Computer: A History of the Information Machine</i>. New York: Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-02989-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-02989-2">0-465-02989-2</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.au=Aspray%2C+William&amp;rft.aufirst=Martin&amp;rft.aulast=Campbell-Kelly&amp;rft.btitle=Computer%3A+A+History+of+the+Information+Machine&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-465-02989-2&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Basic+Books&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
+            <li><cite class="citation book"><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Paul_Ceruzzi" title="Paul Ceruzzi">Ceruzzi, Paul</a> (1998). <i>A History of Modern Computing</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London: MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-53169-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-53169-0">0-262-53169-0</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul&amp;rft.aulast=Ceruzzi&amp;rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Computing&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-262-53169-0&amp;rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts%2C+and+London&amp;rft.pub=MIT+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
+            <li><cite class="citation book"><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Alfred_Chandler" title="Alfred Chandler">Chandler, Alfred</a> (1977). <i>The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-94052-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-94052-0">0-674-94052-0</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.aufirst=Alfred&amp;rft.aulast=Chandler&amp;rft.btitle=The+Visible+Hand%3A+The+Managerial+Revolution+in+American+Business&amp;rft.date=1977&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-674-94052-0&amp;rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&amp;rft.pub=Belknap+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
+            <li><cite class="citation journal" id="CITEREFChurch1936"><a href="/wiki/Alonzo_Church" title="Alonzo Church">Church, Alonzo</a> (1936). "An Unsolvable Problem of Elementary Number Theory". <i><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Mathematics" title="American Journal of Mathematics">American Journal of Mathematics</a></i> <b>58</b> (2): 345. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="//dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F2371045" rel="nofollow">10.2307/2371045</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<a class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9327" rel="nofollow">0002-9327</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>&#160;<a class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/2371045" rel="nofollow">2371045</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.atitle=An+Unsolvable+Problem+of+Elementary+Number+Theory&amp;rft.aufirst=Alonzo&amp;rft.aulast=Church&amp;rft.date=1936&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2371045&amp;rft.issn=00029327&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.jstor=2371045&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Mathematics&amp;rft.pages=345&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=58"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
+            <li><cite class="citation book" id="CITEREFCoopervan_Leeuwen2013">Cooper, S. Barry; van Leeuwen, Jan (2013). <i>Alan Turing: His Work and Impact</i>. New York: Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-386980-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-386980-7">978-0-12-386980-7</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.aufirst=S.+Barry&amp;rft.aulast=Cooper&amp;rft.au=van+Leeuwen%2C+Jan&amp;rft.btitle=Alan+Turing%3A+His+Work+and+Impact&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-12-386980-7&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Elsevier&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
+            <li><cite class="citation journal" id="CITEREFCopeland2004a"><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/B._Jack_Copeland" title="B. Jack Copeland">Copeland, B. Jack</a> (2004a). "Colossus: Its Origins and Originators". <i><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Annals_of_the_History_of_Computing" title="IEEE Annals of the History of Computing">IEEE Annals of the History of Computing</a></i> <b>26</b> (4): 38–45. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="//dx.doi.org/10.1109%2FMAHC.2004.26" rel="nofollow">10.1109/MAHC.2004.26</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.atitle=Colossus%3A+Its+Origins+and+Originators&amp;rft.aufirst=B.+Jack&amp;rft.aulast=Copeland&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMAHC.2004.26&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.jtitle=IEEE+Annals+of+the+History+of+Computing&amp;rft.pages=38-45&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=26"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
+            <li><cite class="citation book" id="CITEREFCopeland2004b"><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/B._Jack_Copeland" title="B. Jack Copeland">Copeland, B. Jack (ed.)</a> (2004b). <i>The Essential Turing</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-825079-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-825079-7">0-19-825079-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a>&#160;<a class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/156728127+224173329+48931664+57434580+57530137+59399569" rel="nofollow">156728127 224173329 48931664 57434580 57530137 59399569</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.aufirst=B.+Jack+%28ed.%29&amp;rft.aulast=Copeland&amp;rft.btitle=The+Essential+Turing&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F156728127+224173329+48931664+57434580+57530137+59399569&amp;rft.isbn=0-19-825079-7&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
+            <li><cite class="citation book"><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/B._Jack_Copeland" title="B. Jack Copeland">Copeland (ed.), B. Jack</a> (2005). <i>Alan Turing's Automatic Computing Engine</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-856593-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-856593-3">0-19-856593-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a>&#160;<a class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/224640979+56539230" rel="nofollow">224640979 56539230</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.aufirst=B.+Jack&amp;rft.aulast=Copeland+%28ed.%29&amp;rft.btitle=Alan+Turing%27s+Automatic+Computing+Engine&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F224640979+56539230&amp;rft.isbn=0-19-856593-3&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
+            <li>
+              <cite class="citation book" id="CITEREFCopeland2006"><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/B._Jack_Copeland" title="B. Jack Copeland">Copeland, B. Jack</a> (2006). <i>Colossus: The secrets of Bletchley Park's code-breaking computers</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-284055-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-284055-4">978-0-19-284055-4</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.aufirst=B.+Jack&amp;rft.aulast=Copeland&amp;rft.btitle=Colossus%3A+The+secrets+of+Bletchley+Park%27s+code-breaking+computers&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19-284055-4&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>
+              <ul>
+                <li>
+                  <cite class="citation book" id="CITEREFHilton2006"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hilton" title="Peter Hilton">Hilton, Peter</a> (2006). "Living with Fish: Breaking Tunny in the Newmanry and Testery". <i>Colussus</i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.atitle=Living+with+Fish%3A+Breaking+Tunny+in+the+Newmanry+and+Testery&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter&amp;rft.aulast=Hilton&amp;rft.btitle=Colussus&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> in <a href="#CITEREFCopeland2006">Copeland 2006</a>, pp.&#160;189–203
+                </li>
+              </ul>
+            </li>
+            <li><cite class="citation book">Edwards, Paul N (1996). <i>The closed world: computers and the politics of discourse in Cold War America</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-55028-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-55028-8">0-262-55028-8</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul+N&amp;rft.aulast=Edwards&amp;rft.btitle=The+closed+world%3A+computers+and+the+politics+of+discourse+in+Cold+War+America&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-262-55028-8&amp;rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&amp;rft.pub=MIT+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
+            <li><cite class="citation book" id="CITEREFGannon2007">Gannon, Paul (2007) [2006]. <i>Colossus: Bletchley Park's Greatest Secret</i>. London: Atlantic Books. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84354-331-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84354-331-2">978-1-84354-331-2</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul&amp;rft.aulast=Gannon&amp;rft.btitle=Colossus%3A+Bletchley+Park%27s+Greatest+Secret&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-84354-331-2&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Atlantic+Books&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
+            <li><cite class="citation book" id="CITEREFHodges1983"><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Hodges,_Andrew" title="Hodges, Andrew">Hodges, Andrew</a> (1983). <i>Alan Turing&#160;: the enigma</i>. London: Burnett Books. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-04-510060-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-04-510060-8">0-04-510060-8</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.aufirst=Andrew&amp;rft.aulast=Hodges&amp;rft.btitle=Alan+Turing+%3A+the+enigma&amp;rft.date=1983&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-04-510060-8&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Burnett+Books&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
+            <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Rolf_Hochhuth" title="Rolf Hochhuth">Hochhuth, Rolf</a> (1988). <i>Alan Turing: en berättelse</i>. Symposion. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-7868-109-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-7868-109-9">978-91-7868-109-9</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.aufirst=Rolf&amp;rft.aulast=Hochhuth&amp;rft.btitle=Alan+Turing%3A+en+ber%C3%A4ttelse&amp;rft.date=1988&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-91-7868-109-9&amp;rft.pub=Symposion&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
