quanty 1.1.0
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- data/COPYING +340 -0
- data/ChangeLog +14 -0
- data/History.txt +6 -0
- data/Manifest.txt +18 -0
- data/README.en +56 -0
- data/README.txt +26 -0
- data/Rakefile +28 -0
- data/extconf.rb +51 -0
- data/lib/quanty/fact.rb +228 -0
- data/lib/quanty/main.rb +159 -0
- data/lib/quanty/parse.rb +852 -0
- data/lib/quanty.rb +7 -0
- data/mkdump.rb +4 -0
- data/parse.y +106 -0
- data/quanty-en.rd +107 -0
- data/quanty-ja.rd +102 -0
- data/test.rb +14 -0
- data/units.dat +3549 -0
- metadata +107 -0
data/units.dat
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# This file is the units database originally for use with GNU units,
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# and modified for "quanty" units conversion library for Ruby
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# by Masahiro Tanaka <masa@ir.isas.ac.jp> 2001-03-19.
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# Modifications are:
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# 1. Change the list order due to dependency.
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# 2. Comment out due to different syntax.
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#
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############################################################################
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#
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# This file is the units database for use with GNU units, a units conversion
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# program by Adrian Mariano adrian@cam.cornell.edu
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#
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# 27 July 1999 Version 1.24
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#
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# Copyright (C) 1996, 1997, 1998 Free Software Foundation, Inc
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#
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# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
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# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
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# the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
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# (at your option) any later version.
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#
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# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
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# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
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# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
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# GNU General Public License for more details.
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#
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# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
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# along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
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# Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
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#
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############################################################################
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#
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# Improvements and corrections are welcome.
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#
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# Most units data was drawn from
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# 1. NIST Special Publication 811, 1995 Edition
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# 2. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 70th edition
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38
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# 3. Oxford English Dictionary
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39
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# 4. Websters New Universal Unabridged Dictionary
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40
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# 5. Units of Measure by Stephen Dresner
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# 6. A Dictionary of English Weights and Measures by Ronald Zupko
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# 7. British Weights and Measures by Ronald Zupko
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# 8. Realm of Measure by Isaac Asimov
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# 9. United States standards of weights and measures, their
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# creation and creators by Arthur H. Frazier.
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# 10. French weights and measures before the Revolution: a
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# dictionary of provincial and local units by Ronald Zupko
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# 11. Weights and Measures: their ancient origins and their
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# development in Great Britain up to AD 1855 by FG Skinner
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# 12. The World of Measurements by H. Arthur Klein
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# 13. For Good Measure by William Johnstone
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# 14. NTC's Encyclopedia of International Weights and Measures
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53
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# by William Johnstone
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# 15. Sizes by John Lord
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# 16. Sizesaurus by Stephen Strauss
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56
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# 17. CODATA Recommended Values of Physical Constants available at
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# http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/index.html
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#
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# Thanks to Jeff Conrad for assistance in ferreting out unit definitions.
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#
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###########################################################################
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#
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# If units you use are missing or defined incorrectly, please contact me.
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#
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# If you know anything about the use of or the reason for these units
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# please contact me. These appeared in the original unix data file
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# but don't seem to appear anywhere else (they are not defined below):
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#
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69
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# bottommeasure 1|40 in
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# imaginarycubicfoot 1.4 ft^3
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# sigma microsec
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#
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###########################################################################
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###########################################################################
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# #
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# Primitive units. Any unit defined to contain a '!' character is a #
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# primitive unit which will not be reduced any further. All units should #
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# reduce to primitive units. #
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# #
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###########################################################################
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#
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# SI units
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85
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#
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86
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+
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87
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kg ! # Mass of the international prototype
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kilogram kg
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89
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+
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90
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s ! # Duration of 9192631770 periods of the radiation
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second s # corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine
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# levels of the ground state of the cesium-133 atom
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93
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94
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m ! # Length of the path traveled by light in a vacuum
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meter m # during 1|299792458 seconds. Originally meant to be
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# 1e-7 of the length along a meridian from the equator
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# to a pole.
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98
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99
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A ! # The current which produces a force of 2e-7 N/m between two
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ampere A # infinitely long wires that are 1 meter apart
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amp ampere
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102
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103
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cd ! # Luminous intensity in a given direction of a source which
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candela cd # emits monochromatic radiation at 540e9 Hz with radiant
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# intensity 1|683 W/steradian. (This differs from radiant
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# intensity (W/sr) in that it is adjusted for human
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# perceptual dependence on wavelength. The frequency of
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# 540e9 Hz (yellow) is where human perception is most
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# efficient.)
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110
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+
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111
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mol ! # The amount of substance of a system which contains as many
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mole mol # elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kg of
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# carbon 12. The elementary entities must be specified and
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# may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, or other
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# particles or groups of particles. It is understood that
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# unbound atoms of carbon 12, at rest and in the ground
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# state, are referred to.
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K ! # 1|273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple
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kelvin K # point of water
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#
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# The radian and steradian are defined to be unitless. They are included
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# as primitive units here because, for the most part, it is less confusing
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# if they are irreducible than if they reduce to 1.
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#
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radian ! # The angle subtended at the center of a circle by an arc
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# equal in length to the radius of the circle
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sr ! # Solid angle which cuts off an area of the surface of
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steradian sr # the sphere equal to that of a square with sides of
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# length equal to the radius of the sphere
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#
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# Some primitive non-SI units
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#
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dollar ! # The US dollar is chosen arbitrarily to be the primitive
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$ dollar # unit of money.
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bit ! # Basic unit of information (entropy). The entropy in bits
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# of a random variable over a finite alphabet is defined
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# to be the sum of -p(i)*log2(p(i)) over the alphabet where
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# p(i) is the probability that the random variable takes
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# on the value i.
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pi 3.14159265358979323846
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###########################################################################
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# #
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# Prefixes (longer names must come first) #
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# #
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###########################################################################
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yotta- 1e24 # Greek or Latin octo, "eight"
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zetta- 1e21 # Latin septem, "seven"
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exa- 1e18 # Greek hex, "six"
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peta- 1e15 # Greek pente, "five"
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tera- 1e12 # Greek teras, "monster"
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giga- 1e9 # Greek gigas, "giant"
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mega- 1e6 # Greek megas, "large"
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myria- 1e4 # Not an official SI prefix
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kilo- 1e3 # Greek chilioi, "thousand"
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hecto- 1e2 # Greek hekaton, "hundred"
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deca- 1e1 # Greek deka, "ten"
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deka- deca
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deci- 1e-1 # Latin decimus, "tenth"
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centi- 1e-2 # Latin centum, "hundred"
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milli- 1e-3 # Latin mille, "thousand"
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micro- 1e-6 # Latin micro or Greek mikros, "small"
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nano- 1e-9 # Latin nanus or Greek nanos, "dwarf"
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pico- 1e-12 # Spanish pico, "a bit"
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femto- 1e-15 # Danish-Norwegian femten, "fifteen"
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atto- 1e-18 # Danish-Norwegian atten, "eighteen"
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zepto- 1e-21 # Latin septem, "seven"
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yocto- 1e-24 # Greek or Latin octo, "eight"
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quarter- 1|4
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semi- 0.5
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demi- 0.5
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hemi- 0.5
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half- 0.5
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double- 2
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triple- 3
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treble- 3
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+
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Y- yotta
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Z- zetta
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E- exa
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P- peta
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T- tera
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G- giga
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M- mega
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k- kilo
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h- hecto
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da- deka
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d- deci
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c- centi
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m- milli
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n- nano
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p- pico
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f- femto
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a- atto
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z- zepto
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y- yocto
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#
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# Names of some numbers
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#
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one 1
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two 2
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double 2
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three 3
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triple 3
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four 4
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quadruple 4
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five 5
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quintuple 5
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six 6
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seven 7
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eight 8
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nine 9
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ten 10
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twenty 20
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thirty 30
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forty 40
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fifty 50
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sixty 60
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seventy 70
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eighty 80
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ninety 90
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hundred 100
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thousand 1000
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million 1e6
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+
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# These number terms were described by N. Chuquet and De la Roche in the 16th
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# century as being successive powers of a million. These definitions are still
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# used in most European countries. The current US definitions for these
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# numbers arose in the 17th century and don't make nearly as much sense. These
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# numbers are listed in the CRC Concise Encyclopedia of Mathematics by Eric
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# W. Weisstein.
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+
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billion 1e9
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trillion 1e12
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quadrillion 1e15
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quintillion 1e18
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sextillion 1e21
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250
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septillion 1e24
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octillion 1e27
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nonillion 1e30
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noventillion nonillion
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decillion 1e33
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255
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+
undecillion 1e36
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256
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duodecillion 1e39
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257
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tredecillion 1e42
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258
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quattuordecillion 1e45
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259
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quindecillion 1e48
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260
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sexdecillion 1e51
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261
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septendecillion 1e54
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octodecillion 1e57
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+
novemdecillion 1e60
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264
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vigintillion 1e63
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265
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centillion 1e303
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266
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+
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googol 1e100
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+
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269
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+
brbillion million^2
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270
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+
brtrillion million^3
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271
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+
brquadrillion million^4
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272
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+
brquintillion million^5
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273
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+
brsextillion million^6
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274
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+
brseptillion million^7
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275
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+
broctillion million^8
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276
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brnonillion million^9
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277
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+
brnoventillion brnonillion
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brdecillion million^10
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279
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+
brundecillion million^11
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280
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+
brduodecillion million^12
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281
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brtredecillion million^13
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282
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+
brquattuordecillion million^14
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283
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+
brquindecillion million^15
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284
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+
brsexdecillion million^16
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285
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+
brseptdecillion million^17
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286
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+
broctodecillion million^18
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287
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+
brnovemdecillion million^19
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288
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brvigintillion million^20
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289
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+
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290
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+
# These numbers fill the gaps left by the European system above.
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291
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+
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292
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+
milliard 1000 million
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293
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+
billiard 1000 million^2
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294
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+
trilliard 1000 million^3
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295
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+
quadrilliard 1000 million^4
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296
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+
quintilliard 1000 million^5
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297
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+
sextilliard 1000 million^6
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298
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septilliard 1000 million^7
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299
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+
octilliard 1000 million^8
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300
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nonilliard 1000 million^9
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301
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noventilliard nonilliard
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302
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decilliard 1000 million^10
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303
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+
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304
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# For consistency
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305
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+
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306
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brmilliard milliard
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307
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+
brbilliard billiard
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brtrilliard trilliard
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309
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brquadrilliard quadrilliard
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+
brquintilliard quintilliard
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brsextilliard sextilliard
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brseptilliard septilliard
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broctilliard octilliard
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brnonilliard nonilliard
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315
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brnoventilliard noventilliard
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brdecilliard decilliard
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317
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+
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318
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+
# The British Centillion would be 1e600. The googolplex is another
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# familiar large number equal to 10^googol. These numbers give overflows.
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320
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321
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+
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#############################################################################
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# #
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|
+
# Derived units which can be reduced to the primitive units #
|
|
325
|
+
# #
|
|
326
|
+
#############################################################################
|
|
327
|
+
|
|
328
|
+
#
|
|
329
|
+
# Named SI derived units (officially accepted)
|
|
330
|
+
#
|
|
331
|
+
|
|
332
|
+
newton kg m / s^2 # force
|
|
333
|
+
N newton
|
|
334
|
+
pascal N/m^2 # pressure or stress
|
|
335
|
+
Pa pascal
|
|
336
|
+
joule N m # energy
|
|
337
|
+
J joule
|
|
338
|
+
watt J/s # power
|
|
339
|
+
W watt
|
|
340
|
+
coulomb A s # charge
|
|
341
|
+
C coulomb
|
|
342
|
+
volt W/A # potential difference
|
|
343
|
+
V volt
|
|
344
|
+
ohm V/A # electrical resistance
|
|
345
|
+
siemens A/V # electrical conductance
|
|
346
|
+
S siemens
|
|
347
|
+
farad C/V # capacitance
|
|
348
|
+
F farad
|
|
349
|
+
weber V s # magnetic flux
|
|
350
|
+
Wb weber
|
|
351
|
+
henry Wb/A # inductance
|
|
352
|
+
H henry
|
|
353
|
+
tesla Wb/m^2 # magnetic flux density
|
|
354
|
+
T tesla
|
|
355
|
+
hertz /s # frequency
|
|
356
|
+
Hz hertz
|
|
357
|
+
|
|
358
|
+
#
|
|
359
|
+
# units derived easily from SI units
|
|
360
|
+
#
|
|
361
|
+
|
|
362
|
+
gram millikg
|
|
363
|
+
gm gram
|
|
364
|
+
g gram
|
|
365
|
+
tonne 1000 kg
|
|
366
|
+
t tonne
|
|
367
|
+
metricton tonne
|
|
368
|
+
sthene tonne m / s^2
|
|
369
|
+
funal sthene
|
|
370
|
+
pieze sthene / m^2
|
|
371
|
+
quintal 100 kg
|
|
372
|
+
bar 1e5 Pa # About 1 atm
|
|
373
|
+
vac millibar
|
|
374
|
+
micron micrometer # One millionth of a meter
|
|
375
|
+
bicron picometer # One brbillionth of a meter
|
|
376
|
+
cc cm^3
|
|
377
|
+
are 100 m^2
|
|
378
|
+
liter 1000 cc # The liter was defined in 1901 as the
|
|
379
|
+
oldliter 1.000028 dm^3 # space occupied by 1 kg of pure water at
|
|
380
|
+
l liter # the temperature of its maximum density
|
|
381
|
+
# under a pressure of 1 atm. This was
|
|
382
|
+
# supposed to be 1000 cubic cm, but it
|
|
383
|
+
# was discovered that the original
|
|
384
|
+
# measurement was off. In 1964, the
|
|
385
|
+
# liter was redefined to be exactly 1000
|
|
386
|
+
# cubic centimeters.
|
|
387
|
+
mho siemens # Inverse of ohm, hence ohm spelled backward
|
|
388
|
+
galvat ampere # Named after Luigi Galvani
|
|
389
|
+
angstrom 1e-10 m # Convenient for describing molecular sizes
|
|
390
|
+
xunit 1.00202e-13 meter # Used for measuring wavelengths
|
|
391
|
+
siegbahn xunit # of X-rays. It is defined to be
|
|
392
|
+
# 1|3029.45 of the spacing of calcite
|
|
393
|
+
# planes at 18 degC. It was intended
|
|
394
|
+
# to be exactly 1e-13 m, but was
|
|
395
|
+
# later found to be off slightly.
|
|
396
|
+
fermi 1e-15 m # Convenient for describing nuclear sizes
|
|
397
|
+
# Nuclear radius is from 1 to 10 fermis
|
|
398
|
+
barn 1e-28 m^2 # Used to measure cross section for
|
|
399
|
+
# particle physics collision, said to
|
|
400
|
+
# have originated in the phrase "big as
|
|
401
|
+
# a barn".
|
|
402
|
+
shed 1e-24 barn # Defined to be a smaller companion to the
|
|
403
|
+
# barn, but it's too small to be of
|
|
404
|
+
# much use.
|
|
405
|
+
brewster micron^2/N # measures stress-optical coef
|
|
406
|
+
diopter /m # measures reciprocal of lens focal length
|
|
407
|
+
fresnel 1e12 Hz # occasionally used in spectroscopy
|
|
408
|
+
shake 1e-8 s
|
|
409
|
+
svedberg 1e-13 s # Used for measuring the sedimentation
|
|
410
|
+
# coefficient for centrifuging.
|
|
411
|
+
gamma microgram
|
|
412
|
+
lambda microliter
|
|
413
|
+
spat 1e12 m # Rarely used for astronomical measurements
|
|
414
|
+
preece 1e13 ohm m # resistivity
|
|
415
|
+
planck J s # action of one joule over one second
|
|
416
|
+
sturgeon /henry # magnetic reluctance
|
|
417
|
+
daraf 1/farad # elastance (farad spelled backwards)
|
|
418
|
+
leo 10 m/s^2
|
|
419
|
+
poiseuille N s / m^2 # viscosity
|
|
420
|
+
mayer J/g K # specific heat
|
|
421
|
+
mired / microK # reciprocal color temperature. The name
|
|
422
|
+
# abbreviates micro reciprocal degree.
|
|
423
|
+
crocodile megavolt # used informally in UK physics labs
|
|
424
|
+
metricounce 25 g
|
|
425
|
+
mounce metricounce
|
|
426
|
+
finsenunit 1e5 W/m^2 # Measures intensity of ultraviolet light
|
|
427
|
+
# with wavelength 296.7 nm.
|
|
428
|
+
fluxunit 1e-26 W/m^2 Hz # Used in radio astronomy to measure
|
|
429
|
+
# the energy incident on the receiving
|
|
430
|
+
# body across a specified frequency
|
|
431
|
+
# bandwidth. [12]
|
|
432
|
+
jansky fluxunit # K. G. Jansky identified radio waves coming
|
|
433
|
+
Jy jansky # from outer space in 1931.
|
|
434
|
+
|
|
435
|
+
#
|
|
436
|
+
# time
|
|
437
|
+
#
|
|
438
|
+
|
|
439
|
+
sec s
|
|
440
|
+
minute 60 s
|
|
441
|
+
min minute
|
|
442
|
+
hour 60 min
|
|
443
|
+
hr hour
|
|
444
|
+
day 24 hr
|
|
445
|
+
d day
|
|
446
|
+
da day
|
|
447
|
+
week 7 day
|
|
448
|
+
wk week
|
|
449
|
+
sennight 7 day
|
|
450
|
+
fortnight 14 day
|
|
451
|
+
blink 1e-5 day # Actual human blink takes 1|3 second
|
|
452
|
+
ce 1e-2 day
|
|
453
|
+
#cron 1e6 years
|
|
454
|
+
|
|
455
|
+
#
|
|
456
|
+
# angular measure
|
|
457
|
+
#
|
|
458
|
+
|
|
459
|
+
circle 2 pi radian
|
|
460
|
+
degree 1|360 circle
|
|
461
|
+
deg degree # added by M.T.
|
|
462
|
+
arcdeg degree
|
|
463
|
+
arcmin 1|60 degree
|
|
464
|
+
' arcmin
|
|
465
|
+
arcsec 1|60 arcmin
|
|
466
|
+
" arcsec
|
|
467
|
+
'' "
|
|
468
|
+
rightangle 90 degrees
|
|
469
|
+
quadrant 1|4 circle
|
|
470
|
+
quintant 1|5 circle
|
|
471
|
+
sextant 1|6 circle
|
|
472
|
+
|
|
473
|
+
sign 1|12 circle # Angular extent of one sign of the zodiac
|
|
474
|
+
turn circle
|
|
475
|
+
revolution turn
|
|
476
|
+
rev turn
|
|
477
|
+
pulsatance radian / sec
|
|
478
|
+
gon 1|100 rightangle # measure of grade
|
|
479
|
+
grade gon
|
|
480
|
+
centesimalminute 1|100 grade
|
|
481
|
+
centesimalsecond 1|100 centesimalminute
|
|
482
|
+
milangle 1|6400 circle # Official NIST definition.
|
|
483
|
+
# Another choice is 1e-3 radian.
|
|
484
|
+
pointangle 1|32 circle
|
|
485
|
+
centrad 0.01 radian # Used for angular deviation of light
|
|
486
|
+
# through a prism.
|
|
487
|
+
|
|
488
|
+
#
|
|
489
|
+
# Solid angle measure
|
|
490
|
+
#
|
|
491
|
+
|
|
492
|
+
sphere 4 pi sr
|
|
493
|
+
squaredegree 1|180^2 pi^2 sr
|
|
494
|
+
squareminute 1|60^2 squaredegree
|
|
495
|
+
squaresecond 1|60^2 squareminute
|
|
496
|
+
squarearcmin squareminute
|
|
497
|
+
squarearcsec squaresecond
|
|
498
|
+
sphericalrightangle 0.5 pi sr
|
|
499
|
+
octant 0.5 pi sr
|
|
500
|
+
|
|
501
|
+
#
|
|
502
|
+
# Concentration measures
|
|
503
|
+
#
|
|
504
|
+
|
|
505
|
+
percent 0.01
|
|
506
|
+
% percent
|
|
507
|
+
proof 1|200 # Alcohol content measured by volume at
|
|
508
|
+
# 60 degrees Fahrenheit. This is a USA
|
|
509
|
+
# measure. In Europe proof=percent.
|
|
510
|
+
ppm 1e-6
|
|
511
|
+
partspermillion ppm
|
|
512
|
+
ppb 1e-9
|
|
513
|
+
partsperbillion ppb # USA billion
|
|
514
|
+
ppt 1e-12
|
|
515
|
+
partspertrillion ppt # USA trillion
|
|
516
|
+
karat 1|24 # measure of gold purity
|
|
517
|
+
caratgold karat
|
|
518
|
+
gammil mg/l
|
|
519
|
+
basispoint 0.01 % # Used in finance
|
|
520
|
+
|
|
521
|
+
#
|
|
522
|
+
# Temperature difference (we can't handle the shift required for conversion
|
|
523
|
+
# of absolute temperatures)
|
|
524
|
+
|
|
525
|
+
degcelsius K # In 1741 Anders Celsius introduced a
|
|
526
|
+
degC K # temperature scale with water boiling at 0
|
|
527
|
+
# degrees and freezing at 100 degrees at
|
|
528
|
+
# standard pressure. After his death the
|
|
529
|
+
# fixed points were reversed and the scale
|
|
530
|
+
# was called the centigrade scale. Due to
|
|
531
|
+
# the difficulty of accurately measuring the
|
|
532
|
+
# temperature of melting ice at standard
|
|
533
|
+
# pressure, the centigrade scale was replaced
|
|
534
|
+
# in 1954 by the Celsius scale which is
|
|
535
|
+
# defined by subtracting 273.15 from the
|
|
536
|
+
# temperature in Kelvins. This definition
|
|
537
|
+
# differed slightly from the old centigrade
|
|
538
|
+
# definition, but the Kelvin scale depends on
|
|
539
|
+
# the triple point of water rather than a
|
|
540
|
+
# melting point, so it can be measured
|
|
541
|
+
# accurately.
|
|
542
|
+
degfahrenheit 5|9 degC # Fahrenheit defined his temperature scale
|
|
543
|
+
degF 5|9 degC # by setting 0 to the coldest temperature
|
|
544
|
+
# he could produce and by setting 96 degrees
|
|
545
|
+
# to body heat (for reasons unknown).
|
|
546
|
+
degreesrankine degF # The Rankine scale has the
|
|
547
|
+
degrankine degreesrankine # Fahrenheit degree, but it's zero
|
|
548
|
+
degreerankine degF # is at absolute zero.
|
|
549
|
+
degR degrankine
|
|
550
|
+
degreaumur 10|8 degC # The Reaumur scale was used in Europe and
|
|
551
|
+
# particularly in France. It is defined
|
|
552
|
+
# to be 0 at the freezing point of water
|
|
553
|
+
# and 80 at the boiling point. Reaumur
|
|
554
|
+
# apparently selected 80 because it is
|
|
555
|
+
# divisible by many numbers.
|
|
556
|
+
degK K # "Degrees Kelvin" is forbidden usage.
|
|
557
|
+
|
|
558
|
+
#
|
|
559
|
+
# Physical constants
|
|
560
|
+
#
|
|
561
|
+
|
|
562
|
+
# Basic constants
|
|
563
|
+
|
|
564
|
+
c 2.99792458e8 m/s # speed of light in vacuum (exact)
|
|
565
|
+
light c
|
|
566
|
+
mu_zero 4 pi 1e-7 H/m # permeability of vacuum (exact)
|
|
567
|
+
epsilon_zero 1/mu_zero c^2 # permittivity of vacuum (exact)
|
|
568
|
+
energy c^2 # convert mass to energy
|
|
569
|
+
e 1.602176462e-19 C # electron charge
|
|
570
|
+
h 6.62606876e-34 J s # Planck constant
|
|
571
|
+
hbar h / 2 pi
|
|
572
|
+
G 6.673e-11 N m^2 / kg^2 # Newtonian gravity const
|
|
573
|
+
coulombconst 1/4 pi epsilon_zero # listed as "k" sometimes
|
|
574
|
+
au 1.49597871e11 m # astronomical unit
|
|
575
|
+
astronomicalunit au
|
|
576
|
+
|
|
577
|
+
# Various conventional values
|
|
578
|
+
|
|
579
|
+
gravity 9.80665 m/s^2 # std acceleration of gravity (exact)
|
|
580
|
+
force gravity # use to turn masses into forces
|
|
581
|
+
atm 101325 Pa # Standard atmospheric pressure
|
|
582
|
+
atmosphere atm
|
|
583
|
+
Hg 13.5951 gram force / cm^3 # Standard weight of mercury (exact)
|
|
584
|
+
water gram force/cm^3 # Standard weight of water (exact)
|
|
585
|
+
H2O water
|
|
586
|
+
wc water # water column
|
|
587
|
+
mach 331.46 m/s # speed of sound in dry air at STP
|
|
588
|
+
standardtemp 273.15 K # standard temperature
|
|
589
|
+
stdtemp standardtemp
|
|
590
|
+
|
|
591
|
+
# Physico-chemical constants
|
|
592
|
+
|
|
593
|
+
atomicmassunit 1.66053873e-27 kg# atomic mass unit (defined to be
|
|
594
|
+
u atomicmassunit # 1|12 of the mass of carbon 12)
|
|
595
|
+
amu atomicmassunit
|
|
596
|
+
amu_chem 1.66026e-27 kg # 1|16 of the weighted average mass of
|
|
597
|
+
# the 3 naturally occuring neutral
|
|
598
|
+
# isotopes of oxygen
|
|
599
|
+
amu_phys 1.65981e-27 kg # 1|16 of the mass of a neutral
|
|
600
|
+
# oxygen 16 atom
|
|
601
|
+
dalton u # Maybe this should be amu_chem?
