quanty 1.1.0

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data/units.dat ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,3549 @@
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+ # This file is the units database originally for use with GNU units,
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+ # and modified for "quanty" units conversion library for Ruby
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+ # by Masahiro Tanaka <masa@ir.isas.ac.jp> 2001-03-19.
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+ # Modifications are:
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+ # 1. Change the list order due to dependency.
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+ # 2. Comment out due to different syntax.
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+ #
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+ ############################################################################
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+ #
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+ # This file is the units database for use with GNU units, a units conversion
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+ # program by Adrian Mariano adrian@cam.cornell.edu
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+ #
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+ # 27 July 1999 Version 1.24
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+ #
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+ # Copyright (C) 1996, 1997, 1998 Free Software Foundation, Inc
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+ #
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+ # This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
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+ # it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
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+ # the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
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+ # (at your option) any later version.
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+ #
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+ # This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
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+ # but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
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+ # MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
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+ # GNU General Public License for more details.
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+ #
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+ # You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
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+ # along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
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+ # Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
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+ #
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+ ############################################################################
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+ #
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+ # Improvements and corrections are welcome.
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+ #
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+ # Most units data was drawn from
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+ # 1. NIST Special Publication 811, 1995 Edition
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+ # 2. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 70th edition
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+ # 3. Oxford English Dictionary
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+ # 4. Websters New Universal Unabridged Dictionary
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+ # 5. Units of Measure by Stephen Dresner
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+ # 6. A Dictionary of English Weights and Measures by Ronald Zupko
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+ # 7. British Weights and Measures by Ronald Zupko
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+ # 8. Realm of Measure by Isaac Asimov
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+ # 9. United States standards of weights and measures, their
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+ # creation and creators by Arthur H. Frazier.
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+ # 10. French weights and measures before the Revolution: a
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+ # dictionary of provincial and local units by Ronald Zupko
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+ # 11. Weights and Measures: their ancient origins and their
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+ # development in Great Britain up to AD 1855 by FG Skinner
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+ # 12. The World of Measurements by H. Arthur Klein
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+ # 13. For Good Measure by William Johnstone
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+ # 14. NTC's Encyclopedia of International Weights and Measures
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+ # by William Johnstone
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+ # 15. Sizes by John Lord
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+ # 16. Sizesaurus by Stephen Strauss
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+ # 17. CODATA Recommended Values of Physical Constants available at
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+ # http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/index.html
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+ #
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+ # Thanks to Jeff Conrad for assistance in ferreting out unit definitions.
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+ #
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+ ###########################################################################
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+ #
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+ # If units you use are missing or defined incorrectly, please contact me.
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+ #
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+ # If you know anything about the use of or the reason for these units
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+ # please contact me. These appeared in the original unix data file
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+ # but don't seem to appear anywhere else (they are not defined below):
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+ #
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+ # bottommeasure 1|40 in
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+ # imaginarycubicfoot 1.4 ft^3
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+ # sigma microsec
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+ #
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+ ###########################################################################
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+
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+ ###########################################################################
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+ # #
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+ # Primitive units. Any unit defined to contain a '!' character is a #
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+ # primitive unit which will not be reduced any further. All units should #
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+ # reduce to primitive units. #
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+ # #
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+ ###########################################################################
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+
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+ #
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+ # SI units
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+ #
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+
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+ kg ! # Mass of the international prototype
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+ kilogram kg
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+
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+ s ! # Duration of 9192631770 periods of the radiation
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+ second s # corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine
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+ # levels of the ground state of the cesium-133 atom
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+
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+ m ! # Length of the path traveled by light in a vacuum
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+ meter m # during 1|299792458 seconds. Originally meant to be
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+ # 1e-7 of the length along a meridian from the equator
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+ # to a pole.
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+
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+ A ! # The current which produces a force of 2e-7 N/m between two
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+ ampere A # infinitely long wires that are 1 meter apart
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+ amp ampere
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+
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+ cd ! # Luminous intensity in a given direction of a source which
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+ candela cd # emits monochromatic radiation at 540e9 Hz with radiant
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+ # intensity 1|683 W/steradian. (This differs from radiant
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+ # intensity (W/sr) in that it is adjusted for human
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+ # perceptual dependence on wavelength. The frequency of
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+ # 540e9 Hz (yellow) is where human perception is most
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+ # efficient.)
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+
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+ mol ! # The amount of substance of a system which contains as many
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+ mole mol # elementary entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kg of
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+ # carbon 12. The elementary entities must be specified and
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+ # may be atoms, molecules, ions, electrons, or other
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+ # particles or groups of particles. It is understood that
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+ # unbound atoms of carbon 12, at rest and in the ground
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+ # state, are referred to.
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+
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+ K ! # 1|273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple
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+ kelvin K # point of water
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+
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+ #
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+ # The radian and steradian are defined to be unitless. They are included
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+ # as primitive units here because, for the most part, it is less confusing
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+ # if they are irreducible than if they reduce to 1.
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+ #
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+
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+ radian ! # The angle subtended at the center of a circle by an arc
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+ # equal in length to the radius of the circle
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+
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+ sr ! # Solid angle which cuts off an area of the surface of
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+ steradian sr # the sphere equal to that of a square with sides of
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+ # length equal to the radius of the sphere
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+
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+ #
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+ # Some primitive non-SI units
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+ #
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+
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+ dollar ! # The US dollar is chosen arbitrarily to be the primitive
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+ $ dollar # unit of money.
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+
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+ bit ! # Basic unit of information (entropy). The entropy in bits
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+ # of a random variable over a finite alphabet is defined
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+ # to be the sum of -p(i)*log2(p(i)) over the alphabet where
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+ # p(i) is the probability that the random variable takes
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+ # on the value i.
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+
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+ pi 3.14159265358979323846
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+
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+ ###########################################################################
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+ # #
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+ # Prefixes (longer names must come first) #
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+ # #
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+ ###########################################################################
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+
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+ yotta- 1e24 # Greek or Latin octo, "eight"
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+ zetta- 1e21 # Latin septem, "seven"
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+ exa- 1e18 # Greek hex, "six"
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+ peta- 1e15 # Greek pente, "five"
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+ tera- 1e12 # Greek teras, "monster"
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+ giga- 1e9 # Greek gigas, "giant"
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+ mega- 1e6 # Greek megas, "large"
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+ myria- 1e4 # Not an official SI prefix
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+ kilo- 1e3 # Greek chilioi, "thousand"
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+ hecto- 1e2 # Greek hekaton, "hundred"
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+ deca- 1e1 # Greek deka, "ten"
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+ deka- deca
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+ deci- 1e-1 # Latin decimus, "tenth"
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+ centi- 1e-2 # Latin centum, "hundred"
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+ milli- 1e-3 # Latin mille, "thousand"
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+ micro- 1e-6 # Latin micro or Greek mikros, "small"
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+ nano- 1e-9 # Latin nanus or Greek nanos, "dwarf"
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+ pico- 1e-12 # Spanish pico, "a bit"
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+ femto- 1e-15 # Danish-Norwegian femten, "fifteen"
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+ atto- 1e-18 # Danish-Norwegian atten, "eighteen"
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+ zepto- 1e-21 # Latin septem, "seven"
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+ yocto- 1e-24 # Greek or Latin octo, "eight"
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+
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+ quarter- 1|4
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+ semi- 0.5
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+ demi- 0.5
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+ hemi- 0.5
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+ half- 0.5
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+ double- 2
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+ triple- 3
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+ treble- 3
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+
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+ Y- yotta
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+ Z- zetta
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+ E- exa
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+ P- peta
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+ T- tera
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+ G- giga
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+ M- mega
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+ k- kilo
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+ h- hecto
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+ da- deka
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+ d- deci
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+ c- centi
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+ m- milli
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+ n- nano
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+ p- pico
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+ f- femto
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+ a- atto
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+ z- zepto
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+ y- yocto
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+
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+ #
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+ # Names of some numbers
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+ #
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+
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+ one 1
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+ two 2
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+ double 2
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+ three 3
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+ triple 3
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+ four 4
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+ quadruple 4
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+ five 5
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+ quintuple 5
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+ six 6
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+ seven 7
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+ eight 8
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+ nine 9
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+ ten 10
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+ twenty 20
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+ thirty 30
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+ forty 40
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+ fifty 50
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+ sixty 60
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+ seventy 70
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+ eighty 80
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+ ninety 90
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+ hundred 100
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+ thousand 1000
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+ million 1e6
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+
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+ # These number terms were described by N. Chuquet and De la Roche in the 16th
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+ # century as being successive powers of a million. These definitions are still
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+ # used in most European countries. The current US definitions for these
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+ # numbers arose in the 17th century and don't make nearly as much sense. These
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+ # numbers are listed in the CRC Concise Encyclopedia of Mathematics by Eric
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+ # W. Weisstein.
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+
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+ billion 1e9
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+ trillion 1e12
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+ quadrillion 1e15
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+ quintillion 1e18
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+ sextillion 1e21
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+ septillion 1e24
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+ octillion 1e27
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+ nonillion 1e30
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+ noventillion nonillion
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+ decillion 1e33
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+ undecillion 1e36
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+ duodecillion 1e39
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+ tredecillion 1e42
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+ quattuordecillion 1e45
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+ quindecillion 1e48
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+ sexdecillion 1e51
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+ septendecillion 1e54
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+ octodecillion 1e57
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+ novemdecillion 1e60
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+ vigintillion 1e63
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+ centillion 1e303
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+
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+ googol 1e100
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+
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+ brbillion million^2
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+ brtrillion million^3
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+ brquadrillion million^4
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+ brquintillion million^5
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+ brsextillion million^6
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+ brseptillion million^7
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+ broctillion million^8
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+ brnonillion million^9
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+ brnoventillion brnonillion
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+ brdecillion million^10
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+ brundecillion million^11
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+ brduodecillion million^12
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+ brtredecillion million^13
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+ brquattuordecillion million^14
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+ brquindecillion million^15
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+ brsexdecillion million^16
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+ brseptdecillion million^17
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+ broctodecillion million^18
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+ brnovemdecillion million^19
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+ brvigintillion million^20
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+
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+ # These numbers fill the gaps left by the European system above.
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+
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+ milliard 1000 million
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+ billiard 1000 million^2
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+ trilliard 1000 million^3
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+ quadrilliard 1000 million^4
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+ quintilliard 1000 million^5
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+ sextilliard 1000 million^6
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+ septilliard 1000 million^7
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+ octilliard 1000 million^8
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+ nonilliard 1000 million^9
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+ noventilliard nonilliard
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+ decilliard 1000 million^10
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+
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+ # For consistency
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+
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+ brmilliard milliard
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+ brbilliard billiard
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+ brtrilliard trilliard
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+ brquadrilliard quadrilliard
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+ brquintilliard quintilliard
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+ brsextilliard sextilliard
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+ brseptilliard septilliard
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+ broctilliard octilliard
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+ brnonilliard nonilliard
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+ brnoventilliard noventilliard
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+ brdecilliard decilliard
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+
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+ # The British Centillion would be 1e600. The googolplex is another
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+ # familiar large number equal to 10^googol. These numbers give overflows.
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+
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+
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+ #############################################################################
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+ # #
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+ # Derived units which can be reduced to the primitive units #
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+ # #
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+ #############################################################################
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+
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+ #
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+ # Named SI derived units (officially accepted)
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+ #
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+
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+ newton kg m / s^2 # force
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+ N newton
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+ pascal N/m^2 # pressure or stress
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+ Pa pascal
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+ joule N m # energy
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+ J joule
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+ watt J/s # power
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+ W watt
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+ coulomb A s # charge
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+ C coulomb
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+ volt W/A # potential difference
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+ V volt
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+ ohm V/A # electrical resistance
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+ siemens A/V # electrical conductance
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+ S siemens
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+ farad C/V # capacitance
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+ F farad
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+ weber V s # magnetic flux
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+ Wb weber
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+ henry Wb/A # inductance
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+ H henry
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+ tesla Wb/m^2 # magnetic flux density
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+ T tesla
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+ hertz /s # frequency
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+ Hz hertz
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+
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+ #
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+ # units derived easily from SI units
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+ #
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+
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+ gram millikg
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+ gm gram
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+ g gram
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+ tonne 1000 kg
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+ t tonne
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+ metricton tonne
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+ sthene tonne m / s^2
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+ funal sthene
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+ pieze sthene / m^2
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+ quintal 100 kg
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+ bar 1e5 Pa # About 1 atm
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+ vac millibar
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+ micron micrometer # One millionth of a meter
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+ bicron picometer # One brbillionth of a meter
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+ cc cm^3
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+ are 100 m^2
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+ liter 1000 cc # The liter was defined in 1901 as the
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+ oldliter 1.000028 dm^3 # space occupied by 1 kg of pure water at
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+ l liter # the temperature of its maximum density
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+ # under a pressure of 1 atm. This was
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+ # supposed to be 1000 cubic cm, but it
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+ # was discovered that the original
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+ # measurement was off. In 1964, the
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+ # liter was redefined to be exactly 1000
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+ # cubic centimeters.
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+ mho siemens # Inverse of ohm, hence ohm spelled backward
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+ galvat ampere # Named after Luigi Galvani
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+ angstrom 1e-10 m # Convenient for describing molecular sizes
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+ xunit 1.00202e-13 meter # Used for measuring wavelengths
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+ siegbahn xunit # of X-rays. It is defined to be
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+ # 1|3029.45 of the spacing of calcite
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+ # planes at 18 degC. It was intended
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+ # to be exactly 1e-13 m, but was
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+ # later found to be off slightly.
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+ fermi 1e-15 m # Convenient for describing nuclear sizes
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+ # Nuclear radius is from 1 to 10 fermis
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+ barn 1e-28 m^2 # Used to measure cross section for
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+ # particle physics collision, said to
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+ # have originated in the phrase "big as
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+ # a barn".
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+ shed 1e-24 barn # Defined to be a smaller companion to the
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+ # barn, but it's too small to be of
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+ # much use.
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+ brewster micron^2/N # measures stress-optical coef
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+ diopter /m # measures reciprocal of lens focal length
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+ fresnel 1e12 Hz # occasionally used in spectroscopy
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+ shake 1e-8 s
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+ svedberg 1e-13 s # Used for measuring the sedimentation
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+ # coefficient for centrifuging.
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+ gamma microgram
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+ lambda microliter
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+ spat 1e12 m # Rarely used for astronomical measurements
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+ preece 1e13 ohm m # resistivity
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+ planck J s # action of one joule over one second
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+ sturgeon /henry # magnetic reluctance
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+ daraf 1/farad # elastance (farad spelled backwards)
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+ leo 10 m/s^2
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+ poiseuille N s / m^2 # viscosity
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+ mayer J/g K # specific heat
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+ mired / microK # reciprocal color temperature. The name
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+ # abbreviates micro reciprocal degree.
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+ crocodile megavolt # used informally in UK physics labs
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+ metricounce 25 g
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+ mounce metricounce
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+ finsenunit 1e5 W/m^2 # Measures intensity of ultraviolet light
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+ # with wavelength 296.7 nm.
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+ fluxunit 1e-26 W/m^2 Hz # Used in radio astronomy to measure
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+ # the energy incident on the receiving
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+ # body across a specified frequency
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+ # bandwidth. [12]
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+ jansky fluxunit # K. G. Jansky identified radio waves coming
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+ Jy jansky # from outer space in 1931.
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+
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+ #
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+ # time
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+ #
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+
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+ sec s
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+ minute 60 s
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+ min minute
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+ hour 60 min
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+ hr hour
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+ day 24 hr
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+ d day
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+ da day
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+ week 7 day
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+ wk week
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+ sennight 7 day
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+ fortnight 14 day
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+ blink 1e-5 day # Actual human blink takes 1|3 second
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+ ce 1e-2 day
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+ #cron 1e6 years
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+
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+ #
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+ # angular measure
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+ #
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+
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+ circle 2 pi radian
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+ degree 1|360 circle
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+ deg degree # added by M.T.
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+ arcdeg degree
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+ arcmin 1|60 degree
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+ ' arcmin
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+ arcsec 1|60 arcmin
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+ " arcsec
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+ '' "
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+ rightangle 90 degrees
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+ quadrant 1|4 circle
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+ quintant 1|5 circle
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+ sextant 1|6 circle
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+
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+ sign 1|12 circle # Angular extent of one sign of the zodiac
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+ turn circle
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+ revolution turn
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+ rev turn
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+ pulsatance radian / sec
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+ gon 1|100 rightangle # measure of grade
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+ grade gon
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+ centesimalminute 1|100 grade
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+ centesimalsecond 1|100 centesimalminute
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+ milangle 1|6400 circle # Official NIST definition.
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+ # Another choice is 1e-3 radian.
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+ pointangle 1|32 circle
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+ centrad 0.01 radian # Used for angular deviation of light
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+ # through a prism.
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+
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+ #
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+ # Solid angle measure
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+ #
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+
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+ sphere 4 pi sr
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+ squaredegree 1|180^2 pi^2 sr
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+ squareminute 1|60^2 squaredegree
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+ squaresecond 1|60^2 squareminute
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+ squarearcmin squareminute
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+ squarearcsec squaresecond
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+ sphericalrightangle 0.5 pi sr
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+ octant 0.5 pi sr
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+
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+ #
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+ # Concentration measures
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+ #
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+
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+ percent 0.01
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+ % percent
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+ proof 1|200 # Alcohol content measured by volume at
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+ # 60 degrees Fahrenheit. This is a USA
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+ # measure. In Europe proof=percent.
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+ ppm 1e-6
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+ partspermillion ppm
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+ ppb 1e-9
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+ partsperbillion ppb # USA billion
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+ ppt 1e-12
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+ partspertrillion ppt # USA trillion
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+ karat 1|24 # measure of gold purity
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+ caratgold karat
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+ gammil mg/l
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+ basispoint 0.01 % # Used in finance
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+
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+ #
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+ # Temperature difference (we can't handle the shift required for conversion
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+ # of absolute temperatures)
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+
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+ degcelsius K # In 1741 Anders Celsius introduced a
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+ degC K # temperature scale with water boiling at 0
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+ # degrees and freezing at 100 degrees at
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+ # standard pressure. After his death the
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+ # fixed points were reversed and the scale
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+ # was called the centigrade scale. Due to
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+ # the difficulty of accurately measuring the
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+ # temperature of melting ice at standard
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+ # pressure, the centigrade scale was replaced
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+ # in 1954 by the Celsius scale which is
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+ # defined by subtracting 273.15 from the
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+ # temperature in Kelvins. This definition
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+ # differed slightly from the old centigrade
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+ # definition, but the Kelvin scale depends on
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+ # the triple point of water rather than a
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+ # melting point, so it can be measured
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+ # accurately.
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+ degfahrenheit 5|9 degC # Fahrenheit defined his temperature scale
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+ degF 5|9 degC # by setting 0 to the coldest temperature
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+ # he could produce and by setting 96 degrees
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+ # to body heat (for reasons unknown).
