rabbit-slide-hasumikin-RubyKaigi2024 2024.05.16.0

data/UnlockTheUniversalParsers.md

@@ -0,0 +1,1103 @@
+# Unlock The Universal Parsers
+
+subtitle
+:   A New PicoRuby Compiler
+
+author
+:   @hasumikin
+
+institution
+:   Monstarlab
+
+allotted-time
+:   30m
+
+theme
+:   rubykaigi-2024
+
+# [AD] "n-monthly Lambda Note" Vol.4, No.1
+
+　
+　
+**Learning How
+Programming Languages
+Control Electrical Circuits
+with PicoRuby**
+
+{::tag name="small"}(Japanese only){:/tag}
+
+1,760 yen {::tag name="x-small"}(tax included){:/tag}
+
+![](images/lambdanote.png){:
+    align="right"
+    width="550"
+    relative_margin_top="-2"
+    relative_margin_right="5"
+}
+
+# CRuby's parser
+
+- parse.*y* and prism.*c*: human-writable
+- parse.*c*: generated by Bison or Lrama
+- prism.*c*: no generator needed
+
+```mermaid
+graph LR;
+    parse_y(parse.y) -->|Bison| parse_c_1[parse.c #40;retired#41;]
+    parse_y(parse.y) -->|Lrama| parse_c_2[lrama-generated parse.c]
+    prism(prism.c)
+```
+{:relative_height="100"}
+
+# Prism and Lrama-generated parser
+
+- Prism
+  - Newly developed universal Ruby parser
+  - Portable and small footprint
+  - Easy to integrate
+  - Available in form of a gem
+- Lrama-generated parser (parse.c)
+  - 100% compliant with CRuby in any aspect
+  - Not portable by nature
+
+# Parsers in Ruby (as of May 2024)
+
+|Ruby|Parser|
+|---------|--------|
+|CRuby (default)|Lrama-generated|
+|CRuby (experimental)|Prism|
+|JRuby|Prism|
+|TruffleRuby|Prism|
+|*mruby*|*by Matz*|
+|*PicoRuby*|*by hasumikin (me)*|
+|IRB(katakata_irb)|(gem) Prism|
+|RuboCop|(gem) Parser →  Prism|
+
+# Prism in RuboCop
+
+![](images/koic.png){:width="1500" relative_margin_top="0"}
+
+# Parsers in Ruby *(I'm working on)*
+
+|Ruby|Parser|
+|---------|--------|
+|CRuby (default)|Lrama-generated|
+|CRuby (optional)|Prism|
+|JRuby|Prism|
+|TruffleRuby|Prism|
+|*mruby*|*???????*|
+|*PicoRuby*|*???????*|
+|IRB(katakata_irb)|(gem) Prism|
+|RuboCop|(gem) Parser →  Prism|
+
+# mruby compiler generates VM code
+
+```bash
+$ echo 'puts "Hello, World!"' | bin/mrbc - | xxd # hexdump
+00000000: 5249 5445 3033 3030 0000 005e 4d41 545a  RITE0300...^MATZ
+00000010: 3030 3030 4952 4550 0000 0042 3033 3030  0000IREP...B0300
+00000020: 0000 0036 0000 0004 0000 0000 0000 000a  ...6............
+00000030: 5102 002d 0100 0138 0169 0001 0000 0d48  Q..-...8.i.....H
+00000040: 656c 6c6f 2c20 576f 726c 6421 0000 0100  ello, World!....
+00000050: 0470 7574 7300 454e 4400 0000 0008       .puts.END.....
+ 
+$ echo 'puts "Hello, World!"' | bin/mrbc - | bin/mruby
+Hello, World!