+            <li><cite class="citation book" id="CITEREFLeavitt2007"><a href="/wiki/David_Leavitt" title="David Leavitt">Leavitt, David</a> (2007). <i>The man who knew too much: Alan Turing and the invention of the computer</i>. Phoenix. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7538-2200-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7538-2200-5">978-0-7538-2200-5</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft.aulast=Leavitt&amp;rft.btitle=The+man+who+knew+too+much%3A+Alan+Turing+and+the+invention+of+the+computer&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-7538-2200-5&amp;rft.pub=Phoenix&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
+            <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Janna_Levin" title="Janna Levin">Levin, Janna</a> (2006). <i>A Madman Dreams of Turing Machines</i>. New York: Knopf. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-3240-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-3240-2">978-1-4000-3240-2</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.aufirst=Janna&amp;rft.aulast=Levin&amp;rft.btitle=A+Madman+Dreams+of+Turing+Machines&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4000-3240-2&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Knopf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
+            <li><cite class="citation book" id="CITEREFLewin1978"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Lewin" title="Ronald Lewin">Lewin, Ronald</a> (1978). <i>Ultra Goes to War: The Secret Story</i>. Classic Military History (Classic Penguin ed.). London, England: Hutchinson &amp; Co (published 2001). <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56649-231-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56649-231-7">978-1-56649-231-7</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.aufirst=Ronald&amp;rft.aulast=Lewin&amp;rft.btitle=Ultra+Goes+to+War%3A+The+Secret+Story&amp;rft.date=1978&amp;rft.edition=Classic+Penguin&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-56649-231-7&amp;rft.place=London%2C+England&amp;rft.pub=Hutchinson+%26+Co&amp;rft.series=Classic+Military+History&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
+            <li><cite class="citation book">Lubar, Steven (1993). <i>Infoculture</i>. Boston, Massachusetts and New York: Houghton Mifflin. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-57042-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-395-57042-5">0-395-57042-5</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.aufirst=Steven&amp;rft.aulast=Lubar&amp;rft.btitle=Infoculture&amp;rft.date=1993&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-395-57042-5&amp;rft.place=Boston%2C+Massachusetts+and+New+York&amp;rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
+            <li><cite class="citation journal" id="CITEREFMahon1945">Mahon, A.P. (1945). <a class="external text" href="http://www.ellsbury.com/hut8/hut8-000.htm" rel="nofollow">"The History of Hut Eight 1939–1945"</a>. UK National Archives Reference HW 25/2<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.atitle=The+History+of+Hut+Eight+1939%E2%80%931945&amp;rft.aufirst=A.P.&amp;rft.aulast=Mahon&amp;rft.date=1945&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ellsbury.com%2Fhut8%2Fhut8-000.htm&amp;rft.pub=UK+National+Archives+Reference+HW+25%2F2&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
+            <li><cite class="citation book" id="CITEREFOakley2006"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Oakley" title="Brian Oakley">Oakley, Brian</a>, ed. (2006). <i>The Bletchley Park War Diaries: July 1939&#160;— August 1945</i> (2.6 ed.). Wynne Press.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.btitle=The+Bletchley+Park+War+Diaries%3A+July+1939%26nbsp%3B%E2%80%94+August+1945&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.edition=2.6&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pub=Wynne+Press&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
+            <li><cite class="citation journal" id="CITEREFO.27ConnellFitzgerald2003">O'Connell, H; Fitzgerald, M (2003). "Did Alan Turing have Asperger's syndrome?". <i>Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine</i> (Irish Institute of Psychological Medicine) <b>20</b>: 28–31. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<a class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0790-9667" rel="nofollow">0790-9667</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.atitle=Did+Alan+Turing+have+Asperger%27s+syndrome%3F&amp;rft.aufirst=H&amp;rft.au=Fitzgerald%2C+M&amp;rft.aulast=O%27Connell&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issn=0790-9667&amp;rft.jtitle=Irish+Journal+of+Psychological+Medicine&amp;rft.pages=28-31&amp;rft.pub=Irish+Institute+of+Psychological+Medicine&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=20"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
+            <li><cite class="citation"><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/John_J._O%27Connor_(mathematician)" title="John J. O'Connor (mathematician)">O'Connor, John J.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Edmund_F._Robertson" title="Edmund F. Robertson">Robertson, Edmund F.</a>, <a class="external text" href="http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Turing.html" rel="nofollow">"Alan Mathison Turing"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_archive" title="MacTutor History of Mathematics archive">MacTutor History of Mathematics archive</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.atitle=Alan+Mathison+Turing&amp;rft.aufirst=John+J.&amp;rft.aulast=O%27Connor&amp;rft.au=Robertson%2C+Edmund+F.&amp;rft.btitle=MacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+archive&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FTuring.html&amp;rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>.</li>
+            <li>Petzold, Charles (2008). "<a href="/wiki/The_Annotated_Turing" title="The Annotated Turing">The Annotated Turing</a>: A Guided Tour through Alan Turing's Historic Paper on Computability and the Turing Machine". <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a>: Wiley Publishing. <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470229057">ISBN 978-0-470-22905-7</a>
+            </li>
+            <li>Smith, Roger (1997). <i>Fontana History of the Human Sciences</i>. London: Fontana.</li>
+            <li><cite class="citation book" id="CITEREFSipser2006">Sipser, Michael (2006). <i>Introduction to the Theory of Computation</i>. PWS Publishing. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-534-95097-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-534-95097-3">0-534-95097-3</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.aufirst=Michael&amp;rft.aulast=Sipser&amp;rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Theory+of+Computation&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=0-534-95097-3&amp;rft.pub=PWS+Publishing&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
+            <li>Weizenbaum, Joseph (1976). <i>Computer Power and Human Reason</i>. London: W.H. Freeman. <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0716704633">ISBN 0-7167-0463-3</a>
+            </li>
+            <li><cite class="citation news" id="CITEREFTuring1937">Turing, A. M. (1937) [Delivered to the Society November 1936]. <a class="external text" href="http://www.comlab.ox.ac.uk/activities/ieg/e-library/sources/tp2-ie.pdf" rel="nofollow">"On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society</i>. 2 <b>42</b>. pp.&#160;230–65. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="//dx.doi.org/10.1112%2Fplms%2Fs2-42.1.230" rel="nofollow">10.1112/plms/s2-42.1.230</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.atitle=On+Computable+Numbers%2C+with+an+Application+to+the+Entscheidungsproblem&amp;rft.aufirst=A.+M.&amp;rft.aulast=Turing&amp;rft.date=1937&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.comlab.ox.ac.uk%2Factivities%2Fieg%2Fe-library%2Fsources%2Ftp2-ie.pdf&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1112%2Fplms%2Fs2-42.1.230&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+London+Mathematical+Society&amp;rft.pages=230-65&amp;rft.series=2&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=42"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> and <cite class="citation news">Turing, A.M. (1938). "On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem: A correction". <i>Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society</i>. 2 <b>43</b> (1937). pp.&#160;544–6. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="//dx.doi.org/10.1112%2Fplms%2Fs2-43.6.544" rel="nofollow">10.1112/plms/s2-43.6.544</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.atitle=On+Computable+Numbers%2C+with+an+Application+to+the+Entscheidungsproblem%3A+A+correction&amp;rft.aufirst=A.M.&amp;rft.aulast=Turing&amp;rft.date=1938&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1112%2Fplms%2Fs2-43.6.544&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+London+Mathematical+Society&amp;rft.pages=544-6&amp;rft.series=2&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=43"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
+            <li>
+              <cite class="citation book">Turing, Sara Stoney (1959). <i>Alan M Turing</i>. W Heffer.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.aufirst=Sara+Stoney&amp;rft.aulast=Turing&amp;rft.btitle=Alan+M+Turing&amp;rft.date=1959&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pub=W+Heffer&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> Turing's mother, who survived him by many years, wrote this 157-page biography of her son, glorifying his life. It was published in 1959, and so could not cover his war work. Scarcely 300 copies were sold (Sara Turing to Lyn Newman, 1967, Library of <a href="/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="St John's College, Cambridge">St John's College, Cambridge</a>). The six-page foreword by <a href="/wiki/Lyn_Irvine" title="Lyn Irvine">Lyn Irvine</a> includes reminiscences and is more frequently quoted. It was re-published by Cambridge University Press in 2012, to honour the centenary of his birth, and included a new foreword by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Davis" title="Martin Davis">Martin Davis</a>, as well as a never-before-published memoir by Turing's older brother John F. Turing.