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+ degreesrankine degF # The Rankine scale has the
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+ degrankine degreesrankine # Fahrenheit degree, but it's zero
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+ degreerankine degF # is at absolute zero.
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+ degR degrankine
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+ degreaumur 10|8 degC # The Reaumur scale was used in Europe and
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+ # particularly in France. It is defined
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+ # to be 0 at the freezing point of water
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+ # and 80 at the boiling point. Reaumur
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+ # apparently selected 80 because it is
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+ # divisible by many numbers.
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+ degK K # "Degrees Kelvin" is forbidden usage.
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+
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+ #
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+ # Physical constants
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+ #
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+
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+ # Basic constants
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+
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+ c 2.99792458e8 m/s # speed of light in vacuum (exact)
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+ light c
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+ mu_zero 4 pi 1e-7 H/m # permeability of vacuum (exact)
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+ epsilon_zero 1/mu_zero c^2 # permittivity of vacuum (exact)
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+ energy c^2 # convert mass to energy
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+ e 1.602176462e-19 C # electron charge
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+ h 6.62606876e-34 J s # Planck constant
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+ hbar h / 2 pi
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+ G 6.673e-11 N m^2 / kg^2 # Newtonian gravity const
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+ coulombconst 1/4 pi epsilon_zero # listed as "k" sometimes
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+ au 1.49597871e11 m # astronomical unit
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+ astronomicalunit au
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+
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+ # Various conventional values
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+
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+ gravity 9.80665 m/s^2 # std acceleration of gravity (exact)
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+ force gravity # use to turn masses into forces
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+ atm 101325 Pa # Standard atmospheric pressure
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+ atmosphere atm
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+ Hg 13.5951 gram force / cm^3 # Standard weight of mercury (exact)
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+ water gram force/cm^3 # Standard weight of water (exact)
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+ H2O water
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+ wc water # water column
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+ mach 331.46 m/s # speed of sound in dry air at STP
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+ standardtemp 273.15 K # standard temperature
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+ stdtemp standardtemp
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+
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+ # Physico-chemical constants
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+
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+ atomicmassunit 1.66053873e-27 kg# atomic mass unit (defined to be
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+ u atomicmassunit # 1|12 of the mass of carbon 12)
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+ amu atomicmassunit
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+ amu_chem 1.66026e-27 kg # 1|16 of the weighted average mass of
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+ # the 3 naturally occuring neutral
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+ # isotopes of oxygen
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+ amu_phys 1.65981e-27 kg # 1|16 of the mass of a neutral
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+ # oxygen 16 atom
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+ dalton u # Maybe this should be amu_chem?
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+ avogadro grams/amu mol # size of a mole
603
+ N_A avogadro
604
+ gasconstant 8.314472 J / mol K # molar gas constant
605
+ R gasconstant
606
+ boltzmann R / N_A # Boltzmann constant
607
+ k boltzmann
608
+ molarvolume mol R stdtemp / atm # Volume occupied by one mole of an
609
+ # ideal gas at STP.
610
+ loschmidt avogadro mol / molarvolume # Molecules per cubic meter of an
611
+ # ideal gas at STP. Loschmidt did
612
+ # work similar to Avogadro.
613
+ stefanboltzmann pi^2 k^4 / 60 hbar^3 c^2 # The power radiated by a blackbody
614
+ sigma stefanboltzmann # at temperature T is given by
615
+ # sigma T^4.
616
+ wiendisplacement 2.8977686e-3 m K # Wien's Displacement Law gives the
617
+ # frequency at which the the Planck
618
+ # spectrum has maximum intensity.
619
+ # The relation is lambda T = b where
620
+ # lambda is wavelength, T is
621
+ # temperature and b is the Wien
622
+ # displacement. This relation is
623
+ # used to determine the temperature
624
+ # of stars.
625
+ K_J 483597.9 GHz/V # Direct measurement of the volt is difficult. Until
626
+ # recently, laboratories kept Weston cadmium cells as
627
+ # a reference, but they could drift. In 1987 the
628
+ # CGPM officially recommended the use of the
629
+ # Josephson effect as a laboratory representation of
630
+ # the volt. The Josephson effect occurs when two
631
+ # superconductors are separated by a thin insulating
632
+ # layer. A "supercurrent" flows across the insulator
633
+ # with a frequency that depends on the potential
634
+ # applied across the superconductors. This frequency
635
+ # can be very accurately measured. The Josephson
636
+ # constant K_J, which is equal to 2e/h, relates the
637
+ # measured frequency to the potential. The value
638
+ # given here is the officially specified value for
639
+ # use beginning in 1990. The 1998 recommended value
640
+ # of the constant is 483597.898 GHz/V.
641
+ R_K 25812.807 ohm # Measurement of the ohm also presents difficulties.
642
+ # The old approach involved maintaining resistances
643
+ # that were subject to drift. The new standard is
644
+ # based on the Hall effect. When a current carrying
645
+ # ribbon is placed in a magnetic field, a potential
646
+ # difference develops across the ribbon. The ratio
647
+ # of the potential difference to the current is
648
+ # called the Hall resistance. Klaus von Klitzing
649
+ # discovered in 1980 that the Hall resistance varies
650
+ # in discrete jumps when the magnetic field is very
651
+ # large and the temperature very low. This enables
652
+ # accurate realization of the resistance h/e^2 in the
653
+ # lab. The value given here is the officially
654
+ # specified value for use beginning in 1990.
655
+
656
+ # Weight of mercury and water at different temperatures using the standard
657
+ # force of gravity.
658
+
659
+ Hg10C 13.5708 force gram / cm^3 # These units, when used to form
660
+ Hg20C 13.5462 force gram / cm^3 # pressure measures, are not accurate
661
+ Hg23C 13.5386 force gram / cm^3 # because of considerations of the
662
+ Hg30C 13.5217 force gram / cm^3 # revised practical temperature scale.
663
+ Hg40C 13.4973 force gram / cm^3
664
+ Hg60F 13.5574 force gram / cm^3
665
+ H2O0C 0.99987 force gram / cm^3
666
+ H2O5C 0.99999 force gram / cm^3
667
+ H2O10C 0.99973 force gram / cm^3
668
+ H2O15C 0.99913 force gram / cm^3
669
+ H2O18C 0.99862 force gram / cm^3
670
+ H2O20C 0.99823 force gram / cm^3
671
+ H2O25C 0.99707 force gram / cm^3
672
+ H2O50C 0.98807 force gram / cm^3
673
+ H2O100C 0.95838 force gram / cm^3
674
+
675
+ # Atomic constants
676
+
677
+ Rinfinity 10973731.568 /m # The wavelengths of a spectral series
678
+ R_H 10967760 /m # can be expressed as
679
+ # 1/lambda = R (1/m^2 - 1/n^2).
680
+ # where R is a number that various
681
+ # slightly from element to element.
682
+ # For hydrogen, R_H is the value,
683
+ # and for heavy elements, the value
684
+ # approaches Rinfinity, which can be
685
+ # computed from
686
+ # m_e c alpha^2 / 2 h
687
+ # with a loss of 5 digits
688
+ # of precision.
689
+ alpha 7.297352533e-3 # The fine structure constant was
690
+ # introduced to explain fine
691
+ # structure visible in spectral
692
+ # lines. It can be computed from
693
+ # mu_zero c e^2 / 2 h
694
+ # with a loss of 3 digits precision
695
+ # and loss of precision in derived
696
+ # values which use alpha.
697
+ bohrradius alpha / 4 pi Rinfinity
698
+ # binding energy of the deuteron
699
+ # Planck constants
700
+
701
+ planckmass 2.1767e-8 kg # sqrt(hbar c / G)
702
+ m_P planckmass
703
+ plancktime hbar / planckmass c^2
704
+ t_P plancktime
705
+ plancklength plancktime c
706
+ l_P plancklength
707
+
708
+ # Masses of elementary particles
709
+
710
+ electronmass 5.485799110e-4 u
711
+ m_e electronmass
712
+ protonmass 1.00727646688 u
713
+ m_p protonmass
714
+ neutronmass 1.00866491578 u
715
+ m_n neutronmass
716
+ muonmass 0.1134289168 u
717
+ m_mu muonmass
718
+ deuteronmass 2.01355321271 u
719
+ m_d deuteronmass
720
+ alphaparticlemass 4.0015061747 u
721
+ m_alpha alphaparticlemass
722
+
723
+ # particle wavelengths: the compton wavelength of a particle is
724
+ # defined as h / m c where m is the mass of the particle.
725
+
726
+ electronwavelength h / m_e c
727
+ lambda_C electronwavelength
728
+ protonwavelength h / m_p c
729
+ lambda_C,p protonwavelength
730
+ neutronwavelength h / m_n c
731
+ lambda_C,n neutronwavelength
732
+
733
+ # Magnetic moments
734
+
735
+ bohrmagneton e hbar / 2 electronmass
736
+ mu_B bohrmagneton
737
+ nuclearmagneton e hbar / 2 protonmass
738
+ mu_N nuclearmagneton
739
+ mu_mu 4.49044813e-26 J/T # Muon magnetic moment
740
+ mu_p 1.410606633e-26 J/T # Proton magnetic moment
741
+ mu_e 928.476362e-26 J/T # Electron magnetic moment
742
+ mu_n 0.96623640e-26 J/T # Neutron magnetic moment
743
+ mu_d 0.433073457e-26 J/T # Deuteron magnetic moment
744
+
745
+ #
746
+ # Units derived from physical constants
747
+ #
748
+
749
+ kgf kg force
750
+ technicalatmosphere kgf / cm^2
751
+ at technicalatmosphere
752
+ hyl kgf s^2 / m # Also gram-force s^2/m according to [15]
753
+ mmHg mm Hg
754
+ torr mmHg # These units, both named after Evangelista
755
+ tor Pa # Torricelli, should not be confused.
756
+ # Acording to [15] the torr is actually
757
+ # atm/760 which is slightly different.
758
+ #inH2O inch water
759
+ #mmH2O mm water
760
+ eV e V # Energy acquired by a particle with charge e
761
+ electronvolt eV # when it is accelerated through 1 V
762
+ lightyear 365.25 d c # The 365.25 day year is specified in
763
+ # NIST publication 811
764
+ lightsecond c s
765
+ lightminute c min
766
+ parsec au radian / arcsec # Unit of length equal to distance
767
+ pc parsec # from the sun to a point having
768
+ # heliocentric parallax of 1
769
+ # arcsec (derived from parallax
770
+ # second) The formula should use
771
+ # tangent, but the error is about
772
+ # 1e-12.
773
+ rydberg h c Rinfinity # Rydberg energy
774
+ crith 0.089885 gram # The crith is the mass of one
775
+ # liter of hydrogen at standard
776
+ # temperature and pressure.
777
+ amagatvolume molarvolume
778
+ lorentz bohrmagneton / h c # Used to measure the extent
779
+ # that the frequency of light
780
+ # is shifted by a magnetic field.
781
+ cminv h c / cm # Unit of energy used in infrared
782
+ invcm cminv # spectroscopy.
783
+ wavenumber cminv
784
+ # energy by physical chemists.
785
+ #
786
+ # CGS system based on centimeter, gram and second
787
+ #
788
+
789
+ dyne cm gram / s^2 # force
790
+ dyn dyne
791
+ erg cm dyne # energy
792
+ poise gram / cm s # viscosity, honors Jean Poiseuille
793
+ P poise
794
+ rhe /poise # reciprocal viscosity
795
+ stokes cm^2 / s # kinematic viscosity
796
+ St stokes
797
+ stoke stokes
798
+ lentor stokes # old name
799
+ Gal cm / s^2 # acceleration, used in geophysics
800
+ galileo Gal # for earth's gravitational field
801
+ # (note that "gal" is for gallon
802
+ # but "Gal" is the standard symbol
803
+ # for the gal which is evidently a
804
+ # shortened form of "galileo".)
805
+ barye dyne/cm^2 # pressure
806
+ barad barye # old name
807
+ kayser 1/cm # Proposed as a unit for wavenumber
808
+ balmer kayser # Even less common name than "kayser"
809
+ kine cm/s # velocity
810
+ bole g cm / s # momentum
811
+ pond gram force
812
+ glug gram force s^2 / cm # Mass which is accelerated at
813
+ # 1 cm/s^2 by 1 gram force
814
+ darcy centipoise cm^2 / s atm # Measures permeability to fluid flow.
815
+ # One darcy is the permeability of a
816
+ # medium that allows a flow of cc/s of
817
+ # a liquid of centipoise viscosity
818
+ # under a pressure gradient of atm/cm.
819
+ mohm cm / dyn s # mobile ohm, measure of mechanical
820
+ mobileohm mohm # mobility
821
+ mechanicalohm dyn s / cm # mechanical resistance
822
+ acousticalohm dyn s / cm^5 # ratio of the sound pressure of
823
+ # 1 dyn/cm^2 to a source of strength
824
+ # 1 cm^3/s
825
+ ray acousticalohm
826
+ rayl dyn s / cm^3 # Specific acoustical resistance
827
+ eotvos 1e-9 Gal/cm # Change in gravitational acceleration
828
+ # over horizontal distance
829
+
830
+ # Electromagnetic units derived from the abampere
831
+
832
+ abampere 10 A # Current which produces a force of
833
+ abamp abampere # 2 dyne/cm between two infinitely
834
+ aA abampere # long wires that are 1 cm apart
835
+ biot aA # alternative name for abamp
836
+ Bi biot
837
+ abcoulomb abamp sec
838
+ abcoul abcoulomb
839
+ abvolt dyne cm / abamp sec
840
+ abohm abvolt / abamp
841
+ abmho /abohm
842
+ gauss abvolt sec / cm^2
843
+ Gs gauss
844
+ maxwell abvolt sec # Also called the "line"
845
+ Mx maxwell
846
+ oersted gauss / mu_zero
847
+ Oe oersted
848
+ gilbert gauss cm / mu_zero
849
+ Gb gilbert
850
+ Gi gilbert
851
+ unitpole 4 pi maxwell
852
+
853
+ # Gaussian system: electromagnetic units derived from statampere.
854
+ #
855
+ # Note that the Gaussian units are often used in such a way that Coulomb's law
856
+ # has the form F= q1 * q2 / r^2. The constant 1|4*pi*epsilon_zero is incorporated
857
+ # into the units. From this, we can get the relation force=charge^2/dist^2.
858
+ # This means that the simplification esu^2 = dyne cm^2 can be used to simplify
859
+ # units in the Gaussian system, with the curious result that capacitance can be
860
+ # measured in cm, resistance in sec/cm, and inductance in sec^2/cm. These
861
+ # units are given the names statfarad, statohm and stathenry below.
862
+
863
+ statampere 10 A cm / s c
864
+ statamp statampere
865
+ statvolt dyne cm / statamp sec
866
+ statcoulomb statamp s
867
+ esu statcoulomb
868
+ statcoul statcoulomb
869
+ statfarad statamp sec / statvolt
870
+ cmcapacitance statfarad
871
+ stathenry statvolt sec / statamp
872
+ statohm statvolt / statamp
873
+ statmho /statohm
874
+ statmaxwell statvolt sec
875
+ franklin statcoulomb
876
+ debye 1e-18 statcoul cm # unit of electrical dipole moment
877
+ helmholtz debye/angstrom^2 # Dipole moment per area
878
+ jar 1000 statfarad # approx capacitance of Leyden jar
879
+
880
+ #
881
+ # Some historical eletromagnetic units
882
+ #
883
+
884
+ intampere 0.999835 A # Defined as the current which in one
885
+ intamp intampere # second deposits .001118 gram of
886
+ # silver from an aqueous solution of
887
+ # silver nitrate.
888
+ intfarad 0.999505 F
889
+ intvolt 1.00033 V
890
+ intohm 1.000495 ohm # Defined as the resistance of a
891
+ # uniform column of mercury containing
892
+ # 14.4521 gram in a column 1.063 m
893
+ # long and maintained at 0 degC.
894
+ daniell 1.042 V # Meant to be electromotive force of a
895
+ # Daniell cell, but in error by .04 V
896
+ faraday N_A e mol # Charge that must flow to deposit or
897
+ faraday_phys 96521.9 C # liberate one gram equivalent of any
898
+ faraday_chem 96495.7 C # element. (The chemical and physical
899
+ # values are off slightly from what is
900
+ # obtained by multiplying by amu_chem
901
+ # or amu_phys. These values are from
902
+ # a 1991 NIST publication.) Note that
903
+ # there is a Faraday constant which is
904
+ # equal to N_A e and hence has units of
905
+ # C/mol.
906
+ kappline 6000 maxwell # Named by and for Gisbert Kapp
907
+ siemensunit 0.9534 ohm # Resistance of a meter long column of
908
+ # mercury with a 1 mm cross section.
909
+
910
+ # US units
911
+
912
+ inch 2.54 cm
913
+ in inch
914
+ foot 12 inch
915
+ feet foot
916
+ ft foot
917
+ yard 3 ft
918
+ yd yard
919
+ mile 5280 ft
920
+
921
+ #
922
+ # Photometric units
923
+ #
924
+
925
+ candle 1.02 candela # Standard unit for luminous intensity
926
+ hefnerunit 0.9 candle # in use before candela
927
+ hefnercandle hefnerunit #
928
+ violle 20.17 cd # luminous intensity of 1 cm^2 of
929
+ # platinum at its temperature of
930
+ # solidification (2045 K)
931
+
932
+ lumen cd sr # Luminous flux (luminous energy per
933
+ lm lumen # time unit)
934
+
935
+ talbot lumen s # Luminous energy
936
+ lumberg talbot
937
+
938
+ lux lm/m^2 # Illuminance or exitance (luminous
939
+ lx lux # flux incident on or coming from
940
+ phot lumen / cm^2 # a surface)
941
+ ph phot #
942
+ footcandle lumen/ft^2 # Illuminance from a 1 candela source
943
+ # at a distance of one foot
944
+ metercandle lumen/m^2 # Illuminance from a 1 candela source
945
+ # at a distance of one meter
946
+
947
+ mcs metercandle s # luminous energy per area, used to
948
+ # measure photographic exposure
949
+
950
+ nox 1e-3 lux # These two units were proposed for
951
+ # eyes.
952
+ # Luminance measures
953
+
954
+ nit cd/m^2 # Luminance: the intensity per projected
955
+ stilb cd / cm^2 # area of an extended luminous source.
956
+ sb stilb # (nit is from latin nitere = to shine.)
957
+
958
+ apostilb cd/pi m^2
959
+ asb apostilb
960
+ blondel apostilb # Named after a French scientist.
961
+
962
+ # Equivalent luminance measures. These units are units which measure
963
+ # the luminance of a surface with a specified exitance which obeys
964
+ # Lambert's law. (Lambert's law specifies that luminous intensity of
965
+ # a perfectly diffuse luminous surface is proportional to the cosine
966
+ # of the angle at which you view the luminous surface.)
