pygments.rb-jruby 0.5.4

data/vendor/pygments-main/tests/examplefiles/perl_regex-delims

@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+#! /usr/bin/env perl
+
+use strict;
+use warnings;
+
+# common delimiters
+print "a: ";
+my $a = "foo";
+print $a, " - ";
+$a =~ s/foo/bar/;
+print $a, "\n";
+
+print "b: ";
+my $b = "foo";
+print $b, " - ";
+$b =~ s!foo!bar!;
+print $b, "\n";
+
+print "c: ";
+my $c = "foo";
+print $c, " - ";
+$c =~ s@foo@bar@;
+print $c, "\n";
+
+print "d: ";
+my $d = "foo";
+print $d, " - ";
+$d =~ s\foo\bar\;
+print $d, "\n";
+
+print "\n";
+
+# balanced delimiters
+print "e: ";
+my $e = "foo";
+print $e, " - ";
+$e =~ s{foo}{bar};
+print $e, "\n";
+
+print "f: ";
+my $f = "foo";
+print $f, " - ";
+$f =~ s(foo)(bar);
+print $f, "\n";
+
+print "g: ";
+my $g = "foo";
+print $g, " - ";
+$g =~ s<foo><bar>;
+print $g, "\n";
+
+print "h: ";
+my $h = "foo";
+print $h, " - ";
+$h =~ s[foo][bar];
+print $h, "\n";
+
+print "\n";
+
+# balanced delimiters with whitespace
+print "i: ";
+my $i = "foo";
+print $i, " - ";
+$i =~ s{foo} {bar};
+print $i, "\n";
+
+print "j: ";
+my $j = "foo";
+print $j, " - ";
+$j =~ s<foo>		<bar>;
+print $j, "\n";
+
+print "k: ";
+my $k = "foo";
+print $k, " - ";
+$k =~
+	s(foo)
+
+	(bar);
+print $k, "\n";
+
+print "\n";
+
+# mixed delimiters
+print "l: ";
+my $l = "foo";
+print $l, " - ";
+$l =~ s{foo} <bar>;
+print $l, "\n";
+
+print "m: ";
+my $m = "foo";
+print $m, " - ";
+$m =~ s(foo) !bar!;
+print $m, "\n";
+
+print "n: ";
+my $n = "foo";
+print $n, " - ";
+$n =~ s[foo] $bar$;
+print $n, "\n";
+
+print "\n";
+
+# /x modifier
+print "o: ";
+my $o = "foo";
+print $o, " - ";
+$o =~ s{
+				foo
+			 } {bar}x;
+print $o, "\n";
+
+print "p: ";
+my $p = "foo";
+print $p, " - ";
+$p =~ s%
+  foo
+  %bar%x;
+print $p, "\n";

data/vendor/pygments-main/tests/examplefiles/perlfunc.1

@@ -0,0 +1,856 @@
+.\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man v1.37, Pod::Parser v1.32
+.\"
+.\" Standard preamble:
+.\" ========================================================================
+.de Sh \" Subsection heading
+.br
+.if t .Sp
+.ne 5
+.PP
+\fB\\$1\fR
+.PP
+..
+.de Sp \" Vertical space (when we can't use .PP)
+.if t .sp .5v
+.if n .sp
+..
+.de Vb \" Begin verbatim text
+.ft CW
+.nf
+.ne \\$1
+..
+.de Ve \" End verbatim text
+.ft R
+.fi
+..
+.\" Set up some character translations and predefined strings.  \*(-- will
+.\" give an unbreakable dash, \*(PI will give pi, \*(L" will give a left
+.\" double quote, and \*(R" will give a right double quote.  | will give a
+.\" real vertical bar.  \*(C+ will give a nicer C++.  Capital omega is used to
+.\" do unbreakable dashes and therefore won't be available.  \*(C` and \*(C'
+.\" expand to `' in nroff, nothing in troff, for use with C<>.