|
|
602
|
+
avogadro grams/amu mol # size of a mole
|
|
603
|
+
N_A avogadro
|
|
604
|
+
gasconstant 8.314472 J / mol K # molar gas constant
|
|
605
|
+
R gasconstant
|
|
606
|
+
boltzmann R / N_A # Boltzmann constant
|
|
607
|
+
k boltzmann
|
|
608
|
+
molarvolume mol R stdtemp / atm # Volume occupied by one mole of an
|
|
609
|
+
# ideal gas at STP.
|
|
610
|
+
loschmidt avogadro mol / molarvolume # Molecules per cubic meter of an
|
|
611
|
+
# ideal gas at STP. Loschmidt did
|
|
612
|
+
# work similar to Avogadro.
|
|
613
|
+
stefanboltzmann pi^2 k^4 / 60 hbar^3 c^2 # The power radiated by a blackbody
|
|
614
|
+
sigma stefanboltzmann # at temperature T is given by
|
|
615
|
+
# sigma T^4.
|
|
616
|
+
wiendisplacement 2.8977686e-3 m K # Wien's Displacement Law gives the
|
|
617
|
+
# frequency at which the the Planck
|
|
618
|
+
# spectrum has maximum intensity.
|
|
619
|
+
# The relation is lambda T = b where
|
|
620
|
+
# lambda is wavelength, T is
|
|
621
|
+
# temperature and b is the Wien
|
|
622
|
+
# displacement. This relation is
|
|
623
|
+
# used to determine the temperature
|
|
624
|
+
# of stars.
|
|
625
|
+
K_J 483597.9 GHz/V # Direct measurement of the volt is difficult. Until
|
|
626
|
+
# recently, laboratories kept Weston cadmium cells as
|
|
627
|
+
# a reference, but they could drift. In 1987 the
|
|
628
|
+
# CGPM officially recommended the use of the
|
|
629
|
+
# Josephson effect as a laboratory representation of
|
|
630
|
+
# the volt. The Josephson effect occurs when two
|
|
631
|
+
# superconductors are separated by a thin insulating
|
|
632
|
+
# layer. A "supercurrent" flows across the insulator
|
|
633
|
+
# with a frequency that depends on the potential
|
|
634
|
+
# applied across the superconductors. This frequency
|
|
635
|
+
# can be very accurately measured. The Josephson
|
|
636
|
+
# constant K_J, which is equal to 2e/h, relates the
|
|
637
|
+
# measured frequency to the potential. The value
|
|
638
|
+
# given here is the officially specified value for
|
|
639
|
+
# use beginning in 1990. The 1998 recommended value
|
|
640
|
+
# of the constant is 483597.898 GHz/V.
|
|
641
|
+
R_K 25812.807 ohm # Measurement of the ohm also presents difficulties.
|
|
642
|
+
# The old approach involved maintaining resistances
|
|
643
|
+
# that were subject to drift. The new standard is
|
|
644
|
+
# based on the Hall effect. When a current carrying
|
|
645
|
+
# ribbon is placed in a magnetic field, a potential
|
|
646
|
+
# difference develops across the ribbon. The ratio
|
|
647
|
+
# of the potential difference to the current is
|
|
648
|
+
# called the Hall resistance. Klaus von Klitzing
|
|
649
|
+
# discovered in 1980 that the Hall resistance varies
|
|
650
|
+
# in discrete jumps when the magnetic field is very
|
|
651
|
+
# large and the temperature very low. This enables
|
|
652
|
+
# accurate realization of the resistance h/e^2 in the
|
|
653
|
+
# lab. The value given here is the officially
|
|
654
|
+
# specified value for use beginning in 1990.
|
|
655
|
+
|
|
656
|
+
# Weight of mercury and water at different temperatures using the standard
|
|
657
|
+
# force of gravity.
|
|
658
|
+
|
|
659
|
+
Hg10C 13.5708 force gram / cm^3 # These units, when used to form
|
|
660
|
+
Hg20C 13.5462 force gram / cm^3 # pressure measures, are not accurate
|
|
661
|
+
Hg23C 13.5386 force gram / cm^3 # because of considerations of the
|
|
662
|
+
Hg30C 13.5217 force gram / cm^3 # revised practical temperature scale.
|
|
663
|
+
Hg40C 13.4973 force gram / cm^3
|
|
664
|
+
Hg60F 13.5574 force gram / cm^3
|
|
665
|
+
H2O0C 0.99987 force gram / cm^3
|
|
666
|
+
H2O5C 0.99999 force gram / cm^3
|
|
667
|
+
H2O10C 0.99973 force gram / cm^3
|
|
668
|
+
H2O15C 0.99913 force gram / cm^3
|
|
669
|
+
H2O18C 0.99862 force gram / cm^3
|
|
670
|
+
H2O20C 0.99823 force gram / cm^3
|
|
671
|
+
H2O25C 0.99707 force gram / cm^3
|
|
672
|
+
H2O50C 0.98807 force gram / cm^3
|
|
673
|
+
H2O100C 0.95838 force gram / cm^3
|
|
674
|
+
|
|
675
|
+
# Atomic constants
|
|
676
|
+
|
|
677
|
+
Rinfinity 10973731.568 /m # The wavelengths of a spectral series
|
|
678
|
+
R_H 10967760 /m # can be expressed as
|
|
679
|
+
# 1/lambda = R (1/m^2 - 1/n^2).
|
|
680
|
+
# where R is a number that various
|
|
681
|
+
# slightly from element to element.
|
|
682
|
+
# For hydrogen, R_H is the value,
|
|
683
|
+
# and for heavy elements, the value
|
|
684
|
+
# approaches Rinfinity, which can be
|
|
685
|
+
# computed from
|
|
686
|
+
# m_e c alpha^2 / 2 h
|
|
687
|
+
# with a loss of 5 digits
|
|
688
|
+
# of precision.
|
|
689
|
+
alpha 7.297352533e-3 # The fine structure constant was
|
|
690
|
+
# introduced to explain fine
|
|
691
|
+
# structure visible in spectral
|
|
692
|
+
# lines. It can be computed from
|
|
693
|
+
# mu_zero c e^2 / 2 h
|
|
694
|
+
# with a loss of 3 digits precision
|
|
695
|
+
# and loss of precision in derived
|
|
696
|
+
# values which use alpha.
|
|
697
|
+
bohrradius alpha / 4 pi Rinfinity
|
|
698
|
+
# binding energy of the deuteron
|
|
699
|
+
# Planck constants
|
|
700
|
+
|
|
701
|
+
planckmass 2.1767e-8 kg # sqrt(hbar c / G)
|
|
702
|
+
m_P planckmass
|
|
703
|
+
plancktime hbar / planckmass c^2
|
|
704
|
+
t_P plancktime
|
|
705
|
+
plancklength plancktime c
|
|
706
|
+
l_P plancklength
|
|
707
|
+
|
|
708
|
+
# Masses of elementary particles
|
|
709
|
+
|
|
710
|
+
electronmass 5.485799110e-4 u
|
|
711
|
+
m_e electronmass
|
|
712
|
+
protonmass 1.00727646688 u
|
|
713
|
+
m_p protonmass
|
|
714
|
+
neutronmass 1.00866491578 u
|
|
715
|
+
m_n neutronmass
|
|
716
|
+
muonmass 0.1134289168 u
|
|
717
|
+
m_mu muonmass
|
|
718
|
+
deuteronmass 2.01355321271 u
|
|
719
|
+
m_d deuteronmass
|
|
720
|
+
alphaparticlemass 4.0015061747 u
|
|
721
|
+
m_alpha alphaparticlemass
|
|
722
|
+
|
|
723
|
+
# particle wavelengths: the compton wavelength of a particle is
|
|
724
|
+
# defined as h / m c where m is the mass of the particle.
|
|
725
|
+
|
|
726
|
+
electronwavelength h / m_e c
|
|
727
|
+
lambda_C electronwavelength
|
|
728
|
+
protonwavelength h / m_p c
|
|
729
|
+
lambda_C,p protonwavelength
|
|
730
|
+
neutronwavelength h / m_n c
|
|
731
|
+
lambda_C,n neutronwavelength
|
|
732
|
+
|
|
733
|
+
# Magnetic moments
|
|
734
|
+
|
|
735
|
+
bohrmagneton e hbar / 2 electronmass
|
|
736
|
+
mu_B bohrmagneton
|
|
737
|
+
nuclearmagneton e hbar / 2 protonmass
|
|
738
|
+
mu_N nuclearmagneton
|
|
739
|
+
mu_mu 4.49044813e-26 J/T # Muon magnetic moment
|
|
740
|
+
mu_p 1.410606633e-26 J/T # Proton magnetic moment
|
|
741
|
+
mu_e 928.476362e-26 J/T # Electron magnetic moment
|
|
742
|
+
mu_n 0.96623640e-26 J/T # Neutron magnetic moment
|
|
743
|
+
mu_d 0.433073457e-26 J/T # Deuteron magnetic moment
|
|
744
|
+
|
|
745
|
+
#
|
|
746
|
+
# Units derived from physical constants
|
|
747
|
+
#
|
|
748
|
+
|
|
749
|
+
kgf kg force
|
|
750
|
+
technicalatmosphere kgf / cm^2
|
|
751
|
+
at technicalatmosphere
|
|
752
|
+
hyl kgf s^2 / m # Also gram-force s^2/m according to [15]
|
|
753
|
+
mmHg mm Hg
|
|
754
|
+
torr mmHg # These units, both named after Evangelista
|
|
755
|
+
tor Pa # Torricelli, should not be confused.
|
|
756
|
+
# Acording to [15] the torr is actually
|
|
757
|
+
# atm/760 which is slightly different.
|
|
758
|
+
#inH2O inch water
|
|
759
|
+
#mmH2O mm water
|
|
760
|
+
eV e V # Energy acquired by a particle with charge e
|
|
761
|
+
electronvolt eV # when it is accelerated through 1 V
|
|
762
|
+
lightyear 365.25 d c # The 365.25 day year is specified in
|
|
763
|
+
# NIST publication 811
|
|
764
|
+
lightsecond c s
|
|
765
|
+
lightminute c min
|
|
766
|
+
parsec au radian / arcsec # Unit of length equal to distance
|
|
767
|
+
pc parsec # from the sun to a point having
|
|
768
|
+
# heliocentric parallax of 1
|
|
769
|
+
# arcsec (derived from parallax
|
|
770
|
+
# second) The formula should use
|
|
771
|
+
# tangent, but the error is about
|
|
772
|
+
# 1e-12.
|
|
773
|
+
rydberg h c Rinfinity # Rydberg energy
|
|
774
|
+
crith 0.089885 gram # The crith is the mass of one
|
|
775
|
+
# liter of hydrogen at standard
|
|
776
|
+
# temperature and pressure.
|
|
777
|
+
amagatvolume molarvolume
|
|
778
|
+
lorentz bohrmagneton / h c # Used to measure the extent
|
|
779
|
+
# that the frequency of light
|
|
780
|
+
# is shifted by a magnetic field.
|
|
781
|
+
cminv h c / cm # Unit of energy used in infrared
|
|
782
|
+
invcm cminv # spectroscopy.
|
|
783
|
+
wavenumber cminv
|
|
784
|
+
# energy by physical chemists.
|
|
785
|
+
#
|
|
786
|
+
# CGS system based on centimeter, gram and second
|
|
787
|
+
#
|
|
788
|
+
|
|
789
|
+
dyne cm gram / s^2 # force
|
|
790
|
+
dyn dyne
|
|
791
|
+
erg cm dyne # energy
|
|
792
|
+
poise gram / cm s # viscosity, honors Jean Poiseuille
|
|
793
|
+
P poise
|
|
794
|
+
rhe /poise # reciprocal viscosity
|
|
795
|
+
stokes cm^2 / s # kinematic viscosity
|
|
796
|
+
St stokes
|
|
797
|
+
stoke stokes
|
|
798
|
+
lentor stokes # old name
|
|
799
|
+
Gal cm / s^2 # acceleration, used in geophysics
|
|
800
|
+
galileo Gal # for earth's gravitational field
|
|
801
|
+
# (note that "gal" is for gallon
|
|
802
|
+
# but "Gal" is the standard symbol
|
|
803
|
+
# for the gal which is evidently a
|
|
804
|
+
# shortened form of "galileo".)
|
|
805
|
+
barye dyne/cm^2 # pressure
|
|
806
|
+
barad barye # old name
|
|
807
|
+
kayser 1/cm # Proposed as a unit for wavenumber
|
|
808
|
+
balmer kayser # Even less common name than "kayser"
|
|
809
|
+
kine cm/s # velocity
|
|
810
|
+
bole g cm / s # momentum
|
|
811
|
+
pond gram force
|
|
812
|
+
glug gram force s^2 / cm # Mass which is accelerated at
|
|
813
|
+
# 1 cm/s^2 by 1 gram force
|
|
814
|
+
darcy centipoise cm^2 / s atm # Measures permeability to fluid flow.
|
|
815
|
+
# One darcy is the permeability of a
|
|
816
|
+
# medium that allows a flow of cc/s of
|
|
817
|
+
# a liquid of centipoise viscosity
|
|
818
|
+
# under a pressure gradient of atm/cm.
|
|
819
|
+
mohm cm / dyn s # mobile ohm, measure of mechanical
|
|
820
|
+
mobileohm mohm # mobility
|
|
821
|
+
mechanicalohm dyn s / cm # mechanical resistance
|
|
822
|
+
acousticalohm dyn s / cm^5 # ratio of the sound pressure of
|
|
823
|
+
# 1 dyn/cm^2 to a source of strength
|
|
824
|
+
# 1 cm^3/s
|
|
825
|
+
ray acousticalohm
|
|
826
|
+
rayl dyn s / cm^3 # Specific acoustical resistance
|
|
827
|
+
eotvos 1e-9 Gal/cm # Change in gravitational acceleration
|
|
828
|
+
# over horizontal distance
|
|
829
|
+
|
|
830
|
+
# Electromagnetic units derived from the abampere
|
|
831
|
+
|
|
832
|
+
abampere 10 A # Current which produces a force of
|
|
833
|
+
abamp abampere # 2 dyne/cm between two infinitely
|
|
834
|
+
aA abampere # long wires that are 1 cm apart
|
|
835
|
+
biot aA # alternative name for abamp
|
|
836
|
+
Bi biot
|
|
837
|
+
abcoulomb abamp sec
|
|
838
|
+
abcoul abcoulomb
|
|
839
|
+
abvolt dyne cm / abamp sec
|
|
840
|
+
abohm abvolt / abamp
|
|
841
|
+
abmho /abohm
|
|
842
|
+
gauss abvolt sec / cm^2
|
|
843
|
+
Gs gauss
|
|
844
|
+
maxwell abvolt sec # Also called the "line"
|
|
845
|
+
Mx maxwell
|
|
846
|
+
oersted gauss / mu_zero
|
|
847
|
+
Oe oersted
|
|
848
|
+
gilbert gauss cm / mu_zero
|
|
849
|
+
Gb gilbert
|
|
850
|
+
Gi gilbert
|
|
851
|
+
unitpole 4 pi maxwell
|
|
852
|
+
|
|
853
|
+
# Gaussian system: electromagnetic units derived from statampere.
|
|
854
|
+
#
|
|
855
|
+
# Note that the Gaussian units are often used in such a way that Coulomb's law
|
|
856
|
+
# has the form F= q1 * q2 / r^2. The constant 1|4*pi*epsilon_zero is incorporated
|
|
857
|
+
# into the units. From this, we can get the relation force=charge^2/dist^2.
|
|
858
|
+
# This means that the simplification esu^2 = dyne cm^2 can be used to simplify
|
|
859
|
+
# units in the Gaussian system, with the curious result that capacitance can be
|
|
860
|
+
# measured in cm, resistance in sec/cm, and inductance in sec^2/cm. These
|
|
861
|
+
# units are given the names statfarad, statohm and stathenry below.
|
|
862
|
+
|
|
863
|
+
statampere 10 A cm / s c
|
|
864
|
+
statamp statampere
|
|
865
|
+
statvolt dyne cm / statamp sec
|
|
866
|
+
statcoulomb statamp s
|
|
867
|
+
esu statcoulomb
|
|
868
|
+
statcoul statcoulomb
|
|
869
|
+
statfarad statamp sec / statvolt
|
|
870
|
+
cmcapacitance statfarad
|
|
871
|
+
stathenry statvolt sec / statamp
|
|
872
|
+
statohm statvolt / statamp
|
|
873
|
+
statmho /statohm
|
|
874
|
+
statmaxwell statvolt sec
|
|
875
|
+
franklin statcoulomb
|
|
876
|
+
debye 1e-18 statcoul cm # unit of electrical dipole moment
|
|
877
|
+
helmholtz debye/angstrom^2 # Dipole moment per area
|
|
878
|
+
jar 1000 statfarad # approx capacitance of Leyden jar
|
|
879
|
+
|
|
880
|
+
#
|
|
881
|
+
# Some historical eletromagnetic units
|
|
882
|
+
#
|
|
883
|
+
|
|
884
|
+
intampere 0.999835 A # Defined as the current which in one
|
|
885
|
+
intamp intampere # second deposits .001118 gram of
|
|
886
|
+
# silver from an aqueous solution of
|
|
887
|
+
# silver nitrate.
|
|
888
|
+
intfarad 0.999505 F
|
|
889
|
+
intvolt 1.00033 V
|
|
890
|
+
intohm 1.000495 ohm # Defined as the resistance of a
|
|
891
|
+
# uniform column of mercury containing
|
|
892
|
+
# 14.4521 gram in a column 1.063 m
|
|
893
|
+
# long and maintained at 0 degC.
|
|
894
|
+
daniell 1.042 V # Meant to be electromotive force of a
|
|
895
|
+
# Daniell cell, but in error by .04 V
|
|
896
|
+
faraday N_A e mol # Charge that must flow to deposit or
|
|
897
|
+
faraday_phys 96521.9 C # liberate one gram equivalent of any
|
|
898
|
+
faraday_chem 96495.7 C # element. (The chemical and physical
|
|
899
|
+
# values are off slightly from what is
|
|
900
|
+
# obtained by multiplying by amu_chem
|
|
901
|
+
# or amu_phys. These values are from
|
|
902
|
+
# a 1991 NIST publication.) Note that
|
|
903
|
+
# there is a Faraday constant which is
|
|
904
|
+
# equal to N_A e and hence has units of
|
|
905
|
+
# C/mol.
|
|
906
|
+
kappline 6000 maxwell # Named by and for Gisbert Kapp
|
|
907
|
+
siemensunit 0.9534 ohm # Resistance of a meter long column of
|
|
908
|
+
# mercury with a 1 mm cross section.
|
|
909
|
+
|
|
910
|
+
# US units
|
|
911
|
+
|
|
912
|
+
inch 2.54 cm
|
|
913
|
+
in inch
|
|
914
|
+
foot 12 inch
|
|
915
|
+
feet foot
|
|
916
|
+
ft foot
|
|
917
|
+
yard 3 ft
|
|
918
|
+
yd yard
|
|
919
|
+
mile 5280 ft
|
|
920
|
+
|
|
921
|
+
#
|
|
922
|
+
# Photometric units
|
|
923
|
+
#
|
|
924
|
+
|
|
925
|
+
candle 1.02 candela # Standard unit for luminous intensity
|
|
926
|
+
hefnerunit 0.9 candle # in use before candela
|
|
927
|
+
hefnercandle hefnerunit #
|
|
928
|
+
violle 20.17 cd # luminous intensity of 1 cm^2 of
|
|
929
|
+
# platinum at its temperature of
|
|
930
|
+
# solidification (2045 K)
|
|
931
|
+
|
|
932
|
+
lumen cd sr # Luminous flux (luminous energy per
|
|
933
|
+
lm lumen # time unit)
|
|
934
|
+
|
|
935
|
+
talbot lumen s # Luminous energy
|
|
936
|
+
lumberg talbot
|
|
937
|
+
|
|
938
|
+
lux lm/m^2 # Illuminance or exitance (luminous
|
|
939
|
+
lx lux # flux incident on or coming from
|
|
940
|
+
phot lumen / cm^2 # a surface)
|
|
941
|
+
ph phot #
|
|
942
|
+
footcandle lumen/ft^2 # Illuminance from a 1 candela source
|
|
943
|
+
# at a distance of one foot
|
|
944
|
+
metercandle lumen/m^2 # Illuminance from a 1 candela source
|
|
945
|
+
# at a distance of one meter
|
|
946
|
+
|
|
947
|
+
mcs metercandle s # luminous energy per area, used to
|
|
948
|
+
# measure photographic exposure
|
|
949
|
+
|
|
950
|
+
nox 1e-3 lux # These two units were proposed for
|
|
951
|
+
# eyes.
|
|
952
|
+
# Luminance measures
|
|
953
|
+
|
|
954
|
+
nit cd/m^2 # Luminance: the intensity per projected
|
|
955
|
+
stilb cd / cm^2 # area of an extended luminous source.
|
|
956
|
+
sb stilb # (nit is from latin nitere = to shine.)
|
|
957
|
+
|
|
958
|
+
apostilb cd/pi m^2
|
|
959
|
+
asb apostilb
|
|
960
|
+
blondel apostilb # Named after a French scientist.
|
|
961
|
+
|
|
962
|
+
# Equivalent luminance measures. These units are units which measure
|
|
963
|
+
# the luminance of a surface with a specified exitance which obeys
|
|
964
|
+
# Lambert's law. (Lambert's law specifies that luminous intensity of
|
|
965
|
+
# a perfectly diffuse luminous surface is proportional to the cosine
|
|
966
|
+
# of the angle at which you view the luminous surface.)
|
|
967
|
+
|
|
968
|
+
equivalentlux cd / pi m^2 # luminance of a 1 lux surface
|
|
969
|
+
equivalentphot cd / pi cm^2 # luminance of a 1 phot surface
|
|
970
|
+
lambert cd / pi cm^2
|
|
971
|
+
footlambert cd / pi ft^2
|
|
972
|
+
|
|
973
|
+
# Some luminance data from the IES Lighting Handbook, 8th ed, 1993
|
|
974
|
+
|
|
975
|
+
sunlum 1.6e9 cd/m^2 # at zenith
|
|
976
|
+
sunillum 100e3 lux # clear sky
|
|
977
|
+
sunillum_o 10e3 lux # overcast sky
|
|
978
|
+
sunlum_h 6e6 cd/m^2 # value at horizon
|
|
979
|
+
skylum 8000 cd/m^2 # average, clear sky
|
|
980
|
+
skylum_o 2000 cd/m^2 # average, overcast sky
|
|
981
|
+
moonlum 2500 cd/m^2
|
|
982
|
+
|
|
983
|
+
#
|
|
984
|
+
# Astronomical time measurements
|
|
985
|
+
#
|
|
986
|
+
|
|
987
|
+
anomalisticyear 365.2596 days # The time between successive
|
|
988
|
+
# perihelion passages of the
|
|
989
|
+
# earth.
|
|
990
|
+
siderealyear 365.256360417 day # The time for the earth to make
|
|
991
|
+
# one revolution around the sun
|
|
992
|
+
# relative to the stars.
|
|
993
|
+
tropicalyear 365.242198781 day # The mean interval between vernal
|
|
994
|
+
# equinoxes. Differs from the
|
|
995
|
+
# sidereal year by 1 part in
|
|
996
|
+
# 26000 due to precession of the
|
|
997
|
+
# earth about its rotational axis
|
|
998
|
+
# combined with precession of the
|
|
999
|
+
# perihelion of the earth's
|
|
1000
|
+
# orbit.
|
|
1001
|
+
gaussianyear 365.2690 days # The orbital period of a body in
|
|
1002
|
+
# circular orbit at a distance of
|
|
1003
|
+
# 1 au from the sun. Calculated
|
|
1004
|
+
# from Kepler's third law.
|
|
1005
|
+
siderealday 23.934469444 hour # The sidereal day is the interval
|
|
1006
|
+
siderealhour 1|24 siderealday # between two successive transits
|
|
1007
|
+
siderealminute 1|60 siderealhour # of a star over the meridian,
|
|
1008
|
+
siderealsecond 1|60 siderealminute # or the time required for the
|
|
1009
|
+
# earth to make one rotation
|
|
1010
|
+
# relative to the stars. The
|
|
1011
|
+
# more usual solar day is the
|
|
1012
|
+
# time required to make a
|
|
1013
|
+
# rotation relative to the sun.
|
|
1014
|
+
# Because the earth moves in its
|
|
1015
|
+
# orbit, it has to turn a bit
|
|
1016
|
+
# extra to face the sun again,
|
|
1017
|
+
# hence the solar day is slightly
|
|
1018
|
+
# longer.
|
|
1019
|
+
anomalisticmonth 27.55454977 day # Time from perigee to perigee
|
|
1020
|
+
nodicalmonth 27.2122199 day # The nodes are the points where
|
|
1021
|
+
draconicmonth nodicalmonth # an orbit crosses the ecliptic.