967
+
968
+ equivalentlux cd / pi m^2 # luminance of a 1 lux surface
969
+ equivalentphot cd / pi cm^2 # luminance of a 1 phot surface
970
+ lambert cd / pi cm^2
971
+ footlambert cd / pi ft^2
972
+
973
+ # Some luminance data from the IES Lighting Handbook, 8th ed, 1993
974
+
975
+ sunlum 1.6e9 cd/m^2 # at zenith
976
+ sunillum 100e3 lux # clear sky
977
+ sunillum_o 10e3 lux # overcast sky
978
+ sunlum_h 6e6 cd/m^2 # value at horizon
979
+ skylum 8000 cd/m^2 # average, clear sky
980
+ skylum_o 2000 cd/m^2 # average, overcast sky
981
+ moonlum 2500 cd/m^2
982
+
983
+ #
984
+ # Astronomical time measurements
985
+ #
986
+
987
+ anomalisticyear 365.2596 days # The time between successive
988
+ # perihelion passages of the
989
+ # earth.
990
+ siderealyear 365.256360417 day # The time for the earth to make
991
+ # one revolution around the sun
992
+ # relative to the stars.
993
+ tropicalyear 365.242198781 day # The mean interval between vernal
994
+ # equinoxes. Differs from the
995
+ # sidereal year by 1 part in
996
+ # 26000 due to precession of the
997
+ # earth about its rotational axis
998
+ # combined with precession of the
999
+ # perihelion of the earth's
1000
+ # orbit.
1001
+ gaussianyear 365.2690 days # The orbital period of a body in
1002
+ # circular orbit at a distance of
1003
+ # 1 au from the sun. Calculated
1004
+ # from Kepler's third law.
1005
+ siderealday 23.934469444 hour # The sidereal day is the interval
1006
+ siderealhour 1|24 siderealday # between two successive transits
1007
+ siderealminute 1|60 siderealhour # of a star over the meridian,
1008
+ siderealsecond 1|60 siderealminute # or the time required for the
1009
+ # earth to make one rotation
1010
+ # relative to the stars. The
1011
+ # more usual solar day is the
1012
+ # time required to make a
1013
+ # rotation relative to the sun.
1014
+ # Because the earth moves in its
1015
+ # orbit, it has to turn a bit
1016
+ # extra to face the sun again,
1017
+ # hence the solar day is slightly
1018
+ # longer.
1019
+ anomalisticmonth 27.55454977 day # Time from perigee to perigee
1020
+ nodicalmonth 27.2122199 day # The nodes are the points where
1021
+ draconicmonth nodicalmonth # an orbit crosses the ecliptic.
1022
+ draconiticmonth nodicalmonth # This is the time required to
1023
+ # travel from the ascending node
1024
+ # to the next ascending node.
1025
+ siderealmonth 27.321661 day # Time required for the moon to
1026
+ # orbit the earth
1027
+ lunarmonth 29.5305555 day # Time between full moons. Full
1028
+ synodicmonth lunarmonth # moon occur when the sun and
1029
+ lunation synodicmonth # moon are on opposite sides of
1030
+ lune 1|30 lunation # the earth. Since the earth
1031
+ lunour 1|24 lune # moves around the sun, the moon
1032
+ # has to revolve a bit farther to
1033
+ # get into the full moon
1034
+ # configuration.
1035
+ year tropicalyear
1036
+ years year
1037
+ yr year
1038
+ month 1|12 year
1039
+ mo month
1040
+ decade 10 years
1041
+ century 100 years
1042
+ millennium 1000 years
1043
+ millennia millennium
1044
+ solaryear year
1045
+ lunaryear 12 lunarmonth
1046
+ calendaryear 365 day
1047
+ commonyear 365 day
1048
+ leapyear 366 day
1049
+ julianyear 365.25 day
1050
+ gregorianyear 365.2425 day
1051
+ islamicyear 354 day # A year of 12 lunar months. They
1052
+ islamicleapyear 355 day # began counting on July 16, AD 622
1053
+ # when Muhammad emigrated to Medina
1054
+ # (the year of the Hegira). They need
1055
+ # 11 leap days in 30 years to stay in
1056
+ # sync with the lunar year which is a
1057
+ # bit longer than the 29.5 days of the
1058
+ # average month.
1059
+ islamicmonth 1|12 islamicyear # They have 29 day and 30 day months.
1060
+
1061
+ # Sidereal days
1062
+
1063
+ mercuryday 58.6462 day
1064
+ venusday 243.01 day # retrograde
1065
+ earthday siderealday
1066
+ marsday 1.02595675 day
1067
+ jupiterday 0.41354 day
1068
+ saturnday 0.4375 day
1069
+ uranusday 0.65 day # retrograde
1070
+ neptuneday 0.768 day
1071
+ plutoday 6.3867 day
1072
+
1073
+ # Planetary sidereal years
1074
+
1075
+ mercuryyear 86.96 day
1076
+ venusyear 224.68 day
1077
+ earthyear siderealyear
1078
+ marsyear 686.95 day
1079
+ jupiteryear 11.862 tropicalyear
1080
+ saturnyear 29.458 tropicalyear
1081
+ uranusyear 84.012 tropicalyear
1082
+ neptuneyear 164.798 tropicalyear
1083
+ plutoyear 248.5 tropicalyear
1084
+
1085
+ #
1086
+ # Some other astronomical values
1087
+ #
1088
+
1089
+ sunmass 1.9891e30 kg
1090
+ sunradius 6.96e8 m
1091
+
1092
+ earthmass 5.9742e24 kg
1093
+ earthradius 6371331.3 m # mean
1094
+ earthradius_polar 6356912.0 m
1095
+ earthradius_equatorial 6378388.0 m
1096
+ landarea 148.847e6 km^2
1097
+ oceanarea 361.254e6 km^2
1098
+
1099
+ moonmass 7.3483e22 kg
1100
+ moonradius 1738 km # mean value
1101
+
1102
+ sundist 1.0000010178 au # mean earth-sun distance
1103
+ moondist 3.844e8 m # mean earth-moon distance
1104
+ sundist_near 1.471e11 m # earth-sun distance at perihelion
1105
+ sundist_far 1.521e11 m # earth-sun distance at aphelion
1106
+
1107
+ mercurymass 0.33022e24 kg
1108
+ venusmass 4.8690e24 kg
1109
+ marsmass 0.64191e24 kg
1110
+ jupitermass 1898.8e24 kg
1111
+ saturnmass 568.5e24 kg
1112
+ uranusmass 86.625e24 kg
1113
+ neptunemass 102.78e24 kg
1114
+ plutomass 0.015e24 kg
1115
+
1116
+ mercuryradius 2.57 Mm
1117
+ venusradius 6.3 Mm
1118
+ marsradius 3.43 Mm
1119
+ jupiterradius 72 Mm
1120
+ saturnradius 60.5 Mm
1121
+ uranusradius 26.7 Mm
1122
+ neptuneradius 24.9 Mm
1123
+
1124
+ moongravity 1.62 m/s^2
1125
+
1126
+ #
1127
+ # The Hartree system of atomic units, derived from fundamental units
1128
+ # of mass (of electron), action (planck's constant), charge, and
1129
+ # the coulomb constant.
1130
+
1131
+ # Fundamental units
1132
+
1133
+ atomicmass electronmass
1134
+ atomiccharge e
1135
+ atomicaction hbar
1136
+
1137
+ # derived units (Warning: accuracy is lost from deriving them this way)
1138
+
1139
+ atomiclength bohrradius
1140
+ atomictime hbar^3/coulombconst^2 atomicmass e^4 # Period of first
1141
+ # bohr orbit
1142
+ atomicvelocity atomiclength / atomictime
1143
+ atomicenergy hbar / atomictime
1144
+ hartree atomicenergy
1145
+ Hartree hartree
1146
+
1147
+ #
1148
+ # These thermal units treat entropy as charge, from [5]
1149
+ #
1150
+
1151
+ thermalcoulomb J/K # entropy
1152
+ thermalampere W/K # entropy flow
1153
+ thermalfarad J/K^2
1154
+ thermalohm K^2/W # thermal resistance
1155
+ fourier thermalohm
1156
+ thermalhenry J K^2/W^2 # thermal inductance
1157
+ thermalvolt K # thermal potential difference
1158
+
1159
+
1160
+ #
1161
+ # United States units
1162
+ #
1163
+
1164
+ # linear measure
1165
+
1166
+ # The US Metric Law of 1866 gave the exact relation 1 meter = 39.37 inches.
1167
+ # From 1893 until 1959, the foot was exactly 1200|3937 meters. In 1959
1168
+ # the definition was changed to bring the US into agreement with other
1169
+ # countries. Since then, the foot has been exactly 0.3048 meters. At the
1170
+ # same time it was decided that any data expressed in feet derived from
1171
+ # geodetic surveys within the US would continue to use the old definition.
1172
+
1173
+ US 1200|3937 m/ft # These four values will convert
1174
+ US- US # international measures to
1175
+ survey- US # US Survey measures
1176
+ geodetic- US
1177
+ int 3937|1200 ft/m # Convert US Survey measures to
1178
+ int- int # international measures
1179
+
1180
+ line 1|12 inch # Also defined as '.1 in' or as '1e-8 Wb'
1181
+ rod 5.5 USyard
1182
+ perch rod
1183
+ furlong 40 rod # From "furrow long"
1184
+ statutemile USmile
1185
+ league 3 USmile
1186
+
1187
+ # surveyor's measure
1188
+
1189
+ surveyorschain 66 surveyft
1190
+ surveyorspole 1|4 surveyorschain
1191
+ surveyorslink 1|100 surveyorschain
1192
+ chain surveyorschain
1193
+ surveychain chain
1194
+ ch chain
1195
+ link surveyorslink
1196
+ acre 10 chain^2
1197
+ intacre 43560 ft^2 # Acre based on international ft
1198
+ acrefoot acre surveyfoot
1199
+ section USmile^2
1200
+ township 36 section
1201
+ homestead 160 acre # Area of land granted by the 1862 Homestead
1202
+ # Act of the United States Congress
1203
+ gunterschain surveyorschain
1204
+
1205
+ engineerschain 100 ft
1206
+ engineerslink 1|100 engineerschain
1207
+ ramsdenschain engineerschain
1208
+ ramsdenslink engineerslink
1209
+
1210
+ # nautical measure
1211
+
1212
+ fathom 6 USft # Originally defined as the distance from
1213
+ # fingertip to fingertip with arms fully
1214
+ # extended.
1215
+ nauticalmile 1852 m # Supposed to be one minute of latitude at
1216
+ # the equator. That value is about 1855 m.
1217
+ # Early estimates of the earth's circumference
1218
+ # were a bit off. The value of 1852 m was
1219
+ # made the international standard in 1929.
1220
+ # The US did not accept this value until
1221
+ # 1954. The UK switched in 1970.
1222
+
1223
+ cable 1|10 nauticalmile
1224
+ intcable cable # international cable
1225
+ cablelength cable
1226
+ UScable 100 fathom
1227
+ navycablelength 720 USft
1228
+ marineleague 3 nauticalmile
1229
+ knot nauticalmile / hr
1230
+
1231
+ # Avoirdupois weight
1232
+
1233
+ pound 0.45359237 kg # The one normally used
1234
+ lb pound # From the latin libra
1235
+ lbs pound
1236
+ grain 1|7000 pound # The grain is the same in all three
1237
+ # weight systems. It was originally
1238
+ # defined as the weight of a barley
1239
+ # corn taken from the middle of the
1240
+ # ear.
1241
+ ounce 1|16 pound
1242
+ oz ounce
1243
+ dram 1|16 ounce
1244
+ dr dram
1245
+ hundredweight 100 pounds # This is the USA hundredweight
1246
+ cwt hundredweight
1247
+ shorthundredweight hundredweight
1248
+ ton 2000 lb
1249
+ shortton ton
1250
+ quarter 1|4 ton
1251
+ shortquarter 1|4 shortton
1252
+
1253
+
1254
+ # Troy Weight. In 1828 the troy pound was made the first United States
1255
+ # standard weight. It was to be used to regulate coinage.
1256
+
1257
+ troypound 5760 grain
1258
+ troyounce 1|12 troypound
1259
+ ozt troyounce
1260
+ pennyweight 1|20 troyounce # Abbreviated "d" in reference to a
1261
+ dwt pennyweight # Frankish coin called the "denier"
1262
+ # minted in the late 700's. There
1263
+ # were 240 deniers to the pound.
1264
+ assayton mg ton / troyounce # mg / assayton = troyounce / ton
1265
+
1266
+ # Some other jewelers units
1267
+
1268
+ metriccarat 0.2 gram
1269
+ metricgrain 50 mg
1270
+ carat metriccarat
1271
+ ct carat
1272
+ jewelerspoint 1|100 carat
1273
+ silversmithpoint 1|4000 inch
1274
+
1275
+
1276
+ # Apothecaries' weight
1277
+
1278
+ appound troypound
1279
+ apounce troyounce
1280
+ apdram 1|8 apounce
1281
+ scruple 1|3 apdram
1282
+
1283
+ # Liquid measure
1284
+
1285
+ gallon 231 in^3
1286
+ gal gallon
1287
+ quart 1|4 gallon
1288
+ qt quart
1289
+ pint 1|2 qt
1290
+ pt pint
1291
+ gill 1|4 pint
1292
+ fluidounce 1|16 pint
1293
+ floz fluidounce
1294
+ fluiddram 1|8 floz
1295
+ fldr fluiddram
1296
+ minim 1|60 fldr
1297
+ liquidbarrel 31.5 gallon
1298
+ petroleumbarrel 42 gallon # Originated in Pennsylvania oil
1299
+ barrel petroleumbarrel # fields, from the winetierce
1300
+ bbl barrel
1301
+ hogshead 63 gallon
1302
+ firkin 9 gallon
1303
+
1304
+ # Dry measures: The Winchester Bushel was defined by William III in 1702 and
1305
+ # legally adopted in the US in 1836.
1306
+
1307
+ drybarrel 7056 in^3
1308
+ bushel 2150.42 in^3 # Volume of 8 inch cylinder with 18.5
1309
+ bu bushel # inch diameter (rounded)
1310
+ peck 1|4 bushel
1311
+ pk peck
1312
+ drygallon 1|2 peck
1313
+ dryquart 1|4 drygallon
1314
+ drypint 1|2 dryquart
1315
+
1316
+ # Grain measures. The bushel as it is used by farmers in the USA is actually
1317
+ # a measure of mass which varies for different commodities. Canada uses the
1318
+ # same bushel masses for most commodities, but not for oats.
1319
+
1320
+ wheatbushel 60 lb
1321
+ soybeanbushel 60 lb
1322
+ cornbushel 56 lb
1323
+ ryebushel 56 lb
1324
+ barleybushel 48 lb
1325
+ oatbushel 32 lb
1326
+ ricebushel 45 lb
1327
+ canada_oatbushel 34 lb
1328
+
1329
+ # Wine and Spirits measure
1330
+
1331
+ pony 1 floz
1332
+ jigger 1.5 floz # Can vary between 1 and 2 floz
1333
+ shot jigger # Sometimes 1 floz
1334
+ eushot 25 ml # EU standard spirits measure
1335
+ fifth 1|5 gallon
1336
+ winebottle 750 ml # US industry standard, 1979
1337
+ winesplit 1|4 winebottle
1338
+ wineglass 4 floz
1339
+ magnum 1.5 liter # Standardized in 1979, but given
1340
+ # as 2 qt in some references
1341
+ metrictenth 375 ml
1342
+ metricfifth 750 ml
1343
+ metricquart 1 liter
1344
+
1345
+ # French champagne bottle sizes
1346
+
1347
+ split 200 ml
1348
+ jeroboam 2 magnum
1349
+ rehoboam 3 magnum
1350
+ methuselah 4 magnum
1351
+ salmanazar 6 magnum
1352
+ balthazar 8 magnum
1353
+ nebuchadnezzar 10 magnum
1354
+
1355
+ # Shoe measures
1356
+
1357
+ shoeiron 1|48 inch # Used to measure leather in soles
1358
+ shoeounce 1|64 inch # Used to measure non-sole shoe leather
1359
+
1360
+ #
1361
+ # USA slang units
1362
+ #
1363
+
1364
+ buck dollar
1365
+ fin 5 dollar
1366
+ sawbuck 10 dollar
1367
+ key kg # usually of marijuana, 60's
1368
+ lid 1 oz # Another 60's weed unit
1369
+ footballfield 100 yards
1370
+
1371
+ #
1372
+ # British
1373
+ #
1374
+
1375
+ UK 1200000|3937014 m/ft # The UK lengths were defined by
1376
+ british- UK # a bronze bar manufactured in
1377
+ UK- UK # 1844. Measurement of that bar
1378
+ # revealed the dimensions given
1379
+ # here.
1380
+
1381
+ brnauticalmile 6080 ft # Used until 1970 when the UK
1382
+ brknot brnauticalmile / hr # switched to the international
1383
+ brcable 1|10 brnauticalmile # nautical mile.
1384
+ admiraltymile brnauticalmile
1385
+ admiraltyknot brknot
1386
+ admiraltycable brcable
1387
+ seamile 6000 ft
1388
+
1389
+ # British Imperial weight is mostly the same as US weight. A few extra
1390
+ # units are added here.
1391
+
1392
+ clove 7 lb
1393
+ stone 14 lb
1394
+ brhundredweight 8 stone
1395
+ longhundredweight brhundredweight
1396
+ longton 20 brhundredweight
1397
+ brton longton
1398
+ brassayton mg brton / troyounce
1399
+
1400
+ # British Imperial volume measures
1401
+
1402
+ brgallon 4.54609 l # The British Imperial gallon was
1403
+ canadiangallon brgallon # defined in 1824 to be the volume of
1404
+ cangallon brgallon # water which weighed 10 pounds at 62
1405
+ # deg F with a pressure of 30 inHg.
1406
+ # In 1963 it was defined to be the space
1407
+ # occupied by 10 pounds of distilled
1408
+ # water of density 0.998859 g/ml weighed
1409
+ # in air of density 0.001217 g/ml
1410
+ # against weights of density 8.136 g/ml.
1411
+ # The value given here is given by [1]
1412
+ # as an exact value.
1413
+ brpeck 2 brgallon
1414
+ brbarrel 36 brgallon # Used for beer
1415
+ brbushel 4 brpeck
1416
+ brquarter 8 brbushel
1417
+ brchaldron 36 brbushel
1418
+
1419
+ # Obscure British volume measures. These units are generally traditional
1420
+ # measures whose definitions have fluctuated over the years. Often they
1421
+ # depended on the quantity being measured. They are given here in terms of
1422
+ # British Imperial measures. For example, the puncheon may have historically
1423
+ # been defined relative to the wine gallon or beer gallon or ale gallon
1424
+ # rather than the British Imperial gallon.