+            </li>
+            <li>
+              <cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Whitemore" title="Hugh Whitemore">Whitemore, Hugh</a>; <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Hodges" title="Andrew Hodges">Hodges, Andrew</a> (1988). <i>Breaking the code</i>. S. French.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.aufirst=Hugh&amp;rft.au=Hodges%2C+Andrew&amp;rft.aulast=Whitemore&amp;rft.btitle=Breaking+the+code&amp;rft.date=1988&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.pub=S.+French&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span> This 1986 Hugh Whitemore play tells the story of Turing's life and death. In the original West End and Broadway runs, <a href="/wiki/Derek_Jacobi" title="Derek Jacobi">Derek Jacobi</a> played Turing and he recreated the role in a 1997 television film based on the play made jointly by the BBC and <a href="/wiki/WGBH-TV" title="WGBH-TV">WGBH, Boston</a>. The play is published by Amber Lane Press, <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>, ASIN: B000B7TM0Q
+            </li>
+            <li>Williams, Michael R. (1985) <i>A History of Computing Technology</i>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Englewood_Cliffs" title="Englewood Cliffs">Englewood Cliffs</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>: <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Prentice-Hall" title="Prentice-Hall">Prentice-Hall</a>, <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0818677392">ISBN 0-8186-7739-2</a>
+            </li>
+            <li><cite class="citation book">Yates, David M. (1997). <i>Turing's Legacy: A history of computing at the National Physical Laboratory 1945–1995</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Science_Museum,_London" title="Science Museum, London">London Science Museum</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-901805-94-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-901805-94-7">0-901805-94-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a>&#160;<a class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/123794619+40624091" rel="nofollow">123794619 40624091</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.aufirst=David+M.&amp;rft.aulast=Yates&amp;rft.btitle=Turing%27s+Legacy%3A+A+history+of+computing+at+the+National+Physical+Laboratory+1945%E2%80%931995&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F123794619+40624091&amp;rft.isbn=0-901805-94-7&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=London+Science+Museum&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
+          </ul>
+        </div>
+        <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&amp;action=edit&amp;section=28" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+        <div class="refbegin" style="">
+          <ul>
+            <li><cite class="citation journal" id="CITEREFCopeland">Copeland, B. Jack (ed.). <a class="external text" href="http://www.rutherfordjournal.org/article010111.html" rel="nofollow">"The Mind and the Computing Machine: Alan Turing and others"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rutherford_Journal" title="The Rutherford Journal">The Rutherford Journal</a></i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.atitle=The+Mind+and+the+Computing+Machine%3A+Alan+Turing+and+others&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rutherfordjournal.org%2Farticle010111.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Rutherford+Journal&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
+            <li><cite class="citation journal" id="CITEREFCopeland">Copeland, B. Jack (ed.). <a class="external text" href="http://www.rutherfordjournal.org/article040101.html" rel="nofollow">"Alan Turing: Father of the Modern Computer"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rutherford_Journal" title="The Rutherford Journal">The Rutherford Journal</a></i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.atitle=Alan+Turing%3A+Father+of+the+Modern+Computer&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rutherfordjournal.org%2Farticle040101.html&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Rutherford+Journal&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
+            <li><cite class="citation encyclopaedia" id="CITEREFHodges2007">Hodges, Andrew (27 August 2007). <a class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/turing/" rel="nofollow">"Alan Turing"</a>. In Edward N. Zalta (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i> (Winter 2009 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.atitle=Alan+Turing&amp;rft.aufirst=Andrew&amp;rft.aulast=Hodges&amp;rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&amp;rft.date=27+August+2007&amp;rft.edition=Winter+2009&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fturing%2F&amp;rft.pub=Stanford+University&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
+            <li><cite class="citation journal" id="CITEREFHodgesSayre1992"><a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Hodges,_Andrew" title="Hodges, Andrew">Hodges, Andrew</a>; Sayre, David (1992). "Review: Alan Turing: the enigma". <i>Physics Today</i> <b>37</b> (11): 107. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984PhT....37k.107H" rel="nofollow">1984PhT....37k.107H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="//dx.doi.org/10.1063%2F1.2915935" rel="nofollow">10.1063/1.2915935</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.atitle=Review%3A+Alan+Turing%3A+the+enigma&amp;rft.aufirst=Andrew&amp;rft.aulast=Hodges&amp;rft.au=Sayre%2C+David&amp;rft.date=1992&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1984PhT....37k.107H&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.2915935&amp;rft.issue=11&amp;rft.jtitle=Physics+Today&amp;rft.pages=107&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=37"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
+            <li><cite class="citation journal" id="CITEREFGray1999">Gray, Paul (29 March 1999). <a class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,990624,00.html" rel="nofollow">"Computer Scientist: Alan Turing"</a>. <i>TIME</i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.atitle=Computer+Scientist%3A+Alan+Turing&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul&amp;rft.aulast=Gray&amp;rft.date=29+March+1999&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C990624%2C00.html&amp;rft.jtitle=TIME&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
+            <li>
+              <a href="/wiki/James_Gleick" title="James Gleick">Gleick, James</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Information:_A_History,_a_Theory,_a_Flood" title="The Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood">The Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood</a></i>, New York: Pantheon, 2011, <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780375423727">ISBN 978-0-375-42372-7</a>
+            </li>
+          </ul>
+        </div>
+        <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Papers">Papers</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&amp;action=edit&amp;section=29" title="Edit section: Papers">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
+        <ul>
+          <li>
+            <a class="external text" href="http://academic.research.microsoft.com/Author/2612734" rel="nofollow">List of publications</a> from <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Academic_Search" title="Microsoft Academic Search">Microsoft Academic Search</a>
+          </li>
+          <li>
+            <a class="external text" href="//scholar.google.com/citations?user=VWCHlwkAAAAJ" rel="nofollow">Alan Turing's publications</a> indexed by <a href="/wiki/Google_Scholar" title="Google Scholar">Google Scholar</a>, a service provided by <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>
+          </li>
+          <li><cite class="citation" id="CITEREFTuring1950">Turing, Alan (October 1950), <a class="external text" href="http://loebner.net/Prizef/TuringArticle.html" rel="nofollow">"Computing Machinery and Intelligence"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mind_(journal)" title="Mind (journal)">Mind</a></i> <b>LIX</b> (236): 433–460, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="//dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fmind%2FLIX.236.433" rel="nofollow">10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a>&#160;<a class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0026-4423" rel="nofollow">0026-4423</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-08-18</span></span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.atitle=Computing+Machinery+and+Intelligence&amp;rft.aufirst=Alan&amp;rft.aulast=Turing&amp;rft.date=October+1950&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Floebner.net%2FPrizef%2FTuringArticle.html&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmind%2FLIX.236.433&amp;rft.issn=0026-4423&amp;rft.issue=236&amp;rft.jtitle=Mind&amp;rft.pages=433-460&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.volume=LIX"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
+          <li>
+            <a class="external text" href="http://purl.umn.edu/107493" rel="nofollow">Oral history interview with Nicholas C. Metropolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage_Institute" title="Charles Babbage Institute">Charles Babbage Institute</a>, University of Minnesota. Metropolis was the first director of computing services at <a href="/wiki/Los_Alamos_National_Laboratory" title="Los Alamos National Laboratory">Los Alamos National Laboratory</a>; topics include the relationship between Alan Turing and <a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">John von Neumann</a>
+          </li>
+        </ul>
+        <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&amp;action=edit&amp;section=30" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
+        <table class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9">
+          <tr>
+            <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" data-file-height="1376" data-file-width="1024" height="40" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" width="30"></td>
+            <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a class="extiw" href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Alan_Turing" title="commons:Category:Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a></b></i>.</td>
+          </tr>
+        </table>
+        <table class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9">
+          <tr>
+            <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" data-file-height="355" data-file-width="300" height="40" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" width="34"></td>
+            <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to: <i><b><a class="extiw" href="//en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Alan_Turing" title="q:Special:Search/Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a></b></i></td>
+          </tr>
+        </table>
+        <table class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9">
+          <tr>
