r2corba 1.4.1

data/lib/ridlbe/ruby/walker.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,1582 @@
+#--------------------------------------------------------------------
+# walker.rb - IDL typecode and client stubs backend walker
+#
+# Author: Martin Corino
+#
+# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
+# modify it under the terms of the R2CORBA LICENSE which is
+# included with this program.
+#
+# Copyright (c) Remedy IT Expertise BV
+# Chamber of commerce Rotterdam nr.276339, The Netherlands
+#--------------------------------------------------------------------
+module IDL
+  class RubyWriterBase
+    def initialize(output = STDOUT, params = {}, indent = "  ")
+      @output = output
+      @params = params
+      @indent = indent
+      @nest = 0
+    end
+
+    def print(str);       @output << str; end
+    def println(str="");  @output << str << "\n"; end
+    def printi(str="");   @output << indent() << str; end
+    def printiln(str=""); @output << indent() << str << "\n"; end
+    def indent()
+      @indent * @nest
+    end
+    def nest(in_ = 1)
+      @nest += in_
+      begin
+        yield
+      ensure
+        @nest -= in_
+      end
+    end
+
+    def visit_nodes(parser)
+      pre_visit(parser)
+
+      parser.walk_nodes(self)
+
+      post_visit(parser)
+    end
+  end
+
+  class RubyStubWriter < RubyWriterBase
+    def initialize(output = STDOUT, params = {}, indent = "  ")
+      super
+    end
+
+    def pre_visit(parser)
+      print(
+%Q{# -*- Ruby -*-
+#
+# ****  Code generated by the R2CORBA IDL Compiler ****
+# R2CORBA has been developed by:
+#        Remedy IT
+#        Nijkerk, GLD
+#        The Netherlands
+#        http://www.remedy.nl \ http://www.theaceorb.nl
+#
+})
+      println("require 'corba'") if @params[:libinit]
+      println()
+      enter_module(parser.root_namespace) unless parser.root_namespace.nil?
+      idleval = @params[:idl_eval] || false
+      if !idleval
+        printiln("CORBA.implement('#{@params[:idlfile]}', {}, CORBA::IDL::CLIENT_STUB) {")
+        println()
+      end
+    end
+
+    def post_visit(parser)
+      idleval = @params[:idl_eval] || false
+      if !idleval
+        printiln("} ## end of '#{@params[:idlfile]}'")
+      end
+      leave_module(parser.root_namespace) unless parser.root_namespace.nil?
+      println("# -*- END -*-")
+    end
+
+    def visit_include(node)
+      printiln(format("require '%s'", node.filename.sub(/\.[^\.]*$/,@params[:stub_pfx])))
+      println()
+    end
+
+    def enter_include(node)
+      printiln("## include")
+      printiln("CORBA.implement('#{node.filename}', {}, CORBA::IDL::CLIENT_STUB) {")
+      println()
+    end
+
+    def leave_include(node)
+      println()
+      printiln("} ## end of include '#{node.filename}'")
+      println()
+    end
+
+    def enter_module(node)
+      printiln("module " + node.rubyname)
+      println()
+      @nest += 1
+    end
+    def leave_module(node)
+      @nest -= 1
+      printiln("end #of module #{node.rubyname}")
+      println()
+    end
+
+    def declare_interface(node)
+      name = node.rubyname
+      if not @params[:class_interfaces].nil? and @params[:class_interfaces].include?(name)
+        printiln("class #{name}; end  ## interface forward")
+      else
+        printiln("module #{name}; end  ## interface forward")
+      end
+    end
+    def enter_interface(node)
+      println
+      name = node.rubyname
+      if node.is_pseudo?
+        if not @params[:class_interfaces].nil? and @params[:class_interfaces].include?(name)
+          printiln("class #{name}  ## pseudo object interface")
+        else
+          printiln("module #{name}  ## pseudo object interface")
+        end
+        @nest += 1
+      else
+        if not @params[:class_interfaces].nil? and @params[:class_interfaces].include?(name)
+          printiln("class #{node.rubyname}  ## interface")
+        else
+          printiln("module #{node.rubyname}  ## interface")
+        end
+        println()
+        @nest += 1
+
+        if node.bases.size>0
+          node.bases.each do |n|
+            printiln("include #{n.scoped_rubyname}")
+          end
+          println()
+        end
+
+        printiln(format("Id = '%s'.freeze", node.repository_id))
+        printi("Ids = [ Id")
+        if node.is_abstract?
+          println(",")
+          printi("        'IDL:omg.org/CORBA/AbstractBase:1.0'")
+        end
+        if node.bases.size>0
+          node.bases.each do |n|
+            println(",")
+            printi("        #{n.scoped_rubyname}::Id")
+          end
+        end
+        println(" ].freeze")
+
+        println
+        unless node.is_abstract?
+          printiln(format("def %s._tc; @@tc_%s ||= CORBA::TypeCode::ObjectRef.new(Id, '%s', self); end",
+                          node.rubyname, node.rubyname, node.rubyname))
+        else
+          printiln(format("def %s._tc; @@tc_%s ||= CORBA::TypeCode::AbstractInterface.new(Id, '%s', self); end",
+                          node.rubyname, node.rubyname, node.rubyname))
+        end
+        printiln("self._tc  # register typecode");
+
+        println
+        printiln("def #{name}._narrow(obj)")
+        nest {
+          printiln('return nil if CORBA.is_nil(obj)')
+          if node.is_local?
+            printiln("return CORBA::Stub.create_stub(obj)._unchecked_narrow!(self)")
+          else
+            printiln("return CORBA::Stub.create_stub(obj)._narrow!(self)")
+          end
+        }
+        printiln("end")
+        println
+        printiln("def #{name}._duplicate(obj)")
+        nest {
+          if node.is_local?
+            printiln("obj");
+          else
+            printiln('return nil if CORBA.is_nil(obj)')
+            printiln("return CORBA::Stub.create_stub(super(obj))._narrow!(self)")
+          end
+        }
+        printiln("end")
+        println
+        printiln("def _interface_repository_id")
+        nest {
+          printiln("#{node.scoped_rubyname}::Id")
+        }
+        printiln("end")
+      end
+      println
+    end
+    def leave_interface(node)
+      name = node.rubyname
+      @nest -= 1
+      printiln("end #of interface #{name}")
+      println
+    end
+
+    private
+    def print_valuetype_typecode(node)
+      if node.is_a?(IDL::AST::Eventtype)
+        println("CORBA::TypeCode::Eventtype.new('#{node.repository_id}'.freeze, '#{node.rubyname}',")
+      else
+        println("CORBA::TypeCode::Valuetype.new('#{node.repository_id}'.freeze, '#{node.rubyname}',")
+      end
+      nest(3) {
+        printi(":#{node.modifier}, ")
+        if node.has_concrete_base?