+```
+
+{:.center}
+(PicoRuby compiler does the same)
+
+# PicoRuby compiler must be small footprint
+
+- Raspberry Pi Pico
+  - 133 MHz Arm Cortex-M0+ (dual)
+  - *264 KB SRAM*
+  - 2 MB Flash ROM
+
+![](images/rpi_pico.jpg){:align="right" height="800"}
+
+# PicoRuby compiler must be small footprint
+
+- Raspberry Pi Pico
+  - 133 MHz Arm Cortex-M0+ (dual)
+  - *264 KB SRAM*
+  - 2 MB Flash ROM
+
+{:.center}
+　
+{::tag name="x-large"}*If a universal parser is not small enough, it won't be "universal"*{:/tag}
+
+![](images/rpi_pico.jpg){:align="right" height="800"}
+
+# PicoRuby compiler must be small footprint
+
+```bash
+$ valgrind \
+   --tool=massif \
+   --stacks=yes \
+   path/to/mrbc hello_world.rb
+#=> massif.out.12345
+ 
+$ ms_print massif.out.12345 | less
+```
+
+# The original mruby Compiler
+
+```bash
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Command:            bin/mrbc ../mruby-compiler2/fixtures/hello_world.rb
+Massif arguments:   --stacks=yes
+ms_print arguments: massif.out.29290
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    KB
+129.5^                                                                      :
+     |                                                                      #
+     |                                                                      #
+     |                                                                      #
+     |                                                                      #
+     |                                                                      #
+     |                                                                     @#
+     |                                                                     @#
+     |                                                                     @#
+     |                                                                     @#
+     |                                          ::@@@@@:::@@:::::::@@:@::@:@#:
+     |                @@@::::::::::::::::::@:@::: @@ @ :::@ ::: :::@@:@::@:@#:
+     |                @  : :::: ::::: :::: @:@::: @@ @ :::@ ::: :::@@:@::@:@#:
+     |                @  : :::: ::::: :::: @:@::: @@ @ :::@ ::: :::@@:@::@:@#:
+     |                @  : :::: ::::: :::: @:@::: @@ @ :::@ ::: :::@@:@::@:@#:
+     |                @  : :::: ::::: :::: @:@::: @@ @ :::@ ::: :::@@:@::@:@#:
+     |                @  : :::: ::::: :::: @:@::: @@ @ :::@ ::: :::@@:@::@:@#:
+     |                @  : :::: ::::: :::: @:@::: @@ @ :::@ ::: :::@@:@::@:@#:
+     |                @  : :::: ::::: :::: @:@::: @@ @ :::@ ::: :::@@:@::@:@#:
+     |  @@            @  : :::: ::::: :::: @:@::: @@ @ :::@ ::: :::@@:@::@:@#:
+   0 +----------------------------------------------------------------------->Mi
+     0                                                                   1.030
+```
+
+# Existing PicoRuby Compiler
+
+```bash
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Command:            bin/picorbc ../mruby-compiler2/fixtures/hello_world.rb
+Massif arguments:   --stacks=yes
+ms_print arguments: massif.out.28004
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    KB
+16.70^                                                             :
+     |                                                         #::::::::::@
+     |                                                         #::::::::::@:
+     |                                                         #::::::::::@:
+     |                                                         #::::::::::@:
+     |                                                         #::::::::::@:
+     |                                                         #::::::::::@::
+     |                                                         #::::::::::@::
+     |                                                         #::::::::::@::
+     |                                                         #::::::::::@::
+     |                                                         #::::::::::@::
+     |                                                         #::::::::::@::
+     |                                                         #::::::::::@::
+     |            ::                                           #::::::::::@::
+     |            ::  :                                        #::::::::::@::
+     |            ::  :                                        #::::::::::@::
+     |            ::  :                                        #::::::::::@::
+     |            ::  :                                        #::::::::::@::
+     |            :::::              :  :::::: @@  :::: :      #::::::::::@::
+     |           :::: ::::::::::::::::::::::: :@ ::::::::@::::@#::::::::::@::
+   0 +----------------------------------------------------------------------->ki
+     0                                                                   219.6
+```
+
+# mrbc_prism
+
+```bash
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Command:            bin/mrbc_prism ../mruby-compiler2/fixtures/hello_world.rb
+Massif arguments:   --stacks=yes
+ms_print arguments: massif.out.31071
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    KB
+9.219^                                                                     #
+     |                                                                     #
+     |                                                                     #
+     |                                                                     #
+     |                                                                   @@#
+     |                                                                   @ #
+     |              ::                                                   @ #
+     |              ::                                                   @ #
+     |              :: :                                                 @ #:
+     |              :: :                                                 @ #:
+     |              :: :                                                 @ #:
+     |              :: :                                                 @ #:
+     |              :: :                                                 @ #:
+     |              :: :                                                 @ #:
+     |              :: :                                                 @ #:
+     |              ::::                                               : @ #:
+     |              ::::         :   :::::                      :::    ::@ #:
+     |             @::::::       :::::::: :::: ::@:::::: :::  :::: ::::::@ #::
+     |            :@::::::::::::::::::::: :::::: @: :   @: ::::::: ::::::@ #::
+     |           ::@:::::::     ::::::::: :::::: @: :   @: :: :::: ::::::@ #::
+   0 +----------------------------------------------------------------------->ki
+     0                                                                   201.0
+```
+
+# RAM consumption
+
+|Compiler|RAM consumption|
+|---------|------------------|
+|mrbc (original)|129.5 KB|
+|picorbc|16.70 KB|
+|mrbc_prism|9.219 KB*\**|
+
+{:.right}
+{::tag name="xx-small"}Figures are measured in 64 bit Linux{:/tag}
+　
+{:.left}
+{::tag name="xx-small"}*\** mrbc_prism's small footprint is also due to a new code generator and possibly going to be bigger with development{:/tag}
+
+# mrbc_prism
+
+```c
+mrc_irep *
+compile_ruby_to_mruby_vm_code_with_prism(mrc_ccontext *c)
+{
+    pm_parser_t parser;
+    uint8_t *string = "puts 'Hello, World!'"