+            <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" data-file-height="415" data-file-width="759" height="22" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/40px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/60px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/80px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" width="40"></td>
+            <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikinews has related news: <i><b><a class="extiw" href="//en.wikinews.org/wiki/Alan_Turing_given_posthumous_pardon" title="wikinews:Alan Turing given posthumous pardon">Alan Turing given posthumous pardon</a></b></i></td>
+          </tr>
+        </table>
+        <ul>
+          <li>
+            <a class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/stoi/deep-focus/A-House-for-Mr-Nilekani/articleshow/28420199.cms/" rel="nofollow">Turing family house in Coonoor, India</a>
+          </li>
+          <li>
+            <a class="external text" href="http://www.radiolab.org/blogs/radiolab-blog/2012/mar/19/turing-problem/" rel="nofollow">A podcast program about Turing made by</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Radio_Lab" title="Radio Lab">Radio Lab</a>.
+          </li>
+          <li>
+            <a class="external text" href="http://www.rkbexplorer.com/explorer/#display=person-{http://dblp.rkbexplorer.com/id/people-a27f18ebafc0d76ddb05173ce7b9873d-e0b388b7c1e0985b1371d73ee1fae8b5}" rel="nofollow">Alan Turing</a> RKBExplorer
+          </li>
+          <li>
+            <a class="external text" href="http://www.turingcentenary.eu/" rel="nofollow">Alan Turing Year</a>
+          </li>
+          <li>
+            <a class="external text" href="http://cie2012.eu/" rel="nofollow">CiE 2012: Turing Centenary Conference</a>
+          </li>
+          <li>
+            <a class="external text" href="http://www.turing.org.uk/" rel="nofollow">Alan Turing</a> site maintained by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Hodges" title="Andrew Hodges">Andrew Hodges</a> including a <a class="external text" href="http://www.turing.org.uk/bio/part1.html" rel="nofollow">short biography</a>
+          </li>
+          <li>
+            <a class="external text" href="http://www.alanturing.net/" rel="nofollow">AlanTuring.net&#160;– Turing Archive for the History of Computing</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jack_Copeland" title="Jack Copeland">Jack Copeland</a>
+          </li>
+          <li>
+            <a class="external text" href="http://www.turingarchive.org/" rel="nofollow">The Turing Archive</a>&#160;– contains scans of some unpublished documents and material from the King's College, Cambridge archive
+          </li>
+          <li><cite class="citation journal" id="CITEREFJones2001">Jones, G. James (11 December 2001). <a class="external text" href="http://www.systemtoolbox.com/article.php?history_id=3" rel="nofollow">"Alan Turing&#160;– Towards a Digital Mind: Part 1"</a>. <i>System Toolbox</i> (The Binary Freedom Project).</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlan+Turing&amp;rft.atitle=Alan+Turing%26nbsp%3B%E2%80%93+Towards+a+Digital+Mind%3A+Part+1&amp;rft.aufirst=G.+James&amp;rft.aulast=Jones&amp;rft.date=11+December+2001&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.systemtoolbox.com%2Farticle.php%3Fhistory_id%3D3&amp;rft.jtitle=System+Toolbox&amp;rft.pub=The+Binary+Freedom+Project&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></li>
+          <li>
+            <a class="external text" href="http://blog.stephenwolfram.com/2012/06/happy-100th-birthday-alan-turing/" rel="nofollow">Happy 100th Birthday, Alan Turing</a> by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Wolfram" title="Stephen Wolfram">Stephen Wolfram</a>.
+          </li>
+          <li>
+            <a class="external text" href="http://oldshirburnian.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Complete-list-of-Turing-Archives-held-at-Sherborne-School-14-August-2014.pdf" rel="nofollow">Sherborne School Archives</a>&#160;– holds papers relating to Alan Turing's time at Sherborne School
+          </li>
+          <li>
+            <a class="external text" href="http://openplaques.org/people/368" rel="nofollow">Alan Turing plaques</a> recorded on openplaques.org
+          </li>
+          <li>
+            <a class="external text" href="http://cryptocellar.org/Turing/" rel="nofollow">Turing's treatise on Enigma (The Prof's Book)</a>
+          </li>
+          <li>
+            <a class="external text" href="http://turingfilm.com/" rel="nofollow">Codebreaker film, official site</a>
+          </li>
+          <li>
+            <a class="external text" href="http://turing.pilosopiya.com/conference" rel="nofollow">Turing 2012</a>
+          </li>
+          <li>
+            <a class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SRMNi4_th-0" rel="nofollow">Codebreaker choral work</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>
+          </li>
+        </ul>
+        <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0">
+          <tr>
+            <td style="padding:2px">
+              <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+                <tr>
+                  <th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" scope="col">
+                    <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+                      <ul>
+                        <li class="nv-view">
+                          <a href="/wiki/Template:Notable_logicians" title="Template:Notable logicians"><abbr style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;" title="View this template">v</abbr></a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li class="nv-talk">
+                          <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Notable_logicians" title="Template talk:Notable logicians"><abbr style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;" title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li class="nv-edit">
+                          <a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Notable_logicians&amp;action=edit"><abbr style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;" title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a>
+                        </li>
+                      </ul>
+                    </div>
+                    <div style="font-size:114%">
+                      <a href="/wiki/List_of_logicians" title="List of logicians">Notable logicians</a>
+                    </div>
+                  </th>
+                </tr>
+                <tr style="height:2px">
+                  <td colspan="2"></td>
+                </tr>
+                <tr>
+                  <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;padding-left:2.0em;padding-right:2.0em;">
+                    <div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+                      <ul>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Alan_Ross_Anderson" title="Alan Ross Anderson">Anderson</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bain" title="Alexander Bain">Bain</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Jon_Barwise" title="Jon Barwise">Barwise</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Paul_Bernays" title="Paul Bernays">Bernays</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/George_Boole" title="George Boole">Boole</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/George_Boolos" title="George Boolos">Boolos</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Georg_Cantor" title="Georg Cantor">Cantor</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Carnap" title="Rudolf Carnap">Carnap</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Alonzo_Church" title="Alonzo Church">Church</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Chrysippus" title="Chrysippus">Chrysippus</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Paul_Cohen" title="Paul Cohen">Cohen</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Haskell_Curry" title="Haskell Curry">Curry</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Augustus_De_Morgan" title="Augustus De Morgan">De Morgan</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Michael_Dummett" title="Michael Dummett">Dummett</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Gottlob_Frege" title="Gottlob Frege">Frege</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Peter_Geach" title="Peter Geach">Geach</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Gentzen" title="Gerhard Gentzen">Gentzen</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%B6del" title="Kurt Gödel">Gödel</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Jaakko_Hintikka" title="Jaakko Hintikka">Hintikka</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/David_Hilbert" title="David Hilbert">Hilbert</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Cole_Kleene" title="Stephen Cole Kleene">Kleene</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Saul_Kripke" title="Saul Kripke">Kripke</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/David_Lewis_(philosopher)" title="David Lewis (philosopher)">Lewis</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Leopold_L%C3%B6wenheim" title="Leopold Löwenheim">Löwenheim</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Jan_%C5%81ukasiewicz" title="Jan Łukasiewicz">Łukasiewicz</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Barcan_Marcus" title="Ruth Barcan Marcus">Barcan Marcus</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Peano" title="Giuseppe Peano">Peano</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce" title="Charles Sanders Peirce">Peirce</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Prior" title="Arthur Prior">Prior</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Hilary_Putnam" title="Hilary Putnam">Putnam</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Willard_Van_Orman_Quine" title="Willard Van Orman Quine">Quine</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Schr%C3%B6der" title="Ernst Schröder">Schröder</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Dana_Scott" title="Dana Scott">Scott</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Scotus</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Thoralf_Skolem" title="Thoralf Skolem">Skolem</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Smullyan" title="Raymond Smullyan">Smullyan</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Tarski" title="Alfred Tarski">Tarski</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li><strong class="selflink">Turing</strong></li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Alfred_North_Whitehead" title="Alfred North Whitehead">Whitehead</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Wittgenstein</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Zermelo" title="Ernst Zermelo">Zermelo</a>
+                        </li>
+                      </ul>
+                    </div>
+                  </td>
+                </tr>
+              </table>
+            </td>
+          </tr>
+        </table>
+        <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0">
+          <tr>
+            <td style="padding:2px">
+              <table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+                <tr>
+                  <th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" scope="col">
+                    <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini">
+                      <ul>