+.tr \(*W-|\(bv\*(Tr
+.ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p'
+.ie n \{\
+.    ds -- \(*W-
+.    ds PI pi
+.    if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=24u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-12u'-\" diablo 10 pitch
+.    if (\n(.H=4u)&(1m=20u) .ds -- \(*W\h'-12u'\(*W\h'-8u'-\"  diablo 12 pitch
+.    ds L" ""
+.    ds R" ""
+.    ds C` ""
+.    ds C' ""
+'br\}
+.el\{\
+.    ds -- \|\(em\|
+.    ds PI \(*p
+.    ds L" ``
+.    ds R" ''
+'br\}
+.\"
+.\" If the F register is turned on, we'll generate index entries on stderr for
+.\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.Sh), items (.Ip), and index
+.\" entries marked with X<> in POD.  Of course, you'll have to process the
+.\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion.
+.if \nF \{\
+.    de IX
+.    tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2"
+..
+.    nr % 0
+.    rr F
+.\}
+.\"
+.\" For nroff, turn off justification.  Always turn off hyphenation; it makes
+.\" way too many mistakes in technical documents.
+.hy 0
+.if n .na
+.\"
+.\" Accent mark definitions (@(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2).
+.\" Fear.  Run.  Save yourself.  No user-serviceable parts.
+.    \" fudge factors for nroff and troff
+.if n \{\
+.    ds #H 0
+.    ds #V .8m
+.    ds #F .3m
+.    ds #[ \f1
+.    ds #] \fP
+.\}
+.if t \{\
+.    ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m)
+.    ds #V .6m
+.    ds #F 0
+.    ds #[ \&
+.    ds #] \&
+.\}
+.    \" simple accents for nroff and troff
+.if n \{\
+.    ds ' \&
+.    ds ` \&
+.    ds ^ \&
+.    ds , \&
+.    ds ~ ~
+.    ds /
+.\}
+.if t \{\
+.    ds ' \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\'\h"|\\n:u"
+.    ds ` \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\`\h'|\\n:u'
+.    ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'^\h'|\\n:u'
+.    ds , \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10)',\h'|\\n:u'
+.    ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu-\*(#H-.1m)'~\h'|\\n:u'
+.    ds / \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H)'\z\(sl\h'|\\n:u'
+.\}
+.    \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents
+.ds : \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*8/10-\*(#H+.1m+\*(#F)'\v'-\*(#V'\z.\h'.2m+\*(#F'.\h'|\\n:u'\v'\*(#V'
+.ds 8 \h'\*(#H'\(*b\h'-\*(#H'
+.ds o \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu+\w'\(de'u-\*(#H)/2u'\v'-.3n'\*(#[\z\(de\v'.3n'\h'|\\n:u'\*(#]
+.ds d- \h'\*(#H'\(pd\h'-\w'~'u'\v'-.25m'\f2\(hy\fP\v'.25m'\h'-\*(#H'
+.ds D- D\\k:\h'-\w'D'u'\v'-.11m'\z\(hy\v'.11m'\h'|\\n:u'
+.ds th \*(#[\v'.3m'\s+1I\s-1\v'-.3m'\h'-(\w'I'u*2/3)'\s-1o\s+1\*(#]
+.ds Th \*(#[\s+2I\s-2\h'-\w'I'u*3/5'\v'-.3m'o\v'.3m'\*(#]
+.ds ae a\h'-(\w'a'u*4/10)'e
+.ds Ae A\h'-(\w'A'u*4/10)'E
+.    \" corrections for vroff
+.if v .ds ~ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*9/10-\*(#H)'\s-2\u~\d\s+2\h'|\\n:u'
+.if v .ds ^ \\k:\h'-(\\n(.wu*10/11-\*(#H)'\v'-.4m'^\v'.4m'\h'|\\n:u'
+.    \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr)
+.if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \
+\{\
+.    ds : e
+.    ds 8 ss
+.    ds o a
+.    ds d- d\h'-1'\(ga
+.    ds D- D\h'-1'\(hy
+.    ds th \o'bp'
+.    ds Th \o'LP'
+.    ds ae ae
+.    ds Ae AE
+.\}
+.rm #[ #] #H #V #F C
+.\" ========================================================================
+.\"
+.IX Title "PERLFUNC 1"
+.TH PERLFUNC 1 "2006-01-07" "perl v5.8.8" "Perl Programmers Reference Guide"
+.SH "NAME"
+.IX Xref "function"
+perlfunc \- Perl builtin functions
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
+The functions in this section can serve as terms in an expression.