+          print("#{node.bases.first.rubyname}._tc")
+        else
+          print('nil')
+        end
+        state_members_ = node.state_members
+        unless state_members_.empty?
+          pfx = "["
+          state_members_.each do |m|
+            println(",")
+            printi(pfx)
+            pfx = ""
+            if m.has_incomplete_type?
+              print("['#{m.rubyname}', ")
+              print_valuetype_typecode(m.idltype.resolved_type.node)
+              print(", :#{m.visibility}]")
+            elsif m.is_recursive?
+              print("['#{m.rubyname}', ")
+              print("CORBA::TypeCode::Recursive.new('#{m.idltype.resolved_type.node.repository_id}')")
+              print(", :#{m.visibility}]")
+            else
+              print(format("['%s', %s, :%s]", m.rubyname, get_typecode(m.idltype), m.visibility))
+            end
+          end
+          print("], self)")
+        else
+          print(", self)")
+        end
+      }
+    end
+
+    public
+
+    def declare_valuetype(node)
+    end
+    def enter_valuetype(node)
+      println()
+      name = node.rubyname
+      unless node.is_abstract?
+        printiln("class #{name}")
+      else
+        printiln("module #{name}")
+      end
+      @nest += 1
+
+      unless node.is_abstract?
+        if node.is_custom?
+          printiln("include CORBA::Portable::CustomValueBase")
+        else
+          printiln("include CORBA::ValueBase")
+        end
+      else
+        printiln("include CORBA::AbstractValueBase")
+      end
+
+      unless node.is_abstract?
+        trunc_ids = node.truncatable_ids
+        println()
+        printi('TRUNCATABLE_IDS = [')
+        print("'#{trunc_ids.shift}'")
+        unless trunc_ids.empty?
+          nest {
+            trunc_ids.each do |trunc_id|
+              println(",")
+              printi("'#{trunc_id}'")
+            end
+          }
+        end
+        println(" ].freeze")
+      end
+
+      println()
+      printiln(format("def %s._tc", node.rubyname))
+      nest {
+        printi("@@tc_#{node.rubyname} ||= ")
+        print_valuetype_typecode(node)
+        println()
+      }
+      printiln("end")
+      printiln("self._tc  # register typecode")
+    end
+
+    def leave_valuetype(node)
+      println()
+      printiln("module Intf")
+      nest {
+        intfs_ = node.interfaces
+        unless intfs_.empty?
+          printiln('## supported interfaces')
+          intfs_.each do |intf|
+            printiln("include #{intf.scoped_rubyname}")
+          end
+          printiln("undef :_interface_repository_id")
+        end
+
+        bases_ = Array.new(node.bases)
+        if node.has_concrete_base?
+          printiln('## concrete base type')
+          printiln("include #{bases_.shift.scoped_rubyname}::Intf")
+        end
+        unless bases_.empty?
+          printiln('## abstract base types')
+          bases_.each do |base|
+            printiln("include #{base.scoped_rubyname}::Intf")
+          end
+        end
+
+        if node.has_concrete_base?() || !bases_.empty?() || !intfs_.empty?()
+          println
+        end
+
+        intf_members_ = node.interface_members
+        [IDL::AST::Operation, IDL::AST::Attribute].each do |m_type|
+          has_type = false
+          intf_members_.each do |m|
+            if m.is_a?(m_type)
+              if m.is_a?(IDL::AST::Operation)
+                printi('## operations') unless has_type
+                visit_operation(m)
+                has_type = true
+              else
+                printi('## attributes') unless has_type
+                visit_attribute(m)
+                has_type = true
+              end
+            end
+          end
+          println() if has_type
+        end
+
+        unless node.is_abstract?
+          state_members_ = node.state_members
+          has_type = false
+          state_members_.each do |m|
+            if m.visibility == :public
+              printiln('## public value state') unless has_type
+              printiln(format("attr_accessor :%s", m.rubyname))
+              has_type = true
+            end
+          end
+          println() if has_type
+          has_type = false
+          state_members_.each do |m|
+            unless m.visibility == :public
+              unless has_type
+                printiln('## private value state')
+                printiln('protected')
+              end
+              printiln(format("attr_accessor :%s", m.rubyname))
+              has_type = true
+            end
+          end
+          println() if has_type
+
+          printiln('public')
+          println()
+
+          unless node.is_custom?
+            printiln('def self.marshal(vt, __os__)')
+            nest {
+              printiln("#{node.bases.first.scoped_rubyname}::Intf.marshal(vt, __os__)") if node.has_concrete_base?
+              unless state_members_.empty?
+                printiln('vt._marshal_with(__os__) do')
+                nest {
+                  state_members_.each_with_index do |m, i|
+                    printiln("__os__.write_member(#{node.scoped_rubyname}._tc.member_type(#{i}),")
+                    printiln("                    self.#{m.rubyname})")
+                  end
+                }
+                printiln('end')
+              end
+            }
+            printiln('end')
+            println()
+
+            printiln('def self.unmarshal(vt, __is__)')
+            nest {
+              printiln("#{node.bases.first.scoped_rubyname}::Intf.unmarshal(vt, __is__)") if node.has_concrete_base?
+              unless state_members_.empty?
+                printiln('vt._unmarshal_with(__is__) do')
+                nest {
+                  state_members_.each_with_index do |m, i|
+                    printi("self.#{m.rubyname} = ")
+                    println("__is__.read_member(#{node.scoped_rubyname}._tc.member_type(#{i}))")
+                  end
+                }
+                printiln('end')
+              end
+            }
+            printiln('end')
+            println()
+
+            printiln('def marshal(os)')
+            nest {
+              printiln("#{node.scoped_rubyname}::Intf.marshal(self, os)")
+            }
+            printiln('end')
+            println()
+
+            printiln('def unmarshal(is)')
+            nest {
+              printiln("#{node.scoped_rubyname}::Intf.unmarshal(self, is)")
+            }
+            printiln('end')
+            println()
+          end
+        end
+      }
+      printiln('end # of Intf')
+      println
+      printiln('include Intf')
+      println
+
+      @nest -= 1
+      if node.is_a?(IDL::AST::Eventtype)
+        printiln("end #of eventtype #{node.rubyname}")
+      else
+        printiln("end #of valuetype #{node.rubyname}")
+      end
+
+      unless node.is_abstract?