+    pm_parser_init(&parser,
+                   string, strlen((const char *)string),
+                   NULL);
+    pm_node_t *root = pm_parse(&parser);
+    mrc_irep *irep = mrc_load_exec(c, (mrc_node *)root);
+    pm_node_destroy(&parser, root);
+    pm_parser_free(&parser);
+    return irep;
+}
+```
+
+{:.center}
+{::tag name="xx-small"}(For illustrative purposes only and non-functional){:/tag}
+
+# Prism, really good stuff
+
+- Well designed APIs and NODE
+- Portable
+- Small footprint
+
+{:.center}
+　
+{::tag name="x-large"}*Still, I'm going to implement Lrama-generated parser.*{:/tag}
+{::tag name="x-large"}*Why?*{:/tag}
+
+# In Taipei, Taiwan last year...
+
+![](images/taiwan.jpg){:width="1200"
+    draw0="[text, ＠spikeolaf, 0.34, 0.4, {color: white, size: 40, font_family: 'Poppins', weight: bold\}]"
+    draw1="[text, ＠koic, 0.82, 0.3, {color: white, size: 40, font_family: 'Poppins', weight: bold\}]"
+    draw2="[text, me, 0.05, 0.23, {color: white, size: 40, font_family: 'Poppins', weight: bold\}]"
+}
+
+# A Labyrinth
+
+![](images/labyrinth.jpg){:width="1980" height="1250" relative_margin_right="-10" relative_margin_top="-6" align="right"
+    draw0="[text, parse.y is a labyrinth, 0.11, 0.7, {color: green, size: 100, font_family: 'Dela Gothic One'\}]"
+}
+
+# @ydah_
+
+![](images/ydah_.png){:width="1500" }
+
+# @junk0612
+
+![](images/junk0612.png){:width="1500" }
+
+# no longer a Labyrinth
+
+![](images/nolongerlabyrinth.jpg){:width="1980" height="1250" relative_margin_right="-10" relative_margin_top="-6" align="right"
+    draw0="[text, No longer a labyrinth, 0.11, 0.7, {color: cyan, size: 100, font_family: 'Dela Gothic One'\}]"
+}
+
+# Why Lrama-generated parser?
+
+- Making parse.y readable and maintainable
+- Integrated error tolerance
+- Innovative state management of the tokenizer
+- In short, a new era of LALR parser generator
+
+{:.center}
+　
+{::tag name="x-large"}*Computer-science-wide achievement*{:/tag}
+
+# hide-title
+
+{:.center}
+{::tag name="xx-large"}OK, let me use both{:/tag}
+{::tag name="xx-large"}*Prism* and *Lrama-gen parser*{:/tag}
+{::tag name="xx-large"}in my PicoRuby compiler💪{:/tag}
+
+## prop
+
+hide-title
+:    true
+
+# Parsers in Ruby *(I'm working on)*
+
+|Ruby|Parser|
+|---------|--------|
+|CRuby (default)|Lrama-generated|
+|CRuby (optional)|Prism|
+|JRuby|Prism|
+|TruffleRuby|Prism|
+|*mruby*|*Prism and Lrama-gen*|
+|*PicoRuby*|*Prism and Lrama-gen*|
+|IRB(katakata_irb)|(gem) Prism|
+|RuboCop|(gem) Parser →  Prism|
+
+# AST of Lrama-generated parser
+
+```bash
+$ ruby --dump=p -e'puts "Hello, World!"'
+###########################################################
+## Do NOT use this node dump for any purpose other than  ##
+## debug and research.  Compatibility is not guaranteed. ##
+###########################################################
+ 
+# @ NODE_SCOPE (id: 3, line: 1, location: (1,0)-(1,20))
+# +- nd_tbl: (empty)
+# +- nd_args:
+# |   (null node)
+# +- nd_body:
+#     @ NODE_FCALL (id: 0, line: 1, location: (1,0)-(1,20))*
+#     +- nd_mid: :puts
+#     +- nd_args:
+#         @ NODE_LIST (id: 2, line: 1, location: (1,5)-(1,20))
+#         +- as.nd_alen: 1
+#         +- nd_head:
+#         |   @ NODE_STR (id: 1, line: 1, location: (1,5)-(1,20))
+#         |   +- nd_lit: "Hello, World!"
+#         +- nd_next:
+#             (null node)
+```
+
+# hide-title
+
+{::tag name="xx-large"}Version 0.0.0.0.1 of mrbc_lrama{:/tag}
+{::tag name="xx-small"}(A mruby compiler using Lrama-generated parser){:/tag}
+
+## prop
+
+hide-title
+:    true
+
+# How to integrate Lrama-gen parser
+
+```bash
+$ cd ruby/ruby
+$ ./autogen.sh #=> configure
+$ ./configure  #=> common.mk etc.