+They fall into two major categories: list operators and named unary
+operators.  These differ in their precedence relationship with a
+following comma.  (See the precedence table in perlop.)  List
+operators take more than one argument, while unary operators can never
+take more than one argument.  Thus, a comma terminates the argument of
+a unary operator, but merely separates the arguments of a list
+operator.  A unary operator generally provides a scalar context to its
+argument, while a list operator may provide either scalar or list
+contexts for its arguments.  If it does both, the scalar arguments will
+be first, and the list argument will follow.  (Note that there can ever
+be only one such list argument.)  For instance, \fIsplice()\fR has three scalar
+arguments followed by a list, whereas \fIgethostbyname()\fR has four scalar
+arguments.
+.PP
+In the syntax descriptions that follow, list operators that expect a
+list (and provide list context for the elements of the list) are shown
+with \s-1LIST\s0 as an argument.  Such a list may consist of any combination
+of scalar arguments or list values; the list values will be included
+in the list as if each individual element were interpolated at that
+point in the list, forming a longer single-dimensional list value.
+Commas should separate elements of the \s-1LIST\s0.
+.PP
+Any function in the list below may be used either with or without
+parentheses around its arguments.  (The syntax descriptions omit the
+parentheses.)  If you use the parentheses, the simple (but occasionally
+surprising) rule is this: It \fIlooks\fR like a function, therefore it \fIis\fR a
+function, and precedence doesn't matter.  Otherwise it's a list
+operator or unary operator, and precedence does matter.  And whitespace
+between the function and left parenthesis doesn't count\*(--so you need to
+be careful sometimes:
+.PP
+.Vb 5
+\&    print 1+2+4;        # Prints 7.
+\&    print(1+2) + 4;     # Prints 3.
+\&    print (1+2)+4;      # Also prints 3!
+\&    print +(1+2)+4;     # Prints 7.
+\&    print ((1+2)+4);    # Prints 7.
+.Ve
+.PP
+If you run Perl with the \fB\-w\fR switch it can warn you about this.  For
+example, the third line above produces:
+.PP
+.Vb 2
+\&    print (...) interpreted as function at - line 1.
+\&    Useless use of integer addition in void context at - line 1.
+.Ve
+.PP
+A few functions take no arguments at all, and therefore work as neither
+unary nor list operators.  These include such functions as \f(CW\*(C`time\*(C'\fR
+and \f(CW\*(C`endpwent\*(C'\fR.  For example, \f(CW\*(C`time+86_400\*(C'\fR always means
+\&\f(CW\*(C`time() + 86_400\*(C'\fR.
+.PP
+For functions that can be used in either a scalar or list context,
+nonabortive failure is generally indicated in a scalar context by
+returning the undefined value, and in a list context by returning the
+null list.
+.PP
+Remember the following important rule: There is \fBno rule\fR that relates
+the behavior of an expression in list context to its behavior in scalar
+context, or vice versa.  It might do two totally different things.
+Each operator and function decides which sort of value it would be most
+appropriate to return in scalar context.  Some operators return the
+length of the list that would have been returned in list context.  Some
+operators return the first value in the list.  Some operators return the
+last value in the list.  Some operators return a count of successful
+operations.  In general, they do what you want, unless you want
+consistency.
+.IX Xref "context"
+.PP
+A named array in scalar context is quite different from what would at
+first glance appear to be a list in scalar context.  You can't get a list
+like \f(CW\*(C`(1,2,3)\*(C'\fR into being in scalar context, because the compiler knows
+the context at compile time.  It would generate the scalar comma operator
+there, not the list construction version of the comma.  That means it
+was never a list to start with.