+                        <li class="nv-view">
+                          <a href="/wiki/Template:Philosophy_of_mind" title="Template:Philosophy of mind"><abbr style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;" title="View this template">v</abbr></a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li class="nv-talk">
+                          <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philosophy_of_mind" title="Template talk:Philosophy of mind"><abbr style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;" title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li class="nv-edit">
+                          <a class="external text" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Philosophy_of_mind&amp;action=edit"><abbr style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;" title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a>
+                        </li>
+                      </ul>
+                    </div>
+                    <div style="font-size:114%">
+                      <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">Philosophy of mind</a>
+                    </div>
+                  </th>
+                </tr>
+                <tr style="height:2px">
+                  <td colspan="2"></td>
+                </tr>
+                <tr>
+                  <th class="navbox-group" scope="row">
+                    <a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_mind" title="Category:Philosophers of mind">Philosophers</a>
+                  </th>
+                  <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+                    <div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+                      <ul>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">Anscombe</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/J._L._Austin" title="J. L. Austin">Austin</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bain" title="Alexander Bain">Bain</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Bergson</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Krishna_Chandra_Bhattacharya" title="Krishna Chandra Bhattacharya">Bhattacharya</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Ned_Block" title="Ned Block">Block</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Franz_Brentano" title="Franz Brentano">Brentano</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/C._D._Broad" title="C. D. Broad">Broad</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Tyler_Burge" title="Tyler Burge">Burge</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/David_Chalmers" title="David Chalmers">Chalmers</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Churchland" title="Patricia Churchland">Churchland</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Dennett</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Dharmakirti" title="Dharmakirti">Dharmakirti</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Donald_Davidson_(philosopher)" title="Donald Davidson (philosopher)">Davidson</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Alvin_Goldman" title="Alvin Goldman">Goldman</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Husserl</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Fodor" title="Jerry Fodor">Fodor</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/William_James" title="William James">James</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/David_Lewis_(philosopher)" title="David Lewis (philosopher)">Lewis</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/John_McDowell" title="John McDowell">McDowell</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Merleau-Ponty</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Minsky" title="Marvin Minsky">Minsky</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/G._E._Moore" title="G. E. Moore">Moore</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nagel" title="Thomas Nagel">Nagel</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Derek_Parfit" title="Derek Parfit">Parfit</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Hilary_Putnam" title="Hilary Putnam">Putnam</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Richard_Rorty" title="Richard Rorty">Rorty</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Ryle" title="Gilbert Ryle">Ryle</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/John_Searle" title="John Searle">Searle</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li><strong class="selflink">Turing</strong></li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Wittgenstein</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Zhuang_Zhou" title="Zhuang Zhou">Zhuangzi</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_philosophers_of_mind" title="List of philosophers of mind">more...</a></i></li>
+                      </ul>
+                    </div>
+                  </td>
+                </tr>
+                <tr style="height:2px">
+                  <td colspan="2"></td>
+                </tr>
+                <tr>
+                  <th class="navbox-group" scope="row">Theories</th>
+                  <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+                    <div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+                      <ul>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">Behaviorism</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Biological_naturalism" title="Biological naturalism">Biological naturalism</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Dualism_(philosophy_of_mind)" title="Dualism (philosophy of mind)">Dualism</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Eliminative_materialism" title="Eliminative materialism">Eliminative materialism</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Emergent_materialism" title="Emergent materialism">Emergent materialism</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Epiphenomenalism" title="Epiphenomenalism">Epiphenomenalism</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(philosophy_of_mind)" title="Functionalism (philosophy of mind)">Functionalism</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Interactionism_(philosophy_of_mind)" title="Interactionism (philosophy of mind)">Interactionism</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">Monism</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Na%C3%AFve_realism" title="Naïve realism">Naïve realism</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Neutral_monism" title="Neutral monism">Neutral monism</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Phenomenalism" title="Phenomenalism">Phenomenalism</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a>
+                          <ul>
+                            <li>
+                              <a href="/wiki/Existential_phenomenology" title="Existential phenomenology">existential</a>
+                            </li>
+                            <li>
+                              <a href="/wiki/Neurophenomenology" title="Neurophenomenology">neurophenomenology</a>
+                            </li>
+                          </ul>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Physicalism" title="Physicalism">Physicalism</a>
+                          <ul>
+                            <li>
+                              <a href="/wiki/Type_physicalism" title="Type physicalism">identity theory</a>
+                            </li>
+                          </ul>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">Pragmatism</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Property_dualism" title="Property dualism">Property dualism</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Representational_theory_of_mind" title="Representational theory of mind">Representational</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Solipsism" title="Solipsism">Solipsism</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Subjectivism" title="Subjectivism">Subjectivism</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Substance_dualism" title="Substance dualism">Substance dualism</a>
+                        </li>
+                      </ul>
+                    </div>
+                  </td>
+                </tr>
+                <tr style="height:2px">
+                  <td colspan="2"></td>
+                </tr>
+                <tr>
+                  <th class="navbox-group" scope="row">Concepts</th>
+                  <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+                    <div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+                      <ul>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Abstract_and_concrete" title="Abstract and concrete">Abstract object</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Chinese_room" title="Chinese room">Chinese room</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">Cognition</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_closure_(philosophy)" title="Cognitive closure (philosophy)">Cognitive closure</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Concept" title="Concept">Concept</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Concept_and_object" title="Concept and object">Concept and object</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Hard_problem_of_consciousness" title="Hard problem of consciousness">Hard problem of consciousness</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Hypostatic_abstraction" title="Hypostatic abstraction">Hypostatic abstraction</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Idea" title="Idea">Idea</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Identity_(philosophy)" title="Identity (philosophy)">Identity</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Ingenuity" title="Ingenuity">Ingenuity</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">Intelligence</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Intentionality" title="Intentionality">Intentionality</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Introspection" title="Introspection">Introspection</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a class="mw-redirect" href="/wiki/Intuition_(knowledge)" title="Intuition (knowledge)">Intuition</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Language_of_thought_hypothesis" title="Language of thought hypothesis">Language of thought</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">Materialism</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Mental_event" title="Mental event">Mental event</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Mental_image" title="Mental image">Mental image</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Mental_process" title="Mental process">Mental process</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Mental_property" title="Mental property">Mental property</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Mental_representation" title="Mental representation">Mental representation</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">Mind</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_problem" title="Mind–body problem">Mind–body problem</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/New_mysterianism" title="New mysterianism">New mysterianism</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Pain_(philosophy)" title="Pain (philosophy)">Pain</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Problem_of_other_minds" title="Problem of other minds">Problem of other minds</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Propositional_attitude" title="Propositional attitude">Propositional attitude</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Qualia" title="Qualia">Qualia</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Tabula_rasa" title="Tabula rasa">Tabula rasa</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Understanding" title="Understanding">Understanding</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_zombie" title="Philosophical zombie">Zombie</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li><i><a href="/wiki/Index_of_philosophy_of_mind_articles" title="Index of philosophy of mind articles">more...</a></i></li>