+        println
+        initializers = node.initializers
+        printiln("class #{node.rubyname}Factory < CORBA::Portable::ValueFactoryBase")
+        nest {
+          printiln("VALUE_ID = '#{node.repository_id}'.freeze")
+          if initializers.empty?
+            unless node.has_operations_or_attributes?(false)
+              # valuetype has only state, create the default factory
+              printiln("def _create_default")
+              nest {
+                printiln("#{node.scoped_rubyname}.new")
+              }
+              printiln("end")
+            end
+          else
+            println()
+            initializers.each do |init|
+              printiln("def #{init.rubyname}(#{init.params().collect {|p| p.rubyname}.join(',')})")
+              nest {
+                printiln("raise RuntimeError, 'unimplemented local operation called'")
+              }
+              printiln("end")
+            end
+          end
+        }
+        printiln("end # of #{node.rubyname}Factory")
+      end
+    end
+
+    def visit_valuebox(node)
+      println
+      name = node.rubyname
+      printiln("class #{name}")
+      nest {
+        printiln('include CORBA::Portable::BoxedValueBase')
+        println()
+        printiln("TRUNCATABLE_IDS = [ '#{node.repository_id}' ].freeze")
+        println()
+        printiln(format("def %s._tc", node.rubyname))
+        nest {
+          printiln(format("@@tc_%s ||= CORBA::TypeCode::Valuebox.new('%s'.freeze, '%s',",
+                          node.rubyname, node.repository_id, node.rubyname))
+          printiln("   #{get_typecode(node.boxed_type)}, self)")
+        }
+        printiln("end")
+        printiln("self._tc  # register typecode");
+        printiln("attr_accessor :value")
+        printiln("def initialize(val = nil); @value = val; end")
+      }
+      printiln("end #of valuebox #{name}")
+      println
+    end
+
+    def visit_const(node)
+      #v = Expression::Value.new(node.idltype, node.value)
+      s = node.rubyname + " = " + expression_to_s(node.expression)
+      printiln(s)
+    end
+
+    def visit_operation(node, from_valuetype=false)
+      _parm = node.params
+      _in = node.in_params
+      _out = node.out_params
+      _intf = node.enclosure
+
+      println()
+      printi("def #{node.rubyname}(")
+      print( _in.collect{ |p| p.rubyname }.join(", ") )
+      if node.oneway
+        println(")    # oneway")
+      else
+        println(")")
+      end
+
+      nest do
+        if _intf.is_a?(IDL::AST::Valuetype) or from_valuetype
+          printiln("raise RuntimeError, 'unimplemented local operation called'")
+        elsif _intf.is_local?
+          printiln("raise ::CORBA::NO_IMPLEMENT.new(")
+          printiln("         'unimplemented operation on local interface',")
+          printiln("         1, ::CORBA::COMPLETED_NO)")
+        else
+          ## check if this is a proper object reference
+          printiln('raise ::CORBA::NO_IMPLEMENT unless self.respond_to?(:_invoke, true)')
+
+          ##  validate data for IN/INOUT args
+          ##
+          if _parm.size>0
+            _parm.each do |p|
+              if p.attribute != IDL::AST::Parameter::OUT
+                printiln("#{p.rubyname} = #{get_typecode(p.idltype)}.validate(#{p.rubyname})")
+              end
+            end
+          end
+
+          ##  invoke operation
+          ##
+          if not node.oneway
+            printi("_ret = self._invoke('#{node.name}', {")
+          else
+            printi("self._invoke('#{node.name}', {")
+          end
+
+          newln = ""
+          if _parm.size>0
+            println(newln)
+            nest do
+              printi(":arg_list => [")
+              nest {
+                pfx = ""
+                _parm.each do |p|
+                  println(pfx)
+                  printi("['#{p.rubyname}', #{get_arg_type(p.attribute)}, ");
+                  print(get_typecode(p.idltype))
+                  if p.attribute != IDL::AST::Parameter::OUT
+                    print(", #{p.rubyname}]")
+                  else
+                    print("]")
+                  end
+                  pfx = ","
+                end
+                print("]")
+              }
+            end
+            newln = ","
+          end
+
+          if not node.oneway
+            println(newln)
+            nest { printi(":result_type => #{get_typecode(node.idltype)}") }
+            newln = ","
+          end
+
+          if node.raises.size>0
+            println(newln)
+            nest {
+              printi(":exc_list => [")
+              pfx = ""
+              nest {
+                node.raises.each { |ex|
+                  println(pfx)
+                  pfx = ","
+                  printi(get_typecode(ex))
+                }
+                print("]")
+              }
+            }
+          end
+
+          println("})")
+
+          if not node.oneway
+            returns_void = (node.idltype.is_a? Type::Void)
+            size = _out.size
+            size += 1 unless returns_void
+            printiln('_ret')
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      printiln("end #of operation #{node.rubyname}")
+    end
+
+    def visit_attribute(node, from_valuetype=false)
+      _intf = node.enclosure
+      println()
+      printiln("def #{node.rubyname}()")
+      nest do
+        if _intf.is_a?(IDL::AST::Valuetype) or from_valuetype
+          printiln("@#{node.name}")
+        elsif _intf.is_local?
+          printiln("raise ::CORBA::NO_IMPLEMENT.new(")
+          printiln("         'unimplemented attribute on local interface',")
+          printiln("         1, ::CORBA::COMPLETED_NO)")
+        else
+          ## check if this is a proper object reference
+          printiln('raise ::CORBA::NO_IMPLEMENT unless self.respond_to?(:_invoke, true)')
+
+          printiln("_ret = self._invoke('_get_#{node.name}', {")
+          nest { printi(":result_type => #{get_typecode(node.idltype)}") }
+          if node.get_raises.size>0
+            println(',')
+            nest {
+              printi(":exc_list => [")
+              pfx = ""
+              nest {
+                node.get_raises.each { |ex|
+                  println(pfx)
+                  pfx = ","
+                  printi(get_typecode(ex))
+                }
+                print("]")
+              }
+            }
+          end
+          println("})")
+
+          printiln('_ret')
+        end
+      end
+      printiln("end #of attribute #{node.name} getter")
+      if not node.readonly
+        printiln("def #{node.rubyname}=(val)")
+        nest do
+          if _intf.is_a?(IDL::AST::Valuetype) or from_valuetype
+            printiln("@#{node.name} = val")
+          elsif _intf.is_local?