+.PP
+In general, functions in Perl that serve as wrappers for system calls
+of the same name (like \fIchown\fR\|(2), \fIfork\fR\|(2), \fIclosedir\fR\|(2), etc.) all return
+true when they succeed and \f(CW\*(C`undef\*(C'\fR otherwise, as is usually mentioned
+in the descriptions below.  This is different from the C interfaces,
+which return \f(CW\*(C`\-1\*(C'\fR on failure.  Exceptions to this rule are \f(CW\*(C`wait\*(C'\fR,
+\&\f(CW\*(C`waitpid\*(C'\fR, and \f(CW\*(C`syscall\*(C'\fR.  System calls also set the special \f(CW$!\fR
+variable on failure.  Other functions do not, except accidentally.
+.Sh "Perl Functions by Category"
+.IX Xref "function"
+.IX Subsection "Perl Functions by Category"
+Here are Perl's functions (including things that look like
+functions, like some keywords and named operators)
+arranged by category.  Some functions appear in more
+than one place.
+.IP "Functions for SCALARs or strings" 4
+.IX Xref "scalar string character"
+.IX Item "Functions for SCALARs or strings"
+\&\f(CW\*(C`chomp\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`chop\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`chr\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`crypt\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`hex\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`index\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`lc\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`lcfirst\*(C'\fR,
+\&\f(CW\*(C`length\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`oct\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`ord\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`pack\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`q/STRING/\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`qq/STRING/\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`reverse\*(C'\fR,
+\&\f(CW\*(C`rindex\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`sprintf\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`substr\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`tr///\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`uc\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`ucfirst\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`y///\*(C'\fR
+.IP "Regular expressions and pattern matching" 4
+.IX Xref "regular expression regex regexp"
+.IX Item "Regular expressions and pattern matching"
+\&\f(CW\*(C`m//\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`pos\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`quotemeta\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`s///\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`split\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`study\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`qr//\*(C'\fR
+.IP "Numeric functions" 4
+.IX Xref "numeric number trigonometric trigonometry"
+.IX Item "Numeric functions"
+\&\f(CW\*(C`abs\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`atan2\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`cos\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`exp\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`hex\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`int\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`log\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`oct\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`rand\*(C'\fR,
+\&\f(CW\*(C`sin\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`sqrt\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`srand\*(C'\fR
+.ie n .IP "Functions for real @ARRAYs" 4
+.el .IP "Functions for real \f(CW@ARRAYs\fR" 4
+.IX Xref "array"
+.IX Item "Functions for real @ARRAYs"
+\&\f(CW\*(C`pop\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`push\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`shift\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`splice\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`unshift\*(C'\fR
+.IP "Functions for list data" 4
+.IX Xref "list"
+.IX Item "Functions for list data"
+\&\f(CW\*(C`grep\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`join\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`map\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`qw/STRING/\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`reverse\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`sort\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`unpack\*(C'\fR
+.ie n .IP "Functions for real %HASHes" 4
+.el .IP "Functions for real \f(CW%HASHes\fR" 4
+.IX Xref "hash"
+.IX Item "Functions for real %HASHes"
+\&\f(CW\*(C`delete\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`each\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`exists\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`keys\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`values\*(C'\fR
+.IP "Input and output functions" 4
+.IX Xref "I O input output dbm"
+.IX Item "Input and output functions"
+\&\f(CW\*(C`binmode\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`close\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`closedir\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`dbmclose\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`dbmopen\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`die\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`eof\*(C'\fR,
+\&\f(CW\*(C`fileno\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`flock\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`format\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`getc\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`print\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`printf\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`read\*(C'\fR,
+\&\f(CW\*(C`readdir\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`rewinddir\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`seek\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`seekdir\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`select\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`syscall\*(C'\fR,
+\&\f(CW\*(C`sysread\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`sysseek\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`syswrite\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`tell\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`telldir\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`truncate\*(C'\fR,
+\&\f(CW\*(C`warn\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`write\*(C'\fR
+.IP "Functions for fixed length data or records" 4
+.IX Item "Functions for fixed length data or records"
+\&\f(CW\*(C`pack\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`read\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`syscall\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`sysread\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`syswrite\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`unpack\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`vec\*(C'\fR
+.IP "Functions for filehandles, files, or directories" 4
+.IX Xref "file filehandle directory pipe link symlink"
+.IX Item "Functions for filehandles, files, or directories"
+\&\f(CW\*(C`\-\f(CIX\f(CW\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`chdir\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`chmod\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`chown\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`chroot\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`fcntl\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`glob\*(C'\fR,
+\&\f(CW\*(C`ioctl\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`link\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`lstat\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`mkdir\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`open\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`opendir\*(C'\fR,