+$ make
+$ ls -l *.a
+-rw-r--r-- 1 145797150 libruby-static.a
+```
+
+{:.center}
+{::tag name="x-large"}An archive file containing all the object files of the Ruby interpreter{:/tag}
+
+# libruby-static.a
+
+```mermaid
+flowchart LR
+  parse.y -->|Lrama| parse.c --> parse.o
+  node.c --> node.o
+  string.c --> string.o
+  subgraph libruby-static.a
+    parse.o
+    node.o
+    string.o
+    etc.
+  end
+  libHOGE.so --> ruby
+  libruby-static.a ---> ruby
+```
+{:relative_height="100"}
+
+# Even CRuby can be embedded
+
+```c
+// hello_world.c
+#include <ruby.h>
+int
+main(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+    ruby_init();
+    rb_eval_string("puts 'Hello, World!'");
+    ruby_finalize();
+    return 0;
+}
+```
+
+{:.center}
+{::tag name="xx-small"}(For illustrative purposes only and non-functional){:/tag}
+
+# Even CRuby can be embedded
+
+```bash
+$ cc -o hello_world \
+  hello_world.c \
+  -I/path/to/ruby/include \
+  -L/path/to/ruby \
+  -l:libruby-static.a
+#    ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+ 
+$ ./hello_world
+#=> Hello, World!
+```
+
+# Legenday work of embedded CRuby
+
+![](images/mod_ruby.png){:width="1660"}
+
+# hide-title
+
+{::tag name="xx-large"}Let's see the memory consumption of mrbc_lrama🧐{:/tag}
+
+## prop
+
+hide-title
+:    true
+
+# Memory consumption of mrbc_lrama
+
+```bash
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Command:            bin/mrbc_lrama ../mruby-compiler2/fixtures/hello_world.rb
+Massif arguments:   --stacks=yes
+ms_print arguments: massif.out.14624
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    MB
+9.985^                                                                       :
+     |  ::::::::::@:::::::::::@@::::::::::@@::@:::@::::::::::::::::@:#::::@:::
+     | :::::::::: @:::: :::: :@@:: :: ::::@ ::@ : @:::: :: ::::::::@:#::::@:::
+     | :::::::::: @:::: :::: :@@:: :: ::::@ ::@ : @:::: :: ::::::::@:#::::@:::
+     | :::::::::: @:::: :::: :@@:: :: ::::@ ::@ : @:::: :: ::::::::@:#::::@:::
+     | :::::::::: @:::: :::: :@@:: :: ::::@ ::@ : @:::: :: ::::::::@:#::::@:::
+     | :::::::::: @:::: :::: :@@:: :: ::::@ ::@ : @:::: :: ::::::::@:#::::@:::
+     | :::::::::: @:::: :::: :@@:: :: ::::@ ::@ : @:::: :: ::::::::@:#::::@:::
+     | :::::::::: @:::: :::: :@@:: :: ::::@ ::@ : @:::: :: ::::::::@:#::::@:::
+     | :::::::::: @:::: :::: :@@:: :: ::::@ ::@ : @:::: :: ::::::::@:#::::@:::
+     | :::::::::: @:::: :::: :@@:: :: ::::@ ::@ : @:::: :: ::::::::@:#::::@:::
+     | :::::::::: @:::: :::: :@@:: :: ::::@ ::@ : @:::: :: ::::::::@:#::::@:::
+     | :::::::::: @:::: :::: :@@:: :: ::::@ ::@ : @:::: :: ::::::::@:#::::@:::
+     | :::::::::: @:::: :::: :@@:: :: ::::@ ::@ : @:::: :: ::::::::@:#::::@:::
+     | :::::::::: @:::: :::: :@@:: :: ::::@ ::@ : @:::: :: ::::::::@:#::::@:::
+     | :::::::::: @:::: :::: :@@:: :: ::::@ ::@ : @:::: :: ::::::::@:#::::@:::
+     | :::::::::: @:::: :::: :@@:: :: ::::@ ::@ : @:::: :: ::::::::@:#::::@:::
+     | :::::::::: @:::: :::: :@@:: :: ::::@ ::@ : @:::: :: ::::::::@:#::::@:::
+     | :::::::::: @:::: :::: :@@:: :: ::::@ ::@ : @:::: :: ::::::::@:#::::@:::
+     | :::::::::: @:::: :::: :@@:: :: ::::@ ::@ : @:::: :: ::::::::@:#::::@:::
+   0 +----------------------------------------------------------------------->Mi
+     0                                                                   43.25
+```
+
+# hide-title
+
+{:.center}
+{::tag name="xx-large"}9.985 MB😨{:/tag}
+
+## prop
+
+hide-title
+:    true
+
+# RAM consumption
+
+|Compiler|RAM consumption|
+|---------|------------------|
+|mrbc (original)|129.5 KB|
+|picorbc|16.70 KB|
+|mrbc_prism|9.219 KB|
+|mrbc_lrama|9.985 *MB*|
+
+# Why consumes a lot of RAM?