1425
+
1426
+ bag 4 brbushel
1427
+ bucket 4 brgallon
1428
+ last 40 brbushel
1429
+ pottle 0.5 brgallon
1430
+ pin 4.5 brgallon
1431
+ puncheon 72 brgallon
1432
+ seam 8 brbushel
1433
+ coomb 4 brbushel
1434
+ boll 6 brbushel
1435
+ firlot 1|4 boll
1436
+ brfirkin 9 brgallon # Used for ale and beer
1437
+ cran 37.5 brgallon # measures herring, about 750 fish
1438
+ brhogshead 63 brgallon
1439
+ registerton 100 ft^3 # Used for internal capacity of ships
1440
+ shippington 40 ft^3 # Used for ship's cargo freight or timber
1441
+ brshippington 42 ft^3 #
1442
+ freightton shippington # Both register ton and shipping ton derive
1443
+ # from the "tun cask" of wine.
1444
+ displacementton 35 ft^3 # Approximate volume of a longton weight of
1445
+ # sea water used to measure ship displacement
1446
+ waterton 224 brgallon
1447
+ strike 70.5 l # 16th century unit, sometimes
1448
+ # defined as .5, 2, or 4 bushels
1449
+ # depending on the location. It
1450
+ # probably doesn't make a lot of
1451
+ # sense to define in terms of imperial
1452
+ # bushels. Zupko gives a value of
1453
+ # 2 Winchester grain bushels or about
1454
+ # 70.5 liters.
1455
+
1456
+ # obscure British lengths
1457
+
1458
+ barleycorn 1|3 UKinch # Given in Realm of Measure as the
1459
+ # difference between successive shoe sizes
1460
+ nail 1|16 UKyard # Originally the width of the thumbnail,
1461
+ # or 1|16 ft. This took on the general
1462
+ # meaning of 1|16 and settled on the
1463
+ # nail of a yard or 1|16 yards as its
1464
+ # final value. [12]
1465
+ pole 16.5 UKft
1466
+ rope 20 UKft
1467
+ englishell 45 UKinch
1468
+ flemishell 27 UKinch
1469
+ ell englishell # supposed to be measure from elbow to
1470
+ # fingertips
1471
+ span 9 UKinch # supposed to be distance from thumb
1472
+ # to pinky with full hand extension
1473
+
1474
+ # misc obscure British units
1475
+
1476
+ rood 1|4 acre
1477
+ englishcarat 3.163 grain # Originally intended to be 4 grain
1478
+ # but this value ended up being
1479
+ # used in the London diamond market
1480
+ mancus 2 oz
1481
+ mast 2.5 lb
1482
+ basebox 31360 in^2 # Used in metal plating
1483
+
1484
+ # alternate spellings
1485
+
1486
+ metre meter
1487
+ gramme gram
1488
+ litre liter
1489
+ dioptre diopter
1490
+
1491
+ #
1492
+ # Units derived the human body (may not be very accurate)
1493
+ #
1494
+
1495
+ geometricpace 5 ft # distance between points where the same
1496
+ # foot hits the ground
1497
+ pace 2.5 ft # distance between points where alternate
1498
+ # feet touch the ground
1499
+ USmilitarypace 30 in # United States official military pace
1500
+ USdoubletimepace 36 in # United States official doubletime pace
1501
+ fingerbreadth 7|8 in # The finger is defined as either the width
1502
+ fingerlength 4.5 in # or length of the finger
1503
+ finger fingerbreadth
1504
+ palmlength 8 in # or the length of the hand
1505
+ hand 4 inch # width of hand
1506
+
1507
+ #
1508
+ # Cooking measures
1509
+ #
1510
+
1511
+ # US measures
1512
+
1513
+ cup 8 floz
1514
+ tablespoon 1|16 cup
1515
+ tbl tablespoon
1516
+ tbsp tablespoon
1517
+ teaspoon 1|3 tbsp
1518
+ tsp teaspoon
1519
+ metriccup 250 ml
1520
+
1521
+ # US can sizes.
1522
+
1523
+ number1can 10 floz
1524
+ number2can 19 floz
1525
+ number2.5can 3.5 cups
1526
+ number3can 4 cups
1527
+ number5can 7 cups
1528
+ number10can 105 floz
1529
+
1530
+ # British measures
1531
+
1532
+ brtablespoon 15 ml # Also 5|8 brfloz, approx 17.7 ml
1533
+ brteaspoon 1|3 brtablespoon # Also 1|4 brtablespoon
1534
+ dessertspoon 2 brteaspoon
1535
+ brtsp brteaspoon
1536
+ brtbl brtablespoon
1537
+ dsp dessertspoon
1538
+
1539
+ # Australian
1540
+
1541
+ australiatablespoon 20 ml
1542
+ austbl australiatablespoon
1543
+
1544
+ # Chinese
1545
+
1546
+ catty 0.5 kg
1547
+ oldcatty 4|3 lbs # Before metric conversion.
1548
+ tael 1|16 oldcatty # Should the tael be defined both ways?
1549
+
1550
+ # Japanese
1551
+
1552
+ japancup 200 ml
1553
+
1554
+ # densities of cooking ingredients from The Cake Bible by Rose Levy Beranbaum
1555
+ # so you can convert '2 cups sugar' to grams, for example, or in the other
1556
+ # direction grams could be converted to 'cup flour_scooped'.
1557
+
1558
+ butter 8 oz/cup
1559
+ butter_clarified 6.8 oz/cup
1560
+ cocoa_butter 9 oz/cup
1561
+ shortening 6.75 oz/cup # vegetable shortening
1562
+ oil 7.5 oz/cup
1563
+ cakeflour_sifted 3.5 oz/cup # The density of flour depends on the
1564
+ cakeflour_spooned 4 oz/cup # measuring method. "Scooped", or
1565
+ cakeflour_scooped 4.5 oz/cup # "dip and sweep" refers to dipping a
1566
+ flour_sifted 4 oz/cup # measure into a bin, and then sweeping
1567
+ flour_spooned 4.25 oz/cup # the excess off the top. "Spooned"
1568
+ flour_scooped 5 oz/cup # means to lightly spoon into a measure
1569
+ breadflour_sifted 4.25 oz/cup # and then sweep the top. Sifted means
1570
+ breadflour_spooned 4.5 oz/cup # sifting the flour directly into a
1571
+ breadflour_scooped 5.5 oz/cup # measure and then sweeping the top.
1572
+ cornstarch 120 grams/cup
1573
+ dutchcocoa_sifted 75 g/cup # These are for Dutch processed cocoa
1574
+ dutchcocoa_spooned 92 g/cup
1575
+ dutchcocoa_scooped 95 g/cup
1576
+ cocoa_sifted 75 g/cup # These are for nonalkalized cocoa
1577
+ cocoa_spooned 82 g/cup
1578
+ cocoa_scooped 95 g/cup
1579
+ heavycream 232 g/cup
1580
+ milk 242 g/cup
1581
+ sourcream 242 g/cup
1582
+ molasses 11.25 oz/cup
1583
+ cornsyrup 11.5 oz/cup
1584
+ honey 11.75 oz/cup
1585
+ sugar 200 g/cup
1586
+ powdered_sugar 4 oz/cup
1587
+ brownsugar_light 217 g/cup # packed
1588
+ brownsugar_dark 239 g/cup
1589
+
1590
+ baking_powder 4.6 grams / tsp
1591
+ salt 6 g / tsp
1592
+ koshersalt 2.8 g / tsp # Diamond Crystal salt, from package
1593
+ # Note that Morton kosher salt is
1594
+ # much denser.
1595
+
1596
+ # Egg weights and volumes for a USA large egg
1597
+
1598
+ egg 50 grams
1599
+ eggwhite 30 grams
1600
+ eggyolk 18.6 grams
1601
+ eggwhitevolume 2 tablespoons
1602
+ eggyolkvolume 3.5 tsp
1603
+
1604
+
1605
+ #
1606
+ # Units derived from imperial system
1607
+ #
1608
+
1609
+ ouncedal oz ft / s^2 # force which accelerates an ounce
1610
+ # at 1 ft/s^2
1611
+ poundal lb ft / s^2 # same thing for a pound
1612
+ tondal ton ft / s^2 # and for a ton
1613
+ pdl poundal
1614
+ psi pound force / inch^2
1615
+ psia psi # absolute pressure
1616
+ tsi ton force / inch^2
1617
+ reyn psi sec
1618
+ # applications where in/sec^2 was a
1619
+ # natural acceleration measure.
1620
+ lbf lb force
1621
+ tonf ton force
1622
+ lbm lb
1623
+ kip 1000 lbf # from kilopound
1624
+ mil 0.001 inch
1625
+ thou 0.001 inch
1626
+ circularinch 1|4 pi in^2 # area of a one-inch diameter circle
1627
+ circularmil 1|4 pi mil^2 # area of one-mil diameter circle
1628
+ cmil circularmil
1629
+ cental 100 pound
1630
+ centner cental
1631
+ caliber 0.01 inch # for measuring bullets
1632
+ duty ft lbf
1633
+ celo ft / s^2
1634
+ jerk ft / s^3
1635
+ australiapoint 0.01 inch # The "point" is used to measure rainfall
1636
+ # in Australia
1637
+ sabin ft^2 # Measure of sound absorption equal to the
1638
+ # absorbing power of one square foot of
1639
+ # a perfectly absorbing material. The
1640
+ # sound absorptivity of an object is the
1641
+ # area times a dimensionless
1642
+ # absorptivity coefficient.
1643
+ flag 5 ft^2 # Construction term referring to sidewalk.
1644
+ rollwallpaper 30 ft^2 # Area of roll of wall paper
1645
+ fillpower in^3 / ounce # Density of down at standard pressure.
1646
+ # The best down has 750-800 fillpower.
1647
+ pinlength 1|16 inch # A #17 pin is 17/16 in long in the USA.
1648
+ buttonline 1|40 inch # The line was used in 19th century USA
1649
+ # to measure width of buttons.
1650
+ scoopnumber /quart # Ice cream scoops are labeled with a
1651
+ # number specifying how many scoops
1652
+ # fill a quart.
1653
+ #
1654
+ # Other units of work, energy, power, etc
1655
+ #
1656
+
1657
+ # Calories: energy to raise a gram of water one degree celsius
1658
+
1659
+ cal_IT 4.1868 J # International Table calorie
1660
+ cal_th 4.184 J # Thermochemical calorie
1661
+ cal_fifteen 4.18580 J # Energy to go from 14.5 to 15.5 degC
1662
+ cal_twenty 4.18190 J # Energy to go from 19.5 to 20.5 degC
1663
+ cal_mean 4.19002 J # 1|100 energy to go from 0 to 100 degC
1664
+ calorie cal_IT
1665
+ cal calorie
1666
+ calorie_IT cal_IT
1667
+ thermcalorie cal_th
1668
+ calorie_th thermcalorie
1669
+ Calorie kilocalorie # the food Calorie
1670
+ thermie 1e6 cal_fifteen # Heat required to raise the
1671
+ # temperature of a tonne of
1672
+ # water from 14.5 to 15.5 degC.
1673
+
1674
+ # btu definitions: energy to raise a pound of water 1 degF
1675
+
1676
+ btu cal lb degF / gram K # international table BTU
1677
+ britishthermalunit btu
1678
+ btu_IT btu
1679
+ btu_th cal_th lb degF / gram K
1680
+ btu_mean cal_mean lb degF / gram K
1681
+ quad quadrillion btu
1682
+
1683
+ ECtherm 1.05506e8 J # Exact definition, close to 1e5 btu
1684
+ UStherm 1.054804e8 J # Exact definition
1685
+ therm UStherm
1686
+
1687
+ # The horsepower is supposedly the power of one horse pulling. Obviously
1688
+ # different people had different horses.
1689
+
1690
+ horsepower 550 foot pound force / sec # Invented by James Watt
1691
+ hp horsepower
1692
+ metrichorsepower 75 kilogram force meter / sec
1693
+ electrichorsepower 746 W
1694
+ boilerhorsepower 9809.50 W
1695
+ waterhorsepower 746.043 W
1696
+ brhorsepower 745.70 W
1697
+ donkeypower 250 W
1698
+
1699
+ # Thermal insulance: Thermal conductivity has dimension power per area per
1700
+ # (degree per inch thickness) which comes out to W / K m. If the thickness is
1701
+ # fixed, then the conductance will have units of W / K m^2. Thermal insulance
1702
+ # is the reciprocal.
1703
+
1704
+ Rvalue degF ft^2 hr / btu
1705
+ Uvalue 1/Rvalue
1706
+ europeanUvalue watt / m^2 K
1707
+ RSI degC m^2 / W
1708
+ clo 0.155 degC m^2 / W # Supposed to be the insulance
1709
+ # required to keep a resting person
1710
+ # comfortable indoors. The value
1711
+ # given is from NIST and the CRC,
1712
+ # but [5] gives a slightly different
1713
+ # value of 0.875 ft^2 degF hr / btu.
1714
+ # Misc other measures
1715
+
1716
+ clausius 1e3 cal/K # A unit of physical entropy
1717
+ langley thermcalorie/cm^2
1718
+ poncelet 100 kg force m / s
1719
+ tonrefrigeration ton 144 btu / lb day # One ton refrigeration is
1720
+ # the rate of heat extraction required
1721
+ # turn one ton of water to ice in
1722
+ # a day. Ice is defined to have a
1723
+ # latent heat of 144 btu/lb.
1724
+ tonref tonrefrigeration
1725
+ refrigeration tonref / ton
1726
+ frigorie 1000 cal_fifteen # Used in refrigeration engineering.
1727
+ tnt 4.184e9 J/ton # So you can write tons-tnt, this
1728
+ # is a defined, not measured, value
1729
+
1730
+ #
1731
+ # Counting measures
1732
+ #
1733
+
1734
+ pair 2
1735
+ nest 3
1736
+ dickers 10
1737
+ dozen 12
1738
+ bakersdozen 13
1739
+ score 20
1740
+ flock 40
1741
+ timer 40
1742
+ shock 60
1743
+ gross 144
1744
+ greatgross 12 gross
1745
+
1746
+ # Paper counting measure
1747
+
1748
+ shortquire 24
1749
+ quire 25
1750
+ shortream 480
1751
+ ream 500
1752
+ perfectream 516
1753
+ bundle 2 reams
1754
+ bale 5 bundles
1755
+
1756
+ #
1757
+ # Paper measures
1758
+ #
1759
+
1760
+ ## USA paper sizes
1761
+ #
1762
+ #lettersize 8.5 inch 11 inch
1763
+ #legalsize 8.5 inch 14 inch
1764
+ #ledgersize 11 inch 17 inch
1765
+ #executivesize 7.25 inch 10.5 inch
1766
+ #Apaper 8.5 inch 11 inch
1767
+ #Bpaper 11 inch 17 inch
1768
+ #Cpaper 17 inch 22 inch
1769
+ #Dpaper 22 inch 34 inch
1770
+ #Epaper 34 inch 44 inch
1771
+ #
1772
+ ## The metric paper sizes are defined so that if a sheet is cut in half
1773
+ ## along the short direction, the result is two sheets which are
1774
+ ## similar to the original sheet. This means that for any metric size,
1775
+ ## the long side is close to sqrt(2) times the length of the short
1776
+ ## side. Each series of sizes is generated by repeated cuts in half,
1777
+ ## with the values rounded down to the nearest millimeter.
1778
+ #
1779
+ #A0paper 841 mm 1189 mm # The basic size in the A series
1780
+ #A1paper 594 mm 841 mm # is defined to have an area of
1781
+ #A2paper 420 mm 594 mm # one square meter.
1782
+ #A3paper 297 mm 420 mm
1783
+ #A4paper 210 mm 297 mm
1784
+ #A5paper 148 mm 210 mm
1785
+ #A6paper 105 mm 148 mm
1786
+ #A7paper 74 mm 105 mm
1787
+ #A8paper 52 mm 74 mm
1788
+ #A9paper 37 mm 52 mm
1789
+ #A10paper 26 mm 37 mm
1790
+ #
1791
+ #B0paper 1000 mm 1414 mm # The basic B size has an area
1792
+ #B1paper 707 mm 1000 mm # of sqrt(2) square meters.
1793
+ #B2paper 500 mm 707 mm
1794
+ #B3paper 353 mm 500 mm
1795
+ #B4paper 250 mm 353 mm
1796
+ #B5paper 176 mm 250 mm
1797
+ #B6paper 125 mm 176 mm
1798
+ #B7paper 88 mm 125 mm
1799
+ #B8paper 62 mm 88 mm
1800
+ #B9paper 44 mm 62 mm
1801
+ #B10paper 31 mm 44 mm
1802
+ #
1803
+ #C0paper 917 mm 1297 mm # The basic C size has an area
1804
+ #C1paper 648 mm 917 mm # of sqrt(sqrt(2)) square meters.
1805
+ #C2paper 458 mm 648 mm
1806
+ #C3paper 324 mm 458 mm # Intended for envelope sizes
1807
+ #C4paper 229 mm 324 mm
1808
+ #C5paper 162 mm 229 mm
1809
+ #C6paper 114 mm 162 mm
1810
+ #C7paper 81 mm 114 mm
1811
+ #C8paper 57 mm 81 mm
1812
+ #C9paper 40 mm 57 mm
1813
+ #C10paper 28 mm 40 mm
1814
+
1815
+ # gsm (Grams per Square Meter), a sane, metric paper weight measure
1816
+
1817
+ gsm grams / meter^2
1818
+
1819
+ # In the USA, a collection of crazy historical paper measures are used. Paper
1820
+ # is measured as a weight of a ream of that particular type of paper. This is
1821
+ # sometimes called the "substance" or "basis" (as in "substance 20" paper).
1822
+ # The standard sheet size or "basis size" varies depending on the type of
1823
+ # paper. As a result, 20 pound bond paper and 50 pound text paper are actually
1824
+ # about the same weight. The different sheet sizes were historically the most
1825
+ # convenient for printing or folding in the different applications. These
1826
+ # different basis weights are standards maintained by American Society for
1827
+ # Testing Materials (ASTM) and the American Forest and Paper Association
1828
+ # (AF&PA).
1829
+
1830
+ # poundbookpaper lb / 25 inch 38 inch ream
1831
+ # lbbook poundbookpaper
1832
+ # poundtextpaper poundbookpaper
1833
+ # lbtext poundtextpaper
1834
+ # poundoffsetpaper poundbookpaper # For offset printing
1835
+ # lboffset poundoffsetpaper
1836
+ # poundbiblepaper poundbookpaper # Designed to be lightweight, thin,
1837
+ # lbbible poundbiblepaper # strong and opaque.