+\&\f(CW\*(C`readlink\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`rename\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`rmdir\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`stat\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`symlink\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`sysopen\*(C'\fR,
+\&\f(CW\*(C`umask\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`unlink\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`utime\*(C'\fR
+.IP "Keywords related to the control flow of your Perl program" 4
+.IX Xref "control flow"
+.IX Item "Keywords related to the control flow of your Perl program"
+\&\f(CW\*(C`caller\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`continue\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`die\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`do\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`dump\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`eval\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`exit\*(C'\fR,
+\&\f(CW\*(C`goto\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`last\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`next\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`redo\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`return\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`sub\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`wantarray\*(C'\fR
+.IP "Keywords related to scoping" 4
+.IX Item "Keywords related to scoping"
+\&\f(CW\*(C`caller\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`import\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`local\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`my\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`our\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`package\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`use\*(C'\fR
+.IP "Miscellaneous functions" 4
+.IX Item "Miscellaneous functions"
+\&\f(CW\*(C`defined\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`dump\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`eval\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`formline\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`local\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`my\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`our\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`reset\*(C'\fR,
+\&\f(CW\*(C`scalar\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`undef\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`wantarray\*(C'\fR
+.IP "Functions for processes and process groups" 4
+.IX Xref "process pid process id"
+.IX Item "Functions for processes and process groups"
+\&\f(CW\*(C`alarm\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`exec\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`fork\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`getpgrp\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`getppid\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`getpriority\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`kill\*(C'\fR,
+\&\f(CW\*(C`pipe\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`qx/STRING/\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`setpgrp\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`setpriority\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`sleep\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`system\*(C'\fR,
+\&\f(CW\*(C`times\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`wait\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`waitpid\*(C'\fR
+.IP "Keywords related to perl modules" 4
+.IX Xref "module"
+.IX Item "Keywords related to perl modules"
+\&\f(CW\*(C`do\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`import\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`no\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`package\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`require\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`use\*(C'\fR
+.IP "Keywords related to classes and object-orientedness" 4
+.IX Xref "object class package"
+.IX Item "Keywords related to classes and object-orientedness"
+\&\f(CW\*(C`bless\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`dbmclose\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`dbmopen\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`package\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`ref\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`tie\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`tied\*(C'\fR,
+\&\f(CW\*(C`untie\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`use\*(C'\fR
+.IP "Low-level socket functions" 4
+.IX Xref "socket sock"
+.IX Item "Low-level socket functions"
+\&\f(CW\*(C`accept\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`bind\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`connect\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`getpeername\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`getsockname\*(C'\fR,
+\&\f(CW\*(C`getsockopt\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`listen\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`recv\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`send\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`setsockopt\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`shutdown\*(C'\fR,
+\&\f(CW\*(C`socket\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`socketpair\*(C'\fR
+.IP "System V interprocess communication functions" 4
+.IX Xref "IPC System V semaphore shared memory memory message"
+.IX Item "System V interprocess communication functions"
+\&\f(CW\*(C`msgctl\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`msgget\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`msgrcv\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`msgsnd\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`semctl\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`semget\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`semop\*(C'\fR,
+\&\f(CW\*(C`shmctl\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`shmget\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`shmread\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`shmwrite\*(C'\fR
+.IP "Fetching user and group info" 4
+.IX Xref "user group password uid gid passwd  etc passwd"
+.IX Item "Fetching user and group info"
+\&\f(CW\*(C`endgrent\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`endhostent\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`endnetent\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`endpwent\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`getgrent\*(C'\fR,
+\&\f(CW\*(C`getgrgid\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`getgrnam\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`getlogin\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`getpwent\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`getpwnam\*(C'\fR,
+\&\f(CW\*(C`getpwuid\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`setgrent\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`setpwent\*(C'\fR
+.IP "Fetching network info" 4
+.IX Xref "network protocol host hostname IP address service"
+.IX Item "Fetching network info"
+\&\f(CW\*(C`endprotoent\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`endservent\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`gethostbyaddr\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`gethostbyname\*(C'\fR,
+\&\f(CW\*(C`gethostent\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`getnetbyaddr\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`getnetbyname\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`getnetent\*(C'\fR,