+            printiln("raise ::CORBA::NO_IMPLEMENT.new(")
+            printiln("         'unimplemented attribute on local interface',")
+            printiln("         1, ::CORBA::COMPLETED_NO)")
+          else
+            ## check if this is a proper object reference
+            printiln('raise ::CORBA::NO_IMPLEMENT unless self.respond_to?(:_invoke, true)')
+
+            ## validate IN arg
+            printiln("val = #{get_typecode(node.idltype)}.validate(val)")
+            ## invoke operation
+            printiln("self._invoke('_set_#{node.name}', {")
+            nest {
+              printiln(":arg_list => [")
+              nest {
+                printiln("['val', CORBA::ARG_IN, #{get_typecode(node.idltype)}, val]],");
+              }
+              printi(":result_type => CORBA._tc_void")
+              if node.set_raises.size>0
+                println(',')
+                printi(":exc_list => [")
+                pfx = ""
+                nest {
+                  node.set_raises.each { |ex|
+                    println(pfx)
+                    pfx = ","
+                    printi(get_typecode(ex))
+                  }
+                  print("]")
+                }
+              end
+              println("})")
+            }
+          end
+        end
+        printiln("end #of attribute #{node.name} setter")
+      end
+    end
+
+    def get_typecode(_type)
+      case _type
+      when Type::Octet,
+           Type::UShort, Type::Short,
+           Type::ULong, Type::Long,
+           Type::ULongLong, Type::LongLong,
+           Type::Boolean, Type::Char, Type::WChar,
+           Type::Float, Type::Double, Type::LongDouble,
+           Type::Void, Type::Any
+        s = _type.class.name.split("::") # IDL::Type::Octet -> [IDL, Type, Octet]
+        s = s[s.length - 1]
+        s.downcase!
+        format("CORBA._tc_%s",s)
+
+      when Type::Object
+        "CORBA._tc_Object"
+
+      when Type::String
+        if not _type.length.nil?
+          format("CORBA::TypeCode::String.new(%d)", _type.length)
+        else
+          "CORBA._tc_string"
+        end
+
+      when Type::WString
+        if not _type.length.nil?
+          format("CORBA::TypeCode::WString.new(%d)", _type.length)
+        else
+          "CORBA._tc_wstring"
+        end
+
+      when Type::ScopedName
+        scoped_type = _type.node.idltype
+        if scoped_type.is_a?(IDL::Type::Interface) && scoped_type.node.is_forward?()
+          node = scoped_type.node
+          "(CORBA::TypeCode.typecode_for_id('#{node.repository_id}') || "+
+            "CORBA::TypeCode::ObjectRef.new('#{node.repository_id}', '#{node.rubyname}', #{node.scoped_rubyname}))"
+        else
+          _type.node.scoped_rubyname + '._tc'
+        end
+
+      when Type::Array
+        sep = ""
+        tc = "CORBA::TypeCode::Array.new(" +
+            get_typecode(_type.basetype) + ", "
+        _type.sizes.each do |sz|
+          tc += "#{sep}#{sz.to_s}"
+          sep = ", "
+        end
+        tc + ")"
+
+      when Type::Sequence
+        if _type.is_recursive?
+          "CORBA::TypeCode::Sequence.new(CORBA::TypeCode::Recursive.new('#{_type.basetype.resolved_type.node.repository_id}'))"
+        else
+          "CORBA::TypeCode::Sequence.new(" +
+                get_typecode(_type.basetype) +
+                if not _type.length.nil? then format(", %d)", _type.length) else ")" end
+        end
+
+      else
+        raise RuntimeError, "invalid type for (un)marshalling: #{_type.typename}"
+      end
+    end
+
+    def get_arg_type(_idl_argtype)
+      case _idl_argtype
+      when IDL::AST::Parameter::IN
+        "CORBA::ARG_IN"
+      when IDL::AST::Parameter::OUT
+        "CORBA::ARG_OUT"
+      else
+        "CORBA::ARG_INOUT"
+      end
+    end
+
+    def expression_to_s(exp)
+      case exp
+      when Expression::Value
+        value_to_s(exp)
+      when Expression::Operation
+        operation_to_s(exp)
+      when Expression::ScopedName, Expression::Enumerator
+        exp.node.scoped_rubyname
+      else
+        raise RuntimeError, "unknown expression type: #{exp.class.name}"
+      end
+    end
+
+    def value_to_s(exp)
+      s = nil
+      v = exp.value
+      case exp.idltype
+      when Type::Void
+        s = "nil"
+      when Type::Char
+        s = "'#{v.chr}'"
+      when Type::Integer,
+        Type::Boolean,
+        Type::Octet,
+        Type::Float
+        s = v.to_s
+      when Type::WChar
+        s = (case v.first
+        when :char, :esc_ch
+          v.last.unpack('c')
+        when :esc
+          IDL::Scanner::ESCTBL[v.last]
+        when :oct
+          v.last.oct
+        when :hex2, :hex4
+          v.last.hex
+        else
+          0
+        end).to_s
+      when Type::Enum
+        v = exp.idltype.narrow(v)
+        s = exp.idltype.node.enumerators[v].scoped_rubyname
+      when Type::String
+        s = "'#{v.to_s}'"
+      when Type::WString
+        v = (v.collect do |(elt, elv)|
+          case elt
+          when :char, :esc_ch
+            elv.unpack('c')
+          when :esc
+            IDL::Scanner::ESCTBL[elv]
+          when :oct
+            elv.oct
+          when :hex2, :hex4
+            elv.hex
+          else
+            nil
+          end
+        end).compact
+        s = "[#{v.join(',')}]"
+      #when Type::Fixed
+      #when Type::Any
+      #when Type::Object
+      when Type::ScopedName
+        s = value_to_s(Expression::Value.new(exp.idltype.node.idltype, v))
+      else
+        raise RuntimeError, "#{exp.typename}'s not been supported yet."