|
|
1022
|
+
draconiticmonth nodicalmonth # This is the time required to
|
|
1023
|
+
# travel from the ascending node
|
|
1024
|
+
# to the next ascending node.
|
|
1025
|
+
siderealmonth 27.321661 day # Time required for the moon to
|
|
1026
|
+
# orbit the earth
|
|
1027
|
+
lunarmonth 29.5305555 day # Time between full moons. Full
|
|
1028
|
+
synodicmonth lunarmonth # moon occur when the sun and
|
|
1029
|
+
lunation synodicmonth # moon are on opposite sides of
|
|
1030
|
+
lune 1|30 lunation # the earth. Since the earth
|
|
1031
|
+
lunour 1|24 lune # moves around the sun, the moon
|
|
1032
|
+
# has to revolve a bit farther to
|
|
1033
|
+
# get into the full moon
|
|
1034
|
+
# configuration.
|
|
1035
|
+
year tropicalyear
|
|
1036
|
+
years year
|
|
1037
|
+
yr year
|
|
1038
|
+
month 1|12 year
|
|
1039
|
+
mo month
|
|
1040
|
+
decade 10 years
|
|
1041
|
+
century 100 years
|
|
1042
|
+
millennium 1000 years
|
|
1043
|
+
millennia millennium
|
|
1044
|
+
solaryear year
|
|
1045
|
+
lunaryear 12 lunarmonth
|
|
1046
|
+
calendaryear 365 day
|
|
1047
|
+
commonyear 365 day
|
|
1048
|
+
leapyear 366 day
|
|
1049
|
+
julianyear 365.25 day
|
|
1050
|
+
gregorianyear 365.2425 day
|
|
1051
|
+
islamicyear 354 day # A year of 12 lunar months. They
|
|
1052
|
+
islamicleapyear 355 day # began counting on July 16, AD 622
|
|
1053
|
+
# when Muhammad emigrated to Medina
|
|
1054
|
+
# (the year of the Hegira). They need
|
|
1055
|
+
# 11 leap days in 30 years to stay in
|
|
1056
|
+
# sync with the lunar year which is a
|
|
1057
|
+
# bit longer than the 29.5 days of the
|
|
1058
|
+
# average month.
|
|
1059
|
+
islamicmonth 1|12 islamicyear # They have 29 day and 30 day months.
|
|
1060
|
+
|
|
1061
|
+
# Sidereal days
|
|
1062
|
+
|
|
1063
|
+
mercuryday 58.6462 day
|
|
1064
|
+
venusday 243.01 day # retrograde
|
|
1065
|
+
earthday siderealday
|
|
1066
|
+
marsday 1.02595675 day
|
|
1067
|
+
jupiterday 0.41354 day
|
|
1068
|
+
saturnday 0.4375 day
|
|
1069
|
+
uranusday 0.65 day # retrograde
|
|
1070
|
+
neptuneday 0.768 day
|
|
1071
|
+
plutoday 6.3867 day
|
|
1072
|
+
|
|
1073
|
+
# Planetary sidereal years
|
|
1074
|
+
|
|
1075
|
+
mercuryyear 86.96 day
|
|
1076
|
+
venusyear 224.68 day
|
|
1077
|
+
earthyear siderealyear
|
|
1078
|
+
marsyear 686.95 day
|
|
1079
|
+
jupiteryear 11.862 tropicalyear
|
|
1080
|
+
saturnyear 29.458 tropicalyear
|
|
1081
|
+
uranusyear 84.012 tropicalyear
|
|
1082
|
+
neptuneyear 164.798 tropicalyear
|
|
1083
|
+
plutoyear 248.5 tropicalyear
|
|
1084
|
+
|
|
1085
|
+
#
|
|
1086
|
+
# Some other astronomical values
|
|
1087
|
+
#
|
|
1088
|
+
|
|
1089
|
+
sunmass 1.9891e30 kg
|
|
1090
|
+
sunradius 6.96e8 m
|
|
1091
|
+
|
|
1092
|
+
earthmass 5.9742e24 kg
|
|
1093
|
+
earthradius 6371331.3 m # mean
|
|
1094
|
+
earthradius_polar 6356912.0 m
|
|
1095
|
+
earthradius_equatorial 6378388.0 m
|
|
1096
|
+
landarea 148.847e6 km^2
|
|
1097
|
+
oceanarea 361.254e6 km^2
|
|
1098
|
+
|
|
1099
|
+
moonmass 7.3483e22 kg
|
|
1100
|
+
moonradius 1738 km # mean value
|
|
1101
|
+
|
|
1102
|
+
sundist 1.0000010178 au # mean earth-sun distance
|
|
1103
|
+
moondist 3.844e8 m # mean earth-moon distance
|
|
1104
|
+
sundist_near 1.471e11 m # earth-sun distance at perihelion
|
|
1105
|
+
sundist_far 1.521e11 m # earth-sun distance at aphelion
|
|
1106
|
+
|
|
1107
|
+
mercurymass 0.33022e24 kg
|
|
1108
|
+
venusmass 4.8690e24 kg
|
|
1109
|
+
marsmass 0.64191e24 kg
|
|
1110
|
+
jupitermass 1898.8e24 kg
|
|
1111
|
+
saturnmass 568.5e24 kg
|
|
1112
|
+
uranusmass 86.625e24 kg
|
|
1113
|
+
neptunemass 102.78e24 kg
|
|
1114
|
+
plutomass 0.015e24 kg
|
|
1115
|
+
|
|
1116
|
+
mercuryradius 2.57 Mm
|
|
1117
|
+
venusradius 6.3 Mm
|
|
1118
|
+
marsradius 3.43 Mm
|
|
1119
|
+
jupiterradius 72 Mm
|
|
1120
|
+
saturnradius 60.5 Mm
|
|
1121
|
+
uranusradius 26.7 Mm
|
|
1122
|
+
neptuneradius 24.9 Mm
|
|
1123
|
+
|
|
1124
|
+
moongravity 1.62 m/s^2
|
|
1125
|
+
|
|
1126
|
+
#
|
|
1127
|
+
# The Hartree system of atomic units, derived from fundamental units
|
|
1128
|
+
# of mass (of electron), action (planck's constant), charge, and
|
|
1129
|
+
# the coulomb constant.
|
|
1130
|
+
|
|
1131
|
+
# Fundamental units
|
|
1132
|
+
|
|
1133
|
+
atomicmass electronmass
|
|
1134
|
+
atomiccharge e
|
|
1135
|
+
atomicaction hbar
|
|
1136
|
+
|
|
1137
|
+
# derived units (Warning: accuracy is lost from deriving them this way)
|
|
1138
|
+
|
|
1139
|
+
atomiclength bohrradius
|
|
1140
|
+
atomictime hbar^3/coulombconst^2 atomicmass e^4 # Period of first
|
|
1141
|
+
# bohr orbit
|
|
1142
|
+
atomicvelocity atomiclength / atomictime
|
|
1143
|
+
atomicenergy hbar / atomictime
|
|
1144
|
+
hartree atomicenergy
|
|
1145
|
+
Hartree hartree
|
|
1146
|
+
|
|
1147
|
+
#
|
|
1148
|
+
# These thermal units treat entropy as charge, from [5]
|
|
1149
|
+
#
|
|
1150
|
+
|
|
1151
|
+
thermalcoulomb J/K # entropy
|
|
1152
|
+
thermalampere W/K # entropy flow
|
|
1153
|
+
thermalfarad J/K^2
|
|
1154
|
+
thermalohm K^2/W # thermal resistance
|
|
1155
|
+
fourier thermalohm
|
|
1156
|
+
thermalhenry J K^2/W^2 # thermal inductance
|
|
1157
|
+
thermalvolt K # thermal potential difference
|
|
1158
|
+
|
|
1159
|
+
|
|
1160
|
+
#
|
|
1161
|
+
# United States units
|
|
1162
|
+
#
|
|
1163
|
+
|
|
1164
|
+
# linear measure
|
|
1165
|
+
|
|
1166
|
+
# The US Metric Law of 1866 gave the exact relation 1 meter = 39.37 inches.
|
|
1167
|
+
# From 1893 until 1959, the foot was exactly 1200|3937 meters. In 1959
|
|
1168
|
+
# the definition was changed to bring the US into agreement with other
|
|
1169
|
+
# countries. Since then, the foot has been exactly 0.3048 meters. At the
|
|
1170
|
+
# same time it was decided that any data expressed in feet derived from
|
|
1171
|
+
# geodetic surveys within the US would continue to use the old definition.
|
|
1172
|
+
|
|
1173
|
+
US 1200|3937 m/ft # These four values will convert
|
|
1174
|
+
US- US # international measures to
|
|
1175
|
+
survey- US # US Survey measures
|
|
1176
|
+
geodetic- US
|
|
1177
|
+
int 3937|1200 ft/m # Convert US Survey measures to
|
|
1178
|
+
int- int # international measures
|
|
1179
|
+
|
|
1180
|
+
line 1|12 inch # Also defined as '.1 in' or as '1e-8 Wb'
|
|
1181
|
+
rod 5.5 USyard
|
|
1182
|
+
perch rod
|
|
1183
|
+
furlong 40 rod # From "furrow long"
|
|
1184
|
+
statutemile USmile
|
|
1185
|
+
league 3 USmile
|
|
1186
|
+
|
|
1187
|
+
# surveyor's measure
|
|
1188
|
+
|
|
1189
|
+
surveyorschain 66 surveyft
|
|
1190
|
+
surveyorspole 1|4 surveyorschain
|
|
1191
|
+
surveyorslink 1|100 surveyorschain
|
|
1192
|
+
chain surveyorschain
|
|
1193
|
+
surveychain chain
|
|
1194
|
+
ch chain
|
|
1195
|
+
link surveyorslink
|
|
1196
|
+
acre 10 chain^2
|
|
1197
|
+
intacre 43560 ft^2 # Acre based on international ft
|
|
1198
|
+
acrefoot acre surveyfoot
|
|
1199
|
+
section USmile^2
|
|
1200
|
+
township 36 section
|
|
1201
|
+
homestead 160 acre # Area of land granted by the 1862 Homestead
|
|
1202
|
+
# Act of the United States Congress
|
|
1203
|
+
gunterschain surveyorschain
|
|
1204
|
+
|
|
1205
|
+
engineerschain 100 ft
|
|
1206
|
+
engineerslink 1|100 engineerschain
|
|
1207
|
+
ramsdenschain engineerschain
|
|
1208
|
+
ramsdenslink engineerslink
|
|
1209
|
+
|
|
1210
|
+
# nautical measure
|
|
1211
|
+
|
|
1212
|
+
fathom 6 USft # Originally defined as the distance from
|
|
1213
|
+
# fingertip to fingertip with arms fully
|
|
1214
|
+
# extended.
|
|
1215
|
+
nauticalmile 1852 m # Supposed to be one minute of latitude at
|
|
1216
|
+
# the equator. That value is about 1855 m.
|
|
1217
|
+
# Early estimates of the earth's circumference
|
|
1218
|
+
# were a bit off. The value of 1852 m was
|
|
1219
|
+
# made the international standard in 1929.
|
|
1220
|
+
# The US did not accept this value until
|
|
1221
|
+
# 1954. The UK switched in 1970.
|
|
1222
|
+
|
|
1223
|
+
cable 1|10 nauticalmile
|
|
1224
|
+
intcable cable # international cable
|
|
1225
|
+
cablelength cable
|
|
1226
|
+
UScable 100 fathom
|
|
1227
|
+
navycablelength 720 USft
|
|
1228
|
+
marineleague 3 nauticalmile
|
|
1229
|
+
knot nauticalmile / hr
|
|
1230
|
+
|
|
1231
|
+
# Avoirdupois weight
|
|
1232
|
+
|
|
1233
|
+
pound 0.45359237 kg # The one normally used
|
|
1234
|
+
lb pound # From the latin libra
|
|
1235
|
+
lbs pound
|
|
1236
|
+
grain 1|7000 pound # The grain is the same in all three
|
|
1237
|
+
# weight systems. It was originally
|
|
1238
|
+
# defined as the weight of a barley
|
|
1239
|
+
# corn taken from the middle of the
|
|
1240
|
+
# ear.
|
|
1241
|
+
ounce 1|16 pound
|
|
1242
|
+
oz ounce
|
|
1243
|
+
dram 1|16 ounce
|
|
1244
|
+
dr dram
|
|
1245
|
+
hundredweight 100 pounds # This is the USA hundredweight
|
|
1246
|
+
cwt hundredweight
|
|
1247
|
+
shorthundredweight hundredweight
|
|
1248
|
+
ton 2000 lb
|
|
1249
|
+
shortton ton
|
|
1250
|
+
quarter 1|4 ton
|
|
1251
|
+
shortquarter 1|4 shortton
|
|
1252
|
+
|
|
1253
|
+
|
|
1254
|
+
# Troy Weight. In 1828 the troy pound was made the first United States
|
|
1255
|
+
# standard weight. It was to be used to regulate coinage.
|
|
1256
|
+
|
|
1257
|
+
troypound 5760 grain
|
|
1258
|
+
troyounce 1|12 troypound
|
|
1259
|
+
ozt troyounce
|
|
1260
|
+
pennyweight 1|20 troyounce # Abbreviated "d" in reference to a
|
|
1261
|
+
dwt pennyweight # Frankish coin called the "denier"
|
|
1262
|
+
# minted in the late 700's. There
|
|
1263
|
+
# were 240 deniers to the pound.
|
|
1264
|
+
assayton mg ton / troyounce # mg / assayton = troyounce / ton
|
|
1265
|
+
|
|
1266
|
+
# Some other jewelers units
|
|
1267
|
+
|
|
1268
|
+
metriccarat 0.2 gram
|
|
1269
|
+
metricgrain 50 mg
|
|
1270
|
+
carat metriccarat
|
|
1271
|
+
ct carat
|
|
1272
|
+
jewelerspoint 1|100 carat
|
|
1273
|
+
silversmithpoint 1|4000 inch
|
|
1274
|
+
|
|
1275
|
+
|
|
1276
|
+
# Apothecaries' weight
|
|
1277
|
+
|
|
1278
|
+
appound troypound
|
|
1279
|
+
apounce troyounce
|
|
1280
|
+
apdram 1|8 apounce
|
|
1281
|
+
scruple 1|3 apdram
|
|
1282
|
+
|
|
1283
|
+
# Liquid measure
|
|
1284
|
+
|
|
1285
|
+
gallon 231 in^3
|
|
1286
|
+
gal gallon
|
|
1287
|
+
quart 1|4 gallon
|
|
1288
|
+
qt quart
|
|
1289
|
+
pint 1|2 qt
|
|
1290
|
+
pt pint
|
|
1291
|
+
gill 1|4 pint
|
|
1292
|
+
fluidounce 1|16 pint
|
|
1293
|
+
floz fluidounce
|
|
1294
|
+
fluiddram 1|8 floz
|
|
1295
|
+
fldr fluiddram
|
|
1296
|
+
minim 1|60 fldr
|
|
1297
|
+
liquidbarrel 31.5 gallon
|
|
1298
|
+
petroleumbarrel 42 gallon # Originated in Pennsylvania oil
|
|
1299
|
+
barrel petroleumbarrel # fields, from the winetierce
|
|
1300
|
+
bbl barrel
|
|
1301
|
+
hogshead 63 gallon
|
|
1302
|
+
firkin 9 gallon
|
|
1303
|
+
|
|
1304
|
+
# Dry measures: The Winchester Bushel was defined by William III in 1702 and
|
|
1305
|
+
# legally adopted in the US in 1836.
|
|
1306
|
+
|
|
1307
|
+
drybarrel 7056 in^3
|
|
1308
|
+
bushel 2150.42 in^3 # Volume of 8 inch cylinder with 18.5
|
|
1309
|
+
bu bushel # inch diameter (rounded)
|
|
1310
|
+
peck 1|4 bushel
|
|
1311
|
+
pk peck
|
|
1312
|
+
drygallon 1|2 peck
|
|
1313
|
+
dryquart 1|4 drygallon
|
|
1314
|
+
drypint 1|2 dryquart
|
|
1315
|
+
|
|
1316
|
+
# Grain measures. The bushel as it is used by farmers in the USA is actually
|
|
1317
|
+
# a measure of mass which varies for different commodities. Canada uses the
|
|
1318
|
+
# same bushel masses for most commodities, but not for oats.
|
|
1319
|
+
|
|
1320
|
+
wheatbushel 60 lb
|
|
1321
|
+
soybeanbushel 60 lb
|
|
1322
|
+
cornbushel 56 lb
|
|
1323
|
+
ryebushel 56 lb
|
|
1324
|
+
barleybushel 48 lb
|
|
1325
|
+
oatbushel 32 lb
|
|
1326
|
+
ricebushel 45 lb
|
|
1327
|
+
canada_oatbushel 34 lb
|
|
1328
|
+
|
|
1329
|
+
# Wine and Spirits measure
|
|
1330
|
+
|
|
1331
|
+
pony 1 floz
|
|
1332
|
+
jigger 1.5 floz # Can vary between 1 and 2 floz
|
|
1333
|
+
shot jigger # Sometimes 1 floz
|
|
1334
|
+
eushot 25 ml # EU standard spirits measure
|
|
1335
|
+
fifth 1|5 gallon
|
|
1336
|
+
winebottle 750 ml # US industry standard, 1979
|
|
1337
|
+
winesplit 1|4 winebottle
|
|
1338
|
+
wineglass 4 floz
|
|
1339
|
+
magnum 1.5 liter # Standardized in 1979, but given
|
|
1340
|
+
# as 2 qt in some references
|
|
1341
|
+
metrictenth 375 ml
|
|
1342
|
+
metricfifth 750 ml
|
|
1343
|
+
metricquart 1 liter
|
|
1344
|
+
|
|
1345
|
+
# French champagne bottle sizes
|
|
1346
|
+
|
|
1347
|
+
split 200 ml
|
|
1348
|
+
jeroboam 2 magnum
|
|
1349
|
+
rehoboam 3 magnum
|
|
1350
|
+
methuselah 4 magnum
|
|
1351
|
+
salmanazar 6 magnum
|
|
1352
|
+
balthazar 8 magnum
|
|
1353
|
+
nebuchadnezzar 10 magnum
|
|
1354
|
+
|
|
1355
|
+
# Shoe measures
|
|
1356
|
+
|
|
1357
|
+
shoeiron 1|48 inch # Used to measure leather in soles
|
|
1358
|
+
shoeounce 1|64 inch # Used to measure non-sole shoe leather
|
|
1359
|
+
|
|
1360
|
+
#
|
|
1361
|
+
# USA slang units
|
|
1362
|
+
#
|
|
1363
|
+
|
|
1364
|
+
buck dollar
|
|
1365
|
+
fin 5 dollar
|
|
1366
|
+
sawbuck 10 dollar
|
|
1367
|
+
key kg # usually of marijuana, 60's
|
|
1368
|
+
lid 1 oz # Another 60's weed unit
|
|
1369
|
+
footballfield 100 yards
|
|
1370
|
+
|
|
1371
|
+
#
|
|
1372
|
+
# British
|
|
1373
|
+
#
|
|
1374
|
+
|
|
1375
|
+
UK 1200000|3937014 m/ft # The UK lengths were defined by
|
|
1376
|
+
british- UK # a bronze bar manufactured in
|
|
1377
|
+
UK- UK # 1844. Measurement of that bar
|
|
1378
|
+
# revealed the dimensions given
|
|
1379
|
+
# here.
|
|
1380
|
+
|
|
1381
|
+
brnauticalmile 6080 ft # Used until 1970 when the UK
|
|
1382
|
+
brknot brnauticalmile / hr # switched to the international
|
|
1383
|
+
brcable 1|10 brnauticalmile # nautical mile.