+                      </ul>
+                    </div>
+                  </td>
+                </tr>
+                <tr style="height:2px">
+                  <td colspan="2"></td>
+                </tr>
+                <tr>
+                  <th class="navbox-group" scope="row">Related topics</th>
+                  <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+                    <div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+                      <ul>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Philosophy of artificial intelligence">Philosophy of artificial intelligence</a>&#160;/ <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_information" title="Philosophy of information">information</a>&#160;/ <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_perception" title="Philosophy of perception">perception</a>&#160;/ <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_self" title="Philosophy of self">self</a>
+                        </li>
+                      </ul>
+                    </div>
+                  </td>
+                </tr>
+                <tr style="height:2px">
+                  <td colspan="2"></td>
+                </tr>
+                <tr>
+                  <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2">
+                    <div>
+                      <ul>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Portal:Mind_and_brain" title="Portal:Mind and brain">Portal</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophy_of_mind" title="Category:Philosophy of mind">Category</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Philosophy/Mind" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Philosophy/Mind">Task Force</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Philosophy" title="Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Philosophy">Discussion</a>
+                        </li>
+                      </ul>
+                    </div>
+                  </td>
+                </tr>
+              </table>
+            </td>
+          </tr>
+        </table>
+        <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0">
+          <tr>
+            <td style="padding:2px">
+              <table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit">
+                <tr>
+                  <th class="navbox-group" scope="row">
+                    <a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control</a>
+                  </th>
+                  <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px">
+                    <div style="padding:0em 0.25em">
+                      <ul>
+                        <li>
+                          <a class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n83-171546" rel="nofollow">WorldCat</a>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/41887917" rel="nofollow">41887917</a></span>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n83171546" rel="nofollow">n83171546</a></span>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" title="International Standard Name Identifier">ISNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="http://isni-url.oclc.nl/isni/0000000110589902" rel="nofollow">0000 0001 1058 9902</a></span>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/118802976" rel="nofollow">118802976</a></span>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/LIBRIS" title="LIBRIS">SELIBR</a>: <span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="//libris.kb.se/auth/254262" rel="nofollow">254262</a></span>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_universitaire_de_documentation" title="Système universitaire de documentation">SUDOC</a>: <span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="http://www.idref.fr/030691621" rel="nofollow">030691621</a></span>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12205670t" rel="nofollow">cb12205670t</a> <a class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12205670t" rel="nofollow">(data)</a></span>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Mathematics_Genealogy_Project" title="Mathematics Genealogy Project">MGP</a>: <span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="http://www.genealogy.ams.org/id.php?id=8014" rel="nofollow">8014</a></span>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" title="National Diet Library">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="http://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00621580" rel="nofollow">00621580</a></span>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="http://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&amp;local_base=aut&amp;ccl_term=ica=jn19990008646&amp;CON_LNG=ENG" rel="nofollow">jn19990008646</a></span>
+                        </li>
+                        <li>
+                          <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Biblioteca Nacional de España">BNE</a>: <span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&amp;authority_id=XX945020" rel="nofollow">XX945020</a></span>
+                        </li>
+                      </ul>
+                    </div>
+                  </td>
+                </tr>
+              </table>
+            </td>
+          </tr>
+        </table><noscript><img alt="" height="1" src="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" style="border: none; position: absolute;" title="" width="1"></noscript>
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+        Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&amp;oldid=690826468">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alan_Turing&amp;oldid=690826468</a>"
+      </div>
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+          <a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>:
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+              <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Category:History of artificial intelligence">History of artificial intelligence</a>
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+              <a href="/wiki/Category:LGBT_scientists" title="Category:LGBT scientists">LGBT scientists</a>
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+            </li>
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+              <a href="/wiki/Category:Male_long-distance_runners" title="Category:Male long-distance runners">Male long-distance runners</a>
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+              <a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_mind" title="Category:Philosophers of mind">Philosophers of mind</a>
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+              <a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_British_royal_pardons" title="Category:Recipients of British royal pardons">Recipients of British royal pardons</a>
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+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als">
+              <a href="//als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" hreflang="als" lang="als" title="Alan Turing – Alemannisch">Alemannisch</a>
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+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar">
+              <a href="//ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AC" hreflang="ar" lang="ar" title="آلان تورنج – Arabic">العربية</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an">
+              <a href="//an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" hreflang="an" lang="an" title="Alan Turing – Aragonese">Aragonés</a>
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+              <a href="//as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82" hreflang="as" lang="as" title="এলান ট্যুৰিং – Assamese">অসমীয়া</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast">
+              <a href="//ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" hreflang="ast" lang="ast" title="Alan Turing – Asturian">Asturianu</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article">
+              <a href="//az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_T%C3%BCrinq" hreflang="az" lang="az" title="Alan Türinq – Azerbaijani">Azərbaycanca</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn">
+              <a href="//bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82" hreflang="bn" lang="bn" title="অ্যালান টুরিং – Bengali">বাংলা</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan">
+              <a href="//zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" hreflang="zh-min-nan" lang="zh-min-nan" title="Alan Turing – Chinese (Min Nan)">Bân-lâm-gú</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba">
+              <a href="//ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" hreflang="ba" lang="ba" title="Алан Тьюринг – Bashkir">Башҡортса</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be">
+              <a href="//be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A6%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B3" hreflang="be" lang="be" title="Алан Матысан Цьюрынг – Belarusian">Беларуская</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old">
+              <a href="//be-x-old.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A2%E2%80%99%D1%8E%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B3" hreflang="be-x-old" lang="be-x-old" title="Элан Т’юрынг – беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg">
+              <a href="//bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8A%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" hreflang="bg" lang="bg" title="Алън Тюринг – Bulgarian">Български</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs">
+              <a href="//bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" hreflang="bs" lang="bs" title="Alan Turing – Bosnian">Bosanski</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br">
+              <a href="//br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" hreflang="br" lang="br" title="Alan Turing – Breton">Brezhoneg</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca">
+              <a href="//ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" hreflang="ca" lang="ca" title="Alan Turing – Catalan">Català</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs">
+              <a href="//cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" hreflang="cs" lang="cs" title="Alan Turing – Czech">Čeština</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co">