+      end
+      s
+    end
+
+    def operation_to_s(exp)
+      s = nil
+      op = exp.operands
+      case exp
+      when Expression::Operation::UnaryPlus
+        s = expression_to_s(op[0])
+      when Expression::Operation::UnaryMinus
+        s = "-" + expression_to_s(op[0])
+      when Expression::Operation::UnaryNot
+        s = "~" + expression_to_s(op[0])
+      when Expression::Operation::Or
+        s = expression_to_s(op[0]) + " | " + expression_to_s(op[1])
+      when Expression::Operation::And
+        s = expression_to_s(op[0]) + " & " + expression_to_s(op[1])
+      when Expression::Operation::LShift
+        s = expression_to_s(op[0]) + " << " + expression_to_s(op[1])
+      when Expression::Operation::RShift
+        s = expression_to_s(op[0]) + " >> " + expression_to_s(op[1])
+      when Expression::Operation::Add
+        s = expression_to_s(op[0]) + " + " + expression_to_s(op[1])
+      when Expression::Operation::Minus
+        s = expression_to_s(op[0]) + " - " + expression_to_s(op[1])
+      when Expression::Operation::Mult
+        s = expression_to_s(op[0]) + " * " + expression_to_s(op[1])
+      when Expression::Operation::Div
+        s = expression_to_s(op[0]) + " / " + expression_to_s(op[1])
+      when Expression::Operation::Mod
+        s = expression_to_s(op[0]) + " % " + expression_to_s(op[1])
+      else
+        raise RuntimeError, "unknown operation: #{exp.type.name}"
+      end
+      "(" + s + ")"
+    end
+
+    def declare_struct(node)
+    end
+    def enter_struct(node)
+      println()
+      name = node.rubyname
+      printiln("class #{name} < CORBA::Portable::Struct")
+      @nest += 1
+    end
+    def leave_struct(node)
+      tc_ = if node.is_a? IDL::AST::Exception then "Except" else "Struct" end
+      println()
+      printiln(format("def %s._tc", node.rubyname))
+      struct_members_ = node.members
+      nest {
+        printi(format("@@tc_%s ||= CORBA::TypeCode::%s.new('%s'.freeze, '%s'",
+                      node.rubyname, tc_, node.repository_id, node.rubyname))
+        unless struct_members_.empty?
+          pfx = "   ["
+          struct_members_.each do |m|
+            println(",")
+            printi(pfx)
+            pfx = "    "
+            print(format("['%s', %s]", m.rubyname, get_typecode(m.idltype)))
+          end
+          println("], self)")
+        else
+          println(", self)")
+        end
+      }
+      printiln("end")
+      printiln("self._tc  # register typecode");
+      struct_members_.each do |m|
+        printiln(format("attr_accessor :%s", m.rubyname))
+      end
+
+      if struct_members_.size>0
+        printiln('def initialize(*param_)')
+        nest {
+          struct_members_.each do |m|
+            printiln("@#{m.rubyname} = param_.shift")
+          end
+        }
+        printiln('end')
+        println()
+      end
+
+      name = node.rubyname
+      @nest -= 1
+      printiln("end #of #{if node.is_a? IDL::AST::Exception then "exception" else "struct" end} #{name}")
+    end
+
+    def enter_exception(node)
+      println()
+      name = node.rubyname
+      printiln("class #{name} < CORBA::UserException")
+      @nest += 1
+    end
+    def leave_exception(node)
+      leave_struct(node)
+    end
+
+    def declare_union(node)
+    end
+    def enter_union(node)
+      println()
+      name = node.rubyname
+      printiln("class #{name} < CORBA::Portable::Union")
+      @nest += 1
+    end
+    def leave_union(node)
+      println()
+      printiln(format("def %s._tc", node.rubyname))
+      nest {
+        printiln(format("@@tc_%s ||= CORBA::TypeCode::Union.new('%s'.freeze, '%s',",
+                      node.rubyname, node.repository_id, node.rubyname))
+        printi("    #{get_typecode(node.switchtype)}")
+        if node.members.size>0
+          pfx = "   ["
+          node.members.each do |m|
+            m.labels.each do |lbl|
+              println(",")
+              printi(pfx)
+              pfx = "    "
+              labeltxt = if lbl == :default then ':default'; else expression_to_s(lbl); end
+              print(format("[%s, '%s', %s]", labeltxt, m.rubyname, get_typecode(m.idltype)))
+            end
+          end
+          print("], self")
+        else
+          print(", self")
+        end
+        if (!node.has_default?) && node.default_label # has implicit default?
+          println(", #{expression_to_s(node.default_label)})")
+        else
+          println(')')
+        end
+      }
+      printiln("end")
+      printiln("self._tc  # register typecode");
+      ix = 0
+      if node.members.size>0
+        node.members.each do |m|
+          printiln(format("def %s; @value; end", m.rubyname))
+          printiln(format("def %s=(val); _set_value(%d, val); end", m.rubyname, ix))
+          ix += m.labels.size
+        end
+      end
+
+      if (!node.has_default?) && node.default_label # has implicit default?