|
|
1384
|
+
admiraltymile brnauticalmile
|
|
1385
|
+
admiraltyknot brknot
|
|
1386
|
+
admiraltycable brcable
|
|
1387
|
+
seamile 6000 ft
|
|
1388
|
+
|
|
1389
|
+
# British Imperial weight is mostly the same as US weight. A few extra
|
|
1390
|
+
# units are added here.
|
|
1391
|
+
|
|
1392
|
+
clove 7 lb
|
|
1393
|
+
stone 14 lb
|
|
1394
|
+
brhundredweight 8 stone
|
|
1395
|
+
longhundredweight brhundredweight
|
|
1396
|
+
longton 20 brhundredweight
|
|
1397
|
+
brton longton
|
|
1398
|
+
brassayton mg brton / troyounce
|
|
1399
|
+
|
|
1400
|
+
# British Imperial volume measures
|
|
1401
|
+
|
|
1402
|
+
brgallon 4.54609 l # The British Imperial gallon was
|
|
1403
|
+
canadiangallon brgallon # defined in 1824 to be the volume of
|
|
1404
|
+
cangallon brgallon # water which weighed 10 pounds at 62
|
|
1405
|
+
# deg F with a pressure of 30 inHg.
|
|
1406
|
+
# In 1963 it was defined to be the space
|
|
1407
|
+
# occupied by 10 pounds of distilled
|
|
1408
|
+
# water of density 0.998859 g/ml weighed
|
|
1409
|
+
# in air of density 0.001217 g/ml
|
|
1410
|
+
# against weights of density 8.136 g/ml.
|
|
1411
|
+
# The value given here is given by [1]
|
|
1412
|
+
# as an exact value.
|
|
1413
|
+
brpeck 2 brgallon
|
|
1414
|
+
brbarrel 36 brgallon # Used for beer
|
|
1415
|
+
brbushel 4 brpeck
|
|
1416
|
+
brquarter 8 brbushel
|
|
1417
|
+
brchaldron 36 brbushel
|
|
1418
|
+
|
|
1419
|
+
# Obscure British volume measures. These units are generally traditional
|
|
1420
|
+
# measures whose definitions have fluctuated over the years. Often they
|
|
1421
|
+
# depended on the quantity being measured. They are given here in terms of
|
|
1422
|
+
# British Imperial measures. For example, the puncheon may have historically
|
|
1423
|
+
# been defined relative to the wine gallon or beer gallon or ale gallon
|
|
1424
|
+
# rather than the British Imperial gallon.
|
|
1425
|
+
|
|
1426
|
+
bag 4 brbushel
|
|
1427
|
+
bucket 4 brgallon
|
|
1428
|
+
last 40 brbushel
|
|
1429
|
+
pottle 0.5 brgallon
|
|
1430
|
+
pin 4.5 brgallon
|
|
1431
|
+
puncheon 72 brgallon
|
|
1432
|
+
seam 8 brbushel
|
|
1433
|
+
coomb 4 brbushel
|
|
1434
|
+
boll 6 brbushel
|
|
1435
|
+
firlot 1|4 boll
|
|
1436
|
+
brfirkin 9 brgallon # Used for ale and beer
|
|
1437
|
+
cran 37.5 brgallon # measures herring, about 750 fish
|
|
1438
|
+
brhogshead 63 brgallon
|
|
1439
|
+
registerton 100 ft^3 # Used for internal capacity of ships
|
|
1440
|
+
shippington 40 ft^3 # Used for ship's cargo freight or timber
|
|
1441
|
+
brshippington 42 ft^3 #
|
|
1442
|
+
freightton shippington # Both register ton and shipping ton derive
|
|
1443
|
+
# from the "tun cask" of wine.
|
|
1444
|
+
displacementton 35 ft^3 # Approximate volume of a longton weight of
|
|
1445
|
+
# sea water used to measure ship displacement
|
|
1446
|
+
waterton 224 brgallon
|
|
1447
|
+
strike 70.5 l # 16th century unit, sometimes
|
|
1448
|
+
# defined as .5, 2, or 4 bushels
|
|
1449
|
+
# depending on the location. It
|
|
1450
|
+
# probably doesn't make a lot of
|
|
1451
|
+
# sense to define in terms of imperial
|
|
1452
|
+
# bushels. Zupko gives a value of
|
|
1453
|
+
# 2 Winchester grain bushels or about
|
|
1454
|
+
# 70.5 liters.
|
|
1455
|
+
|
|
1456
|
+
# obscure British lengths
|
|
1457
|
+
|
|
1458
|
+
barleycorn 1|3 UKinch # Given in Realm of Measure as the
|
|
1459
|
+
# difference between successive shoe sizes
|
|
1460
|
+
nail 1|16 UKyard # Originally the width of the thumbnail,
|
|
1461
|
+
# or 1|16 ft. This took on the general
|
|
1462
|
+
# meaning of 1|16 and settled on the
|
|
1463
|
+
# nail of a yard or 1|16 yards as its
|
|
1464
|
+
# final value. [12]
|
|
1465
|
+
pole 16.5 UKft
|
|
1466
|
+
rope 20 UKft
|
|
1467
|
+
englishell 45 UKinch
|
|
1468
|
+
flemishell 27 UKinch
|
|
1469
|
+
ell englishell # supposed to be measure from elbow to
|
|
1470
|
+
# fingertips
|
|
1471
|
+
span 9 UKinch # supposed to be distance from thumb
|
|
1472
|
+
# to pinky with full hand extension
|
|
1473
|
+
|
|
1474
|
+
# misc obscure British units
|
|
1475
|
+
|
|
1476
|
+
rood 1|4 acre
|
|
1477
|
+
englishcarat 3.163 grain # Originally intended to be 4 grain
|
|
1478
|
+
# but this value ended up being
|
|
1479
|
+
# used in the London diamond market
|
|
1480
|
+
mancus 2 oz
|
|
1481
|
+
mast 2.5 lb
|
|
1482
|
+
basebox 31360 in^2 # Used in metal plating
|
|
1483
|
+
|
|
1484
|
+
# alternate spellings
|
|
1485
|
+
|
|
1486
|
+
metre meter
|
|
1487
|
+
gramme gram
|
|
1488
|
+
litre liter
|
|
1489
|
+
dioptre diopter
|
|
1490
|
+
|
|
1491
|
+
#
|
|
1492
|
+
# Units derived the human body (may not be very accurate)
|
|
1493
|
+
#
|
|
1494
|
+
|
|
1495
|
+
geometricpace 5 ft # distance between points where the same
|
|
1496
|
+
# foot hits the ground
|
|
1497
|
+
pace 2.5 ft # distance between points where alternate
|
|
1498
|
+
# feet touch the ground
|
|
1499
|
+
USmilitarypace 30 in # United States official military pace
|
|
1500
|
+
USdoubletimepace 36 in # United States official doubletime pace
|
|
1501
|
+
fingerbreadth 7|8 in # The finger is defined as either the width
|
|
1502
|
+
fingerlength 4.5 in # or length of the finger
|
|
1503
|
+
finger fingerbreadth
|
|
1504
|
+
palmlength 8 in # or the length of the hand
|
|
1505
|
+
hand 4 inch # width of hand
|
|
1506
|
+
|
|
1507
|
+
#
|
|
1508
|
+
# Cooking measures
|
|
1509
|
+
#
|
|
1510
|
+
|
|
1511
|
+
# US measures
|
|
1512
|
+
|
|
1513
|
+
cup 8 floz
|
|
1514
|
+
tablespoon 1|16 cup
|
|
1515
|
+
tbl tablespoon
|
|
1516
|
+
tbsp tablespoon
|
|
1517
|
+
teaspoon 1|3 tbsp
|
|
1518
|
+
tsp teaspoon
|
|
1519
|
+
metriccup 250 ml
|
|
1520
|
+
|
|
1521
|
+
# US can sizes.
|
|
1522
|
+
|
|
1523
|
+
number1can 10 floz
|
|
1524
|
+
number2can 19 floz
|
|
1525
|
+
number2.5can 3.5 cups
|
|
1526
|
+
number3can 4 cups
|
|
1527
|
+
number5can 7 cups
|
|
1528
|
+
number10can 105 floz
|
|
1529
|
+
|
|
1530
|
+
# British measures
|
|
1531
|
+
|
|
1532
|
+
brtablespoon 15 ml # Also 5|8 brfloz, approx 17.7 ml
|
|
1533
|
+
brteaspoon 1|3 brtablespoon # Also 1|4 brtablespoon
|
|
1534
|
+
dessertspoon 2 brteaspoon
|
|
1535
|
+
brtsp brteaspoon
|
|
1536
|
+
brtbl brtablespoon
|
|
1537
|
+
dsp dessertspoon
|
|
1538
|
+
|
|
1539
|
+
# Australian
|
|
1540
|
+
|
|
1541
|
+
australiatablespoon 20 ml
|
|
1542
|
+
austbl australiatablespoon
|
|
1543
|
+
|
|
1544
|
+
# Chinese
|
|
1545
|
+
|
|
1546
|
+
catty 0.5 kg
|
|
1547
|
+
oldcatty 4|3 lbs # Before metric conversion.
|
|
1548
|
+
tael 1|16 oldcatty # Should the tael be defined both ways?
|
|
1549
|
+
|
|
1550
|
+
# Japanese
|
|
1551
|
+
|
|
1552
|
+
japancup 200 ml
|
|
1553
|
+
|
|
1554
|
+
# densities of cooking ingredients from The Cake Bible by Rose Levy Beranbaum
|
|
1555
|
+
# so you can convert '2 cups sugar' to grams, for example, or in the other
|
|
1556
|
+
# direction grams could be converted to 'cup flour_scooped'.
|
|
1557
|
+
|
|
1558
|
+
butter 8 oz/cup
|
|
1559
|
+
butter_clarified 6.8 oz/cup
|
|
1560
|
+
cocoa_butter 9 oz/cup
|
|
1561
|
+
shortening 6.75 oz/cup # vegetable shortening
|
|
1562
|
+
oil 7.5 oz/cup
|
|
1563
|
+
cakeflour_sifted 3.5 oz/cup # The density of flour depends on the
|
|
1564
|
+
cakeflour_spooned 4 oz/cup # measuring method. "Scooped", or
|
|
1565
|
+
cakeflour_scooped 4.5 oz/cup # "dip and sweep" refers to dipping a
|
|
1566
|
+
flour_sifted 4 oz/cup # measure into a bin, and then sweeping
|
|
1567
|
+
flour_spooned 4.25 oz/cup # the excess off the top. "Spooned"
|
|
1568
|
+
flour_scooped 5 oz/cup # means to lightly spoon into a measure
|
|
1569
|
+
breadflour_sifted 4.25 oz/cup # and then sweep the top. Sifted means
|
|
1570
|
+
breadflour_spooned 4.5 oz/cup # sifting the flour directly into a
|
|
1571
|
+
breadflour_scooped 5.5 oz/cup # measure and then sweeping the top.
|
|
1572
|
+
cornstarch 120 grams/cup
|
|
1573
|
+
dutchcocoa_sifted 75 g/cup # These are for Dutch processed cocoa
|
|
1574
|
+
dutchcocoa_spooned 92 g/cup
|
|
1575
|
+
dutchcocoa_scooped 95 g/cup
|
|
1576
|
+
cocoa_sifted 75 g/cup # These are for nonalkalized cocoa
|
|
1577
|
+
cocoa_spooned 82 g/cup
|
|
1578
|
+
cocoa_scooped 95 g/cup
|
|
1579
|
+
heavycream 232 g/cup
|
|
1580
|
+
milk 242 g/cup
|
|
1581
|
+
sourcream 242 g/cup
|
|
1582
|
+
molasses 11.25 oz/cup
|
|
1583
|
+
cornsyrup 11.5 oz/cup
|
|
1584
|
+
honey 11.75 oz/cup
|
|
1585
|
+
sugar 200 g/cup
|
|
1586
|
+
powdered_sugar 4 oz/cup
|
|
1587
|
+
brownsugar_light 217 g/cup # packed
|
|
1588
|
+
brownsugar_dark 239 g/cup
|
|
1589
|
+
|
|
1590
|
+
baking_powder 4.6 grams / tsp
|
|
1591
|
+
salt 6 g / tsp
|
|
1592
|
+
koshersalt 2.8 g / tsp # Diamond Crystal salt, from package
|
|
1593
|
+
# Note that Morton kosher salt is
|
|
1594
|
+
# much denser.
|
|
1595
|
+
|
|
1596
|
+
# Egg weights and volumes for a USA large egg
|
|
1597
|
+
|
|
1598
|
+
egg 50 grams
|
|
1599
|
+
eggwhite 30 grams
|
|
1600
|
+
eggyolk 18.6 grams
|
|
1601
|
+
eggwhitevolume 2 tablespoons
|
|
1602
|
+
eggyolkvolume 3.5 tsp
|
|
1603
|
+
|
|
1604
|
+
|
|
1605
|
+
#
|
|
1606
|
+
# Units derived from imperial system
|
|
1607
|
+
#
|
|
1608
|
+
|
|
1609
|
+
ouncedal oz ft / s^2 # force which accelerates an ounce
|
|
1610
|
+
# at 1 ft/s^2
|
|
1611
|
+
poundal lb ft / s^2 # same thing for a pound
|
|
1612
|
+
tondal ton ft / s^2 # and for a ton
|
|
1613
|
+
pdl poundal
|
|
1614
|
+
psi pound force / inch^2
|
|
1615
|
+
psia psi # absolute pressure
|
|
1616
|
+
tsi ton force / inch^2
|
|
1617
|
+
reyn psi sec
|
|
1618
|
+
# applications where in/sec^2 was a
|
|
1619
|
+
# natural acceleration measure.
|
|
1620
|
+
lbf lb force
|
|
1621
|
+
tonf ton force
|
|
1622
|
+
lbm lb
|
|
1623
|
+
kip 1000 lbf # from kilopound
|
|
1624
|
+
mil 0.001 inch
|
|
1625
|
+
thou 0.001 inch
|
|
1626
|
+
circularinch 1|4 pi in^2 # area of a one-inch diameter circle
|
|
1627
|
+
circularmil 1|4 pi mil^2 # area of one-mil diameter circle
|
|
1628
|
+
cmil circularmil
|
|
1629
|
+
cental 100 pound
|
|
1630
|
+
centner cental
|
|
1631
|
+
caliber 0.01 inch # for measuring bullets
|
|
1632
|
+
duty ft lbf
|
|
1633
|
+
celo ft / s^2
|
|
1634
|
+
jerk ft / s^3
|
|
1635
|
+
australiapoint 0.01 inch # The "point" is used to measure rainfall
|
|
1636
|
+
# in Australia
|
|
1637
|
+
sabin ft^2 # Measure of sound absorption equal to the
|
|
1638
|
+
# absorbing power of one square foot of
|
|
1639
|
+
# a perfectly absorbing material. The
|
|
1640
|
+
# sound absorptivity of an object is the
|
|
1641
|
+
# area times a dimensionless
|
|
1642
|
+
# absorptivity coefficient.
|
|
1643
|
+
flag 5 ft^2 # Construction term referring to sidewalk.
|
|
1644
|
+
rollwallpaper 30 ft^2 # Area of roll of wall paper
|
|
1645
|
+
fillpower in^3 / ounce # Density of down at standard pressure.
|
|
1646
|
+
# The best down has 750-800 fillpower.
|
|
1647
|
+
pinlength 1|16 inch # A #17 pin is 17/16 in long in the USA.
|
|
1648
|
+
buttonline 1|40 inch # The line was used in 19th century USA
|
|
1649
|
+
# to measure width of buttons.
|
|
1650
|
+
scoopnumber /quart # Ice cream scoops are labeled with a
|
|
1651
|
+
# number specifying how many scoops
|
|
1652
|
+
# fill a quart.
|
|
1653
|
+
#
|
|
1654
|
+
# Other units of work, energy, power, etc
|
|
1655
|
+
#
|
|
1656
|
+
|
|
1657
|
+
# Calories: energy to raise a gram of water one degree celsius
|
|
1658
|
+
|
|
1659
|
+
cal_IT 4.1868 J # International Table calorie
|
|
1660
|
+
cal_th 4.184 J # Thermochemical calorie
|
|
1661
|
+
cal_fifteen 4.18580 J # Energy to go from 14.5 to 15.5 degC
|
|
1662
|
+
cal_twenty 4.18190 J # Energy to go from 19.5 to 20.5 degC
|
|
1663
|
+
cal_mean 4.19002 J # 1|100 energy to go from 0 to 100 degC
|
|
1664
|
+
calorie cal_IT
|
|
1665
|
+
cal calorie
|
|
1666
|
+
calorie_IT cal_IT
|
|
1667
|
+
thermcalorie cal_th
|
|
1668
|
+
calorie_th thermcalorie
|
|
1669
|
+
Calorie kilocalorie # the food Calorie
|
|
1670
|
+
thermie 1e6 cal_fifteen # Heat required to raise the
|
|
1671
|
+
# temperature of a tonne of
|
|
1672
|
+
# water from 14.5 to 15.5 degC.
|
|
1673
|
+
|
|
1674
|
+
# btu definitions: energy to raise a pound of water 1 degF
|
|
1675
|
+
|
|
1676
|
+
btu cal lb degF / gram K # international table BTU
|
|
1677
|
+
britishthermalunit btu
|
|
1678
|
+
btu_IT btu
|
|
1679
|
+
btu_th cal_th lb degF / gram K
|
|
1680
|
+
btu_mean cal_mean lb degF / gram K
|
|
1681
|
+
quad quadrillion btu
|
|
1682
|
+
|
|
1683
|
+
ECtherm 1.05506e8 J # Exact definition, close to 1e5 btu
|
|
1684
|
+
UStherm 1.054804e8 J # Exact definition
|
|
1685
|
+
therm UStherm
|
|
1686
|
+
|
|
1687
|
+
# The horsepower is supposedly the power of one horse pulling. Obviously
|
|
1688
|
+
# different people had different horses.
|
|
1689
|
+
|
|
1690
|
+
horsepower 550 foot pound force / sec # Invented by James Watt
|
|
1691
|
+
hp horsepower
|
|
1692
|
+
metrichorsepower 75 kilogram force meter / sec
|
|
1693
|
+
electrichorsepower 746 W
|
|
1694
|
+
boilerhorsepower 9809.50 W
|
|
1695
|
+
waterhorsepower 746.043 W
|
|
1696
|
+
brhorsepower 745.70 W
|
|
1697
|
+
donkeypower 250 W
|
|
1698
|
+
|
|
1699
|
+
# Thermal insulance: Thermal conductivity has dimension power per area per
|
|
1700
|
+
# (degree per inch thickness) which comes out to W / K m. If the thickness is
|
|
1701
|
+
# fixed, then the conductance will have units of W / K m^2. Thermal insulance
|
|
1702
|
+
# is the reciprocal.
|
|
1703
|
+
|
|
1704
|
+
Rvalue degF ft^2 hr / btu
|
|
1705
|
+
Uvalue 1/Rvalue
|
|
1706
|
+
europeanUvalue watt / m^2 K
|
|
1707
|
+
RSI degC m^2 / W
|
|
1708
|
+
clo 0.155 degC m^2 / W # Supposed to be the insulance
|
|
1709
|
+
# required to keep a resting person
|
|
1710
|
+
# comfortable indoors. The value
|
|
1711
|
+
# given is from NIST and the CRC,
|
|
1712
|
+
# but [5] gives a slightly different
|
|
1713
|
+
# value of 0.875 ft^2 degF hr / btu.
|
|
1714
|
+
# Misc other measures
|
|
1715
|
+
|
|
1716
|
+
clausius 1e3 cal/K # A unit of physical entropy
|
|
1717
|
+
langley thermcalorie/cm^2
|
|
1718
|
+
poncelet 100 kg force m / s
|
|
1719
|
+
tonrefrigeration ton 144 btu / lb day # One ton refrigeration is
|
|
1720
|
+
# the rate of heat extraction required
|
|
1721
|
+
# turn one ton of water to ice in
|
|
1722
|
+
# a day. Ice is defined to have a
|
|
1723
|
+
# latent heat of 144 btu/lb.
|
|
1724
|
+
tonref tonrefrigeration
|
|
1725
|
+
refrigeration tonref / ton
|
|
1726
|
+
frigorie 1000 cal_fifteen # Used in refrigeration engineering.
|
|
1727
|
+
tnt 4.184e9 J/ton # So you can write tons-tnt, this
|
|
1728
|
+
# is a defined, not measured, value
|
|
1729
|
+
|
|
1730
|
+
#
|
|
1731
|
+
# Counting measures
|
|
1732
|
+
#
|
|
1733
|
+
|
|
1734
|
+
pair 2
|
|
1735
|
+
nest 3
|
|
1736
|
+
dickers 10
|
|
1737
|
+
dozen 12
|
|
1738
|
+
bakersdozen 13
|
|
1739
|
+
score 20
|
|
1740
|
+
flock 40
|
|
1741
|
+
timer 40
|
|
1742
|
+
shock 60
|
|
1743
|
+
gross 144
|
|
1744
|
+
greatgross 12 gross
|
|
1745
|
+
|
|
1746
|
+
# Paper counting measure
|
|
1747
|
+
|
|
1748
|
+
shortquire 24
|
|
1749
|
+
quire 25
|
|
1750
|
+
shortream 480
|
|
1751
|
+
ream 500
|
|
1752
|
+
perfectream 516
|
|
1753
|
+
bundle 2 reams
|
|
1754
|
+
bale 5 bundles
|
|
1755
|
+
|
|
1756
|
+
#
|
|
1757
|
+
# Paper measures
|
|
1758
|
+
#
|
|
1759
|
+
|
|
1760
|
+
## USA paper sizes
|
|
1761
|
+
#
|
|
1762
|
+
#lettersize 8.5 inch 11 inch
|
|
1763
|
+
#legalsize 8.5 inch 14 inch
|
|
1764
|
+
#ledgersize 11 inch 17 inch
|
|
1765
|
+
#executivesize 7.25 inch 10.5 inch
|
|
1766
|
+
#Apaper 8.5 inch 11 inch
|
|
1767
|
+
#Bpaper 11 inch 17 inch
|
|
1768
|
+
#Cpaper 17 inch 22 inch
|
|
1769
|
+
#Dpaper 22 inch 34 inch
|
|
1770
|
+
#Epaper 34 inch 44 inch
|
|
1771
|
+
#
|
|
1772
|
+
## The metric paper sizes are defined so that if a sheet is cut in half
|
|
1773
|
+
## along the short direction, the result is two sheets which are
|
|
1774
|
+
## similar to the original sheet. This means that for any metric size,
|
|
1775
|
+
## the long side is close to sqrt(2) times the length of the short
|
|
1776
|
+
## side. Each series of sizes is generated by repeated cuts in half,
|
|
1777
|
+
## with the values rounded down to the nearest millimeter.
|
|
1778
|
+
#
|
|
1779
|
+
#A0paper 841 mm 1189 mm # The basic size in the A series
|
|
1780
|
+
#A1paper 594 mm 841 mm # is defined to have an area of
|
|
1781
|
+
#A2paper 420 mm 594 mm # one square meter.
|
|
1782
|
+
#A3paper 297 mm 420 mm
|
|
1783
|
+
#A4paper 210 mm 297 mm
|
|
1784
|
+
#A5paper 148 mm 210 mm
|
|
1785
|
+
#A6paper 105 mm 148 mm
|
|
1786
|
+
#A7paper 74 mm 105 mm
|
|
1787
|
+
#A8paper 52 mm 74 mm
|
|
1788
|
+
#A9paper 37 mm 52 mm
|
|
1789
|
+
#A10paper 26 mm 37 mm
|
|
1790
|
+
#
|
|
1791
|
+
#B0paper 1000 mm 1414 mm # The basic B size has an area
|
|
1792
|
+
#B1paper 707 mm 1000 mm # of sqrt(2) square meters.
|
|
1793
|
+
#B2paper 500 mm 707 mm
|
|
1794
|
+
#B3paper 353 mm 500 mm
|
|
1795
|
+
#B4paper 250 mm 353 mm
|
|
1796
|
+
#B5paper 176 mm 250 mm
|
|
1797
|
+
#B6paper 125 mm 176 mm
|
|
1798
|
+
#B7paper 88 mm 125 mm
|
|
1799
|
+
#B8paper 62 mm 88 mm
|
|
1800
|
+
#B9paper 44 mm 62 mm
|
|
1801
|
+
#B10paper 31 mm 44 mm
|
|
1802
|
+
#
|
|
1803
|
+
#C0paper 917 mm 1297 mm # The basic C size has an area
|
|
1804
|
+
#C1paper 648 mm 917 mm # of sqrt(sqrt(2)) square meters.