1838
+ # poundtagpaper lb / 24 inch 36 inch ream
1839
+ # lbtag poundtagpaper
1840
+ # poundbagpaper poundtagpaper
1841
+ # lbbag poundbagpaper
1842
+ # poundnewsprintpaper poundtagpaper
1843
+ # lbnewsprint poundnewsprintpaper
1844
+ # poundposterpaper poundtagpaper
1845
+ # lbposter poundposterpaper
1846
+ # poundtissuepaper poundtagpaper
1847
+ # lbtissue poundtissuepaper
1848
+ # poundwrappingpaper poundtagpaper
1849
+ # lbwrapping poundwrappingpaper
1850
+ # poundwaxingpaper poundtagpaper
1851
+ # lbwaxing poundwaxingpaper
1852
+ # poundglassinepaper poundtagpaper
1853
+ # lbglassine poundglassinepaper
1854
+ # poundcoverpaper lb / 20 inch 26 inch ream
1855
+ # lbcover poundcoverpaper
1856
+ # poundindexpaper lb / 25.5 inch 30.5 inch ream
1857
+ # lbindex poundindexpaper
1858
+ # poundindexbristolpaper poundindexpaper
1859
+ # lbindexbristol poundindexpaper
1860
+ # poundbondpaper lb / 17 inch 22 inch ream # Bond paper is stiff and
1861
+ # lbbond poundbondpaper # durable for repeated
1862
+ # poundwritingpaper poundbondpaper # filing, and it resists
1863
+ # lbwriting poundwritingpaper # ink penetration.
1864
+ # poundledgerpaper poundbondpaper
1865
+ # lbledger poundledgerpaper
1866
+ # poundcopypaper poundbondpaper
1867
+ # lbcopy poundcopypaper
1868
+ # poundblottingpaper lb / 19 inch 24 inch ream
1869
+ # lbblotting poundblottingpaper
1870
+ # poundblankspaper lb / 22 inch 28 inch ream
1871
+ # lbblanks poundblankspaper
1872
+ # poundpostcardpaper lb / 22.5 inch 28.5 inch ream
1873
+ # lbpostcard poundpostcardpaper
1874
+ # poundweddingbristol poundpostcardpaper
1875
+ # lbweddingbristol poundweddingbristol
1876
+ # poundbristolpaper poundweddingbristol
1877
+ # lbbristol poundbristolpaper
1878
+ # poundboxboard lb / 1000 ft^2
1879
+ # lbboxboard poundboxboard
1880
+ # poundpaperboard poundboxboard
1881
+ # lbpaperboard poundpaperboard
1882
+
1883
+ # When paper is marked in units of M, it means the weight of 1000 sheets of the
1884
+ # given size of paper. To convert this to paper weight, divide by the size of
1885
+ # the paper in question.
1886
+
1887
+ paperM lb / 1000
1888
+
1889
+ #
1890
+ # Printing
1891
+ #
1892
+
1893
+ fournierpoint 0.1648 inch / 12 # First definition of the printers
1894
+ # point made by Pierre Fournier who
1895
+ # defined it in 1737 as 1|12 of a
1896
+ # cicero which was 0.1648 inches.
1897
+ # a family of printers, changed
1898
+ # Fournier's definition around 1770
1899
+ # to fit to the French units then in
1900
+ # use.
1901
+ bertholdpoint 1|2660 m # H. Berthold tried to create a
1902
+ # metric version of the didot point
1903
+ # in 1878.
1904
+ INpoint 0.4 mm # This point was created by a
1905
+ # group directed by Fermin Didot in
1906
+ # 1881 and is associated with the
1907
+ # imprimerie nationale. It doesn't
1908
+ # seem to have been used much.
1909
+ germandidotpoint 0.376065 mm # Exact definition appears in DIN
1910
+ # 16507, a German standards document
1911
+ # of 1954. Adopted more broadly in
1912
+ # 1966 by ???
1913
+ metricpoint 3|8 mm # Proposed in 1977 by Eurograf
1914
+ point 1|72.27 inch # The American point was invented
1915
+ printerspoint point # by Nelson Hawks in 1879 and
1916
+ # dominates USA publishing.
1917
+ # It was standardized by the American
1918
+ # Typefounders Association at the
1919
+ # value of 0.013837 inches exactly.
1920
+ # Knuth uses the approximation given
1921
+ # here (which is very close). The
1922
+ # comp.fonts FAQ claims that this
1923
+ # value is supposed to be 1|12 of a
1924
+ # pica where 83 picas is equal to 35
1925
+ # cm. But this value differs from
1926
+ # the standard.
1927
+ texscaledpoint 1|65536 point # The TeX typesetting system uses
1928
+ texsp texscaledpoint # this for all computations.
1929
+ computerpoint 1|72 inch # The American point was rounded
1930
+ computerpica 12 computerpoint # to an even 1|72 inch by computer
1931
+ postscriptpoint computerpoint # people at some point.
1932
+ pspoint postscriptpoint
1933
+ Q 1|4 mm # Used in Japanese phototypesetting
1934
+ # Q is for quarter
1935
+ didotpoint germandidotpoint # This seems to be the dominant value
1936
+ europeanpoint didotpoint # for the point used in Europe
1937
+ cicero 12 didotpoint
1938
+
1939
+ stick 2 inches
1940
+
1941
+ # Type sizes
1942
+
1943
+ excelsior 3 point
1944
+ brilliant 3.5 point
1945
+ diamond 4 point
1946
+ pearl 5 point
1947
+ agate 5.5 point
1948
+ ruby agate # British
1949
+ nonpareil 6 point
1950
+ mignonette 6.5 point
1951
+ emerald mignonette # British
1952
+ minion 7 point
1953
+ brevier 8 point
1954
+ bourgeois 9 point
1955
+ longprimer 10 point
1956
+ smallpica 11 point
1957
+ pica 12 point
1958
+ english 14 point
1959
+ columbian 16 point
1960
+ greatprimer 18 point
1961
+ paragon 20 point
1962
+ meridian 44 point
1963
+ canon 48 point
1964
+
1965
+ # German type sizes
1966
+
1967
+ nonplusultra 2 didotpoint
1968
+ brillant 3 didotpoint
1969
+ diamant 4 didotpoint
1970
+ perl 5 didotpoint
1971
+ nonpareille 6 didotpoint
1972
+ kolonel 7 didotpoint
1973
+ petit 8 didotpoint
1974
+ borgis 9 didotpoint
1975
+ korpus 10 didotpoint
1976
+ corpus korpus
1977
+ garamond korpus
1978
+ mittel 14 didotpoint
1979
+ tertia 16 didotpoint
1980
+ text 18 didotpoint
1981
+ kleine_kanon 32 didotpoint
1982
+ kanon 36 didotpoint
1983
+ grobe_kanon 42 didotpoint
1984
+ missal 48 didotpoint
1985
+ kleine_sabon 72 didotpoint
1986
+ grobe_sabon 84 didotpoint
1987
+
1988
+ #
1989
+ # Information theory units
1990
+ #
1991
+
1992
+ nat 0.69314718056 bits # Entropy measured base e
1993
+ hartley 3.32192809488 bits # log2(10) bits, or the entropy
1994
+ # of a uniformly distributed
1995
+ # random variable over 10
1996
+ # symbols.
1997
+ #
1998
+ # Computer
1999
+ #
2000
+
2001
+ bps bit/sec # Sometimes the term "baud" is
2002
+ # incorrectly used to refer to
2003
+ # bits per second. Baud refers
2004
+ # to symbols per second. Modern
2005
+ # modems transmit several bits
2006
+ # per symbol.
2007
+ byte 8 bit # Not all machines had 8 bit
2008
+ # bytes, but these days most of
2009
+ # them do. But beware: for
2010
+ # transmission over modems, a
2011
+ # few extra bits are used so
2012
+ # there are actually 10 bits per
2013
+ # byte.
2014
+ nybble 4 bits # Half of a byte. Sometimes
2015
+ # equal to different lengths
2016
+ # such as 3 bits.
2017
+ nibble nybble
2018
+ kbyte 1024 byte # These definitions violate
2019
+ megabyte 1024 kbyte # the rules on use of the SI
2020
+ gigabyte 1024 megabyte # prefixes. Maybe they should
2021
+ meg megabyte # not be defined this way?
2022
+ gig gigabyte
2023
+ terabyte 1024 gigabyte
2024
+ petabyte 1024 terabyte
2025
+
2026
+ jiffy 0.01 sec # This is defined in the Jargon File
2027
+ jiffies jiffy # (http://www.jargon.org) as being the
2028
+ # duration of a clock tick for measuring
2029
+ # wall-clock time. Supposedly the value
2030
+ # used to be 1|60 sec or 1|50 sec
2031
+ # depending on the frequency of AC power,
2032
+ # but then 1|100 sec became more common.
2033
+ # On linux systems, this term is used and
2034
+ # for the Intel based chips, it does have
2035
+ # the value of .01 sec. The Jargon File
2036
+ # also lists two other definitions:
2037
+ # millisecond, and the time taken for
2038
+ # light to travel one foot.
2039
+ #
2040
+ # yarn and cloth measures
2041
+ #
2042
+
2043
+ # yarn linear density
2044
+
2045
+ woolyarnrun 1600 yard/pound # 1600 yds of "number 1 yarn" weighs
2046
+ # a pound.
2047
+ yarncut 300 yard/pound # Less common system used in
2048
+ # Pennsylvania for wool yarn
2049
+ cottonyarncount 840 yard/pound
2050
+ linenyarncount 300 yard/pound # Also used for hemp and ramie
2051
+ worstedyarncount 1680 ft/pound
2052
+ metricyarncount meter/gram
2053
+ manchesteryarnnumber drams/1000 yards # old system used for silk
2054
+ pli lb/in
2055
+ typp 1000 yd/lb
2056
+ asbestoscut 100 yd/lb # used for glass and asbestos yarn
2057
+
2058
+ tex gram / km # rational metric yarn measure, meant
2059
+ drex 0.1 tex # to be used for any kind of yarn
2060
+
2061
+
2062
+ # yarn and cloth length
2063
+
2064
+ skeincotton 80*54 inch # 80 turns of thread on a reel with a
2065
+ # 54 in circumference (varies for other
2066
+ # kinds of thread)
2067
+ cottonbolt 120 ft # cloth measurement
2068
+ woolbolt 210 ft
2069
+ bolt cottonbolt
2070
+ heer 600 yards
2071
+ cut 300 yards # used for wet-spun linen yarn
2072
+ lea 300 yards
2073
+
2074
+ #
2075
+ # drug dosage
2076
+ #
2077
+
2078
+ mcg microgram # Frequently used for vitamins
2079
+ iudiptheria 62.8 microgram # IU is for international unit
2080
+ iupenicillin 0.6 microgram
2081
+ iuinsulin 41.67 microgram
2082
+ drop 1|20 ml # The drop was an old "unit" that was
2083
+ # replaced by the minim. But I was
2084
+ # told by a pharmacist that in his
2085
+ # profession, the conversion of 20
2086
+ # drops per ml is actually used.
2087
+ #
2088
+ # fixup units for times when prefix handling doesn't do the job
2089
+ #
2090
+
2091
+ hectare hectoare
2092
+ megohm megaohm
2093
+ kilohm kiloohm
2094
+ microhm microohm
2095
+
2096
+ #
2097
+ # Exchange rates from the New York Times, 27 July 1999
2098
+ #
2099
+ # Some European currencies have permanent fixed exchange rates with
2100
+ # the Euro. These rates were taken from the EC's web site:
2101
+ # http://europa.eu.int/eurobirth/rates.html
2102
+ #
2103
+
2104
+ cent 0.01 $
2105
+ argentinapeso 1.0010 $ # Financial rate
2106
+ australiadollar 0.6483 $
2107
+ brazilreal 0.5488 $
2108
+ britainpound 1.5906 $
2109
+ canadadollar 0.6625 $
2110
+ chilepeso 0.001932 $ # Official rate
2111
+ chinayuan 0.1208 $
2112
+ colombiapeso 0.000545 $
2113
+ czechkoruna 0.0287 $
2114
+ denmarkkrone 0.1439 $
2115
+ euro 1.061 $ # 27 July 1999 rate from Yahoo
2116
+ ecuadorsucre 0.000086 $
2117
+ egyptpound 0.2930 $
2118
+ finlandmarkka 1|5.94573 euro
2119
+ francefranc 1|6.55957 euro
2120
+ germanymark 1|1.95583 euro
2121
+ greatbritainpound britainpound
2122
+ greecedrachma 0.003282 $
2123
+ hongkongdollar 0.1288 $
2124
+ hungaryforint 0.0042 $
2125
+ indiarupee 0.0231 $ # official rate
2126
+ indonesiarupiah 0.000143 $
2127
+ irelandpunt 1|0.787564 euro
2128
+ israelshekel 0.2439 $
2129
+ italylira 1|1936.27 euro
2130
+ japanyen 0.008576 $
2131
+ jordandinar 1.4104 $
2132
+ lebanonpound 0.000663 $
2133
+ malaysiaringgit 0.2632 $
2134
+ mexicopeso 0.106373 $
2135
+ netherlandsguilder 1|2.20371 euro
2136
+ newzealanddollar 0.5275 $
2137
+ norwaykrone 0.1283 $
2138
+ pakistanrupee 0.0195 $
2139
+ perunewsol 0.3008 $
2140
+ philippinespeso 0.0261 $
2141
+ polandzloty 0.2604 $
2142
+ portugalescudo 1|200.482 euro
2143
+ russiaruble 0.0413 $ # Moscow Interbank Currency Exchange
2144
+ saudiarabiariyal 0.2666 $
2145
+ singaporedollar 0.5936 $
2146
+ slovakiakoruna 0.0235 $
2147
+ southafricarand 0.1630 $
2148
+ southkoreawon 0.000828 $
2149
+ spainpeseta 1|166.386 euro
2150
+ swedenkrona 0.1210 $
2151
+ switzerlandfranc 0.6644 $
2152
+ taiwandollar 0.0310 $
2153
+ thailandbaht 0.02675 $
2154
+ turkeylira 0.000002 $
2155
+ unitedarabdirham 0.2723 $
2156
+ unitedkingdompound britainpound
2157
+ unitedstatesdollar $
2158
+ uruguaynewpeso 0.0870 $
2159
+ venezuelabolivar 0.0016 $
2160
+
2161
+ mark germanymark
2162
+ bolivar venezuelabolivar
2163
+ peseta spainpeseta
2164
+ rand southafricarand
2165
+ escudo portugalescudo
2166
+ sol perunewsol
2167
+ guilder netherlandsguilder
2168
+ hollandguilder netherlandsguilder
2169
+ peso mexicopeso
2170
+ yen japanyen
2171
+ lira italylira
2172
+ rupee indiarupee
2173
+ drachma greecedrachma
2174
+ franc francefranc
2175
+ markka finlandmarkka
2176
+ sucre ecuadorsucre
2177
+ poundsterling britainpound
2178
+
2179
+ # ISO currency codes
2180
+
2181
+ AED unitedarabdirham
2182
+ AUD australiadollar
2183
+ BRR brazilreal
2184
+ CAD canadadollar
2185
+ CHF switzerlandfranc
2186
+ CLP chilepeso
2187
+ COP colombiapeso
2188
+ CZK czechkoruna
2189
+ DEM germanymark
2190
+ DKK denmarkkrone
2191
+ ECS ecuadorsucre
2192
+ EGP egyptpound
2193
+ ESP spainpeseta
2194
+ EUR euro
2195
+ FIM finlandmarkka
2196
+ FRF francefranc
2197
+ GBP britainpound
2198
+ GRD greecedrachma
2199
+ HKD hongkongdollar
2200
+ HUF hungaryforint
2201
+ IDR indonesiarupiah
2202
+ IEP irelandpunt
2203
+ ILS israelshekel
2204
+ IND indiarupee
2205
+ ITL italylira
2206
+ JOD jordandinar
2207
+ JPY japanyen
2208
+ KRW southkoreawon
2209
+ LBP lebanonpound
2210
+ MYR malaysiaringgit
2211
+ MXP mexicopeso
2212
+ NLG netherlandsguilder
2213
+ NOK norwaykrone
2214
+ NZD newzealanddollar
2215
+ PEN perunewsol
2216
+ PHP philippinespeso
2217
+ PLZ polandzloty
2218
+ PTE portugalescudo
2219
+ RUR russiaruble
2220
+ SAR saudiarabiariyal
2221
+ SEK swedenkrona
2222
+ SGD singaporedollar
2223
+ SKK slovakiakoruna
2224
+ THB thailandbaht
2225
+ TRL turkeylira
2226
+ TWD taiwandollar
2227
+ USD $
2228
+ VEB venezuelabolivar
2229
+ XEU euro
2230
+ ZAR southafricarand
2231
+
2232
+ UKP GBP # Not an ISO code, but looks like one, and
2233
+ # sometimes used on usenet.
2234
+
2235
+ # Precious metals (27 Nov 1996 NY Times)
2236
+
2237
+ goldprice 379 $ / troyounce
2238
+ silverprice 4.70 $ / troyounce
2239
+
2240
+ # Money on the gold standard, used in the late 19th century and early
2241
+ # 20th century.
2242
+
2243
+ olddollargold 23.22 grains goldprice # Used until 1934
2244
+ newdollargold 96|7 grains goldprice # After Jan 31, 1934
2245
+ dollargold newdollargold
2246
+ poundgold 113 grains goldprice
2247
+
2248
+ # British currency
2249
+
2250
+ shilling 1|20 britainpound # Before decimalisation, there
2251
+ oldpence 1|12 shilling # were 20 shillings to a pound,
2252
+ # each of twelve old pence
2253
+ quid britainpound # Slang names
2254
+ fiver 5 quid
2255
+ tenner 10 quid
2256
+
2257
+ #
2258
+ # Units used for measuring volume of wood
2259
+ #
2260
+
2261
+ cord 4*4*8 ft^3 # 4 ft by 4 ft by 8 ft bundle of wood
2262
+ facecord 1|2 cord
2263
+ cordfoot 1|8 cord # One foot long section of a cord
2264
+ cordfeet cordfoot
2265
+ housecord 1|3 cord # Used to sell firewood for residences,
2266
+ # often confusingly called a "cord"
2267
+ boardfoot ft^2 inch # Usually 1 inch thick wood
2268
+ boardfeet boardfoot
2269
+ fbm boardfoot # feet board measure
2270
+ stere m^3
2271
+ timberfoot ft^3 # Used for measuring solid blocks of wood
2272
+ #standard 120 12 ft 11 in 1.5 in # This is the St Petersburg or
2273
+ # Pittsburg standard. Apparently the
2274
+ # term is short for "standard hundred"
2275
+ # which was meant to refer to 100 pieces
2276
+ # of wood (deals). However, this
2277
+ # particular standard is equal to 120
2278
+ # deals which are 12 ft by 11 in by 1.5
2279
+ # inches (not the standard deal).
2280
+
2281
+ # In Britain, the deal is apparently any piece of wood over 6 feet long, over
2282
+ # 7 wide and 2.5 inches thick. The OED doesn't give a standard size. A piece
2283
+ # of wood less than 7 inches wide is called a "batten". This unit is now used
2284
+ # exclusively for fir and pine.
2285
+
2286
+ #deal 12 ft 11 in 2.5 in # The standard North American deal [OED]
2287
+ #wholedeal 12 ft 11 in 1.25 in # If it's half as thick as the standard
2288
+ # deal it's called a "whole deal"!