+        def_label = expression_to_s(node.default_label)
+        printiln("def _default; @discriminator = #{def_label}; @value = nil; end")
+      end
+
+      name = node.rubyname
+      @nest -= 1
+      printiln("end #of union #{name}")
+    end
+
+    def visit_enum(node)
+      printiln(format("class %s < ::Fixnum", node.rubyname))
+      nest {
+        printiln(format("def %s._tc", node.rubyname))
+        nest {
+          printi(format("@@tc_%s ||= CORBA::TypeCode::Enum.new('%s'.freeze, '%s', [",
+                        node.rubyname, node.repository_id, node.rubyname))
+          pfx = ""
+          node.enumerators.each { |e|
+            println(pfx)
+            pfx = ","
+            printi("    '#{e.rubyname}'")
+          }
+          println("])")
+        }
+        printiln("end")
+        printiln("self._tc  # register typecode");
+      }
+      printiln(format("end # enum %s", node.rubyname))
+    end
+
+    def visit_enumerator(node)
+      v = Expression::Value.new(node.idltype, node.value)
+      s = node.rubyname + " = " + expression_to_s(v)
+      printiln(s)
+    end
+
+    def visit_typedef(node)
+      #tc_ = node.enclosure.rubyname + '._tc_' + node.rubyname
+      #typ_ = node.enclosure.rubyname + '.' + node.rubyname
+      case t = node.idltype
+      when Type::ScopedName
+        if Type::Interface === t.resolved_type
+          printiln(format("%s = %s # typedef %s", node.rubyname, t.node.scoped_rubyname, node.rubyname))
+        else
+          printiln(format("class %s < %s", node.rubyname, t.node.scoped_rubyname))
+          nest {
+            printi(format("def %s._tc; ", node.rubyname))
+            print(format("@@tc_%s ||= CORBA::TypeCode::Alias.new('%s', '%s',", node.rubyname, node.repository_id, node.rubyname))
+            println(format("%s, self); end", get_typecode(t)))
+          }
+          printiln(format("end # typedef %s", node.rubyname))
+        end
+
+      when IDL::Type::Native
+        printiln("class #{node.rubyname}; end  ## 'native' type");
+
+      when Type::Any, Type::Octet,
+          Type::UShort, Type::Short,
+          Type::ULong, Type::Long,
+          Type::ULongLong, Type::LongLong,
+          Type::Boolean, Type::Char, Type::WChar,
+          Type::Float, Type::Double, Type::LongDouble
+        s = t.class.name.split("::") # IDL::Type::Octet -> [IDL, Type, Octet]
+        s = s[s.length - 1]
+        s.downcase!
+        printiln(format("class %s < CORBA::_tc_%s.get_type", node.rubyname, s))
+        nest {
+          printiln(format("def %s._tc; @@tc_%s ||= CORBA::TypeCode::Alias.new('%s', '%s', CORBA::_tc_%s, self); end",
+                          node.rubyname, node.rubyname, node.repository_id, node.rubyname, s))
+        }
+        printiln(format("end # typedef %s", node.rubyname))
+
+      when Type::String
+        printiln(format("class %s < String", node.rubyname))
+        nest {
+          if not t.length.nil?
+            printiln(format("def %s._tc; @@tc_%s ||= CORBA::TypeCode::Alias.new('%s', '%s', CORBA::TypeCode::String.new(%d), self); end",
+                            node.rubyname, node.rubyname, node.repository_id, node.rubyname, t.length))
+          else
+            printiln(format("def %s._tc; @@tc_%s ||= CORBA::TypeCode::Alias.new('%s', '%s', CORBA::_tc_string, self); end",
+                            node.rubyname, node.rubyname, node.repository_id, node.rubyname))
+          end
+        }
+        printiln(format("end # typedef %s", node.rubyname))
+
+      when Type::WString
+        printiln(format("class %s < Array", node.rubyname))
+        nest {
+          if not t.length.nil?
+            printiln(format("def %s._tc; @@tc_%s ||= CORBA::TypeCode::Alias.new('%s', '%s', CORBA::TypeCode::WString.new(%d), self); end",
+                            node.rubyname, node.rubyname, node.repository_id, node.rubyname, t.length))
+          else
+            printiln(format("def %s._tc; @@tc_%s ||= CORBA::TypeCode::Alias.new('%s', '%s', CORBA::_tc_wstring, self); end",
+                            node.rubyname, node.rubyname, node.repository_id, node.rubyname))
+          end
+        }
+        printiln(format("end # typedef %s", node.rubyname))
+
+      when IDL::Type::Array
+        printiln(format("class %s < Array", node.rubyname))
+        nest {
+          printiln(format("def %s._tc", node.rubyname))
+          nest {
+            printiln(format("@@tc_%s ||= CORBA::TypeCode::Alias.new('%s', '%s',", node.rubyname, node.repository_id, node.rubyname))
+            nest { printiln(format("%s, self)", get_typecode(t))) }
+          }
+          printiln("end")
+        }
+        printiln(format("end # typedef %s", node.rubyname))
+
+      when IDL::Type::Sequence
+        case t.basetype.resolved_type
+        when IDL::Type::Char, IDL::Type::Octet
+          printiln(format("class %s < String", node.rubyname))
+        else
+          printiln(format("class %s < Array", node.rubyname))
+        end
+        nest {
+          printiln(format("def %s._tc", node.rubyname))
+          nest {
+            printiln(format("@@tc_%s ||= CORBA::TypeCode::Alias.new('%s', '%s',", node.rubyname, node.repository_id, node.rubyname))
+            nest { printiln(format("%s, self)", get_typecode(t))) }
+          }
+          printiln("end")
+        }
+        printiln(format("end # typedef %s", node.rubyname))
+
+      else
+        raise RuntimeError, "unsupported typedef for #{t.class.name}."
+      end
+    end
+  end ## RubyStubWriter
+
+  class RubyServantWriter < RubyWriterBase
+    def initialize(output = STDOUT, params = {}, indent = "  ")
+      super
+      @stub_root = '::'
+    end
+
+    def pre_visit(parser)
+      print(
+%Q{# -*- Ruby -*-
+#
+# ****  Code generated by the R2CORBA IDL Compiler ****
+# R2CORBA has been developed by:
+#        Remedy IT
+#        Nijkerk, GLD
+#        The Netherlands
+#        http://www.remedy.nl \ http://www.theaceorb.nl
+#
+})
+      idleval = @params[:idl_eval] || false
+      println("require 'corba/poa.rb'") if @params[:libinit]
+      if !@params[:expand_includes]
+        println("require '"+@params[:idlfile].sub(/\.[^\.]*$/,@params[:stub_pfx])+"'")
+      end
+      println()
+      printiln("module POA")
+      @nest += 1
+      if !idleval
+        printiln("CORBA.implement('#{@params[:idlfile]}', {}, CORBA::IDL::SERVANT_INTF) {")
+        println()
+      end
+      ## register explicit (*not* IDL derived) rootnamespace used for client stubs
+      @stub_root = "#{parser.root_namespace.rubyname}::" unless parser.root_namespace.nil?