+              <a href="//co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanu_Turing" hreflang="co" lang="co" title="Alanu Turing – Corsican">Corsu</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy">
+              <a href="//cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" hreflang="cy" lang="cy" title="Alan Turing – Welsh">Cymraeg</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da">
+              <a href="//da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" hreflang="da" lang="da" title="Alan Turing – Danish">Dansk</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de">
+              <a href="//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" hreflang="de" lang="de" title="Alan Turing – German">Deutsch</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et">
+              <a href="//et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" hreflang="et" lang="et" title="Alan Turing – Estonian">Eesti</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el">
+              <a href="//el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD_%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA" hreflang="el" lang="el" title="Άλαν Τούρινγκ – Greek">Ελληνικά</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es">
+              <a href="//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" hreflang="es" lang="es" title="Alan Turing – Spanish">Español</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo">
+              <a href="//eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" hreflang="eo" lang="eo" title="Alan Turing – Esperanto">Esperanto</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu">
+              <a href="//eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" hreflang="eu" lang="eu" title="Alan Turing – Basque">Euskara</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa">
+              <a href="//fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%86_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF" hreflang="fa" lang="fa" title="آلن تورینگ – Persian">فارسی</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif">
+              <a href="//hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" hreflang="hif" lang="hif" title="Alan Turing – Fiji Hindi">Fiji Hindi</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo">
+              <a href="//fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" hreflang="fo" lang="fo" title="Alan Turing – Faroese">Føroyskt</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr">
+              <a href="//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" hreflang="fr" lang="fr" title="Alan Turing – French">Français</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy">
+              <a href="//fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" hreflang="fy" lang="fy" title="Alan Turing – Western Frisian">Frysk</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur">
+              <a href="//fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" hreflang="fur" lang="fur" title="Alan Turing – Friulian">Furlan</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga">
+              <a href="//ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" hreflang="ga" lang="ga" title="Alan Turing – Irish">Gaeilge</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd">
+              <a href="//gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" hreflang="gd" lang="gd" title="Alan Turing – Scottish Gaelic">Gàidhlig</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl">
+              <a href="//gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" hreflang="gl" lang="gl" title="Alan Turing – Galician">Galego</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan">
+              <a href="//gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%96%E9%9D%88" hreflang="gan" lang="gan" title="圖靈 – Gan Chinese">贛語</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu">
+              <a href="//gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%8D%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%A8_%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%97" hreflang="gu" lang="gu" title="ઍલન ટ્યુરિંગ – Gujarati">ગુજરાતી</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko">
+              <a href="//ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%A8%EB%9F%B0_%ED%8A%9C%EB%A7%81" hreflang="ko" lang="ko" title="앨런 튜링 – Korean">한국어</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy">
+              <a href="//hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%B9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A3" hreflang="hy" lang="hy" title="Ալան Թյուրինգ – Armenian">Հայերեն</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi">
+              <a href="//hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" hreflang="hi" lang="hi" title="एलेन ट्यूरिंग – Hindi">हिन्दी</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr">
+              <a href="//hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" hreflang="hr" lang="hr" title="Alan Turing – Croatian">Hrvatski</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io">
+              <a href="//io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" hreflang="io" lang="io" title="Alan Turing – Ido">Ido</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo">
+              <a href="//ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" hreflang="ilo" lang="ilo" title="Alan Turing – Iloko">Ilokano</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id">
+              <a href="//id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" hreflang="id" lang="id" title="Alan Turing – Indonesian">Bahasa Indonesia</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is">
+              <a href="//is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" hreflang="is" lang="is" title="Alan Turing – Icelandic">Íslenska</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it">
+              <a href="//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" hreflang="it" lang="it" title="Alan Turing – Italian">Italiano</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he">
+              <a href="//he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%9F_%D7%98%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92" hreflang="he" lang="he" title="אלן טיורינג – Hebrew">עברית</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv">
+              <a href="//jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" hreflang="jv" lang="jv" title="Alan Turing – Javanese">Basa Jawa</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn">
+              <a href="//kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D" hreflang="kn" lang="kn" title="ಅಲೆನ್ ಟ್ಯೂರಿಂಗ್ – Kannada">ಕನ್ನಡ</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam">
+              <a href="//pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" hreflang="pam" lang="pam" title="Alan Turing – Pampanga">Kapampangan</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka">
+              <a href="//ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" hreflang="ka" lang="ka" title="ალან ტიურინგი – Georgian">ქართული</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk">
+              <a href="//kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" hreflang="kk" lang="kk" title="Алан Тьюринг – Kazakh">Қазақша</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw">
+              <a href="//sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" hreflang="sw" lang="sw" title="Alan Turing – Swahili">Kiswahili</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht">
+              <a href="//ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" hreflang="ht" lang="ht" title="Alan Turing – Haitian Creole">Kreyòl ayisyen</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku">
+              <a href="//ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" hreflang="ku" lang="ku" title="Alan Turing – Kurdish">Kurdî</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article">
+              <a href="//la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanus_Mathison_Turing" hreflang="la" lang="la" title="Alanus Mathison Turing – Latin">Latina</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv">
+              <a href="//lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alans_Tj%C5%ABrings" hreflang="lv" lang="lv" title="Alans Tjūrings – Latvian">Latviešu</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb">
+              <a href="//lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_M._Turing" hreflang="lb" lang="lb" title="Alan M. Turing – Luxembourgish">Lëtzebuergesch</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt">
+              <a href="//lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" hreflang="lt" lang="lt" title="Alan Turing – Lithuanian">Lietuvių</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij">
+              <a href="//lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" hreflang="lij" lang="lij" title="Alan Turing – Ligurian">Ligure</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li">
+              <a href="//li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" hreflang="li" lang="li" title="Alan Turing – Limburgish">Limburgs</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo">
+              <a href="//jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/.alan_turin" hreflang="jbo" lang="jbo" title=".alan turin – Lojban">Lojban</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo">
+              <a href="//lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" hreflang="lmo" lang="lmo" title="Alan Turing – Lombard">Lumbaart</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu">
+              <a href="//hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" hreflang="hu" lang="hu" title="Alan Turing – Hungarian">Magyar</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk">
+              <a href="//mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D1%98%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" hreflang="mk" lang="mk" title="Алан Тјуринг – Macedonian">Македонски</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg">
+              <a href="//mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" hreflang="mg" lang="mg" title="Alan Turing – Malagasy">Malagasy</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml">
+              <a href="//ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D" hreflang="ml" lang="ml" title="അലൻ ട്യൂറിംഗ് – Malayalam">മലയാളം</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt">
+              <a href="//mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" hreflang="mt" lang="mt" title="Alan Turing – Maltese">Malti</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr">
+              <a href="//mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%B2%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" hreflang="mr" lang="mr" title="ॲलन ट्युरिंग – Marathi">मराठी</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz">
+              <a href="//arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC" hreflang="arz" lang="arz" title="الان تورينج – Egyptian Arabic">مصرى</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms">
+              <a href="//ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" hreflang="ms" lang="ms" title="Alan Turing – Malay">Bahasa Melayu</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl">