+\&\f(CW\*(C`getprotobyname\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`getprotobynumber\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`getprotoent\*(C'\fR,
+\&\f(CW\*(C`getservbyname\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`getservbyport\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`getservent\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`sethostent\*(C'\fR,
+\&\f(CW\*(C`setnetent\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`setprotoent\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`setservent\*(C'\fR
+.IP "Time-related functions" 4
+.IX Xref "time date"
+.IX Item "Time-related functions"
+\&\f(CW\*(C`gmtime\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`localtime\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`time\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`times\*(C'\fR
+.IP "Functions new in perl5" 4
+.IX Xref "perl5"
+.IX Item "Functions new in perl5"
+\&\f(CW\*(C`abs\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`bless\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`chomp\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`chr\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`exists\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`formline\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`glob\*(C'\fR,
+\&\f(CW\*(C`import\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`lc\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`lcfirst\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`map\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`my\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`no\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`our\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`prototype\*(C'\fR,
+\&\f(CW\*(C`qx\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`qw\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`readline\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`readpipe\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`ref\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`sub*\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`sysopen\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`tie\*(C'\fR,
+\&\f(CW\*(C`tied\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`uc\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`ucfirst\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`untie\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`use\*(C'\fR
+.Sp
+* \- \f(CW\*(C`sub\*(C'\fR was a keyword in perl4, but in perl5 it is an
+operator, which can be used in expressions.
+.IP "Functions obsoleted in perl5" 4
+.IX Item "Functions obsoleted in perl5"
+\&\f(CW\*(C`dbmclose\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`dbmopen\*(C'\fR
+.Sh "Portability"
+.IX Xref "portability Unix portable"
+.IX Subsection "Portability"
+Perl was born in Unix and can therefore access all common Unix
+system calls.  In non-Unix environments, the functionality of some
+Unix system calls may not be available, or details of the available
+functionality may differ slightly.  The Perl functions affected
+by this are:
+.PP
+\&\f(CW\*(C`\-X\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`binmode\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`chmod\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`chown\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`chroot\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`crypt\*(C'\fR,
+\&\f(CW\*(C`dbmclose\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`dbmopen\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`dump\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`endgrent\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`endhostent\*(C'\fR,
+\&\f(CW\*(C`endnetent\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`endprotoent\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`endpwent\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`endservent\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`exec\*(C'\fR,
+\&\f(CW\*(C`fcntl\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`flock\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`fork\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`getgrent\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`getgrgid\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`gethostbyname\*(C'\fR,
+\&\f(CW\*(C`gethostent\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`getlogin\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`getnetbyaddr\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`getnetbyname\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`getnetent\*(C'\fR,
+\&\f(CW\*(C`getppid\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`getpgrp\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`getpriority\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`getprotobynumber\*(C'\fR,
+\&\f(CW\*(C`getprotoent\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`getpwent\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`getpwnam\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`getpwuid\*(C'\fR,
+\&\f(CW\*(C`getservbyport\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`getservent\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`getsockopt\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`glob\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`ioctl\*(C'\fR,
+\&\f(CW\*(C`kill\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`link\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`lstat\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`msgctl\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`msgget\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`msgrcv\*(C'\fR,
+\&\f(CW\*(C`msgsnd\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`open\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`pipe\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`readlink\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`rename\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`select\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`semctl\*(C'\fR,
+\&\f(CW\*(C`semget\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`semop\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`setgrent\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`sethostent\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`setnetent\*(C'\fR,
+\&\f(CW\*(C`setpgrp\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`setpriority\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`setprotoent\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`setpwent\*(C'\fR,
+\&\f(CW\*(C`setservent\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`setsockopt\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`shmctl\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`shmget\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`shmread\*(C'\fR,
+\&\f(CW\*(C`shmwrite\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`socket\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`socketpair\*(C'\fR,
+\&\f(CW\*(C`stat\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`symlink\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`syscall\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`sysopen\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`system\*(C'\fR,
+\&\f(CW\*(C`times\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`truncate\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`umask\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`unlink\*(C'\fR,
+\&\f(CW\*(C`utime\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`wait\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`waitpid\*(C'\fR
+.PP
+For more information about the portability of these functions, see
+perlport and other available platform-specific documentation.