|
|
1805
|
+
#C2paper 458 mm 648 mm
|
|
1806
|
+
#C3paper 324 mm 458 mm # Intended for envelope sizes
|
|
1807
|
+
#C4paper 229 mm 324 mm
|
|
1808
|
+
#C5paper 162 mm 229 mm
|
|
1809
|
+
#C6paper 114 mm 162 mm
|
|
1810
|
+
#C7paper 81 mm 114 mm
|
|
1811
|
+
#C8paper 57 mm 81 mm
|
|
1812
|
+
#C9paper 40 mm 57 mm
|
|
1813
|
+
#C10paper 28 mm 40 mm
|
|
1814
|
+
|
|
1815
|
+
# gsm (Grams per Square Meter), a sane, metric paper weight measure
|
|
1816
|
+
|
|
1817
|
+
gsm grams / meter^2
|
|
1818
|
+
|
|
1819
|
+
# In the USA, a collection of crazy historical paper measures are used. Paper
|
|
1820
|
+
# is measured as a weight of a ream of that particular type of paper. This is
|
|
1821
|
+
# sometimes called the "substance" or "basis" (as in "substance 20" paper).
|
|
1822
|
+
# The standard sheet size or "basis size" varies depending on the type of
|
|
1823
|
+
# paper. As a result, 20 pound bond paper and 50 pound text paper are actually
|
|
1824
|
+
# about the same weight. The different sheet sizes were historically the most
|
|
1825
|
+
# convenient for printing or folding in the different applications. These
|
|
1826
|
+
# different basis weights are standards maintained by American Society for
|
|
1827
|
+
# Testing Materials (ASTM) and the American Forest and Paper Association
|
|
1828
|
+
# (AF&PA).
|
|
1829
|
+
|
|
1830
|
+
# poundbookpaper lb / 25 inch 38 inch ream
|
|
1831
|
+
# lbbook poundbookpaper
|
|
1832
|
+
# poundtextpaper poundbookpaper
|
|
1833
|
+
# lbtext poundtextpaper
|
|
1834
|
+
# poundoffsetpaper poundbookpaper # For offset printing
|
|
1835
|
+
# lboffset poundoffsetpaper
|
|
1836
|
+
# poundbiblepaper poundbookpaper # Designed to be lightweight, thin,
|
|
1837
|
+
# lbbible poundbiblepaper # strong and opaque.
|
|
1838
|
+
# poundtagpaper lb / 24 inch 36 inch ream
|
|
1839
|
+
# lbtag poundtagpaper
|
|
1840
|
+
# poundbagpaper poundtagpaper
|
|
1841
|
+
# lbbag poundbagpaper
|
|
1842
|
+
# poundnewsprintpaper poundtagpaper
|
|
1843
|
+
# lbnewsprint poundnewsprintpaper
|
|
1844
|
+
# poundposterpaper poundtagpaper
|
|
1845
|
+
# lbposter poundposterpaper
|
|
1846
|
+
# poundtissuepaper poundtagpaper
|
|
1847
|
+
# lbtissue poundtissuepaper
|
|
1848
|
+
# poundwrappingpaper poundtagpaper
|
|
1849
|
+
# lbwrapping poundwrappingpaper
|
|
1850
|
+
# poundwaxingpaper poundtagpaper
|
|
1851
|
+
# lbwaxing poundwaxingpaper
|
|
1852
|
+
# poundglassinepaper poundtagpaper
|
|
1853
|
+
# lbglassine poundglassinepaper
|
|
1854
|
+
# poundcoverpaper lb / 20 inch 26 inch ream
|
|
1855
|
+
# lbcover poundcoverpaper
|
|
1856
|
+
# poundindexpaper lb / 25.5 inch 30.5 inch ream
|
|
1857
|
+
# lbindex poundindexpaper
|
|
1858
|
+
# poundindexbristolpaper poundindexpaper
|
|
1859
|
+
# lbindexbristol poundindexpaper
|
|
1860
|
+
# poundbondpaper lb / 17 inch 22 inch ream # Bond paper is stiff and
|
|
1861
|
+
# lbbond poundbondpaper # durable for repeated
|
|
1862
|
+
# poundwritingpaper poundbondpaper # filing, and it resists
|
|
1863
|
+
# lbwriting poundwritingpaper # ink penetration.
|
|
1864
|
+
# poundledgerpaper poundbondpaper
|
|
1865
|
+
# lbledger poundledgerpaper
|
|
1866
|
+
# poundcopypaper poundbondpaper
|
|
1867
|
+
# lbcopy poundcopypaper
|
|
1868
|
+
# poundblottingpaper lb / 19 inch 24 inch ream
|
|
1869
|
+
# lbblotting poundblottingpaper
|
|
1870
|
+
# poundblankspaper lb / 22 inch 28 inch ream
|
|
1871
|
+
# lbblanks poundblankspaper
|
|
1872
|
+
# poundpostcardpaper lb / 22.5 inch 28.5 inch ream
|
|
1873
|
+
# lbpostcard poundpostcardpaper
|
|
1874
|
+
# poundweddingbristol poundpostcardpaper
|
|
1875
|
+
# lbweddingbristol poundweddingbristol
|
|
1876
|
+
# poundbristolpaper poundweddingbristol
|
|
1877
|
+
# lbbristol poundbristolpaper
|
|
1878
|
+
# poundboxboard lb / 1000 ft^2
|
|
1879
|
+
# lbboxboard poundboxboard
|
|
1880
|
+
# poundpaperboard poundboxboard
|
|
1881
|
+
# lbpaperboard poundpaperboard
|
|
1882
|
+
|
|
1883
|
+
# When paper is marked in units of M, it means the weight of 1000 sheets of the
|
|
1884
|
+
# given size of paper. To convert this to paper weight, divide by the size of
|
|
1885
|
+
# the paper in question.
|
|
1886
|
+
|
|
1887
|
+
paperM lb / 1000
|
|
1888
|
+
|
|
1889
|
+
#
|
|
1890
|
+
# Printing
|
|
1891
|
+
#
|
|
1892
|
+
|
|
1893
|
+
fournierpoint 0.1648 inch / 12 # First definition of the printers
|
|
1894
|
+
# point made by Pierre Fournier who
|
|
1895
|
+
# defined it in 1737 as 1|12 of a
|
|
1896
|
+
# cicero which was 0.1648 inches.
|
|
1897
|
+
# a family of printers, changed
|
|
1898
|
+
# Fournier's definition around 1770
|
|
1899
|
+
# to fit to the French units then in
|
|
1900
|
+
# use.
|
|
1901
|
+
bertholdpoint 1|2660 m # H. Berthold tried to create a
|
|
1902
|
+
# metric version of the didot point
|
|
1903
|
+
# in 1878.
|
|
1904
|
+
INpoint 0.4 mm # This point was created by a
|
|
1905
|
+
# group directed by Fermin Didot in
|
|
1906
|
+
# 1881 and is associated with the
|
|
1907
|
+
# imprimerie nationale. It doesn't
|
|
1908
|
+
# seem to have been used much.
|
|
1909
|
+
germandidotpoint 0.376065 mm # Exact definition appears in DIN
|
|
1910
|
+
# 16507, a German standards document
|
|
1911
|
+
# of 1954. Adopted more broadly in
|
|
1912
|
+
# 1966 by ???
|
|
1913
|
+
metricpoint 3|8 mm # Proposed in 1977 by Eurograf
|
|
1914
|
+
point 1|72.27 inch # The American point was invented
|
|
1915
|
+
printerspoint point # by Nelson Hawks in 1879 and
|
|
1916
|
+
# dominates USA publishing.
|
|
1917
|
+
# It was standardized by the American
|
|
1918
|
+
# Typefounders Association at the
|
|
1919
|
+
# value of 0.013837 inches exactly.
|
|
1920
|
+
# Knuth uses the approximation given
|
|
1921
|
+
# here (which is very close). The
|
|
1922
|
+
# comp.fonts FAQ claims that this
|
|
1923
|
+
# value is supposed to be 1|12 of a
|
|
1924
|
+
# pica where 83 picas is equal to 35
|
|
1925
|
+
# cm. But this value differs from
|
|
1926
|
+
# the standard.
|
|
1927
|
+
texscaledpoint 1|65536 point # The TeX typesetting system uses
|
|
1928
|
+
texsp texscaledpoint # this for all computations.
|
|
1929
|
+
computerpoint 1|72 inch # The American point was rounded
|
|
1930
|
+
computerpica 12 computerpoint # to an even 1|72 inch by computer
|
|
1931
|
+
postscriptpoint computerpoint # people at some point.
|
|
1932
|
+
pspoint postscriptpoint
|
|
1933
|
+
Q 1|4 mm # Used in Japanese phototypesetting
|
|
1934
|
+
# Q is for quarter
|
|
1935
|
+
didotpoint germandidotpoint # This seems to be the dominant value
|
|
1936
|
+
europeanpoint didotpoint # for the point used in Europe
|
|
1937
|
+
cicero 12 didotpoint
|
|
1938
|
+
|
|
1939
|
+
stick 2 inches
|
|
1940
|
+
|
|
1941
|
+
# Type sizes
|
|
1942
|
+
|
|
1943
|
+
excelsior 3 point
|
|
1944
|
+
brilliant 3.5 point
|
|
1945
|
+
diamond 4 point
|
|
1946
|
+
pearl 5 point
|
|
1947
|
+
agate 5.5 point
|
|
1948
|
+
ruby agate # British
|
|
1949
|
+
nonpareil 6 point
|
|
1950
|
+
mignonette 6.5 point
|
|
1951
|
+
emerald mignonette # British
|
|
1952
|
+
minion 7 point
|
|
1953
|
+
brevier 8 point
|
|
1954
|
+
bourgeois 9 point
|
|
1955
|
+
longprimer 10 point
|
|
1956
|
+
smallpica 11 point
|
|
1957
|
+
pica 12 point
|
|
1958
|
+
english 14 point
|
|
1959
|
+
columbian 16 point
|
|
1960
|
+
greatprimer 18 point
|
|
1961
|
+
paragon 20 point
|
|
1962
|
+
meridian 44 point
|
|
1963
|
+
canon 48 point
|
|
1964
|
+
|
|
1965
|
+
# German type sizes
|
|
1966
|
+
|
|
1967
|
+
nonplusultra 2 didotpoint
|
|
1968
|
+
brillant 3 didotpoint
|
|
1969
|
+
diamant 4 didotpoint
|
|
1970
|
+
perl 5 didotpoint
|
|
1971
|
+
nonpareille 6 didotpoint
|
|
1972
|
+
kolonel 7 didotpoint
|
|
1973
|
+
petit 8 didotpoint
|
|
1974
|
+
borgis 9 didotpoint
|
|
1975
|
+
korpus 10 didotpoint
|
|
1976
|
+
corpus korpus
|
|
1977
|
+
garamond korpus
|
|
1978
|
+
mittel 14 didotpoint
|
|
1979
|
+
tertia 16 didotpoint
|
|
1980
|
+
text 18 didotpoint
|
|
1981
|
+
kleine_kanon 32 didotpoint
|
|
1982
|
+
kanon 36 didotpoint
|
|
1983
|
+
grobe_kanon 42 didotpoint
|
|
1984
|
+
missal 48 didotpoint
|
|
1985
|
+
kleine_sabon 72 didotpoint
|
|
1986
|
+
grobe_sabon 84 didotpoint
|
|
1987
|
+
|
|
1988
|
+
#
|
|
1989
|
+
# Information theory units
|
|
1990
|
+
#
|
|
1991
|
+
|
|
1992
|
+
nat 0.69314718056 bits # Entropy measured base e
|
|
1993
|
+
hartley 3.32192809488 bits # log2(10) bits, or the entropy
|
|
1994
|
+
# of a uniformly distributed
|
|
1995
|
+
# random variable over 10
|
|
1996
|
+
# symbols.
|
|
1997
|
+
#
|
|
1998
|
+
# Computer
|
|
1999
|
+
#
|
|
2000
|
+
|
|
2001
|
+
bps bit/sec # Sometimes the term "baud" is
|
|
2002
|
+
# incorrectly used to refer to
|
|
2003
|
+
# bits per second. Baud refers
|
|
2004
|
+
# to symbols per second. Modern
|
|
2005
|
+
# modems transmit several bits
|
|
2006
|
+
# per symbol.
|
|
2007
|
+
byte 8 bit # Not all machines had 8 bit
|
|
2008
|
+
# bytes, but these days most of
|
|
2009
|
+
# them do. But beware: for
|
|
2010
|
+
# transmission over modems, a
|
|
2011
|
+
# few extra bits are used so
|
|
2012
|
+
# there are actually 10 bits per
|
|
2013
|
+
# byte.
|
|
2014
|
+
nybble 4 bits # Half of a byte. Sometimes
|
|
2015
|
+
# equal to different lengths
|
|
2016
|
+
# such as 3 bits.
|
|
2017
|
+
nibble nybble
|
|
2018
|
+
kbyte 1024 byte # These definitions violate
|
|
2019
|
+
megabyte 1024 kbyte # the rules on use of the SI
|
|
2020
|
+
gigabyte 1024 megabyte # prefixes. Maybe they should
|
|
2021
|
+
meg megabyte # not be defined this way?
|
|
2022
|
+
gig gigabyte
|
|
2023
|
+
terabyte 1024 gigabyte
|
|
2024
|
+
petabyte 1024 terabyte
|
|
2025
|
+
|
|
2026
|
+
jiffy 0.01 sec # This is defined in the Jargon File
|
|
2027
|
+
jiffies jiffy # (http://www.jargon.org) as being the
|
|
2028
|
+
# duration of a clock tick for measuring
|
|
2029
|
+
# wall-clock time. Supposedly the value
|
|
2030
|
+
# used to be 1|60 sec or 1|50 sec
|
|
2031
|
+
# depending on the frequency of AC power,
|
|
2032
|
+
# but then 1|100 sec became more common.
|
|
2033
|
+
# On linux systems, this term is used and
|
|
2034
|
+
# for the Intel based chips, it does have
|
|
2035
|
+
# the value of .01 sec. The Jargon File
|
|
2036
|
+
# also lists two other definitions:
|
|
2037
|
+
# millisecond, and the time taken for
|
|
2038
|
+
# light to travel one foot.
|
|
2039
|
+
#
|
|
2040
|
+
# yarn and cloth measures
|
|
2041
|
+
#
|
|
2042
|
+
|
|
2043
|
+
# yarn linear density
|
|
2044
|
+
|
|
2045
|
+
woolyarnrun 1600 yard/pound # 1600 yds of "number 1 yarn" weighs
|
|
2046
|
+
# a pound.
|
|
2047
|
+
yarncut 300 yard/pound # Less common system used in
|
|
2048
|
+
# Pennsylvania for wool yarn
|
|
2049
|
+
cottonyarncount 840 yard/pound
|
|
2050
|
+
linenyarncount 300 yard/pound # Also used for hemp and ramie
|
|
2051
|
+
worstedyarncount 1680 ft/pound
|
|
2052
|
+
metricyarncount meter/gram
|
|
2053
|
+
manchesteryarnnumber drams/1000 yards # old system used for silk
|
|
2054
|
+
pli lb/in
|
|
2055
|
+
typp 1000 yd/lb
|
|
2056
|
+
asbestoscut 100 yd/lb # used for glass and asbestos yarn
|
|
2057
|
+
|
|
2058
|
+
tex gram / km # rational metric yarn measure, meant
|
|
2059
|
+
drex 0.1 tex # to be used for any kind of yarn
|
|
2060
|
+
|
|
2061
|
+
|
|
2062
|
+
# yarn and cloth length
|
|
2063
|
+
|
|
2064
|
+
skeincotton 80*54 inch # 80 turns of thread on a reel with a
|
|
2065
|
+
# 54 in circumference (varies for other
|
|
2066
|
+
# kinds of thread)
|
|
2067
|
+
cottonbolt 120 ft # cloth measurement
|
|
2068
|
+
woolbolt 210 ft
|
|
2069
|
+
bolt cottonbolt
|
|
2070
|
+
heer 600 yards
|
|
2071
|
+
cut 300 yards # used for wet-spun linen yarn
|
|
2072
|
+
lea 300 yards
|
|
2073
|
+
|
|
2074
|
+
#
|
|
2075
|
+
# drug dosage
|
|
2076
|
+
#
|
|
2077
|
+
|
|
2078
|
+
mcg microgram # Frequently used for vitamins
|
|
2079
|
+
iudiptheria 62.8 microgram # IU is for international unit
|
|
2080
|
+
iupenicillin 0.6 microgram
|
|
2081
|
+
iuinsulin 41.67 microgram
|
|
2082
|
+
drop 1|20 ml # The drop was an old "unit" that was
|
|
2083
|
+
# replaced by the minim. But I was
|
|
2084
|
+
# told by a pharmacist that in his
|
|
2085
|
+
# profession, the conversion of 20
|
|
2086
|
+
# drops per ml is actually used.
|
|
2087
|
+
#
|
|
2088
|
+
# fixup units for times when prefix handling doesn't do the job
|
|
2089
|
+
#
|
|
2090
|
+
|
|
2091
|
+
hectare hectoare
|
|
2092
|
+
megohm megaohm
|
|
2093
|
+
kilohm kiloohm
|
|
2094
|
+
microhm microohm
|
|
2095
|
+
|
|
2096
|
+
#
|
|
2097
|
+
# Exchange rates from the New York Times, 27 July 1999
|
|
2098
|
+
#
|
|
2099
|
+
# Some European currencies have permanent fixed exchange rates with
|
|
2100
|
+
# the Euro. These rates were taken from the EC's web site:
|
|
2101
|
+
# http://europa.eu.int/eurobirth/rates.html
|
|
2102
|
+
#
|
|
2103
|
+
|
|
2104
|
+
cent 0.01 $
|
|
2105
|
+
argentinapeso 1.0010 $ # Financial rate
|
|
2106
|
+
australiadollar 0.6483 $
|
|
2107
|
+
brazilreal 0.5488 $
|
|
2108
|
+
britainpound 1.5906 $
|
|
2109
|
+
canadadollar 0.6625 $
|
|
2110
|
+
chilepeso 0.001932 $ # Official rate
|
|
2111
|
+
chinayuan 0.1208 $
|
|
2112
|
+
colombiapeso 0.000545 $
|
|
2113
|
+
czechkoruna 0.0287 $
|
|
2114
|
+
denmarkkrone 0.1439 $
|
|
2115
|
+
euro 1.061 $ # 27 July 1999 rate from Yahoo
|
|
2116
|
+
ecuadorsucre 0.000086 $
|
|
2117
|
+
egyptpound 0.2930 $
|
|
2118
|
+
finlandmarkka 1|5.94573 euro
|
|
2119
|
+
francefranc 1|6.55957 euro
|
|
2120
|
+
germanymark 1|1.95583 euro
|
|
2121
|
+
greatbritainpound britainpound
|
|
2122
|
+
greecedrachma 0.003282 $
|
|
2123
|
+
hongkongdollar 0.1288 $
|
|
2124
|
+
hungaryforint 0.0042 $
|
|
2125
|
+
indiarupee 0.0231 $ # official rate
|
|
2126
|
+
indonesiarupiah 0.000143 $
|
|
2127
|
+
irelandpunt 1|0.787564 euro
|
|
2128
|
+
israelshekel 0.2439 $
|
|
2129
|
+
italylira 1|1936.27 euro
|
|
2130
|
+
japanyen 0.008576 $
|
|
2131
|
+
jordandinar 1.4104 $
|
|
2132
|
+
lebanonpound 0.000663 $
|
|
2133
|
+
malaysiaringgit 0.2632 $
|
|
2134
|
+
mexicopeso 0.106373 $
|
|
2135
|
+
netherlandsguilder 1|2.20371 euro
|
|
2136
|
+
newzealanddollar 0.5275 $
|
|
2137
|
+
norwaykrone 0.1283 $
|
|
2138
|
+
pakistanrupee 0.0195 $
|
|
2139
|
+
perunewsol 0.3008 $
|
|
2140
|
+
philippinespeso 0.0261 $
|
|
2141
|
+
polandzloty 0.2604 $
|
|
2142
|
+
portugalescudo 1|200.482 euro
|
|
2143
|
+
russiaruble 0.0413 $ # Moscow Interbank Currency Exchange
|
|
2144
|
+
saudiarabiariyal 0.2666 $
|
|
2145
|
+
singaporedollar 0.5936 $
|
|
2146
|
+
slovakiakoruna 0.0235 $
|
|
2147
|
+
southafricarand 0.1630 $
|
|
2148
|
+
southkoreawon 0.000828 $
|
|
2149
|
+
spainpeseta 1|166.386 euro
|
|
2150
|
+
swedenkrona 0.1210 $
|
|
2151
|
+
switzerlandfranc 0.6644 $
|
|
2152
|
+
taiwandollar 0.0310 $
|
|
2153
|
+
thailandbaht 0.02675 $
|
|
2154
|
+
turkeylira 0.000002 $
|
|
2155
|
+
unitedarabdirham 0.2723 $
|
|
2156
|
+
unitedkingdompound britainpound
|
|
2157
|
+
unitedstatesdollar $
|
|
2158
|
+
uruguaynewpeso 0.0870 $
|
|
2159
|
+
venezuelabolivar 0.0016 $
|
|
2160
|
+
|
|
2161
|
+
mark germanymark
|
|
2162
|
+
bolivar venezuelabolivar
|
|
2163
|
+
peseta spainpeseta
|
|
2164
|
+
rand southafricarand
|
|
2165
|
+
escudo portugalescudo
|
|
2166
|
+
sol perunewsol
|
|
2167
|
+
guilder netherlandsguilder
|
|
2168
|
+
hollandguilder netherlandsguilder
|
|
2169
|
+
peso mexicopeso
|
|
2170
|
+
yen japanyen
|
|
2171
|
+
lira italylira
|
|
2172
|
+
rupee indiarupee
|
|
2173
|
+
drachma greecedrachma
|
|
2174
|
+
franc francefranc
|
|
2175
|
+
markka finlandmarkka
|
|
2176
|
+
sucre ecuadorsucre
|
|
2177
|
+
poundsterling britainpound
|
|
2178
|
+
|
|
2179
|
+
# ISO currency codes
|
|
2180
|
+
|
|
2181
|
+
AED unitedarabdirham
|
|
2182
|
+
AUD australiadollar
|
|
2183
|
+
BRR brazilreal
|
|
2184
|
+
CAD canadadollar
|
|
2185
|
+
CHF switzerlandfranc
|
|
2186
|
+
CLP chilepeso
|
|
2187
|
+
COP colombiapeso
|
|
2188
|
+
CZK czechkoruna
|
|
2189
|
+
DEM germanymark
|
|
2190
|
+
DKK denmarkkrone
|
|
2191
|
+
ECS ecuadorsucre
|
|
2192
|
+
EGP egyptpound
|
|
2193
|
+
ESP spainpeseta
|
|
2194
|
+
EUR euro
|
|
2195
|
+
FIM finlandmarkka
|
|
2196
|
+
FRF francefranc
|
|
2197
|
+
GBP britainpound
|
|
2198
|
+
GRD greecedrachma
|
|
2199
|
+
HKD hongkongdollar
|
|
2200
|
+
HUF hungaryforint
|
|
2201
|
+
IDR indonesiarupiah
|
|
2202
|
+
IEP irelandpunt
|
|
2203
|
+
ILS israelshekel
|
|
2204
|
+
IND indiarupee
|
|
2205
|
+
ITL italylira
|
|
2206
|
+
JOD jordandinar
|
|
2207
|
+
JPY japanyen
|
|
2208
|
+
KRW southkoreawon
|
|
2209
|
+
LBP lebanonpound
|
|
2210
|
+
MYR malaysiaringgit
|
|
2211
|
+
MXP mexicopeso
|
|
2212
|
+
NLG netherlandsguilder
|
|
2213
|
+
NOK norwaykrone
|
|
2214
|
+
NZD newzealanddollar
|
|
2215
|
+
PEN perunewsol
|
|
2216
|
+
PHP philippinespeso
|
|
2217
|
+
PLZ polandzloty
|
|
2218
|
+
PTE portugalescudo
|
|
2219
|
+
RUR russiaruble
|
|
2220
|
+
SAR saudiarabiariyal
|
|
2221
|
+
SEK swedenkrona
|
|
2222
|
+
SGD singaporedollar
|
|
2223
|
+
SKK slovakiakoruna
|
|
2224
|
+
THB thailandbaht
|
|
2225
|
+
TRL turkeylira
|
|
2226
|
+
TWD taiwandollar
|
|
2227
|
+
USD $
|
|
2228
|
+
VEB venezuelabolivar
|
|
2229
|
+
XEU euro
|
|
2230
|
+
ZAR southafricarand
|
|
2231
|
+
|
|
2232
|
+
UKP GBP # Not an ISO code, but looks like one, and
|
|
2233
|
+
# sometimes used on usenet.
|
|
2234
|
+
|
|
2235
|
+
# Precious metals (27 Nov 1996 NY Times)
|
|
2236
|
+
|
|
2237
|
+
goldprice 379 $ / troyounce
|
|
2238
|
+
silverprice 4.70 $ / troyounce
|
|
2239
|
+
|
|
2240
|
+
# Money on the gold standard, used in the late 19th century and early
|
|
2241
|
+
# 20th century.
|
|
2242
|
+
|
|
2243
|
+
olddollargold 23.22 grains goldprice # Used until 1934
|
|
2244
|
+
newdollargold 96|7 grains goldprice # After Jan 31, 1934
|
|
2245
|
+
dollargold newdollargold
|
|
2246
|
+
poundgold 113 grains goldprice
|
|
2247
|
+
|
|
2248
|
+
# British currency
|
|
2249
|
+
|
|
2250
|
+
shilling 1|20 britainpound # Before decimalisation, there
|
|
2251
|
+
oldpence 1|12 shilling # were 20 shillings to a pound,
|
|
2252
|
+
# each of twelve old pence
|
|
2253
|
+
quid britainpound # Slang names
|
|
2254
|
+
fiver 5 quid
|
|
2255
|
+
tenner 10 quid
|
|
2256
|
+
|
|
2257
|
+
#
|
|
2258
|
+
# Units used for measuring volume of wood
|
|
2259
|
+
#
|
|
2260
|
+
|
|
2261
|
+
cord 4*4*8 ft^3 # 4 ft by 4 ft by 8 ft bundle of wood
|
|
2262
|
+
facecord 1|2 cord
|
|
2263
|
+
cordfoot 1|8 cord # One foot long section of a cord
|
|
2264
|
+
cordfeet cordfoot
|
|
2265
|
+
housecord 1|3 cord # Used to sell firewood for residences,
|
|
2266
|
+
# often confusingly called a "cord"
|
|
2267
|
+
boardfoot ft^2 inch # Usually 1 inch thick wood
|
|
2268
|
+
boardfeet boardfoot
|
|
2269
|
+
fbm boardfoot # feet board measure
|
|
2270
|
+
stere m^3
|
|
2271
|
+
timberfoot ft^3 # Used for measuring solid blocks of wood
|
|
2272
|
+
#standard 120 12 ft 11 in 1.5 in # This is the St Petersburg or
|
|
2273
|
+
# Pittsburg standard. Apparently the
|
|
2274
|
+
# term is short for "standard hundred"
|
|
2275
|
+
# which was meant to refer to 100 pieces
|
|
2276
|
+
# of wood (deals). However, this
|
|
2277
|
+
# particular standard is equal to 120
|
|
2278
|
+
# deals which are 12 ft by 11 in by 1.5
|
|
2279
|
+
# inches (not the standard deal).
|
|
2280
|
+
|
|
2281
|
+
# In Britain, the deal is apparently any piece of wood over 6 feet long, over
|
|
2282
|
+
# 7 wide and 2.5 inches thick. The OED doesn't give a standard size. A piece
|
|
2283
|
+
# of wood less than 7 inches wide is called a "batten". This unit is now used
|
|
2284
|
+
# exclusively for fir and pine.
|
|
2285
|
+
|
|
2286
|
+
#deal 12 ft 11 in 2.5 in # The standard North American deal [OED]
|
|
2287
|
+
#wholedeal 12 ft 11 in 1.25 in # If it's half as thick as the standard
|
|
2288
|
+
# deal it's called a "whole deal"!
|
|
2289
|
+
#splitdeal 12 ft 11 in 5|8 in # And half again as thick is a split deal.