+
+```c
+mrc_irep *
+compile_ruby_to_mruby_vm_code_with_lramagen(mrc_ccontext *c)
+{
+    ruby_init(); // 👈👈👈👈👈👈👈👈
+    rb_parser_t *parser = rb_ruby_parser_new();
+    rb_ast_t *ast = rb_ruby_parser_compile_string(
+                    parser, "", "puts 'Hello, World!'", 0);
+    mrc_irep *irep = mrc_load_exec(c, (mrc_node *)ast->body.root);
+    ruby_finalize();
+    return irep;
+}
+```
+
+{:.center}
+{::tag name="xx-small"}(For illustrative purposes only and non-functional){:/tag}
+
+{:.center}
+*`ruby_init()`* prepares the CRuby's GC.
+However, if you remove it, you get *SEGV*
+
+# Dependencies (actual)
+
+![](images/dependencies-0.png){:width="1700"}
+
+# Dependencies (goal)
+
+![](images/dependencies-0.png){:width="1700"
+    draw0="[text, 🙅🏻, 0.36, 0.24, {size: 70, font_family: 'Noto Color Emoji'\}]"
+    draw1="[text, 🙅🏻, 0.43, 0.49, {size: 70, font_family: 'Noto Color Emoji'\}]"
+}
+
+# *DeGC* is what we need
+
+- DeVALUE
+  - *Decouple VALUE* that is a C-level representation of a Ruby object such as RString and RArray
+- DeIMEMO
+  - *Decouple IMEMO* that is a C-level object taken care of by GC
+- DeGC
+  - After all, we are going to *decouple GC* from the parser
+
+# Relevant work of DeVALUE
+
+![](images/sh.png){:width="1500" relative_margin_top="5"}
+
+{:.center}
+Lightning Talks today
+
+# rb_parser_ary_t* instead of RArray
+
+```c
+enum rb_parser_ary_data_type {
+    PARSER_ARY_DATA_AST_TOKEN,
+    PARSER_ARY_DATA_SCRIPT_LINE
+};
+ 
+typedef struct rb_parser_ary {
+    enum rb_parser_ary_data_type data_type;
+    rb_parser_ary_data *data; // typedef of void*
+    long len;                 // current size
+    long capa;                // capacity
+} rb_parser_ary_t;
+```
+
+# e.g. DeVALUE of tokens
+
+```ruby
+node = RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.
+         parse('puts "Hello, World!"',
+               keep_tokens: true) # 👈
+ 
+node.tokens
+#=>
+[[0, :tIDENTIFIER, "puts", [1, 0, 1, 4]],
+ [1, :tSP, " ", [1, 4, 1, 5]],
+ [2, :tSTRING_BEG, "'", [1, 5, 1, 6]],
+ [3, :tSTRING_CONTENT, "Hello, World!", [1, 6, 1, 19]],
+ [4, :tSTRING_END, "'", [1, 19, 1, 20]]]
+```
+
+# e.g. DeVALUE of tokens
+
+```c
+// parse.y
+static void parser_append_tokens(struct parser_params *p,...
+{
+    VALUE ary = rb_ary_new2(4); // A token
+    (...)
+    rb_ary_push(p->tokens, ary);
+    (...)
+}
+ 
+(...)
+ 
+static VALUE yycompile0(VALUE arg)
+{
+    (...)
+    if (p->keep_tokens) {
+        p->ast->node_buffer->tokens = tokens;
+        p->tokens = NULL;
+    }
+    (...)
+}
+```
+
+# e.g. DeVALUE of tokens
+
+```c
+struct parser_params {
+    (...)
+    VALUE tokens;
+}
+```
+
+{:.center}
+👇
+
+```c
+struct parser_params {
+    (...)
+    rb_parser_ary_t *tokens;
+}
+```
+
+# e.g. DeVALUE of script_lines
+
+- `ast->body.script_lines`
+- `iseq->variable.script_lines`
+- `SCRIPT_LINES__`
+
+{:.center}
+　
+　
+{::tag name="x-large"}*Three kinds of script_lines*{:/tag}
+
+# script_lines in AST
+
+```ruby
+node = RubyVM::AbstractSyntaxTree.
+         parse("puts 'Hello, World!'",
+               keep_script_lines: true) # 👈
+ 
+node.script_lines
+#=>
+["puts 'Hello, World!'"]
+```
+
+# script_lines in ISEQ
+
+```ruby
+iseq = RubyVM::InstructionSequence.
+         compile("puts 'Hello, World!'",
+                 keep_script_lines: true) # 👈
+ 
+iseq.script_lines
+#=>
+["puts 'Hello, World!'"]