+.Sh "Alphabetical Listing of Perl Functions"
+.IX Subsection "Alphabetical Listing of Perl Functions"
+.IP "\-X \s-1FILEHANDLE\s0" 8
+.IX Xref "-r -w -x -o -R -W -X -O -e -z -s -f -d -l -p -S -b -c -t -u -g -k -T -B -M -A -C"
+.IX Item "-X FILEHANDLE"
+.PD 0
+.IP "\-X \s-1EXPR\s0" 8
+.IX Item "-X EXPR"
+.IP "\-X" 8
+.IX Item "-X"
+.PD
+A file test, where X is one of the letters listed below.  This unary
+operator takes one argument, either a filename or a filehandle, and
+tests the associated file to see if something is true about it.  If the
+argument is omitted, tests \f(CW$_\fR, except for \f(CW\*(C`\-t\*(C'\fR, which tests \s-1STDIN\s0.
+Unless otherwise documented, it returns \f(CW1\fR for true and \f(CW''\fR for false, or
+the undefined value if the file doesn't exist.  Despite the funny
+names, precedence is the same as any other named unary operator, and
+the argument may be parenthesized like any other unary operator.  The
+operator may be any of:
+.Sp
+.Vb 4
+\&    -r  File is readable by effective uid/gid.
+\&    -w  File is writable by effective uid/gid.
+\&    -x  File is executable by effective uid/gid.
+\&    -o  File is owned by effective uid.
+.Ve
+.Sp
+.Vb 4
+\&    -R  File is readable by real uid/gid.
+\&    -W  File is writable by real uid/gid.
+\&    -X  File is executable by real uid/gid.
+\&    -O  File is owned by real uid.
+.Ve
+.Sp
+.Vb 3
+\&    -e  File exists.
+\&    -z  File has zero size (is empty).
+\&    -s  File has nonzero size (returns size in bytes).
+.Ve
+.Sp
+.Vb 8
+\&    -f  File is a plain file.
+\&    -d  File is a directory.
+\&    -l  File is a symbolic link.
+\&    -p  File is a named pipe (FIFO), or Filehandle is a pipe.
+\&    -S  File is a socket.
+\&    -b  File is a block special file.
+\&    -c  File is a character special file.
+\&    -t  Filehandle is opened to a tty.
+.Ve
+.Sp
+.Vb 3
+\&    -u  File has setuid bit set.
+\&    -g  File has setgid bit set.
+\&    -k  File has sticky bit set.
+.Ve
+.Sp
+.Vb 2
+\&    -T  File is an ASCII text file (heuristic guess).
+\&    -B  File is a "binary" file (opposite of -T).
+.Ve
+.Sp
+.Vb 3
+\&    -M  Script start time minus file modification time, in days.
+\&    -A  Same for access time.
+\&    -C  Same for inode change time (Unix, may differ for other platforms)
+.Ve
+.Sp
+Example:
+.Sp
+.Vb 5
+\&    while (<>) {
+\&        chomp;
+\&        next unless -f $_;      # ignore specials
+\&        #...
+\&    }
+.Ve
+.Sp
+The interpretation of the file permission operators \f(CW\*(C`\-r\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`\-R\*(C'\fR,
+\&\f(CW\*(C`\-w\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`\-W\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`\-x\*(C'\fR, and \f(CW\*(C`\-X\*(C'\fR is by default based solely on the mode
+of the file and the uids and gids of the user.  There may be other
+reasons you can't actually read, write, or execute the file.  Such
+reasons may be for example network filesystem access controls, ACLs
+(access control lists), read-only filesystems, and unrecognized
+executable formats.