+    end
+
+    def post_visit(parser)
+      idleval = @params[:idl_eval] || false
+      if !idleval
+        printiln("} ## end of '#{@params[:idlfile]}'")
+      end
+      @nest -= 1
+      printiln("end #of module POA")
+      println("# -*- END -*-")
+    end
+
+    def visit_include(node)
+      printiln(format("require '%s'", node.filename.sub(/\.[^\.]*$/,@params[:srv_pfx])))
+      println()
+    end
+
+    def enter_include(node)
+      printiln("## include")
+      printiln("CORBA.implement('#{node.filename}', {}, CORBA::IDL::SERVANT_INTF) {")
+      println()
+    end
+
+    def leave_include(node)
+      println()
+      printiln("} ## end of include '#{node.filename}'")
+      println()
+    end
+
+    def enter_module(node)
+      printiln("module " + node.rubyname)
+      println()
+      @nest += 1
+    end
+    def leave_module(node)
+      @nest -= 1
+      printiln("end #of module #{node.rubyname}")
+      println()
+    end
+
+    def declare_interface(node)
+      printiln("class #{node.rubyname} < PortableServer::Servant; end  ## servant forward")
+    end
+    def enter_interface(node)
+      if !node.is_local?
+        println
+        printiln("class #{node.rubyname} < PortableServer::Servant ## servant")
+        println()
+        @nest += 1
+
+        printiln("module Intf")
+        @nest += 1
+        printiln(format("Id = '%s'.freeze", node.repository_id))
+        printi("Ids = [ Id")
+        if node.is_abstract?
+          print(", 'IDL:omg.org/CORBA/AbstractBase:1.0'")
+        end
+        println(' ]')
+        printiln("Operations = {}")
+        println()
+      end
+    end
+    def leave_interface(node)
+      if !node.is_local?
+        name = node.rubyname
+
+        @nest -= 1
+        printiln("end #of Intf")
+
+        println()
+        printiln("Id = Intf::Id")
+        println()
+
+        if node.bases.size>0
+          node.bases.each do |n|
+            printiln("include_interface(#{n.scoped_rubyname}::Intf)")
+          end
+        else
+          printiln("include_interface(PortableServer::Servant::Intf)")
+        end
+        println()
+
+        printiln("include Intf")
+        println()
+
+        printiln("def _this; #{@stub_root}#{node.scoped_rubyname}._narrow(super); end")
+
+        @nest -= 1
+        printiln("end #of servant #{name}")
+      end
+    end
+
+    def declare_valuetype(node)
+    end
+    def enter_valuetype(node)
+      println
+      printiln("class #{node.rubyname} < PortableServer::Servant ## servant")
+      @nest += 1
+      printiln('## valuetype interface')
+      printiln("include #{@stub_root}#{node.scoped_rubyname}")
+      println
+      printiln('## object interfaces')
+      node.interfaces.each do |intf|
+        #printiln("include #{@stub_root}#{intf.scoped_rubyname}")
+        printiln("include #{intf.scoped_rubyname}")
+      end
+    end
+
+    def leave_valuetype(node)
+      @nest -= 1
+      printiln("end #of servant #{node.rubyname}")
+    end
+
+    def visit_valuebox(node)
+    end
+
+    def visit_const(node)
+    end
+
+    def visit_operation(node)
+      _parm = node.params
+      _in = node.in_params
+      _out = node.out_params
+      _intf = node.enclosure
+
+      ## do nothing for valuetypes or local interfaces
+      return nil if _intf.is_a?(IDL::AST::Valuetype) || _intf.is_local?
+
+      printi("Operations.store(:#{node.name}, {")
+      newln = ""
+      if _parm.size>0
+        println(newln)
+        nest do
+          printi(":arg_list => [")
+          nest {
+            pfx = ""
+            _parm.each do |p|
+              println(pfx)
+              printi("['#{p.rubyname}', #{get_arg_type(p.attribute)}, ");
+              print(get_typecode(p.idltype))
+              print("]")
+              pfx = ","
+            end
+            print("]")
+          }
+        end
+        newln = ","
+      end
+
+      if not node.oneway
+        println(newln)
+        nest { printi(":result_type => #{get_typecode(node.idltype)}") }
+        newln = ","
+      end
+
+      if node.raises.size>0
+        println(newln)
+        nest {
+          printi(":exc_list => [")
+          pfx = ""
+          nest {
+            node.raises.each { |ex|
+              println(pfx)
+              pfx = ","
+              printi(get_typecode(ex))
+            }
+            print("]")
+          }
+        }
+        newln = ","
+      end
+
+      if node.rubyname != node.name
+        println(newln)
+        nest { printi(":op_sym => :#{node.rubyname}") }
+      end
+      println("})")
+      println()
+
+      printi("def #{node.rubyname}(")
+      print( _in.collect{ |p| p.rubyname }.join(", ") )
+      if node.oneway
+        println(")    # oneway")
+      else
+        println(")")
+      end
+      nest {
+        printiln("raise ::CORBA::NO_IMPLEMENT.new(")
+        printiln("         'unimplemented servant operation',")
+        printiln("         1, ::CORBA::COMPLETED_NO)")
+      }
+      printiln("end")
+      println()
+    end
+
+    def visit_attribute(node)
+      _intf = node.enclosure
+
+      ## do nothing for valuetypes or local interfaces
+      return nil if _intf.is_a?(IDL::AST::Valuetype) || _intf.is_local?