|
|
2290
|
+
|
|
2291
|
+
|
|
2292
|
+
#
|
|
2293
|
+
# Gas and Liquid flow units
|
|
2294
|
+
#
|
|
2295
|
+
|
|
2296
|
+
# Some obvious volumetric gas flow units (cu is short for cubic)
|
|
2297
|
+
|
|
2298
|
+
cumec m^3/s
|
|
2299
|
+
cusec ft^3/s
|
|
2300
|
+
|
|
2301
|
+
# Conventional abbreviations for fluid flow units
|
|
2302
|
+
|
|
2303
|
+
gph gal/hr
|
|
2304
|
+
gpm gal/min
|
|
2305
|
+
mgd megagal/day
|
|
2306
|
+
cfs ft^3/s
|
|
2307
|
+
cfh ft^3/hour
|
|
2308
|
+
cfm ft^3/min
|
|
2309
|
+
lpm liter/min
|
|
2310
|
+
|
|
2311
|
+
# Miner's inch: This is an old historic unit used in the Western United
|
|
2312
|
+
# States. It is generally defined as the rate of flow through a one square
|
|
2313
|
+
# inch hole at a specified depth such as 4 inches. In the late 19th century,
|
|
2314
|
+
# volume of water was sometimes measured in the "24 hour inch". Values for the
|
|
2315
|
+
# miner's inch were fixed by state statues. (This information is from a web
|
|
2316
|
+
# site operated by the Nevada Division of Water Planning: The Water Words
|
|
2317
|
+
# Dictionary at http://www.state.nv.us/cnr/ndwp/dict-1/waterwds.htm.)
|
|
2318
|
+
|
|
2319
|
+
minersinchAZ 1.5 ft^3/min
|
|
2320
|
+
minersinchCA 1.5 ft^3/min
|
|
2321
|
+
minersinchMT 1.5 ft^3/min
|
|
2322
|
+
minersinchNV 1.5 ft^3/min
|
|
2323
|
+
minersinchOR 1.5 ft^3/min
|
|
2324
|
+
minersinchID 1.2 ft^3/min
|
|
2325
|
+
minersinchKS 1.2 ft^3/min
|
|
2326
|
+
minersinchNE 1.2 ft^3/min
|
|
2327
|
+
minersinchNM 1.2 ft^3/min
|
|
2328
|
+
minersinchND 1.2 ft^3/min
|
|
2329
|
+
minersinchSD 1.2 ft^3/min
|
|
2330
|
+
minersinchUT 1.2 ft^3/min
|
|
2331
|
+
minersinchCO 1.56 ft^3/min
|
|
2332
|
+
minersinchBC 1.68 ft^3/min # British Columbia
|
|
2333
|
+
|
|
2334
|
+
# In vacuum science and some other applications, gas flow is measured
|
|
2335
|
+
# as the product of volumetric flow and pressure. This is useful
|
|
2336
|
+
# because it makes it easy to compare with the flow at standard
|
|
2337
|
+
# pressure (one atmosphere). It also directly relates to the number
|
|
2338
|
+
# of gas molecules per unit time, and hence to the mass flow if the
|
|
2339
|
+
# molecular mass is known.
|
|
2340
|
+
|
|
2341
|
+
sccm atm cc/min # 's' is for "standard" to indicate
|
|
2342
|
+
sccs atm cc/sec # flow at standard pressure
|
|
2343
|
+
scfh atm ft^3/hour #
|
|
2344
|
+
scfm atm ft^3/min
|
|
2345
|
+
slpm atm liter/min
|
|
2346
|
+
slph atm liter/hour
|
|
2347
|
+
lusec liter micron Hg / s # Used in vacuum science
|
|
2348
|
+
|
|
2349
|
+
# Wire gauge: this area is a nightmare with huge charts of wire gauge diameters
|
|
2350
|
+
# that usually have no clear origin. There are at least 5 competing wire gauge
|
|
2351
|
+
# systems to add to the confusion.
|
|
2352
|
+
|
|
2353
|
+
|
|
2354
|
+
# The use of wire gauge is related to the manufacturing method: a metal rod is
|
|
2355
|
+
# heated and drawn through a hole. The size change can't be too big. To get
|
|
2356
|
+
# smaller wires, the process is repeated with a series of smaller holes.
|
|
2357
|
+
|
|
2358
|
+
# American Wire Gauge (AWG) or Brown & Sharpe Gauge appears to be the most
|
|
2359
|
+
# important gauge. ASTM B-258 specifies that this gauge is based on geometric
|
|
2360
|
+
# interpolation between gauge 0000, which is 0.46 inches exactly, and gauge 36
|
|
2361
|
+
# which is 0.005 inches exactly. Therefore, the diameter in inches of a wire
|
|
2362
|
+
# is given by the formula 1|200 92^((36-g)/39). Note that 92^(1/39) is close
|
|
2363
|
+
# to 2^(1/6), so diameter is approximately halved for every 6 gauges. For the
|
|
2364
|
+
# repeated zero values, use negative numbers in the formula. The same document
|
|
2365
|
+
# also specifies rounding rules which seem to be ignored by makers of tables.
|
|
2366
|
+
# Gauges up to 44 are to be specified with up to 4 significant figures, but no
|
|
2367
|
+
# closer than 0.0001 inch. Gauges from 44 to 56 are to be rounded to the
|
|
2368
|
+
# nearest 0.00001 inch. The table below gives 4 significant figures for all
|
|
2369
|
+
# gauges.
|
|
2370
|
+
#
|
|
2371
|
+
# In addition to being used to measure wire thickness, this gauge is used to
|
|
2372
|
+
# measure the thickness of sheets of aluminum, copper, and most metals other
|
|
2373
|
+
# than steel, iron and zinc.
|
|
2374
|
+
|
|
2375
|
+
wire0000gauge 0.4600 in
|
|
2376
|
+
wire000gauge 0.4096 in
|
|
2377
|
+
wire00gauge 0.3648 in
|
|
2378
|
+
wire0gauge 0.3249 in
|
|
2379
|
+
wire1gauge 0.2893 in
|
|
2380
|
+
wire2gauge 0.2576 in
|
|
2381
|
+
wire3gauge 0.2294 in
|
|
2382
|
+
wire4gauge 0.2043 in
|
|
2383
|
+
wire5gauge 0.1819 in
|
|
2384
|
+
wire6gauge 0.1620 in
|
|
2385
|
+
wire7gauge 0.1443 in
|
|
2386
|
+
wire8gauge 0.1285 in
|
|
2387
|
+
wire9gauge 0.1144 in
|
|
2388
|
+
wire10gauge 0.1019 in
|
|
2389
|
+
wire11gauge 0.09074 in
|
|
2390
|
+
wire12gauge 0.08081 in
|
|
2391
|
+
wire13gauge 0.07196 in
|
|
2392
|
+
wire14gauge 0.06408 in
|
|
2393
|
+
wire15gauge 0.05707 in
|
|
2394
|
+
wire16gauge 0.05082 in
|
|
2395
|
+
wire17gauge 0.04526 in
|
|
2396
|
+
wire18gauge 0.04030 in
|
|
2397
|
+
wire19gauge 0.03589 in
|
|
2398
|
+
wire20gauge 0.03196 in
|
|
2399
|
+
wire21gauge 0.02846 in
|
|
2400
|
+
wire22gauge 0.02535 in
|
|
2401
|
+
wire23gauge 0.02257 in
|
|
2402
|
+
wire24gauge 0.02010 in
|
|
2403
|
+
wire25gauge 0.01790 in
|
|
2404
|
+
wire26gauge 0.01594 in
|
|
2405
|
+
wire27gauge 0.01420 in
|
|
2406
|
+
wire28gauge 0.01264 in
|
|
2407
|
+
wire29gauge 0.01126 in
|
|
2408
|
+
wire30gauge 0.01003 in
|
|
2409
|
+
wire31gauge 0.008928 in
|
|
2410
|
+
wire32gauge 0.007950 in
|
|
2411
|
+
wire33gauge 0.007080 in
|
|
2412
|
+
wire34gauge 0.006305 in
|
|
2413
|
+
wire35gauge 0.005615 in
|
|
2414
|
+
wire36gauge 0.005000 in
|
|
2415
|
+
wire37gauge 0.004453 in
|
|
2416
|
+
wire38gauge 0.003965 in
|
|
2417
|
+
wire39gauge 0.003531 in
|
|
2418
|
+
wire40gauge 0.003145 in
|
|
2419
|
+
wire41gauge 0.002800 in
|
|
2420
|
+
wire42gauge 0.002494 in
|
|
2421
|
+
wire43gauge 0.002221 in
|
|
2422
|
+
wire44gauge 0.001978 in
|
|
2423
|
+
wire45gauge 0.001761 in
|
|
2424
|
+
wire46gauge 0.001568 in
|
|
2425
|
+
wire47gauge 0.001397 in
|
|
2426
|
+
wire48gauge 0.001244 in
|
|
2427
|
+
wire49gauge 0.001108 in
|
|
2428
|
+
wire50gauge 0.0009863 in
|
|
2429
|
+
wire51gauge 0.0008783 in
|
|
2430
|
+
wire52gauge 0.0007822 in
|
|
2431
|
+
wire53gauge 0.0006966 in
|
|
2432
|
+
wire54gauge 0.0006203 in
|
|
2433
|
+
wire55gauge 0.0005524 in
|
|
2434
|
+
wire56gauge 0.0004919 in
|
|
2435
|
+
|
|
2436
|
+
# Next we have the SWG, the Imperial or British Standard Wire Gauge. This one
|
|
2437
|
+
# is piecewise linear, so it is not generated by a simple formula. It was used
|
|
2438
|
+
# for aluminum sheets.
|
|
2439
|
+
|
|
2440
|
+
brwire0000000gauge 0.500 in
|
|
2441
|
+
brwire000000gauge 0.464 in
|
|
2442
|
+
brwire00000gauge 0.432 in
|
|
2443
|
+
brwire0000gauge 0.400 in
|
|
2444
|
+
brwire000gauge 0.372 in
|
|
2445
|
+
brwire00gauge 0.348 in
|
|
2446
|
+
brwire0gauge 0.324 in
|
|
2447
|
+
brwire1gauge 0.300 in
|
|
2448
|
+
brwire2gauge 0.276 in
|
|
2449
|
+
brwire3gauge 0.252 in
|
|
2450
|
+
brwire4gauge 0.232 in
|
|
2451
|
+
brwire5gauge 0.212 in
|
|
2452
|
+
brwire6gauge 0.192 in
|
|
2453
|
+
brwire7gauge 0.176 in
|
|
2454
|
+
brwire8gauge 0.160 in
|
|
2455
|
+
brwire9gauge 0.144 in
|
|
2456
|
+
brwire10gauge 0.128 in
|
|
2457
|
+
brwire11gauge 0.116 in
|
|
2458
|
+
brwire12gauge 0.104 in
|
|
2459
|
+
brwire13gauge 0.092 in
|
|
2460
|
+
brwire14gauge 0.080 in
|
|
2461
|
+
brwire15gauge 0.072 in
|
|
2462
|
+
brwire16gauge 0.064 in
|
|
2463
|
+
brwire17gauge 0.056 in
|
|
2464
|
+
brwire18gauge 0.048 in
|
|
2465
|
+
brwire19gauge 0.040 in
|
|
2466
|
+
brwire20gauge 0.036 in
|
|
2467
|
+
brwire21gauge 0.032 in
|
|
2468
|
+
brwire22gauge 0.028 in
|
|
2469
|
+
brwire23gauge 0.024 in
|
|
2470
|
+
brwire24gauge 0.022 in
|
|
2471
|
+
brwire25gauge 0.0200 in
|
|
2472
|
+
brwire26gauge 0.0180 in
|
|
2473
|
+
brwire27gauge 0.0164 in
|
|
2474
|
+
brwire28gauge 0.0149 in
|
|
2475
|
+
brwire29gauge 0.0136 in
|
|
2476
|
+
brwire30gauge 0.0124 in
|
|
2477
|
+
brwire31gauge 0.0116 in
|
|
2478
|
+
brwire32gauge 0.0108 in
|
|
2479
|
+
brwire33gauge 0.0100 in
|
|
2480
|
+
brwire34gauge 0.0092 in
|
|
2481
|
+
brwire35gauge 0.0084 in
|
|
2482
|
+
brwire36gauge 0.0076 in
|
|
2483
|
+
brwire37gauge 0.0068 in
|
|
2484
|
+
brwire38gauge 0.0060 in
|
|
2485
|
+
brwire39gauge 0.0052 in
|
|
2486
|
+
brwire40gauge 0.0048 in
|
|
2487
|
+
brwire41gauge 0.0044 in
|
|
2488
|
+
brwire42gauge 0.0040 in
|
|
2489
|
+
brwire43gauge 0.0036 in
|
|
2490
|
+
brwire44gauge 0.0032 in
|
|
2491
|
+
brwire45gauge 0.0028 in
|
|
2492
|
+
brwire46gauge 0.0024 in
|
|
2493
|
+
brwire47gauge 0.0020 in
|
|
2494
|
+
brwire48gauge 0.0016 in
|
|
2495
|
+
brwire49gauge 0.0012 in
|
|
2496
|
+
brwire50gauge 0.0010 in
|
|
2497
|
+
|
|
2498
|
+
# The following is from the Appendix to ASTM B 258
|
|
2499
|
+
#
|
|
2500
|
+
# For example, in U.S. gage, the standard for sheet metal is based on the
|
|
2501
|
+
# weight of the metal, not on the thickness. 16-gage is listed as approximately
|
|
2502
|
+
# .0625 inch thick and 40 ounces per square foot (the original standard was
|
|
2503
|
+
# based on wrought iron at .2778 pounds per cubic inch; steel has almost
|
|
2504
|
+
# entirely superseded wrought iron for sheet use, at .2833 pounds per cubic
|
|
2505
|
+
# inch). Smaller numbers refer to greater thickness. There is no formula for
|
|
2506
|
+
# converting gage to thickness or weight.
|
|
2507
|
+
#
|
|
2508
|
+
# It's rather unclear from the passage above whether the plate gauge values are
|
|
2509
|
+
# therefore wrong if steel is being used. Reference [15] states that steel is
|
|
2510
|
+
# in fact measured using this gauge (under the name Manufacturers' Standard
|
|
2511
|
+
# Gauge) with a density of 501.84 lb/ft3 = 0.2904 lb/in3 used for steel.
|
|
2512
|
+
# But this doesn't seem to be the correct density of steel (.2833 lb/in3 is
|
|
2513
|
+
# closer), and nobody else lists these values.
|
|
2514
|
+
#
|
|
2515
|
+
# This gauge was established in 1893 for purposes of taxation.
|
|
2516
|
+
|
|
2517
|
+
plate000000gauge 15|32 in # 300 oz / ft^2
|
|
2518
|
+
plate00000gauge 14|32 in # 280 oz / ft^2
|
|
2519
|
+
plate0000gauge 13|32 in # 260 oz / ft^2
|
|
2520
|
+
plate000gauge 12|32 in # 240 oz / ft^2
|
|
2521
|
+
plate00gauge 11|32 in # 220 oz / ft^2
|
|
2522
|
+
plate0gauge 10|32 in # 200 oz / ft^2
|
|
2523
|
+
plate1gauge 9|32 in # 180 oz / ft^2
|
|
2524
|
+
plate2gauge 17|64 in # 170 oz / ft^2
|
|
2525
|
+
plate3gauge 16|64 in # 160 oz / ft^2
|
|
2526
|
+
plate4gauge 15|64 in # 150 oz / ft^2
|
|
2527
|
+
plate5gauge 14|64 in # 140 oz / ft^2
|
|
2528
|
+
plate6gauge 13|64 in # 130 oz / ft^2
|
|
2529
|
+
plate7gauge 12|64 in # 120 oz / ft^2
|
|
2530
|
+
plate8gauge 11|64 in # 110 oz / ft^2
|
|
2531
|
+
plate9gauge 10|64 in # 100 oz / ft^2
|
|
2532
|
+
plate10gauge 9|64 in # 90 oz / ft^2
|
|
2533
|
+
plate11gauge 8|64 in # 80 oz / ft^2
|
|
2534
|
+
plate12gauge 7|64 in # 70 oz / ft^2
|
|
2535
|
+
plate13gauge 6|64 in # 60 oz / ft^2
|
|
2536
|
+
plate14gauge 5|64 in # 50 oz / ft^2
|
|
2537
|
+
plate15gauge 9|128 in # 45 oz / ft^2
|
|
2538
|
+
plate16gauge 8|128 in # 40 oz / ft^2
|
|
2539
|
+
plate17gauge 9|160 in # 36 oz / ft^2
|
|
2540
|
+
plate18gauge 8|160 in # 32 oz / ft^2
|
|
2541
|
+
plate19gauge 7|160 in # 28 oz / ft^2
|
|
2542
|
+
plate20gauge 6|160 in # 24 oz / ft^2
|
|
2543
|
+
plate21gauge 11|320 in # 22 oz / ft^2
|
|
2544
|
+
plate22gauge 10|320 in # 20 oz / ft^2
|
|
2545
|
+
plate23gauge 9|320 in # 18 oz / ft^2
|
|
2546
|
+
plate24gauge 8|320 in # 16 oz / ft^2
|
|
2547
|
+
plate25gauge 7|320 in # 14 oz / ft^2
|
|
2548
|
+
plate26gauge 6|320 in # 12 oz / ft^2
|
|
2549
|
+
plate27gauge 11|640 in # 11 oz / ft^2
|
|
2550
|
+
plate28gauge 10|640 in # 10 oz / ft^2
|
|
2551
|
+
plate29gauge 9|640 in # 9 oz / ft^2
|
|
2552
|
+
plate30gauge 8|640 in # 8 oz / ft^2
|
|
2553
|
+
plate31gauge 7|640 in # 7 oz / ft^2
|
|
2554
|
+
plate32gauge 13|1280 in # 6.5 oz / ft^2
|
|
2555
|
+
plate33gauge 12|1280 in # 6 oz / ft^2
|
|
2556
|
+
plate34gauge 11|1280 in # 5.5 oz / ft^2
|
|
2557
|
+
plate35gauge 10|1280 in # 5 oz / ft^2
|
|
2558
|
+
plate36gauge 9|1280 in # 4.5 oz / ft^2
|
|
2559
|
+
plate37gauge 17|2560 in # 4.25 oz / ft^2
|
|
2560
|
+
plate38gauge 16|2560 in # 4 oz / ft^2
|
|
2561
|
+
|
|
2562
|
+
# Zinc sheet metal gauge
|
|
2563
|
+
|
|
2564
|
+
zinc1gauge 0.002 in
|
|
2565
|
+
zinc2gauge 0.004 in
|
|
2566
|
+
zinc3gauge 0.006 in
|
|
2567
|
+
zinc4gauge 0.008 in
|
|
2568
|
+
zinc5gauge 0.010 in
|
|
2569
|
+
zinc6gauge 0.012 in
|
|
2570
|
+
zinc7gauge 0.014 in
|
|
2571
|
+
zinc8gauge 0.016 in
|
|
2572
|
+
zinc9gauge 0.018 in
|
|
2573
|
+
zinc10gauge 0.020 in
|
|
2574
|
+
zinc11gauge 0.024 in
|
|
2575
|
+
zinc12gauge 0.028 in
|
|
2576
|
+
zinc13gauge 0.032 in
|
|
2577
|
+
zinc14gauge 0.036 in
|
|
2578
|
+
zinc15gauge 0.040 in
|
|
2579
|
+
zinc16gauge 0.045 in
|
|
2580
|
+
zinc17gauge 0.050 in
|
|
2581
|
+
zinc18gauge 0.055 in
|
|
2582
|
+
zinc19gauge 0.060 in
|
|
2583
|
+
zinc20gauge 0.070 in
|
|
2584
|
+
zinc21gauge 0.080 in
|
|
2585
|
+
zinc22gauge 0.090 in
|
|
2586
|
+
zinc23gauge 0.100 in
|
|
2587
|
+
zinc24gauge 0.125 in
|
|
2588
|
+
zinc25gauge 0.250 in
|
|
2589
|
+
zinc26gauge 0.375 in
|
|
2590
|
+
zinc27gauge 0.500 in
|
|
2591
|
+
zinc28gauge 1.000 in
|
|
2592
|
+
|
|
2593
|
+
# USA ring sizes. Several slightly different definitions seem to be in
|
|
2594
|
+
# circulation. According to [15], the interior diameter of size n ring in
|
|
2595
|
+
# inches is 0.32 n + 0.458 for n ranging from 3 to 13.5 by steps of 0.5. The
|
|
2596
|
+
# size 2 ring is inconsistently 0.538in and no 2.5 size is listed.
|
|
2597
|
+
#
|
|
2598
|
+
# However, other sources list 0.455 + 0.0326 n and 0.4525 + 0.0324 n as the
|
|
2599
|
+
# diameter and list no special case for size 2. (Or alternatively they are
|
|
2600
|
+
# 1.43 + .102 n and 1.4216+.1018 n for measuring circumference in inches.) One
|
|
2601
|
+
# reference claimed that the original system was that each size was 1|10 inch
|
|
2602
|
+
# circumference, but that source doesn't have an explanation for the modern
|
|
2603
|
+
# system which is somewhat different.
|
|
2604
|
+
#
|
|
2605
|
+
# This table gives circumferences as listed in [15].
|
|
2606
|
+
|
|
2607
|
+
size2ring 0.538 in pi
|
|
2608
|
+
size3ring 0.554 in pi
|
|
2609
|
+
size3.5ring 0.570 in pi
|
|
2610
|
+
size4ring 0.586 in pi
|
|
2611
|
+
size4.5ring 0.602 in pi
|
|
2612
|
+
size5ring 0.618 in pi
|
|
2613
|
+
size5.5ring 0.634 in pi
|
|
2614
|
+
size6ring 0.650 in pi
|
|
2615
|
+
size6.5ring 0.666 in pi
|
|
2616
|
+
size7ring 0.682 in pi
|
|
2617
|
+
size7.5ring 0.698 in pi
|
|
2618
|
+
size8ring 0.714 in pi
|
|
2619
|
+
size8.5ring 0.730 in pi
|
|
2620
|
+
size9ring 0.746 in pi
|
|
2621
|
+
size9.5ring 0.762 in pi
|
|
2622
|
+
size10ring 0.778 in pi
|
|
2623
|
+
size10.5ring 0.794 in pi
|
|
2624
|
+
size11ring 0.810 in pi
|
|
2625
|
+
size11.5ring 0.826 in pi
|
|
2626
|
+
size12ring 0.842 in pi
|
|
2627
|
+
size12.5ring 0.858 in pi
|
|
2628
|
+
size13ring 0.874 in pi
|
|
2629
|
+
size13.5ring 0.890 in pi
|
|
2630
|
+
|
|
2631
|
+
# Old practice in the UK measured rings using the "Wheatsheaf gauge" with sizes
|
|
2632
|
+
# specified alphabetically and based on the ring inside diameter in steps of
|
|
2633
|
+
# 1|64 inch. This system was replaced in 1987 by British Standard 6820 which
|
|
2634
|
+
# specifies sizes based on circumference. Each size is 1.25 mm different from
|
|
2635
|
+
# the preceding size. The baseline is size C which is 40 mm circumference.
|
|
2636
|
+
# The new sizes are close to the old ones. Sometimes it's necessary to go
|
|
2637
|
+
# beyond size Z to Z+1, Z+2, etc.
|
|
2638
|
+
|
|
2639
|
+
sizeAring 37.50 mm
|
|
2640
|
+
sizeBring 38.75 mm
|
|
2641
|
+
sizeCring 40.00 mm
|
|
2642
|
+
sizeDring 41.25 mm
|
|
2643
|
+
sizeEring 42.50 mm
|
|
2644
|
+
sizeFring 43.75 mm
|
|
2645
|
+
sizeGring 45.00 mm
|
|
2646
|
+
sizeHring 46.25 mm
|
|
2647
|
+
sizeIring 47.50 mm
|
|
2648
|
+
sizeJring 48.75 mm
|
|
2649
|
+
sizeKring 50.00 mm
|
|
2650
|
+
sizeLring 51.25 mm
|
|
2651
|
+
sizeMring 52.50 mm
|
|
2652
|
+
sizeNring 53.75 mm
|
|
2653
|
+
sizeOring 55.00 mm
|
|
2654
|
+
sizePring 56.25 mm
|
|
2655
|
+
sizeQring 57.50 mm
|
|
2656
|
+
sizeRring 58.75 mm
|
|
2657
|
+
sizeSring 60.00 mm
|
|
2658
|
+
sizeTring 61.25 mm
|
|
2659
|
+
sizeUring 62.50 mm
|
|
2660
|
+
sizeVring 63.75 mm
|
|
2661
|
+
sizeWring 65.00 mm
|
|
2662
|
+