+              <a href="//mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" hreflang="mwl" lang="mwl" title="Alan Turing – Mirandese">Mirandés</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn">
+              <a href="//mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" hreflang="mn" lang="mn" title="Алан Матисон Тюринг – Mongolian">Монгол</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl">
+              <a href="//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" hreflang="nl" lang="nl" title="Alan Turing – Dutch">Nederlands</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new">
+              <a href="//new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97" hreflang="new" lang="new" title="एलेन त्युरिङ्ग – Newari">नेपाल भाषा</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja">
+              <a href="//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%81%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0" hreflang="ja" lang="ja" title="アラン・チューリング – Japanese">日本語</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce">
+              <a href="//ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" hreflang="ce" lang="ce" title="Тьюринг, Алан – Chechen">Нохчийн</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no">
+              <a href="//no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" hreflang="no" lang="no" title="Alan Turing – Norwegian">Norsk bokmål</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn">
+              <a href="//nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" hreflang="nn" lang="nn" title="Alan Turing – Norwegian Nynorsk">Norsk nynorsk</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc">
+              <a href="//oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" hreflang="oc" lang="oc" title="Alan Turing – Occitan">Occitan</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or">
+              <a href="//or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%9F%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%97" hreflang="or" lang="or" title="ଆଲାନ ଟ୍ୟୁରିଙ୍ଗ – Oriya">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz">
+              <a href="//uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Tyuring" hreflang="uz" lang="uz" title="Alan Tyuring – Uzbek">Oʻzbekcha/ўзбекча</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa">
+              <a href="//pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97" hreflang="pa" lang="pa" title="ਅਲਾਨ ਟੂਰਿੰਗ – Punjabi">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb">
+              <a href="//pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%B9%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF" hreflang="pnb" lang="pnb" title="الان ٹورنگ – Western Punjabi">پنجابی</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms">
+              <a href="//pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" hreflang="pms" lang="pms" title="Alan Turing – Piedmontese">Piemontèis</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl">
+              <a href="//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" hreflang="pl" lang="pl" title="Alan Turing – Polish">Polski</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt">
+              <a href="//pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" hreflang="pt" lang="pt" title="Alan Turing – Portuguese">Português</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro">
+              <a href="//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" hreflang="ro" lang="ro" title="Alan Turing – Romanian">Română</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue">
+              <a href="//rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D1%8E%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BD%D2%91" hreflang="rue" lang="rue" title="Алан Тюрінґ – Rusyn">Русиньскый</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle" title="good article">
+              <a href="//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" hreflang="ru" lang="ru" title="Тьюринг, Алан – Russian">Русский</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah">
+              <a href="//sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" hreflang="sah" lang="sah" title="Тьюринг Алан Матисон – Sakha">Саха тыла</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa">
+              <a href="//sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" hreflang="sa" lang="sa" title="एलेन ट्यूरिंग – Sanskrit">संस्कृतम्</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco">
+              <a href="//sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" hreflang="sco" lang="sco" title="Alan Turing – Scots">Scots</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq">
+              <a href="//sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" hreflang="sq" lang="sq" title="Alan Turing – Albanian">Shqip</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn">
+              <a href="//scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" hreflang="scn" lang="scn" title="Alan Turing – Sicilian">Sicilianu</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple">
+              <a href="//simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" hreflang="simple" lang="simple" title="Alan Turing – Simple English">Simple English</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk">
+              <a href="//sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" hreflang="sk" lang="sk" title="Alan Turing – Slovak">Slovenčina</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl">
+              <a href="//sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" hreflang="sl" lang="sl" title="Alan Turing – Slovenian">Slovenščina</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb">
+              <a href="//ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF" hreflang="ckb" lang="ckb" title="ئالان تیورینگ – Central Kurdish">کوردیی ناوەندی</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr">
+              <a href="//sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D1%98%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" hreflang="sr" lang="sr" title="Алан Тјуринг – Serbian">Српски / srpski</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh">
+              <a href="//sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" hreflang="sh" lang="sh" title="Alan Turing – Serbo-Croatian">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi">
+              <a href="//fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" hreflang="fi" lang="fi" title="Alan Turing – Finnish">Suomi</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv">
+              <a href="//sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" hreflang="sv" lang="sv" title="Alan Turing – Swedish">Svenska</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl">
+              <a href="//tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" hreflang="tl" lang="tl" title="Alan Turing – Tagalog">Tagalog</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta">
+              <a href="//ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D" hreflang="ta" lang="ta" title="அலன் டூரிங் – Tamil">தமிழ்</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt">
+              <a href="//tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Tyuring" hreflang="tt" lang="tt" title="Alan Tyuring – Tatar">Татарча/tatarça</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te">
+              <a href="//te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E2%80%8C" hreflang="te" lang="te" title="అలాన్ ట్యూరింగ్‌ – Telugu">తెలుగు</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th">
+              <a href="//th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87" hreflang="th" lang="th" title="แอลัน ทัวริง – Thai">ไทย</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg">
+              <a href="//tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" hreflang="tg" lang="tg" title="Алан Тюринг – Tajik">Тоҷикӣ</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr">
+              <a href="//tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" hreflang="tr" lang="tr" title="Alan Turing – Turkish">Türkçe</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk">
+              <a href="//uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D1%8E%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3" hreflang="uk" lang="uk" title="Алан Тюрінг – Ukrainian">Українська</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur">
+              <a href="//ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%86_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF" hreflang="ur" lang="ur" title="ایلن تورنگ – Urdu">اردو</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi">
+              <a href="//vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" hreflang="vi" lang="vi" title="Alan Turing – Vietnamese">Tiếng Việt</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo">
+              <a href="//vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" hreflang="vo" lang="vo" title="Alan Turing – Volapük">Volapük</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war">
+              <a href="//war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" hreflang="war" lang="war" title="Alan Turing – Waray">Winaray</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi">
+              <a href="//yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%9F_%D7%98%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92" hreflang="yi" lang="yi" title="עלן טיורינג – Yiddish">ייִדיש</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo">
+              <a href="//yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" hreflang="yo" lang="yo" title="Alan Turing – Yoruba">Yorùbá</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue">
+              <a href="//zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%96%E9%9D%88" hreflang="zh-yue" lang="zh-yue" title="圖靈 – Cantonese">粵語</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq">
+              <a href="//diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Turing" hreflang="diq" lang="diq" title="Alan Turing – Zazaki">Zazaki</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg">
+              <a href="//bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alans_Tior%C4%97ngs" hreflang="bat-smg" lang="bat-smg" title="Alans Tiorėngs – Samogitian">Žemaitėška</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh">
+              <a href="//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E4%BC%A6%C2%B7%E5%9B%BE%E7%81%B5" hreflang="zh" lang="zh" title="艾伦·图灵 – Chinese">中文</a>
+            </li>
+            <li class="uls-p-lang-dummy">
+              <a href="#"></a>
+            </li>
+          </ul>
+          <div class='after-portlet after-portlet-lang'>
+            <span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a class="wbc-editpage" href="//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7251#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links">Edit links</a></span>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+    </div>
+  </div>
+  <div id="footer" role="contentinfo">
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