+```
+
+# `SCRIPT_LINES__` in top-level
+
+```ruby
+# hello_world.rb
+puts 'Hello, World!'
+```
+
+```ruby
+SCRIPT_LINES__ = {}
+require './hello_world'
+p SCRIPT_LINES__
+#=>
+{"./hello_world"=>["puts 'Hello, World!'"]}
+```
+
+{:.center}
+debug.rb and tracer.rb used to use `SCRIPT_LINES__`
+
+# Internally, they were the same RArray
+
+- `ast->body.script_lines`
+- `iseq->variable.script_lines`
+- `SCRIPT_LINES__[filename]`
+
+{:.center}
+　
+Build script_lines as a *`rb_parser_ary_t`*
+during parsing, then convert it to a *VALUE*
+or when *`Node#script_lines`* is called
+
+# IMEMO (Internal MEMOry Object)
+
+- IMEMO is a C-level object taken care of by GC
+- Not a VALUE
+- Five-word restriction to be GC-ed
+  - The first word has to be the flags
+  - You can only use the five words in total
+
+# e.g. DeIMEMO of AST (before)
+
+```c
+typedef struct rb_ast_struct {
+    VALUE flags;             // To be removed
+    node_buffer_t *node_buffer;
+    struct {
+        const NODE *root;
+        VALUE *script_lines; // To be deVALUEd
+        signed int frozen_string_literal:2;
+        signed int coverage_enabled:2;
+    } body;
+} rb_ast_t;
+```
+
+{:.center}
+{::tag name="x-large"}*Five words*{:/tag}
+
+# e.g. DeIMEMO of AST (after)
+
+```c
+typedef struct rb_ast_struct {
+    node_buffer_t *node_buffer;
+    struct {
+        const NODE *root;
+        rb_parser_ary_t *script_lines;
+        int line_count;            // Separeted from script_lines
+        signed int frozen_string_literal:2;
+        signed int coverage_enabled:2;
+    } body;
+#ifdef UNIVERSAL_PARSER
+    const rb_parser_config_t *config; // Moved from node_buffer_t
+#endif
+} rb_ast_t;
+```
+
+{:.center}
+{::tag name="x-large"}*🤔...Still five words?*{:/tag}
+
+# e.g. DeIMEMO of AST (after)
+
+```c
+typedef struct rb_ast_struct {
+    node_buffer_t *node_buffer;
+    struct {
+        const NODE *root;
+        rb_parser_ary_t *script_lines;
+        int line_count;               // One word in 32 bit
+        signed int frozen_string_literal:2;
+        signed int coverage_enabled:2;
+    } body;
+#ifdef UNIVERSAL_PARSER
+    const rb_parser_config_t *config; // Moved from node_buffer_t
+#endif
+} rb_ast_t;
+```
+
+{:.center}
+{::tag name="x-large"}*Six words in 32 bit💡*{:/tag}
+
+# DeGC
+
+{:.center}
+　
+　
+　
+{::tag name="x-large"}DeVALUE and DeIMEMO{:/tag}
+{::tag name="x-large"}automatically complete *DeGC*😊{:/tag}
+
+# Amount of diff in ruby/ruby by me
+
+```bash
+$ git log --author=hasumikin \
+  --since=2024-01-01 --until=2024-4-30 \
+  --oneline
+ 
+ddd8da4b6b [Universal parser] Improve AST structure
+9ea77cb351 Remove unnecessary assignment to ast->body.line_count
+55a402bb75 Add line_count field to rb_ast_body_t
+2244c58b00 [Universal parser] Decouple IMEMO from rb_ast_t
+9b1e97b211 [Universal parser] DeVALUE of p->debug_lines and ast...
+f5e387a300 Separate SCRIPT_LINES__ from ast.c
+8aa8fce320 Fix return-type warning in compile.c
+ce544f8dbd [ruby/prism] [Compatibility] Improve printf format
+40ecad0ad7 [Universal parser] Fix -Wsuggest-attribute=format warnings
+9a19cfd4cd [Universal Parser] Reduce dependence on RArray in parse.y
+b95e2cdca7 [ruby/prism] Additional fix of adding `x` prefix after ...
+54f27549e2 [ruby/prism] Chage some names
+c4bd6da298 [ruby/prism] Make alloc interface replaceable
+f0a46c6334 [ruby/prism] Include unistd.h before cheching _POSIX_...
+15b53e901c [ruby/prism] Use `_POSIX_MAPPED_FILES` and `_WIN32` to ...
+```
+
+# Amount of diff in ruby/ruby by me
+
+```bash
+$ git log --author=hasumikin \
+  --since=2024-01-01 --until=2024-4-30 \
+  --pretty=tformat: --numstat \
+  | awk '{add += $1; del += $2} END
+         {print "++:", add, "\n--:", del}'
+ 
+++: 1321
+--: 818
+```
+
+{:.center}
+Despite 2000+ lines of changes,
+CRuby does not alter its behavior.