sizeXring 66.25 mm
|
|
2663
|
+
sizeYring 67.50 mm
|
|
2664
|
+
sizeZring 68.75 mm
|
|
2665
|
+
|
|
2666
|
+
# Japanese sizes start with size 1 at a 13mm inside diameter and each size is
|
|
2667
|
+
# 1|3 mm larger in diameter than the previous one. They are multiplied by pi
|
|
2668
|
+
# to give circumference.
|
|
2669
|
+
|
|
2670
|
+
jpsize1ring 39|3 pi mm
|
|
2671
|
+
jpsize2ring 40|3 pi mm
|
|
2672
|
+
jpsize3ring 41|3 pi mm
|
|
2673
|
+
jpsize4ring 42|3 pi mm
|
|
2674
|
+
jpsize5ring 43|3 pi mm
|
|
2675
|
+
jpsize6ring 44|3 pi mm
|
|
2676
|
+
jpsize7ring 45|3 pi mm
|
|
2677
|
+
jpsize8ring 46|3 pi mm
|
|
2678
|
+
jpsize9ring 47|3 pi mm
|
|
2679
|
+
jpsize10ring 48|3 pi mm
|
|
2680
|
+
jpsize11ring 49|3 pi mm
|
|
2681
|
+
jpsize12ring 50|3 pi mm
|
|
2682
|
+
jpsize13ring 51|3 pi mm
|
|
2683
|
+
jpsize14ring 52|3 pi mm
|
|
2684
|
+
jpsize15ring 53|3 pi mm
|
|
2685
|
+
jpsize16ring 54|3 pi mm
|
|
2686
|
+
jpsize17ring 55|3 pi mm
|
|
2687
|
+
jpsize18ring 56|3 pi mm
|
|
2688
|
+
jpsize19ring 57|3 pi mm
|
|
2689
|
+
jpsize20ring 58|3 pi mm
|
|
2690
|
+
jpsize21ring 59|3 pi mm
|
|
2691
|
+
jpsize22ring 60|3 pi mm
|
|
2692
|
+
jpsize23ring 61|3 pi mm
|
|
2693
|
+
jpsize24ring 62|3 pi mm
|
|
2694
|
+
jpsize25ring 63|3 pi mm
|
|
2695
|
+
jpsize26ring 64|3 pi mm
|
|
2696
|
+
jpsize27ring 65|3 pi mm
|
|
2697
|
+
jpsize28ring 66|3 pi mm
|
|
2698
|
+
jpsize29ring 67|3 pi mm
|
|
2699
|
+
jpsize30ring 68|3 pi mm
|
|
2700
|
+
|
|
2701
|
+
# The European ring sizes are the length of the circumference in mm minus 40.
|
|
2702
|
+
|
|
2703
|
+
eusize1ring 41 mm
|
|
2704
|
+
eusize2ring 42 mm
|
|
2705
|
+
eusize3ring 43 mm
|
|
2706
|
+
eusize4ring 44 mm
|
|
2707
|
+
eusize5ring 45 mm
|
|
2708
|
+
eusize6ring 46 mm
|
|
2709
|
+
eusize7ring 47 mm
|
|
2710
|
+
eusize8ring 48 mm
|
|
2711
|
+
eusize9ring 49 mm
|
|
2712
|
+
eusize10ring 50 mm
|
|
2713
|
+
eusize11ring 51 mm
|
|
2714
|
+
eusize12ring 52 mm
|
|
2715
|
+
eusize13ring 53 mm
|
|
2716
|
+
eusize14ring 54 mm
|
|
2717
|
+
eusize15ring 55 mm
|
|
2718
|
+
eusize16ring 56 mm
|
|
2719
|
+
eusize17ring 57 mm
|
|
2720
|
+
eusize18ring 58 mm
|
|
2721
|
+
eusize19ring 59 mm
|
|
2722
|
+
eusize20ring 60 mm
|
|
2723
|
+
eusize21ring 61 mm
|
|
2724
|
+
eusize22ring 62 mm
|
|
2725
|
+
eusize23ring 63 mm
|
|
2726
|
+
eusize24ring 64 mm
|
|
2727
|
+
eusize25ring 65 mm
|
|
2728
|
+
eusize26ring 66 mm
|
|
2729
|
+
eusize27ring 67 mm
|
|
2730
|
+
eusize28ring 68 mm
|
|
2731
|
+
eusize29ring 69 mm
|
|
2732
|
+
eusize30ring 70 mm
|
|
2733
|
+
|
|
2734
|
+
#
|
|
2735
|
+
# Abbreviations
|
|
2736
|
+
#
|
|
2737
|
+
|
|
2738
|
+
mph mile/hr
|
|
2739
|
+
mpg mile/gal
|
|
2740
|
+
kph km/hr
|
|
2741
|
+
fL footlambert
|
|
2742
|
+
fpm ft/min
|
|
2743
|
+
fps ft/s
|
|
2744
|
+
rpm rev/min
|
|
2745
|
+
rps rev/sec
|
|
2746
|
+
mi mile
|
|
2747
|
+
mbh 1e3 btu/hour
|
|
2748
|
+
mcm 1e3 circularmil
|
|
2749
|
+
|
|
2750
|
+
#
|
|
2751
|
+
# Compatibility units with unix version
|
|
2752
|
+
#
|
|
2753
|
+
|
|
2754
|
+
pa Pa
|
|
2755
|
+
ev eV
|
|
2756
|
+
hg Hg
|
|
2757
|
+
oe Oe
|
|
2758
|
+
mh mH
|
|
2759
|
+
us microsec
|
|
2760
|
+
rd rod
|
|
2761
|
+
pf pF
|
|
2762
|
+
gr grain
|
|
2763
|
+
nt N
|
|
2764
|
+
hz Hz
|
|
2765
|
+
hd hogshead
|
|
2766
|
+
dry drygallon/gallon
|
|
2767
|
+
imperial brgallon/gallon # This is a dubious definition
|
|
2768
|
+
# since it fails for fluid ounces
|
|
2769
|
+
# and all units derived from fluid
|
|
2770
|
+
# ounces.
|
|
2771
|
+
nmile nauticalmile
|
|
2772
|
+
beV GeV
|
|
2773
|
+
bev beV
|
|
2774
|
+
coul C
|
|
2775
|
+
|
|
2776
|
+
#
|
|
2777
|
+
# Radioactivity units
|
|
2778
|
+
#
|
|
2779
|
+
|
|
2780
|
+
becquerel /s # Activity of radioactive source
|
|
2781
|
+
Bq becquerel #
|
|
2782
|
+
curie 3.7e10 Bq # Defined in 1910 as the radioactivity
|
|
2783
|
+
Ci curie # emitted by the amount of radon that is
|
|
2784
|
+
# in equilibrium with 1 gram of radium.
|
|
2785
|
+
rutherford 1e6 Bq #
|
|
2786
|
+
|
|
2787
|
+
gray J/kg # Absorbed dose of radiation
|
|
2788
|
+
Gy gray #
|
|
2789
|
+
rad 1e-2 Gy # From Radiation Absorbed Dose
|
|
2790
|
+
rep 8.38 mGy # Roentgen Equivalent Physical, the amount
|
|
2791
|
+
# of radiation which , absorbed in the
|
|
2792
|
+
# body, would liberate the same amount
|
|
2793
|
+
# of energy as 1 roentgen of X rays
|
|
2794
|
+
# would, or 97 ergs.
|
|
2795
|
+
|
|
2796
|
+
sievert J/kg # Dose equivalent: dosage that has the
|
|
2797
|
+
Sv sievert # same effect on human tissues as 200
|
|
2798
|
+
rem 1e-2 Sv # keV X-rays. Different types of
|
|
2799
|
+
# radiation are weighted by the
|
|
2800
|
+
# Relative Biological Effectiveness
|
|
2801
|
+
# (RBE).
|
|
2802
|
+
#
|
|
2803
|
+
# Radiation type RBE
|
|
2804
|
+
# X-ray, gamma ray 1
|
|
2805
|
+
# beta rays, > 1 MeV 1
|
|
2806
|
+
# beta rays, < 1 MeV 1.08
|
|
2807
|
+
# neutrons, < 1 MeV 4-5
|
|
2808
|
+
# neutrons, 1-10 MeV 10
|
|
2809
|
+
# protons, 1 MeV 8.5
|
|
2810
|
+
# protons, .1 MeV 10
|
|
2811
|
+
# alpha, 5 MeV 15
|
|
2812
|
+
# alpha, 1 MeV 20
|
|
2813
|
+
#
|
|
2814
|
+
# The energies are the kinetic energy
|
|
2815
|
+
# of the particles. Slower particles
|
|
2816
|
+
# interact more, so they are more
|
|
2817
|
+
# effective ionizers, and hence have
|
|
2818
|
+
# higher RBE values.
|
|
2819
|
+
#
|
|
2820
|
+
# rem stands for Roentgen Equivalent
|
|
2821
|
+
# Mammal
|
|
2822
|
+
|
|
2823
|
+
roentgen 2.58e-4 C / kg # Ionizing radiation that produces
|
|
2824
|
+
# 1 statcoulomb of charge in 1 cc of
|
|
2825
|
+
# dry air at stp.
|
|
2826
|
+
rontgen roentgen # Sometimes it appears spelled this way
|
|
2827
|
+
sievertunit 8.38 rontgen # Unit of gamma ray dose delivered in one
|
|
2828
|
+
# hour at a distance of 1 cm from a
|
|
2829
|
+
# point source of 1 mg of radium
|
|
2830
|
+
# enclosed in platinum .5 mm thick.
|
|
2831
|
+
|
|
2832
|
+
eman 1e-7 Ci/m^3 # radioactive concentration
|
|
2833
|
+
mache 3.7e-7 Ci/m^3
|
|
2834
|
+
|
|
2835
|
+
#
|
|
2836
|
+
# Atomic weights. The atomic weight of an element is the ratio of the mass of
|
|
2837
|
+
# a mole of the element to 1|12 of a mole of Carbon 12. The Standard Atomic
|
|
2838
|
+
# Weights apply to the elements as they occur naturally on earth. Elements
|
|
2839
|
+
# which do not occur naturally or which occur with wide isotopic variability do
|
|
2840
|
+
# not have Standard Atomic Weights. For these elements, the atomic weight is
|
|
2841
|
+
# based on the longest lived isotope, as marked in the comments. In some
|
|
2842
|
+
# cases, the comment for these entries also gives a number which is an atomic
|
|
2843
|
+
# weight for a different isotope that may be of more interest than the longest
|
|
2844
|
+
# lived isotope.
|
|
2845
|
+
#
|
|
2846
|
+
|
|
2847
|
+
actinium 227.0278
|
|
2848
|
+
aluminum 26.981539
|
|
2849
|
+
americium 243.0614 # Longest lived. 241.06
|
|
2850
|
+
antimony 121.760
|
|
2851
|
+
argon 39.948
|
|
2852
|
+
arsenic 74.92159
|
|
2853
|
+
astatine 209.9871 # Longest lived
|
|
2854
|
+
barium 137.327
|
|
2855
|
+
berkelium 247.0703 # Longest lived. 249.08
|
|
2856
|
+
beryllium 9.012182
|
|
2857
|
+
bismuth 208.98037
|
|
2858
|
+
boron 10.811
|
|
2859
|
+
bromine 79.904
|
|
2860
|
+
cadmium 112.411
|
|
2861
|
+
calcium 40.078
|
|
2862
|
+
californium 251.0796 # Longest lived. 252.08
|
|
2863
|
+
carbon 12.011
|
|
2864
|
+
cerium 140.115
|
|
2865
|
+
cesium 132.90543
|
|
2866
|
+
chlorine 35.4527
|
|
2867
|
+
chromium 51.9961
|
|
2868
|
+
cobalt 58.93320
|
|
2869
|
+
copper 63.546
|
|
2870
|
+
curium 247.0703
|
|
2871
|
+
dysprosium 162.50
|
|
2872
|
+
einsteinium 252.083 # Longest lived
|
|
2873
|
+
erbium 167.26
|
|
2874
|
+
europium 151.965
|
|
2875
|
+
fermium 257.0951 # Longest lived
|
|
2876
|
+
fluorine 18.9984032
|
|
2877
|
+
francium 223.0197 # Longest lived
|
|
2878
|
+
gadolinium 157.25
|
|
2879
|
+
gallium 69.723
|
|
2880
|
+
germanium 72.61
|
|
2881
|
+
gold 196.96654
|
|
2882
|
+
hafnium 178.49
|
|
2883
|
+
helium 4.002602
|
|
2884
|
+
holmium 164.93032
|
|
2885
|
+
hydrogen 1.00794
|
|
2886
|
+
indium 114.818
|
|
2887
|
+
iodine 126.90447
|
|
2888
|
+
iridium 192.217
|
|
2889
|
+
iron 55.845
|
|
2890
|
+
krypton 83.80
|
|
2891
|
+
lanthanum 138.9055
|
|
2892
|
+
lawrencium 262.11 # Longest lived
|
|
2893
|
+
lead 207.2
|
|
2894
|
+
lithium 6.941
|
|
2895
|
+
lutetium 174.967
|
|
2896
|
+
magnesium 24.3050
|
|
2897
|
+
manganese 54.93805
|
|
2898
|
+
mendelevium 258.10 # Longest lived
|
|
2899
|
+
mercury 200.59
|
|
2900
|
+
molybdenum 95.94
|
|
2901
|
+
neodymium 144.24
|
|
2902
|
+
neon 20.1797
|
|
2903
|
+
neptunium 237.0482
|
|
2904
|
+
nickel 58.6934
|
|
2905
|
+
niobium 92.90638
|
|
2906
|
+
nitrogen 14.00674
|
|
2907
|
+
nobelium 259.1009 # Longest lived
|
|
2908
|
+
osmium 190.23
|
|
2909
|
+
oxygen 15.9994
|
|
2910
|
+
palladium 106.42
|
|
2911
|
+
phosphorus 30.973762
|
|
2912
|
+
platinum 195.08
|
|
2913
|
+
plutonium 244.0642 # Longest lived. 239.05
|
|
2914
|
+
polonium 208.9824 # Longest lived. 209.98
|
|
2915
|
+
potassium 39.0983
|
|
2916
|
+
praseodymium 140.90765
|
|
2917
|
+
promethium 144.9127 # Longest lived. 146.92
|
|
2918
|
+
protactinium 231.03588
|
|
2919
|
+
radium 226.0254
|
|
2920
|
+
radon 222.0176 # Longest lived
|
|
2921
|
+
rhenium 186.207
|
|
2922
|
+
rhodium 102.90550
|
|
2923
|
+
rubidium 85.4678
|
|
2924
|
+
ruthenium 101.07
|
|
2925
|
+
samarium 150.36
|
|
2926
|
+
scandium 44.955910
|
|
2927
|
+
selenium 78.96
|
|
2928
|
+
silicon 28.0855
|
|
2929
|
+
silver 107.8682
|
|
2930
|
+
sodium 22.989768
|
|
2931
|
+
strontium 87.62
|
|
2932
|
+
sulfur 32.066
|
|
2933
|
+
tantalum 180.9479
|
|
2934
|
+
technetium 97.9072 # Longest lived. 98.906
|
|
2935
|
+
tellurium 127.60
|
|
2936
|
+
terbium 158.92534
|
|
2937
|
+
thallium 204.3833
|
|
2938
|
+
thorium 232.0381
|
|
2939
|
+
thullium 168.93421
|
|
2940
|
+
tin 118.710
|
|
2941
|
+
titanium 47.867
|
|
2942
|
+
tungsten 183.84
|
|
2943
|
+
uranium 238.0289
|
|
2944
|
+
vanadium 50.9415
|
|
2945
|
+
xenon 131.29
|
|
2946
|
+
ytterbium 173.04
|
|
2947
|
+
yttrium 88.90585
|
|
2948
|
+
zinc 65.39
|
|
2949
|
+
zirconium 91.224
|
|
2950
|
+
|
|
2951
|
+
#
|
|
2952
|
+
# Old French distance measures, from French Weights and Measures
|
|
2953
|
+
# Before the Revolution by Zupko
|
|
2954
|
+
#
|
|
2955
|
+
|
|
2956
|
+
frenchfoot 4500|13853 m # pied de roi, the standard of Paris.
|
|
2957
|
+
pied frenchfoot # Half of the hashimicubit,
|
|
2958
|
+
frenchfeet frenchfoot # instituted by Charlemagne.
|
|
2959
|
+
frenchinch 1|12 frenchfoot # This exact definition comes from
|
|
2960
|
+
frenchthumb frenchinch # a law passed on 10 Dec 1799 which
|
|
2961
|
+
pouce frenchthumb # fixed the meter at
|
|
2962
|
+
# 3 frenchfeet + 11.296 lignes.
|
|
2963
|
+
frenchline 1|12 frenchinch # This is supposed to be the size
|
|
2964
|
+
ligne frenchline # of the average barleycorn
|
|
2965
|
+
frenchpoint 1|12 frenchline
|
|
2966
|
+
toise 6 frenchfeet
|
|
2967
|
+
arpent 180^2 pied^2 # The arpent is 100 square perches,
|
|
2968
|
+
# but the perche seems to vary a lot
|
|
2969
|
+
# and can be 18 feet, 20 feet, or 22
|
|
2970
|
+
# feet. This measure was described
|
|
2971
|
+
# as being in common use in Canada in
|
|
2972
|
+
# 1934 (Websters 2nd). The value
|
|
2973
|
+
# given here is the Paris standard
|
|
2974
|
+
# arpent.
|
|
2975
|
+
#
|
|
2976
|
+
# Before the Imperial Weights and Measures Act of 1824, various different
|
|
2977
|
+
# weights and measures were in use in different places.
|
|
2978
|
+
#
|
|
2979
|
+
|
|
2980
|
+
# Scots linear measure
|
|
2981
|
+
|
|
2982
|
+
scotsinch 1.00540054 UKinch
|
|
2983
|
+
scotsfoot 12 scotsinch
|
|
2984
|
+
scotsfeet scotsfoot
|
|
2985
|
+
scotsell 37 scotsinch
|
|
2986
|
+
scotsfall 6 scotsell
|
|
2987
|
+
scotschain 4 scotsfall
|
|
2988
|
+
scotsfurlong 10 scotschain
|
|
2989
|
+
scotsmile 8 scotsfurlong
|
|
2990
|
+
|
|
2991
|
+
# Scots area measure
|
|
2992
|
+
|
|
2993
|
+
scotsrood 40 scotsfall^2
|
|
2994
|
+
scotsacre 4 scotsrood
|
|
2995
|
+
|
|
2996
|
+
# Irish linear measure
|
|
2997
|
+
|
|
2998
|
+
irishinch UKinch
|
|
2999
|
+
irishpalm 3 irishinch
|
|
3000
|
+
irishspan 3 irishpalm
|
|
3001
|
+
irishfoot 12 irishinch
|
|
3002
|
+
irishfeet irishfoot
|
|
3003
|
+
irishcubit 18 irishinch
|
|
3004
|
+
irishyard 3 irishfeet
|
|
3005
|
+
irishpace 5 irishfeet
|
|
3006
|
+
irishfathom 6 irishfeet
|
|
3007
|
+
irishpole 7 irishyard # Only these values
|
|
3008
|
+
irishperch irishpole # are different from
|
|
3009
|
+
irishchain 4 irishperch # the British Imperial
|
|
3010
|
+
irishlink 1|100 irishchain # or English values for
|
|
3011
|
+
irishfurlong 10 irishchain # these lengths.
|
|
3012
|
+
irishmile 8 irishfurlong #
|
|
3013
|
+
|
|
3014
|
+
# Irish area measure
|
|
3015
|
+
|
|
3016
|
+
irishrood 40 irishpole^2
|
|
3017
|
+
irishacre 4 irishrood
|
|
3018
|
+
|
|
3019
|
+
# English wine capacity measures (Winchester measures)
|
|
3020
|
+
|
|
3021
|
+
winegallon 231 UKinch^3 # Sometimes called the Winchester Wine Gallon,
|
|
3022
|
+
# it was legalized in 1707 by Queen Anne, and
|
|
3023
|
+
# given the definition of 231 cubic inches. It
|
|
3024
|
+
# had been in use for a while as 8 pounds of wine
|
|
3025
|
+
# using a merchant's pound of 7200 grains or
|
|
3026
|
+
# 15 troy ounces. (The old mercantile pound had
|
|
3027
|
+
# been 15 tower ounces.)
|
|
3028
|
+
winerundlet 18 winegallon
|
|
3029
|
+
winebarrel 31.5 winegallon
|
|
3030
|
+
winetierce 42 winegallon
|
|
3031
|
+
winehogshead 2 winebarrel
|
|
3032
|
+
winepuncheon 2 winetierce
|
|
3033
|
+
winebutt 2 winehogshead
|
|
3034
|
+
winepipe winebutt
|
|
3035
|
+
winetun 2 winebutt
|
|
3036
|
+
|
|
3037
|
+
# English beer and ale measures used 1803-1824 and used for beer before 1688
|
|
3038
|
+
|
|
3039
|
+
beergallon 282 UKinch^3
|
|
3040
|
+
beerbarrel 36 beergallon
|
|
3041
|
+
beerhogshead 1.5 beerbarrel
|
|
3042
|
+
|
|
3043
|
+
# English ale measures used from 1688-1803 for both ale and beer
|
|
3044
|
+
|
|
3045
|
+
alegallon beergallon
|
|
3046
|
+
alebarrel 34 alegallon
|
|
3047
|
+
alehogshead 1.5 alebarrel
|
|
3048
|
+
|
|
3049
|
+
# Scots capacity measure
|
|
3050
|
+
|
|
3051
|
+
scotsgallon 827.232 UKinch^3
|
|
3052
|
+
scotsbarrel 8 scotsgallon
|
|
3053
|
+
|
|
3054
|
+
# Scots dry capacity measure
|
|
3055
|
+
|
|
3056
|
+
scotswheatlippy 137.333 UKinch^3 # Also used for peas, beans, rye, salt
|
|
3057
|
+
scotswheatlippies scotswheatlippy
|
|
3058
|
+
scotswheatpeck 4 scotswheatlippy
|
|
3059
|
+
scotswheatfirlot 4 scotswheatpeck
|
|
3060
|
+
scotswheatboll 4 scotswheatfirlot
|
|
3061
|
+
scotswheatchalder 16 scotswheatboll
|
|
3062
|
+
|
|
3063
|
+
scotsoatlippy 200.345 UKinch^3 # Also used for barley and malt
|
|
3064
|
+
scotsoatlippies scotsoatlippy
|
|
3065
|
+
scotsoatpeck 4 scotsoatlippy
|
|
3066
|
+
scotsoatfirlot 4 scotsoatpeck
|
|
3067
|
+
scotsoatboll 4 scotsoatfirlot
|
|
3068
|
+
scotsoatchalder 16 scotsoatboll
|
|
3069
|
+
|
|
3070
|
+
# Scots Tron weight
|
|
3071
|
+
|
|
3072
|
+
tronpound 9520 grain
|
|
3073
|
+
tronstone 16 tronpound
|
|
3074
|
+
|
|
3075
|
+
# Irish liquid capacity measure
|
|
3076
|
+
|
|
3077
|
+
irishgallon 217.6 UKinch^3
|
|
3078
|
+
irishrundlet 18 irishgallon
|
|
3079
|
+
irishbarrel 31.5 irishgallon
|
|
3080
|
+
irishtierce 42 irishgallon
|
|
3081
|
+
irishhogshead 2 irishbarrel
|
|
3082
|
+
irishpuncheon 2 irishtierce
|
|
3083
|
+
irishpipe 2 irishhogshead
|
|
3084
|
+
irishtun 2 irishpipe
|
|
3085
|
+
|
|
3086
|
+
# Irish dry capacity measure
|
|
3087
|
+
|
|
3088
|
+
irishpeck 2 irishgallon
|
|
3089
|
+
irishbushel 4 irishpeck
|
|
3090
|
+
irishstrike 2 irishbushel
|
|
3091
|
+
irishdrybarrel 2 irishstrike
|
|
3092
|
+
irishquarter 2 irishbarrel
|
|
3093
|
+
|
|
3094
|
+
# English Tower weights, abolished in 1528
|
|
3095
|
+
|
|
3096
|
+
towerpound 5400 grain
|
|
3097
|
+
towerounce 1|12 towerpound
|
|
3098
|
+
towerpennyweight 1|20 towerounce
|
|
3099
|
+
|
|
3100
|
+
# English Mercantile weights, used since the late 12th century
|
|
3101
|
+
|
|
3102
|
+
mercpound 6750 grain
|
|
3103
|
+
mercounce 1|15 mercpound
|
|
3104
|
+
mercpennyweight 1|20 mercounce
|
|
3105
|
+
|
|
3106
|
+
# English weights for lead
|
|
3107
|
+
|
|
3108
|
+
leadstone 12.5 lb
|
|
3109
|
+
fotmal 70 lb
|
|
3110
|
+
leadwey 14 leadstone
|
|
3111
|
+
fothers 12 leadwey
|
|
3112
|
+
|
|
3113
|
+
# English Hay measure
|
|
3114
|
+
|
|
3115
|
+
newhaytruss 60 lb # New and old here seem to refer to "new"
|
|
3116
|
+
newhayload 36 newhaytruss # hay and "old" hay rather than a new unit
|
|
3117
|
+
oldhaytruss 56 lb # and an old unit.