2289
+ #splitdeal 12 ft 11 in 5|8 in # And half again as thick is a split deal.
2290
+
2291
+
2292
+ #
2293
+ # Gas and Liquid flow units
2294
+ #
2295
+
2296
+ # Some obvious volumetric gas flow units (cu is short for cubic)
2297
+
2298
+ cumec m^3/s
2299
+ cusec ft^3/s
2300
+
2301
+ # Conventional abbreviations for fluid flow units
2302
+
2303
+ gph gal/hr
2304
+ gpm gal/min
2305
+ mgd megagal/day
2306
+ cfs ft^3/s
2307
+ cfh ft^3/hour
2308
+ cfm ft^3/min
2309
+ lpm liter/min
2310
+
2311
+ # Miner's inch: This is an old historic unit used in the Western United
2312
+ # States. It is generally defined as the rate of flow through a one square
2313
+ # inch hole at a specified depth such as 4 inches. In the late 19th century,
2314
+ # volume of water was sometimes measured in the "24 hour inch". Values for the
2315
+ # miner's inch were fixed by state statues. (This information is from a web
2316
+ # site operated by the Nevada Division of Water Planning: The Water Words
2317
+ # Dictionary at http://www.state.nv.us/cnr/ndwp/dict-1/waterwds.htm.)
2318
+
2319
+ minersinchAZ 1.5 ft^3/min
2320
+ minersinchCA 1.5 ft^3/min
2321
+ minersinchMT 1.5 ft^3/min
2322
+ minersinchNV 1.5 ft^3/min
2323
+ minersinchOR 1.5 ft^3/min
2324
+ minersinchID 1.2 ft^3/min
2325
+ minersinchKS 1.2 ft^3/min
2326
+ minersinchNE 1.2 ft^3/min
2327
+ minersinchNM 1.2 ft^3/min
2328
+ minersinchND 1.2 ft^3/min
2329
+ minersinchSD 1.2 ft^3/min
2330
+ minersinchUT 1.2 ft^3/min
2331
+ minersinchCO 1.56 ft^3/min
2332
+ minersinchBC 1.68 ft^3/min # British Columbia
2333
+
2334
+ # In vacuum science and some other applications, gas flow is measured
2335
+ # as the product of volumetric flow and pressure. This is useful
2336
+ # because it makes it easy to compare with the flow at standard
2337
+ # pressure (one atmosphere). It also directly relates to the number
2338
+ # of gas molecules per unit time, and hence to the mass flow if the
2339
+ # molecular mass is known.
2340
+
2341
+ sccm atm cc/min # 's' is for "standard" to indicate
2342
+ sccs atm cc/sec # flow at standard pressure
2343
+ scfh atm ft^3/hour #
2344
+ scfm atm ft^3/min
2345
+ slpm atm liter/min
2346
+ slph atm liter/hour
2347
+ lusec liter micron Hg / s # Used in vacuum science
2348
+
2349
+ # Wire gauge: this area is a nightmare with huge charts of wire gauge diameters
2350
+ # that usually have no clear origin. There are at least 5 competing wire gauge
2351
+ # systems to add to the confusion.
2352
+
2353
+
2354
+ # The use of wire gauge is related to the manufacturing method: a metal rod is
2355
+ # heated and drawn through a hole. The size change can't be too big. To get
2356
+ # smaller wires, the process is repeated with a series of smaller holes.
2357
+
2358
+ # American Wire Gauge (AWG) or Brown & Sharpe Gauge appears to be the most
2359
+ # important gauge. ASTM B-258 specifies that this gauge is based on geometric
2360
+ # interpolation between gauge 0000, which is 0.46 inches exactly, and gauge 36
2361
+ # which is 0.005 inches exactly. Therefore, the diameter in inches of a wire
2362
+ # is given by the formula 1|200 92^((36-g)/39). Note that 92^(1/39) is close
2363
+ # to 2^(1/6), so diameter is approximately halved for every 6 gauges. For the
2364
+ # repeated zero values, use negative numbers in the formula. The same document
2365
+ # also specifies rounding rules which seem to be ignored by makers of tables.
2366
+ # Gauges up to 44 are to be specified with up to 4 significant figures, but no
2367
+ # closer than 0.0001 inch. Gauges from 44 to 56 are to be rounded to the
2368
+ # nearest 0.00001 inch. The table below gives 4 significant figures for all
2369
+ # gauges.
2370
+ #
2371
+ # In addition to being used to measure wire thickness, this gauge is used to
2372
+ # measure the thickness of sheets of aluminum, copper, and most metals other
2373
+ # than steel, iron and zinc.
2374
+
2375
+ wire0000gauge 0.4600 in
2376
+ wire000gauge 0.4096 in
2377
+ wire00gauge 0.3648 in
2378
+ wire0gauge 0.3249 in
2379
+ wire1gauge 0.2893 in
2380
+ wire2gauge 0.2576 in
2381
+ wire3gauge 0.2294 in
2382
+ wire4gauge 0.2043 in
2383
+ wire5gauge 0.1819 in
2384
+ wire6gauge 0.1620 in
2385
+ wire7gauge 0.1443 in
2386
+ wire8gauge 0.1285 in
2387
+ wire9gauge 0.1144 in
2388
+ wire10gauge 0.1019 in
2389
+ wire11gauge 0.09074 in
2390
+ wire12gauge 0.08081 in
2391
+ wire13gauge 0.07196 in
2392
+ wire14gauge 0.06408 in
2393
+ wire15gauge 0.05707 in
2394
+ wire16gauge 0.05082 in
2395
+ wire17gauge 0.04526 in
2396
+ wire18gauge 0.04030 in
2397
+ wire19gauge 0.03589 in
2398
+ wire20gauge 0.03196 in
2399
+ wire21gauge 0.02846 in
2400
+ wire22gauge 0.02535 in
2401
+ wire23gauge 0.02257 in
2402
+ wire24gauge 0.02010 in
2403
+ wire25gauge 0.01790 in
2404
+ wire26gauge 0.01594 in
2405
+ wire27gauge 0.01420 in
2406
+ wire28gauge 0.01264 in
2407
+ wire29gauge 0.01126 in
2408
+ wire30gauge 0.01003 in
2409
+ wire31gauge 0.008928 in
2410
+ wire32gauge 0.007950 in
2411
+ wire33gauge 0.007080 in
2412
+ wire34gauge 0.006305 in
2413
+ wire35gauge 0.005615 in
2414
+ wire36gauge 0.005000 in
2415
+ wire37gauge 0.004453 in
2416
+ wire38gauge 0.003965 in
2417
+ wire39gauge 0.003531 in
2418
+ wire40gauge 0.003145 in
2419
+ wire41gauge 0.002800 in
2420
+ wire42gauge 0.002494 in
2421
+ wire43gauge 0.002221 in
2422
+ wire44gauge 0.001978 in
2423
+ wire45gauge 0.001761 in
2424
+ wire46gauge 0.001568 in
2425
+ wire47gauge 0.001397 in
2426
+ wire48gauge 0.001244 in
2427
+ wire49gauge 0.001108 in
2428
+ wire50gauge 0.0009863 in
2429
+ wire51gauge 0.0008783 in
2430
+ wire52gauge 0.0007822 in
2431
+ wire53gauge 0.0006966 in
2432
+ wire54gauge 0.0006203 in
2433
+ wire55gauge 0.0005524 in
2434
+ wire56gauge 0.0004919 in
2435
+
2436
+ # Next we have the SWG, the Imperial or British Standard Wire Gauge. This one
2437
+ # is piecewise linear, so it is not generated by a simple formula. It was used
2438
+ # for aluminum sheets.
2439
+
2440
+ brwire0000000gauge 0.500 in
2441
+ brwire000000gauge 0.464 in
2442
+ brwire00000gauge 0.432 in
2443
+ brwire0000gauge 0.400 in
2444
+ brwire000gauge 0.372 in
2445
+ brwire00gauge 0.348 in
2446
+ brwire0gauge 0.324 in
2447
+ brwire1gauge 0.300 in
2448
+ brwire2gauge 0.276 in
2449
+ brwire3gauge 0.252 in
2450
+ brwire4gauge 0.232 in
2451
+ brwire5gauge 0.212 in
2452
+ brwire6gauge 0.192 in
2453
+ brwire7gauge 0.176 in
2454
+ brwire8gauge 0.160 in
2455
+ brwire9gauge 0.144 in
2456
+ brwire10gauge 0.128 in
2457
+ brwire11gauge 0.116 in
2458
+ brwire12gauge 0.104 in
2459
+ brwire13gauge 0.092 in
2460
+ brwire14gauge 0.080 in
2461
+ brwire15gauge 0.072 in
2462
+ brwire16gauge 0.064 in
2463
+ brwire17gauge 0.056 in
2464
+ brwire18gauge 0.048 in
2465
+ brwire19gauge 0.040 in
2466
+ brwire20gauge 0.036 in
2467
+ brwire21gauge 0.032 in
2468
+ brwire22gauge 0.028 in
2469
+ brwire23gauge 0.024 in
2470
+ brwire24gauge 0.022 in
2471
+ brwire25gauge 0.0200 in
2472
+ brwire26gauge 0.0180 in
2473
+ brwire27gauge 0.0164 in
2474
+ brwire28gauge 0.0149 in
2475
+ brwire29gauge 0.0136 in
2476
+ brwire30gauge 0.0124 in
2477
+ brwire31gauge 0.0116 in
2478
+ brwire32gauge 0.0108 in
2479
+ brwire33gauge 0.0100 in
2480
+ brwire34gauge 0.0092 in
2481
+ brwire35gauge 0.0084 in
2482
+ brwire36gauge 0.0076 in
2483
+ brwire37gauge 0.0068 in
2484
+ brwire38gauge 0.0060 in
2485
+ brwire39gauge 0.0052 in
2486
+ brwire40gauge 0.0048 in
2487
+ brwire41gauge 0.0044 in
2488
+ brwire42gauge 0.0040 in
2489
+ brwire43gauge 0.0036 in
2490
+ brwire44gauge 0.0032 in
2491
+ brwire45gauge 0.0028 in
2492
+ brwire46gauge 0.0024 in
2493
+ brwire47gauge 0.0020 in
2494
+ brwire48gauge 0.0016 in
2495
+ brwire49gauge 0.0012 in
2496
+ brwire50gauge 0.0010 in
2497
+
2498
+ # The following is from the Appendix to ASTM B 258
2499
+ #
2500
+ # For example, in U.S. gage, the standard for sheet metal is based on the
2501
+ # weight of the metal, not on the thickness. 16-gage is listed as approximately
2502
+ # .0625 inch thick and 40 ounces per square foot (the original standard was
2503
+ # based on wrought iron at .2778 pounds per cubic inch; steel has almost
2504
+ # entirely superseded wrought iron for sheet use, at .2833 pounds per cubic
2505
+ # inch). Smaller numbers refer to greater thickness. There is no formula for
2506
+ # converting gage to thickness or weight.
2507
+ #
2508
+ # It's rather unclear from the passage above whether the plate gauge values are
2509
+ # therefore wrong if steel is being used. Reference [15] states that steel is
2510
+ # in fact measured using this gauge (under the name Manufacturers' Standard
2511
+ # Gauge) with a density of 501.84 lb/ft3 = 0.2904 lb/in3 used for steel.
2512
+ # But this doesn't seem to be the correct density of steel (.2833 lb/in3 is
2513
+ # closer), and nobody else lists these values.
2514
+ #
2515
+ # This gauge was established in 1893 for purposes of taxation.
2516
+
2517
+ plate000000gauge 15|32 in # 300 oz / ft^2
2518
+ plate00000gauge 14|32 in # 280 oz / ft^2
2519
+ plate0000gauge 13|32 in # 260 oz / ft^2
2520
+ plate000gauge 12|32 in # 240 oz / ft^2
2521
+ plate00gauge 11|32 in # 220 oz / ft^2
2522
+ plate0gauge 10|32 in # 200 oz / ft^2
2523
+ plate1gauge 9|32 in # 180 oz / ft^2
2524
+ plate2gauge 17|64 in # 170 oz / ft^2
2525
+ plate3gauge 16|64 in # 160 oz / ft^2
2526
+ plate4gauge 15|64 in # 150 oz / ft^2
2527
+ plate5gauge 14|64 in # 140 oz / ft^2
2528
+ plate6gauge 13|64 in # 130 oz / ft^2
2529
+ plate7gauge 12|64 in # 120 oz / ft^2
2530
+ plate8gauge 11|64 in # 110 oz / ft^2
2531
+ plate9gauge 10|64 in # 100 oz / ft^2
2532
+ plate10gauge 9|64 in # 90 oz / ft^2
2533
+ plate11gauge 8|64 in # 80 oz / ft^2
2534
+ plate12gauge 7|64 in # 70 oz / ft^2
2535
+ plate13gauge 6|64 in # 60 oz / ft^2
2536
+ plate14gauge 5|64 in # 50 oz / ft^2
2537
+ plate15gauge 9|128 in # 45 oz / ft^2
2538
+ plate16gauge 8|128 in # 40 oz / ft^2
2539
+ plate17gauge 9|160 in # 36 oz / ft^2
2540
+ plate18gauge 8|160 in # 32 oz / ft^2
2541
+ plate19gauge 7|160 in # 28 oz / ft^2
2542
+ plate20gauge 6|160 in # 24 oz / ft^2
2543
+ plate21gauge 11|320 in # 22 oz / ft^2
2544
+ plate22gauge 10|320 in # 20 oz / ft^2
2545
+ plate23gauge 9|320 in # 18 oz / ft^2
2546
+ plate24gauge 8|320 in # 16 oz / ft^2
2547
+ plate25gauge 7|320 in # 14 oz / ft^2
2548
+ plate26gauge 6|320 in # 12 oz / ft^2
2549
+ plate27gauge 11|640 in # 11 oz / ft^2
2550
+ plate28gauge 10|640 in # 10 oz / ft^2
2551
+ plate29gauge 9|640 in # 9 oz / ft^2
2552
+ plate30gauge 8|640 in # 8 oz / ft^2
2553
+ plate31gauge 7|640 in # 7 oz / ft^2
2554
+ plate32gauge 13|1280 in # 6.5 oz / ft^2
2555
+ plate33gauge 12|1280 in # 6 oz / ft^2
2556
+ plate34gauge 11|1280 in # 5.5 oz / ft^2
2557
+ plate35gauge 10|1280 in # 5 oz / ft^2
2558
+ plate36gauge 9|1280 in # 4.5 oz / ft^2
2559
+ plate37gauge 17|2560 in # 4.25 oz / ft^2
2560
+ plate38gauge 16|2560 in # 4 oz / ft^2
2561
+
2562
+ # Zinc sheet metal gauge
2563
+
2564
+ zinc1gauge 0.002 in
2565
+ zinc2gauge 0.004 in
2566
+ zinc3gauge 0.006 in
2567
+ zinc4gauge 0.008 in
2568
+ zinc5gauge 0.010 in
2569
+ zinc6gauge 0.012 in
2570
+ zinc7gauge 0.014 in
2571
+ zinc8gauge 0.016 in
2572
+ zinc9gauge 0.018 in
2573
+ zinc10gauge 0.020 in
2574
+ zinc11gauge 0.024 in
2575
+ zinc12gauge 0.028 in
2576
+ zinc13gauge 0.032 in
2577
+ zinc14gauge 0.036 in
2578
+ zinc15gauge 0.040 in
2579
+ zinc16gauge 0.045 in
2580
+ zinc17gauge 0.050 in
2581
+ zinc18gauge 0.055 in
2582
+ zinc19gauge 0.060 in
2583
+ zinc20gauge 0.070 in
2584
+ zinc21gauge 0.080 in
2585
+ zinc22gauge 0.090 in
2586
+ zinc23gauge 0.100 in
2587
+ zinc24gauge 0.125 in
2588
+ zinc25gauge 0.250 in
2589
+ zinc26gauge 0.375 in
2590
+ zinc27gauge 0.500 in
2591
+ zinc28gauge 1.000 in
2592
+
2593
+ # USA ring sizes. Several slightly different definitions seem to be in
2594
+ # circulation. According to [15], the interior diameter of size n ring in
2595
+ # inches is 0.32 n + 0.458 for n ranging from 3 to 13.5 by steps of 0.5. The
2596
+ # size 2 ring is inconsistently 0.538in and no 2.5 size is listed.
2597
+ #
2598
+ # However, other sources list 0.455 + 0.0326 n and 0.4525 + 0.0324 n as the
2599
+ # diameter and list no special case for size 2. (Or alternatively they are
2600
+ # 1.43 + .102 n and 1.4216+.1018 n for measuring circumference in inches.) One
2601
+ # reference claimed that the original system was that each size was 1|10 inch
2602
+ # circumference, but that source doesn't have an explanation for the modern
2603
+ # system which is somewhat different.
2604
+ #
2605
+ # This table gives circumferences as listed in [15].
2606
+
2607
+ size2ring 0.538 in pi
2608
+ size3ring 0.554 in pi
2609
+ size3.5ring 0.570 in pi
2610
+ size4ring 0.586 in pi
2611
+ size4.5ring 0.602 in pi
2612
+ size5ring 0.618 in pi
2613
+ size5.5ring 0.634 in pi
2614
+ size6ring 0.650 in pi
2615
+ size6.5ring 0.666 in pi
2616
+ size7ring 0.682 in pi
2617
+ size7.5ring 0.698 in pi
2618
+ size8ring 0.714 in pi
2619
+ size8.5ring 0.730 in pi
2620
+ size9ring 0.746 in pi
2621
+ size9.5ring 0.762 in pi
2622
+ size10ring 0.778 in pi
2623
+ size10.5ring 0.794 in pi
2624
+ size11ring 0.810 in pi
2625
+ size11.5ring 0.826 in pi
2626
+ size12ring 0.842 in pi
2627
+ size12.5ring 0.858 in pi
2628
+ size13ring 0.874 in pi
2629
+ size13.5ring 0.890 in pi
2630
+
2631
+ # Old practice in the UK measured rings using the "Wheatsheaf gauge" with sizes
2632
+ # specified alphabetically and based on the ring inside diameter in steps of
2633
+ # 1|64 inch. This system was replaced in 1987 by British Standard 6820 which
2634
+ # specifies sizes based on circumference. Each size is 1.25 mm different from
2635
+ # the preceding size. The baseline is size C which is 40 mm circumference.
2636
+ # The new sizes are close to the old ones. Sometimes it's necessary to go
2637
+ # beyond size Z to Z+1, Z+2, etc.