+
+      printiln("Operations.store(:_get_#{node.name}, {")
+      nest {
+        nest {
+          printiln(":result_type => #{get_typecode(node.idltype)},")
+          if node.get_raises.size>0
+            printi(":exc_list => [")
+            pfx = ""
+            nest {
+              node.get_raises.each { |ex|
+                println(pfx)
+                pfx = ","
+                printi(get_typecode(ex))
+              }
+              println("],")
+            }
+          end
+          printiln(":op_sym => :#{node.rubyname} })")
+        }
+      }
+      println()
+
+      printiln("def #{node.rubyname}()")
+      nest {
+        printiln("raise ::CORBA::NO_IMPLEMENT.new(")
+        printiln("         'unimplemented servant attribute get',")
+        printiln("         1, ::CORBA::COMPLETED_NO)")
+      }
+      printiln("end #of attribute get_#{node.name}")
+      println()
+
+      if not node.readonly
+        printiln("Operations.store(:_set_#{node.name}, {")
+        nest {
+          nest {
+            printiln(":arg_list => [")
+            nest {
+              printiln("['val', CORBA::ARG_IN, #{get_typecode(node.idltype)}]],");
+            }
+            printiln(":result_type => CORBA._tc_void,")
+            if node.set_raises.size>0
+              printi(":exc_list => [")
+              pfx = ""
+              nest {
+                node.set_raises.each { |ex|
+                  println(pfx)
+                  pfx = ","
+                  printi(get_typecode(ex))
+                }
+                println("],")
+              }
+            end
+            printiln(":op_sym => :#{node.rubyname}= })")
+          }
+        }
+        println()
+
+        printiln("def #{node.rubyname}=(val)")
+        nest {
+          printiln("raise ::CORBA::NO_IMPLEMENT.new(")
+          printiln("         'unimplemented servant attribute set',")
+          printiln("         1, ::CORBA::COMPLETED_NO)")
+        }
+        printiln("end #of attribute set_#{node.name}")
+        println()
+      end
+    end
+
+    def get_typecode(_type)
+      case _type
+      when Type::Octet,
+           Type::UShort, Type::Short,
+           Type::ULong, Type::Long,
+           Type::ULongLong, Type::LongLong,
+           Type::Boolean, Type::Char, Type::WChar,
+           Type::Float, Type::Double, Type::LongDouble,
+           Type::Void, Type::Any
+        s = _type.class.name.split("::") # IDL::Type::Octet -> [IDL, Type, Octet]
+        s = s[s.length - 1]
+        s.downcase!
+        format("CORBA._tc_%s",s)
+
+      when Type::Object
+        "CORBA._tc_Object"
+
+      when Type::String
+        if not _type.length.nil?
+          format("CORBA::TypeCode::String.new(%d)", _type.length)
+        else
+          "CORBA._tc_string"
+        end
+
+      when Type::WString
+        if not _type.length.nil?
+          format("CORBA::TypeCode::WString.new(%d)", _type.length)
+        else
+          "CORBA._tc_wstring"
+        end
+
+      when Type::ScopedName
+        @stub_root + _type.node.scoped_rubyname + '._tc'
+
+      when Type::Array
+        sep = ""
+        tc = "CORBA::TypeCode::Array.new(" +
+            get_typecode(_type.basetype) + ", "
+        _type.sizes.each do |sz|
+          tc += "#{sep}#{sz.to_s}"
+          sep = ", "
+        end
+        tc + ")"
+
+      when Type::Sequence
+        if _type.is_recursive?
+          "CORBA::TypeCode::Sequence.new(CORBA::TypeCode::Recursive.new('#{_type.basetype.resolved_type.node.repository_id}'))"
+        else
+          "CORBA::TypeCode::Sequence.new(" +
+                get_typecode(_type.basetype) +
+                if not _type.length.nil? then format(", %d)", _type.length) else ")" end +
+                ".freeze"
+        end
+
+      else
+        raise RuntimeError, "invalid type for (un)marshalling: #{_type.typename}"
+      end
+    end
+
+    def get_arg_type(_idl_argtype)
+      case _idl_argtype
+      when IDL::AST::Parameter::IN
+        "CORBA::ARG_IN"
+      when IDL::AST::Parameter::OUT
+        "CORBA::ARG_OUT"
+      else
+        "CORBA::ARG_INOUT"
+      end
+    end
+
+    def expression_to_s(exp)
+      case exp
+      when Expression::Value
+        value_to_s(exp)
+      when Expression::Operation
+        operation_to_s(exp)
+      when Expression::ScopedName
+        @stub_root + exp.node.scoped_rubyname
+      else
+        raise RuntimeError, "unknown expression type: #{exp.class.name}"
+      end
+    end
+
+    def value_to_s(exp)
+      s = nil
+      v = exp.value
+      case exp.idltype
+      when Type::Void
+        s = "nil"
+      when Type::Char
+        s = "'#{v.chr}'"
+      when Type::Integer,
+        Type::Boolean,
+        Type::Octet,
+        Type::Float,
+        Type::WChar
+        s = v.to_s
+      when Type::Enum
+        s = v.to_s
+      when Type::String
+        s = "'#{v.to_s}'"
+      when Type::WString
+        s = "[#{v.join(',')}]"
+      #when Type::Fixed
+      #when Type::Any
+      #when Type::Object
+      when Type::ScopedName
+        s = value_to_s(Expression::Value.new(exp.idltype.node.idltype, v))
+      else
+        raise RuntimeError, "#{exp.typename}'s not been supported yet."
+      end
+      s
+    end
+
+    def operation_to_s(exp)
+      s = nil
+      op = exp.operands
+      case exp
+      when Expression::UnaryPlus
+        s = expression_to_s(op[0])
+      when Expression::UnaryMinus
+        s = "-" + expression_to_s(op[0])
+      when Expression::UnaryNot
+        s = "~" + expression_to_s(op[0])
+      when Expression::Or
+        s = expression_to_s(op[0]) + " | " + expression_to_s(op[1])
+      when Expression::And
+        s = expression_to_s(op[0]) + " & " + expression_to_s(op[1])
+      when Expression::LShift
+        s = expression_to_s(op[0]) + " << " + expression_to_s(op[1])
+      when Expression::RShift
+        s = expression_to_s(op[0]) + " >> " + expression_to_s(op[1])
+      when Expression::Add
+        s = expression_to_s(op[0]) + " + " + expression_to_s(op[1])
+      when Expression::Minus
+        s = expression_to_s(op[0]) + " - " + expression_to_s(op[1])
+      when Expression::Mult
+        s = expression_to_s(op[0]) + " * " + expression_to_s(op[1])
+      when Expression::Div
+        s = expression_to_s(op[0]) + " / " + expression_to_s(op[1])
+      when Expression::Mod
+        s = expression_to_s(op[0]) + " % " + expression_to_s(op[1])
+      else
+        raise RuntimeError, "unknown operation: #{exp.type.name}"
+      end
+      "(" + s + ")"
+    end
+
+    def declare_struct(node)
+    end
+    def enter_struct(node)
+    end
+    def leave_struct(node)
+    end
+
+    def enter_exception(node)
+    end
+    def leave_exception(node)
+    end
+
+    def declare_union(node)
+    end
+    def enter_union(node)
+    end
+    def leave_union(node)
+    end
+
+    def visit_enum(node)
+    end
+
+    def visit_enumerator(node)
+    end
+
+    def visit_typedef(node)
+    end
+  end ## RubyServantWriter
+
+end ## module IDL