+
+# Let's try *`valgrind --tool=massif`* again🤞
+
+```c
+mrc_irep *
+compile_ruby_to_mruby_vm_code_with_lramagen(mrc_ccontext *c)
+{
+    // ruby_init(); 👈 Remove this
+    rb_parser_t *parser = rb_ruby_parser_new();
+    rb_ast_t *ast = rb_ruby_parser_compile_string(
+                    parser, "", "puts 'Hello, World!'", 0);
+    mrc_irep *irep = mrc_load_exec(c, (mrc_node *)ast->body.root);
+    // ruby_finalize(); 👈 Remove this
+    return irep;
+}
+```
+
+{:.center}
+{::tag name="xx-small"}(For illustrative purposes only and non-functional){:/tag}
+
+{:.center}
+Now we can remove
+*`ruby_init()`* and *`ruby_finalize()`*
+
+# RAM consumption of Lrama-gen parser
+
+```bash
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+Command:            bin/mrbc_lrama ../mruby-compiler2/fixtures/hello_world.rb
+Massif arguments:   --stacks=yes
+ms_print arguments: massif.out.26697
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+    KB
+39.91^                                                                      #
+     |                                                                     @#:
+     |                                                                     @#:
+     |                                                                     @#:
+     |                                                                     @#:
+     |                                                                     @#:
+     |                                                                     @#:
+     |                                                                     @#:
+     |                                                                     @#:
+     |                                                                     @#:
+     |                                                                     @#:
+     |                                                                     @#:
+     |                                                                     @#:
+     |                                                                     @#:
+     |                                                                     @#:
+     |                                                                     @#:
+     |                                                                     @#:
+     |   @@                                                                @#:
+     |   @ :                                                               @#:
+     |   @ ::::                                                           :@#:
+   0 +----------------------------------------------------------------------->ki
+     0                                                                   747.9
+```
+
+# RAM consumption of Lrama-gen parser
+
+|Compiler|RAM consumption|
+|---------|------------------|
+|mrbc (original)|129.5 KB|
+|picorbc|16.70 KB|
+|mrbc_prism|9.219 KB|
+|mrbc_lrama|9.985 MB 👉 *39.91 KB*🎉|
+
+{:.center}
+　
+{::tag name="x-large"}*96% reduction!!!*{:/tag}
+(Ready to fight with Prism)
+
+# Finally, DeGCed!!!
+
+![](images/dependencies-1.png){:width="1700"}
+
+# Remaining issues of Lrama-gen parser
+
+- Make NODE(AST) design compatible with Prism
+- Fine-tuning of the RAM consumption
+  - 39.91 KB is the result of just *deGCed*
+  - There is still more that can be done💪
+- *ROM size* and *cross compilation*
+
+# ROM size also matters
+
+```bash
+$ ls -lSr picoruby/bin/
+-rwxr-xr-x   851648 picorbc
+-rwxr-xr-x  2512528 mrbc_prism
+-rwxr-xr-x  3386824 mrbc # original
+-rwxr-xr-x 25080800 mrbc_lrama # 24 MB😵
+```
+
+- picorbc solely consists of mruby compiler {::tag name="xx-small"}(ascii only){:/tag}
+- mrbc_prism contains all encodings {::tag name="x-small"}(can be omitted){:/tag}
+- mrbc contains mruby-core
+- mrbc_lrama contains CRuby (miniruby)
+
+# mrbc_lrama: 24 MB (on x86-64)
+
+![](images/dependencies-2.png){:width="1700"}
+
+# To fix, we need cross compilation
+
+```bash
+$ cd ruby
+$ ./autogen.sh
+$ ./configure
+#=> .ext/include/x86_64-linux/ruby/config.h
+ 
+$ ./configure --host=arm-linux-eabi
+#=> .ext/include/arm-linux-eabi/ruby/config.h
+```
+
+{:.center}
+　
+{::tag name="x-large"}*What is `ruby/config.h`?*{:/tag}
+
+# *`ruby/config.h`* is platform-specific config
+
+```c
+// .ext/include/arm-linux-eabi/ruby/config.h
+...
+#define RUBY_ABI_VERSION 0
+#define HAVE_STDIO_H 1
+...
+#define SIZEOF_INT 4
+#define SIZEOF_SHORT 2
+...
+#define SIZEOF_VOIDP 4  // 👈 32 bit
+#define SIZEOF_FLOAT 4
+#define SIZEOF_DOUBLE 8
+...