2638
+
2639
+ sizeAring 37.50 mm
2640
+ sizeBring 38.75 mm
2641
+ sizeCring 40.00 mm
2642
+ sizeDring 41.25 mm
2643
+ sizeEring 42.50 mm
2644
+ sizeFring 43.75 mm
2645
+ sizeGring 45.00 mm
2646
+ sizeHring 46.25 mm
2647
+ sizeIring 47.50 mm
2648
+ sizeJring 48.75 mm
2649
+ sizeKring 50.00 mm
2650
+ sizeLring 51.25 mm
2651
+ sizeMring 52.50 mm
2652
+ sizeNring 53.75 mm
2653
+ sizeOring 55.00 mm
2654
+ sizePring 56.25 mm
2655
+ sizeQring 57.50 mm
2656
+ sizeRring 58.75 mm
2657
+ sizeSring 60.00 mm
2658
+ sizeTring 61.25 mm
2659
+ sizeUring 62.50 mm
2660
+ sizeVring 63.75 mm
2661
+ sizeWring 65.00 mm
2662
+ sizeXring 66.25 mm
2663
+ sizeYring 67.50 mm
2664
+ sizeZring 68.75 mm
2665
+
2666
+ # Japanese sizes start with size 1 at a 13mm inside diameter and each size is
2667
+ # 1|3 mm larger in diameter than the previous one. They are multiplied by pi
2668
+ # to give circumference.
2669
+
2670
+ jpsize1ring 39|3 pi mm
2671
+ jpsize2ring 40|3 pi mm
2672
+ jpsize3ring 41|3 pi mm
2673
+ jpsize4ring 42|3 pi mm
2674
+ jpsize5ring 43|3 pi mm
2675
+ jpsize6ring 44|3 pi mm
2676
+ jpsize7ring 45|3 pi mm
2677
+ jpsize8ring 46|3 pi mm
2678
+ jpsize9ring 47|3 pi mm
2679
+ jpsize10ring 48|3 pi mm
2680
+ jpsize11ring 49|3 pi mm
2681
+ jpsize12ring 50|3 pi mm
2682
+ jpsize13ring 51|3 pi mm
2683
+ jpsize14ring 52|3 pi mm
2684
+ jpsize15ring 53|3 pi mm
2685
+ jpsize16ring 54|3 pi mm
2686
+ jpsize17ring 55|3 pi mm
2687
+ jpsize18ring 56|3 pi mm
2688
+ jpsize19ring 57|3 pi mm
2689
+ jpsize20ring 58|3 pi mm
2690
+ jpsize21ring 59|3 pi mm
2691
+ jpsize22ring 60|3 pi mm
2692
+ jpsize23ring 61|3 pi mm
2693
+ jpsize24ring 62|3 pi mm
2694
+ jpsize25ring 63|3 pi mm
2695
+ jpsize26ring 64|3 pi mm
2696
+ jpsize27ring 65|3 pi mm
2697
+ jpsize28ring 66|3 pi mm
2698
+ jpsize29ring 67|3 pi mm
2699
+ jpsize30ring 68|3 pi mm
2700
+
2701
+ # The European ring sizes are the length of the circumference in mm minus 40.
2702
+
2703
+ eusize1ring 41 mm
2704
+ eusize2ring 42 mm
2705
+ eusize3ring 43 mm
2706
+ eusize4ring 44 mm
2707
+ eusize5ring 45 mm
2708
+ eusize6ring 46 mm
2709
+ eusize7ring 47 mm
2710
+ eusize8ring 48 mm
2711
+ eusize9ring 49 mm
2712
+ eusize10ring 50 mm
2713
+ eusize11ring 51 mm
2714
+ eusize12ring 52 mm
2715
+ eusize13ring 53 mm
2716
+ eusize14ring 54 mm
2717
+ eusize15ring 55 mm
2718
+ eusize16ring 56 mm
2719
+ eusize17ring 57 mm
2720
+ eusize18ring 58 mm
2721
+ eusize19ring 59 mm
2722
+ eusize20ring 60 mm
2723
+ eusize21ring 61 mm
2724
+ eusize22ring 62 mm
2725
+ eusize23ring 63 mm
2726
+ eusize24ring 64 mm
2727
+ eusize25ring 65 mm
2728
+ eusize26ring 66 mm
2729
+ eusize27ring 67 mm
2730
+ eusize28ring 68 mm
2731
+ eusize29ring 69 mm
2732
+ eusize30ring 70 mm
2733
+
2734
+ #
2735
+ # Abbreviations
2736
+ #
2737
+
2738
+ mph mile/hr
2739
+ mpg mile/gal
2740
+ kph km/hr
2741
+ fL footlambert
2742
+ fpm ft/min
2743
+ fps ft/s
2744
+ rpm rev/min
2745
+ rps rev/sec
2746
+ mi mile
2747
+ mbh 1e3 btu/hour
2748
+ mcm 1e3 circularmil
2749
+
2750
+ #
2751
+ # Compatibility units with unix version
2752
+ #
2753
+
2754
+ pa Pa
2755
+ ev eV
2756
+ hg Hg
2757
+ oe Oe
2758
+ mh mH
2759
+ us microsec
2760
+ rd rod
2761
+ pf pF
2762
+ gr grain
2763
+ nt N
2764
+ hz Hz
2765
+ hd hogshead
2766
+ dry drygallon/gallon
2767
+ imperial brgallon/gallon # This is a dubious definition
2768
+ # since it fails for fluid ounces
2769
+ # and all units derived from fluid
2770
+ # ounces.
2771
+ nmile nauticalmile
2772
+ beV GeV
2773
+ bev beV
2774
+ coul C
2775
+
2776
+ #
2777
+ # Radioactivity units
2778
+ #
2779
+
2780
+ becquerel /s # Activity of radioactive source
2781
+ Bq becquerel #
2782
+ curie 3.7e10 Bq # Defined in 1910 as the radioactivity
2783
+ Ci curie # emitted by the amount of radon that is
2784
+ # in equilibrium with 1 gram of radium.
2785
+ rutherford 1e6 Bq #
2786
+
2787
+ gray J/kg # Absorbed dose of radiation
2788
+ Gy gray #
2789
+ rad 1e-2 Gy # From Radiation Absorbed Dose
2790
+ rep 8.38 mGy # Roentgen Equivalent Physical, the amount
2791
+ # of radiation which , absorbed in the
2792
+ # body, would liberate the same amount
2793
+ # of energy as 1 roentgen of X rays
2794
+ # would, or 97 ergs.
2795
+
2796
+ sievert J/kg # Dose equivalent: dosage that has the
2797
+ Sv sievert # same effect on human tissues as 200
2798
+ rem 1e-2 Sv # keV X-rays. Different types of
2799
+ # radiation are weighted by the
2800
+ # Relative Biological Effectiveness
2801
+ # (RBE).
2802
+ #
2803
+ # Radiation type RBE
2804
+ # X-ray, gamma ray 1
2805
+ # beta rays, > 1 MeV 1
2806
+ # beta rays, < 1 MeV 1.08
2807
+ # neutrons, < 1 MeV 4-5
2808
+ # neutrons, 1-10 MeV 10
2809
+ # protons, 1 MeV 8.5
2810
+ # protons, .1 MeV 10
2811
+ # alpha, 5 MeV 15
2812
+ # alpha, 1 MeV 20
2813
+ #
2814
+ # The energies are the kinetic energy
2815
+ # of the particles. Slower particles
2816
+ # interact more, so they are more
2817
+ # effective ionizers, and hence have
2818
+ # higher RBE values.
2819
+ #
2820
+ # rem stands for Roentgen Equivalent
2821
+ # Mammal
2822
+
2823
+ roentgen 2.58e-4 C / kg # Ionizing radiation that produces
2824
+ # 1 statcoulomb of charge in 1 cc of
2825
+ # dry air at stp.
2826
+ rontgen roentgen # Sometimes it appears spelled this way
2827
+ sievertunit 8.38 rontgen # Unit of gamma ray dose delivered in one
2828
+ # hour at a distance of 1 cm from a
2829
+ # point source of 1 mg of radium
2830
+ # enclosed in platinum .5 mm thick.
2831
+
2832
+ eman 1e-7 Ci/m^3 # radioactive concentration
2833
+ mache 3.7e-7 Ci/m^3
2834
+
2835
+ #
2836
+ # Atomic weights. The atomic weight of an element is the ratio of the mass of
2837
+ # a mole of the element to 1|12 of a mole of Carbon 12. The Standard Atomic
2838
+ # Weights apply to the elements as they occur naturally on earth. Elements
2839
+ # which do not occur naturally or which occur with wide isotopic variability do
2840
+ # not have Standard Atomic Weights. For these elements, the atomic weight is
2841
+ # based on the longest lived isotope, as marked in the comments. In some
2842
+ # cases, the comment for these entries also gives a number which is an atomic
2843
+ # weight for a different isotope that may be of more interest than the longest
2844
+ # lived isotope.
2845
+ #
2846
+
2847
+ actinium 227.0278
2848
+ aluminum 26.981539
2849
+ americium 243.0614 # Longest lived. 241.06
2850
+ antimony 121.760
2851
+ argon 39.948
2852
+ arsenic 74.92159
2853
+ astatine 209.9871 # Longest lived
2854
+ barium 137.327
2855
+ berkelium 247.0703 # Longest lived. 249.08
2856
+ beryllium 9.012182
2857
+ bismuth 208.98037
2858
+ boron 10.811
2859
+ bromine 79.904
2860
+ cadmium 112.411
2861
+ calcium 40.078
2862
+ californium 251.0796 # Longest lived. 252.08
2863
+ carbon 12.011
2864
+ cerium 140.115
2865
+ cesium 132.90543
2866
+ chlorine 35.4527
2867
+ chromium 51.9961
2868
+ cobalt 58.93320
2869
+ copper 63.546
2870
+ curium 247.0703
2871
+ dysprosium 162.50
2872
+ einsteinium 252.083 # Longest lived
2873
+ erbium 167.26
2874
+ europium 151.965
2875
+ fermium 257.0951 # Longest lived
2876
+ fluorine 18.9984032
2877
+ francium 223.0197 # Longest lived
2878
+ gadolinium 157.25
2879
+ gallium 69.723
2880
+ germanium 72.61
2881
+ gold 196.96654
2882
+ hafnium 178.49
2883
+ helium 4.002602
2884
+ holmium 164.93032
2885
+ hydrogen 1.00794
2886
+ indium 114.818
2887
+ iodine 126.90447
2888
+ iridium 192.217
2889
+ iron 55.845
2890
+ krypton 83.80
2891
+ lanthanum 138.9055
2892
+ lawrencium 262.11 # Longest lived
2893
+ lead 207.2
2894
+ lithium 6.941
2895
+ lutetium 174.967
2896
+ magnesium 24.3050
2897
+ manganese 54.93805
2898
+ mendelevium 258.10 # Longest lived
2899
+ mercury 200.59
2900
+ molybdenum 95.94
2901
+ neodymium 144.24
2902
+ neon 20.1797
2903
+ neptunium 237.0482
2904
+ nickel 58.6934
2905
+ niobium 92.90638
2906
+ nitrogen 14.00674
2907
+ nobelium 259.1009 # Longest lived
2908
+ osmium 190.23
2909
+ oxygen 15.9994
2910
+ palladium 106.42
2911
+ phosphorus 30.973762
2912
+ platinum 195.08
2913
+ plutonium 244.0642 # Longest lived. 239.05
2914
+ polonium 208.9824 # Longest lived. 209.98
2915
+ potassium 39.0983
2916
+ praseodymium 140.90765
2917
+ promethium 144.9127 # Longest lived. 146.92
2918
+ protactinium 231.03588
2919
+ radium 226.0254
2920
+ radon 222.0176 # Longest lived
2921
+ rhenium 186.207
2922
+ rhodium 102.90550
2923
+ rubidium 85.4678
2924
+ ruthenium 101.07
2925
+ samarium 150.36
2926
+ scandium 44.955910
2927
+ selenium 78.96
2928
+ silicon 28.0855
2929
+ silver 107.8682
2930
+ sodium 22.989768
2931
+ strontium 87.62
2932
+ sulfur 32.066
2933
+ tantalum 180.9479
2934
+ technetium 97.9072 # Longest lived. 98.906
2935
+ tellurium 127.60
2936
+ terbium 158.92534
2937
+ thallium 204.3833
2938
+ thorium 232.0381
2939
+ thullium 168.93421
2940
+ tin 118.710
2941
+ titanium 47.867
2942
+ tungsten 183.84
2943
+ uranium 238.0289
2944
+ vanadium 50.9415
2945
+ xenon 131.29
2946
+ ytterbium 173.04
2947
+ yttrium 88.90585
2948
+ zinc 65.39
2949
+ zirconium 91.224
2950
+
2951
+ #
2952
+ # Old French distance measures, from French Weights and Measures
2953
+ # Before the Revolution by Zupko
2954
+ #
2955
+
2956
+ frenchfoot 4500|13853 m # pied de roi, the standard of Paris.
2957
+ pied frenchfoot # Half of the hashimicubit,
2958
+ frenchfeet frenchfoot # instituted by Charlemagne.
2959
+ frenchinch 1|12 frenchfoot # This exact definition comes from
2960
+ frenchthumb frenchinch # a law passed on 10 Dec 1799 which
2961
+ pouce frenchthumb # fixed the meter at
2962
+ # 3 frenchfeet + 11.296 lignes.
2963
+ frenchline 1|12 frenchinch # This is supposed to be the size
2964
+ ligne frenchline # of the average barleycorn
2965
+ frenchpoint 1|12 frenchline
2966
+ toise 6 frenchfeet
2967
+ arpent 180^2 pied^2 # The arpent is 100 square perches,
2968
+ # but the perche seems to vary a lot
2969
+ # and can be 18 feet, 20 feet, or 22
2970
+ # feet. This measure was described
2971
+ # as being in common use in Canada in
2972
+ # 1934 (Websters 2nd). The value
2973
+ # given here is the Paris standard
2974
+ # arpent.
2975
+ #
2976
+ # Before the Imperial Weights and Measures Act of 1824, various different
2977
+ # weights and measures were in use in different places.
2978
+ #
2979
+
2980
+ # Scots linear measure
2981
+
2982
+ scotsinch 1.00540054 UKinch
2983
+ scotsfoot 12 scotsinch
2984
+ scotsfeet scotsfoot
2985
+ scotsell 37 scotsinch
2986
+ scotsfall 6 scotsell
2987
+ scotschain 4 scotsfall
2988
+ scotsfurlong 10 scotschain
2989
+ scotsmile 8 scotsfurlong
2990
+
2991
+ # Scots area measure
2992
+
2993
+ scotsrood 40 scotsfall^2
2994
+ scotsacre 4 scotsrood
2995
+
2996
+ # Irish linear measure
2997
+
2998
+ irishinch UKinch
2999
+ irishpalm 3 irishinch
3000
+ irishspan 3 irishpalm
3001
+ irishfoot 12 irishinch
3002
+ irishfeet irishfoot
3003
+ irishcubit 18 irishinch
3004
+ irishyard 3 irishfeet
3005
+ irishpace 5 irishfeet
3006
+ irishfathom 6 irishfeet
3007
+ irishpole 7 irishyard # Only these values
3008
+ irishperch irishpole # are different from
3009
+ irishchain 4 irishperch # the British Imperial
3010
+ irishlink 1|100 irishchain # or English values for
3011
+ irishfurlong 10 irishchain # these lengths.
3012
+ irishmile 8 irishfurlong #
3013
+
3014
+ # Irish area measure
3015
+
3016
+ irishrood 40 irishpole^2
3017
+ irishacre 4 irishrood
3018
+
3019
+ # English wine capacity measures (Winchester measures)
3020
+
3021
+ winegallon 231 UKinch^3 # Sometimes called the Winchester Wine Gallon,
3022
+ # it was legalized in 1707 by Queen Anne, and
3023
+ # given the definition of 231 cubic inches. It
3024
+ # had been in use for a while as 8 pounds of wine
3025
+ # using a merchant's pound of 7200 grains or
3026
+ # 15 troy ounces. (The old mercantile pound had
3027
+ # been 15 tower ounces.)
3028
+ winerundlet 18 winegallon
3029
+ winebarrel 31.5 winegallon
3030
+ winetierce 42 winegallon
3031
+ winehogshead 2 winebarrel
3032
+ winepuncheon 2 winetierce
3033
+ winebutt 2 winehogshead
3034
+ winepipe winebutt
3035
+ winetun 2 winebutt
3036
+
3037
+ # English beer and ale measures used 1803-1824 and used for beer before 1688
3038
+
3039
+ beergallon 282 UKinch^3
3040
+ beerbarrel 36 beergallon
3041
+ beerhogshead 1.5 beerbarrel
3042
+
3043
+ # English ale measures used from 1688-1803 for both ale and beer
3044
+
3045
+ alegallon beergallon
3046
+ alebarrel 34 alegallon
3047
+ alehogshead 1.5 alebarrel
3048
+
3049
+ # Scots capacity measure
3050
+
3051
+ scotsgallon 827.232 UKinch^3
3052
+ scotsbarrel 8 scotsgallon
3053
+
3054
+ # Scots dry capacity measure
3055
+
3056
+ scotswheatlippy 137.333 UKinch^3 # Also used for peas, beans, rye, salt
3057
+ scotswheatlippies scotswheatlippy
3058
+ scotswheatpeck 4 scotswheatlippy
3059
+ scotswheatfirlot 4 scotswheatpeck
3060
+ scotswheatboll 4 scotswheatfirlot
3061
+ scotswheatchalder 16 scotswheatboll
3062
+
3063
+ scotsoatlippy 200.345 UKinch^3 # Also used for barley and malt
3064
+ scotsoatlippies scotsoatlippy
3065
+ scotsoatpeck 4 scotsoatlippy
3066
+ scotsoatfirlot 4 scotsoatpeck
3067
+ scotsoatboll 4 scotsoatfirlot
3068
+ scotsoatchalder 16 scotsoatboll
3069
+
3070
+ # Scots Tron weight
3071
+
3072
+ tronpound 9520 grain
3073
+ tronstone 16 tronpound
3074
+
3075
+ # Irish liquid capacity measure
3076
+
3077
+ irishgallon 217.6 UKinch^3
3078
+ irishrundlet 18 irishgallon
3079
+ irishbarrel 31.5 irishgallon
3080
+ irishtierce 42 irishgallon
3081
+ irishhogshead 2 irishbarrel
3082
+ irishpuncheon 2 irishtierce
3083
+ irishpipe 2 irishhogshead
3084
+ irishtun 2 irishpipe
3085
+
3086
+ # Irish dry capacity measure
3087
+
3088
+ irishpeck 2 irishgallon
3089
+ irishbushel 4 irishpeck
3090
+ irishstrike 2 irishbushel
3091
+ irishdrybarrel 2 irishstrike
3092
+ irishquarter 2 irishbarrel
3093
+
3094
+ # English Tower weights, abolished in 1528
3095
+
3096
+ towerpound 5400 grain
3097
+ towerounce 1|12 towerpound
3098
+ towerpennyweight 1|20 towerounce
3099
+
3100
+ # English Mercantile weights, used since the late 12th century
3101
+
3102
+ mercpound 6750 grain
3103
+ mercounce 1|15 mercpound
3104
+ mercpennyweight 1|20 mercounce
3105
+
3106
+ # English weights for lead
3107
+
3108
+ leadstone 12.5 lb
3109
+ fotmal 70 lb
3110
+ leadwey 14 leadstone
3111
+ fothers 12 leadwey
3112
+
3113
+ # English Hay measure
3114
+
3115
+ newhaytruss 60 lb # New and old here seem to refer to "new"
3116
+ newhayload 36 newhaytruss # hay and "old" hay rather than a new unit
3117
+ oldhaytruss 56 lb # and an old unit.