|
|
3118
|
+
oldhayload 36 oldhaytruss
|
|
3119
|
+
|
|
3120
|
+
# English wool measure
|
|
3121
|
+
|
|
3122
|
+
woolclove 7 lb
|
|
3123
|
+
woolstone 2 woolclove
|
|
3124
|
+
wooltod 2 woolstone
|
|
3125
|
+
woolwey 13 woolstone
|
|
3126
|
+
woolsack 2 woolwey
|
|
3127
|
+
woolsarpler 2 woolsack
|
|
3128
|
+
woollast 6 woolsarpler
|
|
3129
|
+
|
|
3130
|
+
#
|
|
3131
|
+
# Ancient history units: There tends to be uncertainty in the definitions
|
|
3132
|
+
# of the units in this section
|
|
3133
|
+
# These units are from [11]
|
|
3134
|
+
|
|
3135
|
+
# Roman measure. The Romans had a well defined distance measure, but their
|
|
3136
|
+
# measures of weight were poor. They adopted local weights in different
|
|
3137
|
+
# regions without distinguishing among them so that there are half a dozen
|
|
3138
|
+
# different Roman "standard" weight systems.
|
|
3139
|
+
|
|
3140
|
+
romanfoot 296 mm # There is some uncertainty in this definition
|
|
3141
|
+
romanfeet romanfoot # from which all the other units are derived.
|
|
3142
|
+
pes romanfoot # This value appears in numerous sources. In "The
|
|
3143
|
+
pedes romanfoot # Roman Land Surveyors", Dilke gives 295.7 mm.
|
|
3144
|
+
romaninch 1|12 romanfoot # The subdivisions of the Roman foot have the
|
|
3145
|
+
romandigit 1|16 romanfoot # same names as the subdivisions of the pound,
|
|
3146
|
+
romanpalm 1|4 romanfoot # but we can't have the names for different
|
|
3147
|
+
romancubit 18 romaninch # units.
|
|
3148
|
+
romanpace 5 romanfeet # Roman double pace (basic military unit)
|
|
3149
|
+
passus romanpace
|
|
3150
|
+
romanperch 10 romanfeet
|
|
3151
|
+
stade 125 romanpaces
|
|
3152
|
+
stadia stade
|
|
3153
|
+
stadium stade
|
|
3154
|
+
romanmile 8 stadia # 1000 paces
|
|
3155
|
+
romanleague 1.5 romanmile
|
|
3156
|
+
schoenus 4 romanmile
|
|
3157
|
+
|
|
3158
|
+
# Other values for the Roman foot (from Dilke)
|
|
3159
|
+
|
|
3160
|
+
earlyromanfoot 29.73 cm
|
|
3161
|
+
pesdrusianus 33.3 cm # or 33.35 cm, used in Gaul & Germany in 1st c BC
|
|
3162
|
+
lateromanfoot 29.42 cm
|
|
3163
|
+
|
|
3164
|
+
# Roman areas
|
|
3165
|
+
|
|
3166
|
+
actuslength 120 romanfeet # length of a Roman furrow
|
|
3167
|
+
actus 120*4 romanfeet # area of the furrow
|
|
3168
|
+
squareactus 120^2 romanfeet^2 # actus quadratus
|
|
3169
|
+
acnua squareactus
|
|
3170
|
+
iugerum 2 squareactus
|
|
3171
|
+
iugera iugerum
|
|
3172
|
+
jugerum iugerum
|
|
3173
|
+
jugera iugerum
|
|
3174
|
+
heredium 2 iugera # heritable plot
|
|
3175
|
+
heredia heredium
|
|
3176
|
+
centuria 100 heredia
|
|
3177
|
+
centurium centuria
|
|
3178
|
+
|
|
3179
|
+
# Roman volumes
|
|
3180
|
+
|
|
3181
|
+
sextarius 35.4 in^3 # Basic unit of Roman volume. As always,
|
|
3182
|
+
sextarii sextarius # there is uncertainty. Six large Roman
|
|
3183
|
+
# measures survive with volumes ranging from
|
|
3184
|
+
# 34.4 in^3 to 39.55 in^3. Three of them
|
|
3185
|
+
# cluster around the size given here.
|
|
3186
|
+
#
|
|
3187
|
+
# But the values for this unit vary wildly
|
|
3188
|
+
# in other sources. One reference gives 0.547
|
|
3189
|
+
# liters, but then says the amphora is a
|
|
3190
|
+
# cubic Roman foot. This gives a value for the
|
|
3191
|
+
# sextarius of 0.540 liters. And the
|
|
3192
|
+
# encyclopedia Brittanica lists 0.53 liters for
|
|
3193
|
+
# this unit. Both [7] and [11], which were
|
|
3194
|
+
# written by scholars of weights and measures,
|
|
3195
|
+
# give the value of 35.4 cubic inches.
|
|
3196
|
+
cochlearia 1|48 sextarius
|
|
3197
|
+
cyathi 1|12 sextarius
|
|
3198
|
+
acetabula 1|8 sextarius
|
|
3199
|
+
quartaria 1|4 sextarius
|
|
3200
|
+
quartarius quartaria
|
|
3201
|
+
heminae 1|2 sextarius
|
|
3202
|
+
hemina heminae
|
|
3203
|
+
cheonix 1.5 sextarii
|
|
3204
|
+
|
|
3205
|
+
# Dry volume measures (usually)
|
|
3206
|
+
|
|
3207
|
+
semodius 8 sextarius
|
|
3208
|
+
semodii semodius
|
|
3209
|
+
modius 16 sextarius
|
|
3210
|
+
modii modius
|
|
3211
|
+
|
|
3212
|
+
# Liquid volume measures (usually)
|
|
3213
|
+
|
|
3214
|
+
congius 12 heminae
|
|
3215
|
+
congii congius
|
|
3216
|
+
amphora 8 congii
|
|
3217
|
+
amphorae amphora # Also a dry volume measure
|
|
3218
|
+
culleus 20 amphorae
|
|
3219
|
+
quadrantal amphora
|
|
3220
|
+
|
|
3221
|
+
# Roman weights
|
|
3222
|
+
|
|
3223
|
+
libra 5052 grain # The Roman pound varied significantly
|
|
3224
|
+
librae libra # from 4210 grains to 5232 grains. Most of
|
|
3225
|
+
romanpound libra # the standards were obtained from the weight
|
|
3226
|
+
uncia 1|12 libra # of particular coins. The one given here is
|
|
3227
|
+
unciae uncia # based on the Gold Aureus of Augustus which
|
|
3228
|
+
romanounce uncia # was in use from BC 27 to AD 296.
|
|
3229
|
+
deunx 11 uncia
|
|
3230
|
+
dextans 10 uncia
|
|
3231
|
+
dodrans 9 uncia
|
|
3232
|
+
bes 8 uncia
|
|
3233
|
+
seprunx 7 uncia
|
|
3234
|
+
semis 6 uncia
|
|
3235
|
+
quincunx 5 uncia
|
|
3236
|
+
triens 4 uncia
|
|
3237
|
+
quadrans 3 uncia
|
|
3238
|
+
sextans 2 uncia
|
|
3239
|
+
sescuncia 1.5 uncia
|
|
3240
|
+
semuncia 1|2 uncia
|
|
3241
|
+
siscilius 1|4 uncia
|
|
3242
|
+
sextula 1|6 uncia
|
|
3243
|
+
semisextula 1|12 uncia
|
|
3244
|
+
scriptulum 1|24 uncia
|
|
3245
|
+
scrupula scriptulum
|
|
3246
|
+
romanobol 1|2 scrupula
|
|
3247
|
+
|
|
3248
|
+
romanaspound 4210 grain # Old pound based on bronze coinage, the
|
|
3249
|
+
# earliest money of Rome BC 338 to BC 268.
|
|
3250
|
+
|
|
3251
|
+
# Egyptian length measure
|
|
3252
|
+
|
|
3253
|
+
egyptianroyalcubit 20.63 in # plus or minus .2 in
|
|
3254
|
+
egyptianpalm 1|7 egyptianroyalcubit
|
|
3255
|
+
epyptiandigit 1|4 egyptianpalm
|
|
3256
|
+
egyptianshortcubit 6 egyptianpalm
|
|
3257
|
+
|
|
3258
|
+
doubleremen 29.16 in # Length of the diagonal of a square with
|
|
3259
|
+
remendigit 1|40 doubleremen # side length of 1 royal egyptian cubit.
|
|
3260
|
+
# This is divided into 40 digits which are
|
|
3261
|
+
# not the same size as the digits based on
|
|
3262
|
+
# the royal cubit.
|
|
3263
|
+
|
|
3264
|
+
# Greek length measures
|
|
3265
|
+
|
|
3266
|
+
greekfoot 12.45 in # Listed as being derived from the
|
|
3267
|
+
greekfeet greekfoot # Egyptian Royal cubit in [11]. It is
|
|
3268
|
+
greekcubit 1.5 greekfoot # said to be 3|5 of a 20.75 in cubit.
|
|
3269
|
+
pous greekfoot
|
|
3270
|
+
podes greekfoot
|
|
3271
|
+
orguia 6 greekfoot
|
|
3272
|
+
greekfathom orguia
|
|
3273
|
+
stadion 100 orguia
|
|
3274
|
+
akaina 10 greekfeet
|
|
3275
|
+
plethron 10 akaina
|
|
3276
|
+
greekfinger 1|16 greekfoot
|
|
3277
|
+
homericcubit 20 greekfingers # Elbow to end of knuckles.
|
|
3278
|
+
shortgreekcubit 18 greekfingers # Elbow to start of fingers.
|
|
3279
|
+
|
|
3280
|
+
ionicfoot 296 mm
|
|
3281
|
+
doricfoot 326 mm
|
|
3282
|
+
|
|
3283
|
+
olympiccubit 25 remendigit # These olympic measures were not as
|
|
3284
|
+
olympicfoot 2|3 olympiccubit # common as the other greek measures.
|
|
3285
|
+
olympicfinger 1|16 olympicfoot # They were used in agriculture.
|
|
3286
|
+
olympicfeet olympicfoot
|
|
3287
|
+
olympicdakylos olympicfinger
|
|
3288
|
+
olympicpalm 1|4 olympicfoot
|
|
3289
|
+
olympicpalestra olympicpalm
|
|
3290
|
+
olympicspithame 3|4 foot
|
|
3291
|
+
olympicspan olympicspithame
|
|
3292
|
+
olympicbema 2.5 olympicfeet
|
|
3293
|
+
olympicpace olympicbema
|
|
3294
|
+
olympicorguia 6 olympicfeet
|
|
3295
|
+
olympicfathom olympicorguia
|
|
3296
|
+
olympiccord 60 olympicfeet
|
|
3297
|
+
olympicamma olympiccord
|
|
3298
|
+
olympicplethron 100 olympicfeet
|
|
3299
|
+
olympicstadion 600 olympicfeet
|
|
3300
|
+
|
|
3301
|
+
# Greek capacity measure
|
|
3302
|
+
|
|
3303
|
+
greekkotyle 270 ml # This approximate value is obtained
|
|
3304
|
+
xestes 2 greekkotyle # from two earthenware vessels that
|
|
3305
|
+
khous 12 greekkotyle # were reconstructed from fragments.
|
|
3306
|
+
metretes 12 khous # The kotyle is a day's corn ration
|
|
3307
|
+
choinix 4 greekkotyle # for one man.
|
|
3308
|
+
hekteos 8 choinix
|
|
3309
|
+
medimnos 6 hekteos
|
|
3310
|
+
|
|
3311
|
+
# Greek weight. Two weight standards were used, an Aegina standard based
|
|
3312
|
+
# on the Beqa shekel and an Athens (attic) standard.
|
|
3313
|
+
|
|
3314
|
+
aeginastater 192 grain # Varies up to 199 grain
|
|
3315
|
+
aeginadrachmae 1|2 aeginastater
|
|
3316
|
+
aeginaobol 1|6 aeginadrachmae
|
|
3317
|
+
aeginamina 50 aeginastaters
|
|
3318
|
+
aeginatalent 60 aeginamina
|
|
3319
|
+
|
|
3320
|
+
atticstater 135 grain # Varies 134-138 grain
|
|
3321
|
+
atticdrachmae 1|2 atticstater
|
|
3322
|
+
atticobol 1|6 atticdrachmae
|
|
3323
|
+
atticmina 50 atticstaters
|
|
3324
|
+
attictalent 60 atticmina
|
|
3325
|
+
|
|
3326
|
+
# "Northern" cubit and foot. This was used by the pre-Aryan civilization in
|
|
3327
|
+
# the Indus valley. It was used in Mesopotamia, Egypt, North Africa, China,
|
|
3328
|
+
# central and Western Europe until modern times when it was displaced by
|
|
3329
|
+
# the metric system.
|
|
3330
|
+
|
|
3331
|
+
northerncubit 26.6 in # plus/minus .2 in
|
|
3332
|
+
northernfoot 1|2 northerncubit
|
|
3333
|
+
|
|
3334
|
+
sumeriancubit 495 mm
|
|
3335
|
+
kus sumeriancubit
|
|
3336
|
+
sumerianfoot 2|3 sumeriancubit
|
|
3337
|
+
|
|
3338
|
+
assyriancubit 21.6 in
|
|
3339
|
+
assyrianfoot 1|2 assyriancubit
|
|
3340
|
+
assyrianpalm 1|3 assyrianfoot
|
|
3341
|
+
assyriansusi 1|20 assyrianpalm
|
|
3342
|
+
susi assyriansusi
|
|
3343
|
+
persianroyalcubit 7 assyrianpalm
|
|
3344
|
+
|
|
3345
|
+
|
|
3346
|
+
# Arabic measures. The arabic standards were meticulously kept. Glass weights
|
|
3347
|
+
# accurate to .2 grains were made during AD 714-900.
|
|
3348
|
+
|
|
3349
|
+
hashimicubit 25.56 in # Standard of linear measure used
|
|
3350
|
+
# in Persian dominions of the Arabic
|
|
3351
|
+
# empire 7-8th cent. Is equal to two
|
|
3352
|
+
# French feet.
|
|
3353
|
+
|
|
3354
|
+
blackcubit 21.28 in
|
|
3355
|
+
arabicfeet 1|2 blackcubit
|
|
3356
|
+
arabicfoot arabicfeet
|
|
3357
|
+
arabicinch 1|12 arabicfoot
|
|
3358
|
+
arabicmile 4000 blackcubit
|
|
3359
|
+
|
|
3360
|
+
silverdirhem 45 grain # The weights were derived from these two
|
|
3361
|
+
tradedirhem 48 grain # units with two identically named systems
|
|
3362
|
+
# used for silver and used for trade purposes
|
|
3363
|
+
|
|
3364
|
+
silverkirat 1|16 silverdirhem
|
|
3365
|
+
silverwukiyeh 10 silverdirhem
|
|
3366
|
+
silverrotl 12 silverwukiyeh
|
|
3367
|
+
arabicsilverpound silverrotl
|
|
3368
|
+
|
|
3369
|
+
tradekirat 1|16 tradedirhem
|
|
3370
|
+
tradewukiyeh 10 tradedirhem
|
|
3371
|
+
traderotl 12 tradewukiyeh
|
|
3372
|
+
arabictradepound traderotl
|
|
3373
|
+
|
|
3374
|
+
# Miscellaneous ancient units
|
|
3375
|
+
|
|
3376
|
+
parasang 3.5 mile # Persian unit of length usually thought
|
|
3377
|
+
# to be between 3 and 3.5 miles
|
|
3378
|
+
biblicalcubit 21.8 in
|
|
3379
|
+
hebrewcubit 17.58 in
|
|
3380
|
+
li 10|27.8 mile # Chinese unit of length
|
|
3381
|
+
# 100 li is considered a day's march
|
|
3382
|
+
liang 11|3 oz # Chinese weight unit
|
|
3383
|
+
|
|
3384
|
+
|
|
3385
|
+
# Medieval time units. According to the OED, these appear in Du Cange
|
|
3386
|
+
# by Papias.
|
|
3387
|
+
|
|
3388
|
+
timepoint 1|5 hour # also given as 1|4
|
|
3389
|
+
timeminute 1|10 hour
|
|
3390
|
+
timeostent 1|60 hour
|
|
3391
|
+
timeounce 1|8 timeostent
|
|
3392
|
+
timeatom 1|47 timeounce
|
|
3393
|
+
|
|
3394
|
+
# Given in [15], these subdivisions of the grain were supposedly used
|
|
3395
|
+
# by jewelers. The mite may have been used but the blanc could not
|
|
3396
|
+
# have been accurately measured.
|
|
3397
|
+
|
|
3398
|
+
mite 1|20 grain
|
|
3399
|
+
droit 1|24 mite
|
|
3400
|
+
periot 1|20 droit
|
|
3401
|
+
blanc 1|24 periot
|
|
3402
|
+
|
|
3403
|
+
#
|
|
3404
|
+
# Some definitions using ISO 8859-1 characters
|
|
3405
|
+
#
|
|
3406
|
+
|
|
3407
|
+
¼- 1|4
|
|
3408
|
+
½- 1|2
|
|
3409
|
+
¾- 3|4
|
|
3410
|
+
µ- micro
|
|
3411
|
+
¢ cent
|
|
3412
|
+
£ britainpound
|
|
3413
|
+
¥ japanyen
|
|
3414
|
+
ångström angstrom
|
|
3415
|
+
Å angstrom
|
|
3416
|
+
röntgen roentgen
|
|
3417
|
+
°C degC
|
|
3418
|
+
°F degF
|
|
3419
|
+
°K K # °K is incorrect notation
|
|
3420
|
+
°R degR
|
|
3421
|
+
° degree
|
|
3422
|
+
|
|
3423
|
+
|
|
3424
|
+
############################################################################
|
|
3425
|
+
#
|
|
3426
|
+
# The following units were in the unix units database but do not appear in
|
|
3427
|
+
# this file:
|
|
3428
|
+
#
|
|
3429
|
+
# wey used for cheese, salt and other goods. Measured mass or
|
|
3430
|
+
# waymass volume depending on what was measured and where the measuring
|
|
3431
|
+
# took place. A wey of cheese ranged from 200 to 324 pounds.
|
|
3432
|
+
#
|
|
3433
|
+
# sack No precise definition
|
|
3434
|
+
#
|
|
3435
|
+
# spindle The length depends on the type of yarn
|
|
3436
|
+
#
|
|
3437
|
+
# doppelzentner The 'units' program doesn't need to get into the
|
|
3438
|
+
# translating business (and I don't know German).
|
|
3439
|
+
#
|
|
3440
|
+
# block Defined variously on different computer systems
|
|
3441
|
+
#
|
|
3442
|
+
# erlang A unit of telephone traffic defined variously.
|
|
3443
|
+
# Omitted because there are no other units for this
|
|
3444
|
+
# dimension. Is this true? What about CCS = 1/36 erlang?
|
|
3445
|
+
# Erlang is supposed to be dimensionless. One erlang means
|
|
3446
|
+
# a single channel occupied for one hour.
|
|
3447
|
+
#
|
|
3448
|
+
############################################################################
|
|
3449
|
+
|
|
3450
|
+
# herafter order problem
|
|
3451
|
+
prout 185.5 keV # nuclear binding energy equal to 1|12
|
|
3452
|
+
inHg inch Hg
|
|
3453
|
+
kcal_mol kcal / mol N_A # kcal/mol is used as a unit of
|
|
3454
|
+
abfarad abampere sec / abvolt
|
|
3455
|
+
abhenry abvolt sec / abamp
|
|
3456
|
+
skot 1e-3 apostilb # measurements relating to dark adapted
|
|
3457
|
+
geographicalmile brnauticalmile
|
|
3458
|
+
brquartermass 1|4 brhundredweight
|
|
3459
|
+
brquart 1|4 brgallon
|
|
3460
|
+
aluminium aluminum
|
|
3461
|
+
sulphur sulfur
|
|
3462
|
+
palmwidth hand # The palm is a unit defined as either the width
|
|
3463
|
+
slug lbf s^2 / ft
|
|
3464
|
+
slugf slug force
|
|
3465
|
+
slinch lbf s^2 / inch # Mass unit derived from inch second
|
|
3466
|
+
slinchf slinch force # pound-force system. Used in space
|
|
3467
|
+
geepound slug
|
|
3468
|
+
olddidotpoint 1|72 frenchinch # François Ambroise Didot, one of
|
|
3469
|
+
frenchprinterspoint olddidotpoint
|
|
3470
|
+
denier 1|9 tex # used for silk and rayon
|
|
3471
|
+
austriaschilling 1|13.7603 euro
|
|
3472
|
+
belgiumfranc 1|40.3399 euro
|
|
3473
|
+
ATS austriaschilling
|
|
3474
|
+
BEF belgiumfranc
|
|
3475
|
+
scotslink 1|100 scotschain
|
|
3476
|
+
winequart 1|4 winegallon
|
|
3477
|
+
beerquart 1|4 beergallon
|
|
3478
|
+
alequart 1|4 alegallon
|
|
3479
|
+
scotsquart 1|4 scotsgallon
|
|
3480
|
+
tronounce 1|20 tronpound
|
|
3481
|
+
irishpottle 1|2 irishgallon
|
|
3482
|
+
brpint 1|2 brquart
|
|
3483
|
+
brcup 1|2 brpint
|
|
3484
|
+
brteacup 1|3 brpint
|
|
3485
|
+
winepint 1|2 winequart
|
|
3486
|
+
beerpint 1|2 beerquart
|
|
3487
|
+
alepint 1|2 alequart
|
|
3488
|
+
scotspint 1|2 scotsquart
|
|
3489
|
+
trondrop 1|16 tronounce
|
|
3490
|
+
irishquart 1|2 irishpottle
|
|
3491
|
+
brfloz 1|20 brpint
|
|
3492
|
+
brfluidounce brfloz
|
|
3493
|
+
brgill 1|4 brpint
|
|
3494
|
+
noggin brgill
|
|
3495
|
+
choppin 1|2 scotspint
|
|
3496
|
+
irishpint 1|2 irishquart
|
|
3497
|
+
brdram 1|8 brfloz
|
|
3498
|
+
mutchkin 1|2 choppin
|
|
3499
|
+
irishnoggin 1|4 irishpint
|
|
3500
|
+
brminim 1|60 brdram
|
|
3501
|
+
brscruple 1|3 brdram
|
|
3502
|
+
fluidscruple brscruple
|
|
3503
|
+
scotsgill 1|4 mutchkin
|
|
3504
|
+
|
|
3505
|
+
# Permeability: The permeability or permeance, n, of a substance determines
|
|
3506
|
+
# how fast vapor flows through the substance. The formula W = n A dP
|
|
3507
|
+
# holds where W is the rate of flow (in mass/time), n is the permeability,
|
|
3508
|
+
# A is the area of the flow path, and dP is the vapor pressure difference.
|
|
3509
|
+
#
|
|
3510
|
+
|
|
3511
|
+
perm_0C grain / hr ft^2 inHg
|
|
3512
|
+
perm_0 perm_0C
|
|
3513
|
+
perm_zero perm_0C
|
|
3514
|
+
perm perm_0C
|
|
3515
|
+
perm_23C grain / hr ft^2 inch Hg23C
|
|
3516
|
+
perm_twentythree perm_23C
|
|
3517
|
+
|
|
3518
|
+
# not support ...
|
|
3519
|
+
|
|
3520
|
+
# marathon 26 miles + 385 yards
|
|
3521
|
+
# eggvolume 3 tablespoons + 1|2 tsp
|
|
3522
|
+
# standardgauge 4 ft + 8.5 in # Standard width between railroad track
|
|
3523
|
+
|
|
3524
|
+
|
|
3525
|
+
###########################################################################
|
|
3526
|
+
# #
|
|
3527
|
+
# oddb units #
|
|
3528
|
+
# #
|
|
3529
|
+
###########################################################################
|
|
3530
|
+
|
|
3531
|
+
UPhEur ! # Unite Pharmacopee Europeenne
|
|
3532
|
+
U.Ph.Eur. UPhEur
|
|
3533
|
+
|
|
3534
|
+
UI !
|
|
3535
|
+
U UI
|
|
3536
|
+
U. UI
|
|
3537
|
+
U.I. UI
|
|
3538
|
+
IE UI
|
|
3539
|
+
I.E. IE
|
|
3540
|
+
|
|
3541
|
+
LSU ! # lipoprotein lipase releasing units
|
|
3542
|
+
|
|
3543
|
+
tablet ! # one of the "official doses" in ATC-DDD
|
|
3544
|
+
|
|
3545
|
+
Mio- 1e6
|
|
3546
|
+
Mio 1e6
|
|
3547
|
+
µ- 1e-6
|
|
3548
|
+
u- 1e-6
|
|
3549
|
+
|