+```
+
+# Target triplets {::tag name="x-small"}[CPU]-[ambiguous]-[ambiguous]{:/tag}
+
+- x86-64-linux-gnu:
+  - x86 64 bit Linux with GNU libc
+- aarch64-linux-gnu:
+  - Arm 64 bit Linux with GNU libc
+- arm-linux-gnueabi(hf):
+  - Arm 32 bit Linux with GNU libc for EABI (hard-float)
+    EABI: Embedded Application Binary Interface
+- arm-none-eabi:
+  - Arm 32 bit *bare-metal* with newlib
+
+# arm-none-eabi
+
+- RP2040 (Raspberry Pi Pico)
+  - 133 MHz Arm Cortex-M0+ (dual)
+
+![](images/rpi_pico.jpg){:align="right" height="800"}
+
+# Configurable with arm-none-eabi?  *No*
+
+```bash
+$ cd ruby
+$ ./autogen.sh #=> configure
+$ ./configure --host=arm-none-eabi
+#=> error😢😢😢😢😢😢
+```
+
+{:.center}
+　
+{::tag name="x-large"}*Why?*{:/tag}
+Because "none-eabi" doesn't support
+things like *`stdio.h`* that CRuby requires
+
+# The next step is to make an effective build
+
+- Configurable against bare-metal
+  - Arm, ESP32, and PIC32, etc.
+- Compile only what we need instead of making libruby-static.a
+  - `parse.o` + `node.o` + `parser_st.o` + *`?.o`*
+  - Resolving the lack of dependencies is another challenge
+
+# Still some deVALUE to do
+
+![](images/dependencies-3.png){:width="1700"}
+
+# Functions to be deVALUEd
+
+```c
+VALUE rb_node_file_path_val(const NODE *node);
+VALUE rb_node_str_string_val(const NODE *node);
+VALUE rb_node_line_lineno_val(const NODE *node);
+VALUE rb_node_encoding_val(const NODE *node);
+VALUE rb_node_integer_literal_val(const NODE *n);
+VALUE rb_node_float_literal_val(const NODE *n);
+VALUE rb_node_rational_literal_val(const NODE *n);
+VALUE rb_node_imaginary_literal_val(const NODE *n);
+VALUE rb_node_regx_string_val(const NODE *node);
+VALUE rb_node_sym_string_val(const NODE *node);
+VALUE rb_str_new_parser_string(rb_parser_string_t *str);
+VALUE rb_str_new_mutable_parser_string(rb_parser_string_t *str);
+VALUE rb_sym2id(VALUE sym);
+```
+
+{:.center}
+Further deVALUE is needed
+
+# Build with dummy functions (PoC)
+
+```bash
+# Linking libruby-static.a
+-rwxr-xr-x  2512528 mrbc_prism
+-rwxr-xr-x 25080800 mrbc_lrama 😵
+               👇
+# Linking dummy functions
+-rwxr-xr-x  2512528 mrbc_prism
+-rwxr-xr-x  1927440 mrbc_lrama 🥳
+```
+
+{:.center}
+Now mrbc_lrama is barely able to compile
+*`puts 'Hello, World!'`*
+
+# hide-title
+
+{:.center}
+{::tag name="large"}*Working in progress...*{:/tag}
+　
+　
+{::tag name="small"}`https://github.com/picoruby/mruby-compiler2`{:/tag}
+　
+{::tag name="small"}`https://github.com/picoruby/mruby-bin-mrbc2`{:/tag}
+
+## prop
+
+hide-title
+: true
+
+# FYI, PicoRuby talk at #rubykaigiC 16:40
+
+![](images/s01.png){:width="1500" relative_margin_top="5"}
+
+# Also, PicoRuby appears in Lightning Talks
+
+![](images/hachi.png){:width="1500" relative_margin_top="5"}
+
+# This guy may give you a Raspi Pico
+
+![](images/yancya.png){:height="700" relative_margin_top="0"}
+
+{:.center}
+{::tag name="xx-small"}https://twitter.com/hanachin_/status/1790713159906681259{:/tag}
+*Catch him at the venue*
+
+# Lrama-gen univ-parser is almost there!!!
+
+- Embed libruby-static.a in PicoRuby compiler
+  - → RAM consumption: *10 MB* 😨
+  - → ROM size: *24 MB* 😵
+- → DeVALUE, DeIMEMO, DeGC
+  - → RAM consumption: *40 KB* 🥳
+- → Improve build process
+  - → ROM size: *1.9 MB* 😊
+
+# Wrap-up
+
+- PicoRuby compiler will integrate
+  both Prism and Lrama-gen parser
+- Rest of the work
+  - Cross compile
+  - DeVALUE (a little more)
+  - Symbol table (ID)
+  - Fine-tuning
+
+![](images/QR_github-com-picoruby-picoruby.png){:
+    align="right" width="600" relative_margin_top="3" relative_margin_left="0"
+    draw0="[text, github.com/picoruby/picoruby, -0.14, 1.01, {color: black, size: 34, font_family: 'Courier Prime'\}]"
+}
+
+
+