3118
+ oldhayload 36 oldhaytruss
3119
+
3120
+ # English wool measure
3121
+
3122
+ woolclove 7 lb
3123
+ woolstone 2 woolclove
3124
+ wooltod 2 woolstone
3125
+ woolwey 13 woolstone
3126
+ woolsack 2 woolwey
3127
+ woolsarpler 2 woolsack
3128
+ woollast 6 woolsarpler
3129
+
3130
+ #
3131
+ # Ancient history units: There tends to be uncertainty in the definitions
3132
+ # of the units in this section
3133
+ # These units are from [11]
3134
+
3135
+ # Roman measure. The Romans had a well defined distance measure, but their
3136
+ # measures of weight were poor. They adopted local weights in different
3137
+ # regions without distinguishing among them so that there are half a dozen
3138
+ # different Roman "standard" weight systems.
3139
+
3140
+ romanfoot 296 mm # There is some uncertainty in this definition
3141
+ romanfeet romanfoot # from which all the other units are derived.
3142
+ pes romanfoot # This value appears in numerous sources. In "The
3143
+ pedes romanfoot # Roman Land Surveyors", Dilke gives 295.7 mm.
3144
+ romaninch 1|12 romanfoot # The subdivisions of the Roman foot have the
3145
+ romandigit 1|16 romanfoot # same names as the subdivisions of the pound,
3146
+ romanpalm 1|4 romanfoot # but we can't have the names for different
3147
+ romancubit 18 romaninch # units.
3148
+ romanpace 5 romanfeet # Roman double pace (basic military unit)
3149
+ passus romanpace
3150
+ romanperch 10 romanfeet
3151
+ stade 125 romanpaces
3152
+ stadia stade
3153
+ stadium stade
3154
+ romanmile 8 stadia # 1000 paces
3155
+ romanleague 1.5 romanmile
3156
+ schoenus 4 romanmile
3157
+
3158
+ # Other values for the Roman foot (from Dilke)
3159
+
3160
+ earlyromanfoot 29.73 cm
3161
+ pesdrusianus 33.3 cm # or 33.35 cm, used in Gaul & Germany in 1st c BC
3162
+ lateromanfoot 29.42 cm
3163
+
3164
+ # Roman areas
3165
+
3166
+ actuslength 120 romanfeet # length of a Roman furrow
3167
+ actus 120*4 romanfeet # area of the furrow
3168
+ squareactus 120^2 romanfeet^2 # actus quadratus
3169
+ acnua squareactus
3170
+ iugerum 2 squareactus
3171
+ iugera iugerum
3172
+ jugerum iugerum
3173
+ jugera iugerum
3174
+ heredium 2 iugera # heritable plot
3175
+ heredia heredium
3176
+ centuria 100 heredia
3177
+ centurium centuria
3178
+
3179
+ # Roman volumes
3180
+
3181
+ sextarius 35.4 in^3 # Basic unit of Roman volume. As always,
3182
+ sextarii sextarius # there is uncertainty. Six large Roman
3183
+ # measures survive with volumes ranging from
3184
+ # 34.4 in^3 to 39.55 in^3. Three of them
3185
+ # cluster around the size given here.
3186
+ #
3187
+ # But the values for this unit vary wildly
3188
+ # in other sources. One reference gives 0.547
3189
+ # liters, but then says the amphora is a
3190
+ # cubic Roman foot. This gives a value for the
3191
+ # sextarius of 0.540 liters. And the
3192
+ # encyclopedia Brittanica lists 0.53 liters for
3193
+ # this unit. Both [7] and [11], which were
3194
+ # written by scholars of weights and measures,
3195
+ # give the value of 35.4 cubic inches.
3196
+ cochlearia 1|48 sextarius
3197
+ cyathi 1|12 sextarius
3198
+ acetabula 1|8 sextarius
3199
+ quartaria 1|4 sextarius
3200
+ quartarius quartaria
3201
+ heminae 1|2 sextarius
3202
+ hemina heminae
3203
+ cheonix 1.5 sextarii
3204
+
3205
+ # Dry volume measures (usually)
3206
+
3207
+ semodius 8 sextarius
3208
+ semodii semodius
3209
+ modius 16 sextarius
3210
+ modii modius
3211
+
3212
+ # Liquid volume measures (usually)
3213
+
3214
+ congius 12 heminae
3215
+ congii congius
3216
+ amphora 8 congii
3217
+ amphorae amphora # Also a dry volume measure
3218
+ culleus 20 amphorae
3219
+ quadrantal amphora
3220
+
3221
+ # Roman weights
3222
+
3223
+ libra 5052 grain # The Roman pound varied significantly
3224
+ librae libra # from 4210 grains to 5232 grains. Most of
3225
+ romanpound libra # the standards were obtained from the weight
3226
+ uncia 1|12 libra # of particular coins. The one given here is
3227
+ unciae uncia # based on the Gold Aureus of Augustus which
3228
+ romanounce uncia # was in use from BC 27 to AD 296.
3229
+ deunx 11 uncia
3230
+ dextans 10 uncia
3231
+ dodrans 9 uncia
3232
+ bes 8 uncia
3233
+ seprunx 7 uncia
3234
+ semis 6 uncia
3235
+ quincunx 5 uncia
3236
+ triens 4 uncia
3237
+ quadrans 3 uncia
3238
+ sextans 2 uncia
3239
+ sescuncia 1.5 uncia
3240
+ semuncia 1|2 uncia
3241
+ siscilius 1|4 uncia
3242
+ sextula 1|6 uncia
3243
+ semisextula 1|12 uncia
3244
+ scriptulum 1|24 uncia
3245
+ scrupula scriptulum
3246
+ romanobol 1|2 scrupula
3247
+
3248
+ romanaspound 4210 grain # Old pound based on bronze coinage, the
3249
+ # earliest money of Rome BC 338 to BC 268.
3250
+
3251
+ # Egyptian length measure
3252
+
3253
+ egyptianroyalcubit 20.63 in # plus or minus .2 in
3254
+ egyptianpalm 1|7 egyptianroyalcubit
3255
+ epyptiandigit 1|4 egyptianpalm
3256
+ egyptianshortcubit 6 egyptianpalm
3257
+
3258
+ doubleremen 29.16 in # Length of the diagonal of a square with
3259
+ remendigit 1|40 doubleremen # side length of 1 royal egyptian cubit.
3260
+ # This is divided into 40 digits which are
3261
+ # not the same size as the digits based on
3262
+ # the royal cubit.
3263
+
3264
+ # Greek length measures
3265
+
3266
+ greekfoot 12.45 in # Listed as being derived from the
3267
+ greekfeet greekfoot # Egyptian Royal cubit in [11]. It is
3268
+ greekcubit 1.5 greekfoot # said to be 3|5 of a 20.75 in cubit.
3269
+ pous greekfoot
3270
+ podes greekfoot
3271
+ orguia 6 greekfoot
3272
+ greekfathom orguia
3273
+ stadion 100 orguia
3274
+ akaina 10 greekfeet
3275
+ plethron 10 akaina
3276
+ greekfinger 1|16 greekfoot
3277
+ homericcubit 20 greekfingers # Elbow to end of knuckles.
3278
+ shortgreekcubit 18 greekfingers # Elbow to start of fingers.
3279
+
3280
+ ionicfoot 296 mm
3281
+ doricfoot 326 mm
3282
+
3283
+ olympiccubit 25 remendigit # These olympic measures were not as
3284
+ olympicfoot 2|3 olympiccubit # common as the other greek measures.
3285
+ olympicfinger 1|16 olympicfoot # They were used in agriculture.
3286
+ olympicfeet olympicfoot
3287
+ olympicdakylos olympicfinger
3288
+ olympicpalm 1|4 olympicfoot
3289
+ olympicpalestra olympicpalm
3290
+ olympicspithame 3|4 foot
3291
+ olympicspan olympicspithame
3292
+ olympicbema 2.5 olympicfeet
3293
+ olympicpace olympicbema
3294
+ olympicorguia 6 olympicfeet
3295
+ olympicfathom olympicorguia
3296
+ olympiccord 60 olympicfeet
3297
+ olympicamma olympiccord
3298
+ olympicplethron 100 olympicfeet
3299
+ olympicstadion 600 olympicfeet
3300
+
3301
+ # Greek capacity measure
3302
+
3303
+ greekkotyle 270 ml # This approximate value is obtained
3304
+ xestes 2 greekkotyle # from two earthenware vessels that
3305
+ khous 12 greekkotyle # were reconstructed from fragments.
3306
+ metretes 12 khous # The kotyle is a day's corn ration
3307
+ choinix 4 greekkotyle # for one man.
3308
+ hekteos 8 choinix
3309
+ medimnos 6 hekteos
3310
+
3311
+ # Greek weight. Two weight standards were used, an Aegina standard based
3312
+ # on the Beqa shekel and an Athens (attic) standard.
3313
+
3314
+ aeginastater 192 grain # Varies up to 199 grain
3315
+ aeginadrachmae 1|2 aeginastater
3316
+ aeginaobol 1|6 aeginadrachmae
3317
+ aeginamina 50 aeginastaters
3318
+ aeginatalent 60 aeginamina
3319
+
3320
+ atticstater 135 grain # Varies 134-138 grain
3321
+ atticdrachmae 1|2 atticstater
3322
+ atticobol 1|6 atticdrachmae
3323
+ atticmina 50 atticstaters
3324
+ attictalent 60 atticmina
3325
+
3326
+ # "Northern" cubit and foot. This was used by the pre-Aryan civilization in
3327
+ # the Indus valley. It was used in Mesopotamia, Egypt, North Africa, China,
3328
+ # central and Western Europe until modern times when it was displaced by
3329
+ # the metric system.
3330
+
3331
+ northerncubit 26.6 in # plus/minus .2 in
3332
+ northernfoot 1|2 northerncubit
3333
+
3334
+ sumeriancubit 495 mm
3335
+ kus sumeriancubit
3336
+ sumerianfoot 2|3 sumeriancubit
3337
+
3338
+ assyriancubit 21.6 in
3339
+ assyrianfoot 1|2 assyriancubit
3340
+ assyrianpalm 1|3 assyrianfoot
3341
+ assyriansusi 1|20 assyrianpalm
3342
+ susi assyriansusi
3343
+ persianroyalcubit 7 assyrianpalm
3344
+
3345
+
3346
+ # Arabic measures. The arabic standards were meticulously kept. Glass weights
3347
+ # accurate to .2 grains were made during AD 714-900.
3348
+
3349
+ hashimicubit 25.56 in # Standard of linear measure used
3350
+ # in Persian dominions of the Arabic
3351
+ # empire 7-8th cent. Is equal to two
3352
+ # French feet.
3353
+
3354
+ blackcubit 21.28 in
3355
+ arabicfeet 1|2 blackcubit
3356
+ arabicfoot arabicfeet
3357
+ arabicinch 1|12 arabicfoot
3358
+ arabicmile 4000 blackcubit
3359
+
3360
+ silverdirhem 45 grain # The weights were derived from these two
3361
+ tradedirhem 48 grain # units with two identically named systems
3362
+ # used for silver and used for trade purposes
3363
+
3364
+ silverkirat 1|16 silverdirhem
3365
+ silverwukiyeh 10 silverdirhem
3366
+ silverrotl 12 silverwukiyeh
3367
+ arabicsilverpound silverrotl
3368
+
3369
+ tradekirat 1|16 tradedirhem
3370
+ tradewukiyeh 10 tradedirhem
3371
+ traderotl 12 tradewukiyeh
3372
+ arabictradepound traderotl
3373
+
3374
+ # Miscellaneous ancient units
3375
+
3376
+ parasang 3.5 mile # Persian unit of length usually thought
3377
+ # to be between 3 and 3.5 miles
3378
+ biblicalcubit 21.8 in
3379
+ hebrewcubit 17.58 in
3380
+ li 10|27.8 mile # Chinese unit of length
3381
+ # 100 li is considered a day's march
3382
+ liang 11|3 oz # Chinese weight unit
3383
+
3384
+
3385
+ # Medieval time units. According to the OED, these appear in Du Cange
3386
+ # by Papias.
3387
+
3388
+ timepoint 1|5 hour # also given as 1|4
3389
+ timeminute 1|10 hour
3390
+ timeostent 1|60 hour
3391
+ timeounce 1|8 timeostent
3392
+ timeatom 1|47 timeounce
3393
+
3394
+ # Given in [15], these subdivisions of the grain were supposedly used
3395
+ # by jewelers. The mite may have been used but the blanc could not
3396
+ # have been accurately measured.
3397
+
3398
+ mite 1|20 grain
3399
+ droit 1|24 mite
3400
+ periot 1|20 droit
3401
+ blanc 1|24 periot
3402
+
3403
+ #
3404
+ # Some definitions using ISO 8859-1 characters
3405
+ #
3406
+
3407
+ ¼- 1|4
3408
+ ½- 1|2
3409
+ ¾- 3|4
3410
+ µ- micro
3411
+ ¢ cent
3412
+ £ britainpound
3413
+ ¥ japanyen
3414
+ ångström angstrom
3415
+ Å angstrom
3416
+ röntgen roentgen
3417
+ °C degC
3418
+ °F degF
3419
+ °K K # °K is incorrect notation
3420
+ °R degR
3421
+ ° degree
3422
+
3423
+
3424
+ ############################################################################
3425
+ #
3426
+ # The following units were in the unix units database but do not appear in
3427
+ # this file:
3428
+ #
3429
+ # wey used for cheese, salt and other goods. Measured mass or
3430
+ # waymass volume depending on what was measured and where the measuring
3431
+ # took place. A wey of cheese ranged from 200 to 324 pounds.
3432
+ #
3433
+ # sack No precise definition
3434
+ #
3435
+ # spindle The length depends on the type of yarn
3436
+ #
3437
+ # doppelzentner The 'units' program doesn't need to get into the
3438
+ # translating business (and I don't know German).
3439
+ #
3440
+ # block Defined variously on different computer systems
3441
+ #
3442
+ # erlang A unit of telephone traffic defined variously.
3443
+ # Omitted because there are no other units for this
3444
+ # dimension. Is this true? What about CCS = 1/36 erlang?
3445
+ # Erlang is supposed to be dimensionless. One erlang means
3446
+ # a single channel occupied for one hour.
3447
+ #
3448
+ ############################################################################
3449
+
3450
+ # herafter order problem
3451
+ prout 185.5 keV # nuclear binding energy equal to 1|12
3452
+ inHg inch Hg
3453
+ kcal_mol kcal / mol N_A # kcal/mol is used as a unit of
3454
+ abfarad abampere sec / abvolt
3455
+ abhenry abvolt sec / abamp
3456
+ skot 1e-3 apostilb # measurements relating to dark adapted
3457
+ geographicalmile brnauticalmile
3458
+ brquartermass 1|4 brhundredweight
3459
+ brquart 1|4 brgallon
3460
+ aluminium aluminum
3461
+ sulphur sulfur
3462
+ palmwidth hand # The palm is a unit defined as either the width
3463
+ slug lbf s^2 / ft
3464
+ slugf slug force
3465
+ slinch lbf s^2 / inch # Mass unit derived from inch second
3466
+ slinchf slinch force # pound-force system. Used in space
3467
+ geepound slug
3468
+ olddidotpoint 1|72 frenchinch # François Ambroise Didot, one of
3469
+ frenchprinterspoint olddidotpoint
3470
+ denier 1|9 tex # used for silk and rayon
3471
+ austriaschilling 1|13.7603 euro
3472
+ belgiumfranc 1|40.3399 euro
3473
+ ATS austriaschilling
3474
+ BEF belgiumfranc
3475
+ scotslink 1|100 scotschain
3476
+ winequart 1|4 winegallon
3477
+ beerquart 1|4 beergallon
3478
+ alequart 1|4 alegallon
3479
+ scotsquart 1|4 scotsgallon
3480
+ tronounce 1|20 tronpound
3481
+ irishpottle 1|2 irishgallon
3482
+ brpint 1|2 brquart
3483
+ brcup 1|2 brpint
3484
+ brteacup 1|3 brpint
3485
+ winepint 1|2 winequart
3486
+ beerpint 1|2 beerquart
3487
+ alepint 1|2 alequart
3488
+ scotspint 1|2 scotsquart
3489
+ trondrop 1|16 tronounce
3490
+ irishquart 1|2 irishpottle
3491
+ brfloz 1|20 brpint
3492
+ brfluidounce brfloz
3493
+ brgill 1|4 brpint
3494
+ noggin brgill
3495
+ choppin 1|2 scotspint
3496
+ irishpint 1|2 irishquart
3497
+ brdram 1|8 brfloz
3498
+ mutchkin 1|2 choppin
3499
+ irishnoggin 1|4 irishpint
3500
+ brminim 1|60 brdram
3501
+ brscruple 1|3 brdram
3502
+ fluidscruple brscruple
3503
+ scotsgill 1|4 mutchkin
3504
+
3505
+ # Permeability: The permeability or permeance, n, of a substance determines
3506
+ # how fast vapor flows through the substance. The formula W = n A dP
3507
+ # holds where W is the rate of flow (in mass/time), n is the permeability,
3508
+ # A is the area of the flow path, and dP is the vapor pressure difference.
3509
+ #
3510
+
3511
+ perm_0C grain / hr ft^2 inHg
3512
+ perm_0 perm_0C
3513
+ perm_zero perm_0C
3514
+ perm perm_0C
3515
+ perm_23C grain / hr ft^2 inch Hg23C
3516
+ perm_twentythree perm_23C
3517
+
3518
+ # not support ...
3519
+
3520
+ # marathon 26 miles + 385 yards
3521
+ # eggvolume 3 tablespoons + 1|2 tsp
3522
+ # standardgauge 4 ft + 8.5 in # Standard width between railroad track
3523
+
3524
+
3525
+ ###########################################################################
3526
+ # #
3527
+ # oddb units #
3528
+ # #
3529
+ ###########################################################################
3530
+
3531
+ UPhEur ! # Unite Pharmacopee Europeenne
3532
+ U.Ph.Eur. UPhEur
3533
+
3534
+ UI !
3535
+ U UI
3536
+ U. UI
3537
+ U.I. UI
3538
+ IE UI
3539
+ I.E. IE
3540
+
3541
+ LSU ! # lipoprotein lipase releasing units
3542
+
3543
+ tablet ! # one of the "official doses" in ATC-DDD
3544
+
3545
+ Mio- 1e6
3546
+ Mio 1e6
3547
+ µ- 1e-6
3548
+ u- 1e-6
3549
+