+.Sp
+Also note that, for the superuser on the local filesystems, the \f(CW\*(C`\-r\*(C'\fR,
+\&\f(CW\*(C`\-R\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`\-w\*(C'\fR, and \f(CW\*(C`\-W\*(C'\fR tests always return 1, and \f(CW\*(C`\-x\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`\-X\*(C'\fR return 1
+if any execute bit is set in the mode.  Scripts run by the superuser
+may thus need to do a \fIstat()\fR to determine the actual mode of the file,
+or temporarily set their effective uid to something else.
+.Sp
+If you are using ACLs, there is a pragma called \f(CW\*(C`filetest\*(C'\fR that may
+produce more accurate results than the bare \fIstat()\fR mode bits.
+When under the \f(CW\*(C`use filetest 'access'\*(C'\fR the above-mentioned filetests
+will test whether the permission can (not) be granted using the
+\&\fIaccess()\fR family of system calls.  Also note that the \f(CW\*(C`\-x\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`\-X\*(C'\fR may
+under this pragma return true even if there are no execute permission
+bits set (nor any extra execute permission ACLs).  This strangeness is
+due to the underlying system calls' definitions.  Read the
+documentation for the \f(CW\*(C`filetest\*(C'\fR pragma for more information.
+.Sp
+Note that \f(CW\*(C`\-s/a/b/\*(C'\fR does not do a negated substitution.  Saying
+\&\f(CW\*(C`\-exp($foo)\*(C'\fR still works as expected, however\*(--only single letters
+following a minus are interpreted as file tests.
+.Sp
+The \f(CW\*(C`\-T\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`\-B\*(C'\fR switches work as follows.  The first block or so of the
+file is examined for odd characters such as strange control codes or
+characters with the high bit set.  If too many strange characters (>30%)
+are found, it's a \f(CW\*(C`\-B\*(C'\fR file; otherwise it's a \f(CW\*(C`\-T\*(C'\fR file.  Also, any file
+containing null in the first block is considered a binary file.  If \f(CW\*(C`\-T\*(C'\fR
+or \f(CW\*(C`\-B\*(C'\fR is used on a filehandle, the current \s-1IO\s0 buffer is examined
+rather than the first block.  Both \f(CW\*(C`\-T\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`\-B\*(C'\fR return true on a null
+file, or a file at \s-1EOF\s0 when testing a filehandle.  Because you have to
+read a file to do the \f(CW\*(C`\-T\*(C'\fR test, on most occasions you want to use a \f(CW\*(C`\-f\*(C'\fR
+against the file first, as in \f(CW\*(C`next unless \-f $file && \-T $file\*(C'\fR.
+.Sp
+If any of the file tests (or either the \f(CW\*(C`stat\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`lstat\*(C'\fR operators) are given
+the special filehandle consisting of a solitary underline, then the stat
+structure of the previous file test (or stat operator) is used, saving
+a system call.  (This doesn't work with \f(CW\*(C`\-t\*(C'\fR, and you need to remember
+that \fIlstat()\fR and \f(CW\*(C`\-l\*(C'\fR will leave values in the stat structure for the
+symbolic link, not the real file.)  (Also, if the stat buffer was filled by
+an \f(CW\*(C`lstat\*(C'\fR call, \f(CW\*(C`\-T\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`\-B\*(C'\fR will reset it with the results of \f(CW\*(C`stat _\*(C'\fR).
+Example:
+.Sp
+.Vb 1
+\&    print "Can do.\en" if -r $a || -w _ || -x _;
+.Ve
+.Sp
+.Vb 9
+\&    stat($filename);
+\&    print "Readable\en" if -r _;
+\&    print "Writable\en" if -w _;
+\&    print "Executable\en" if -x _;
+\&    print "Setuid\en" if -u _;
+\&    print "Setgid\en" if -g _;
+\&    print "Sticky\en" if -k _;
+\&    print "Text\en" if -T _;
+\&    print "Binary\en" if -B _;
+.Ve
+.IP "abs \s-1VALUE\s0" 8
+.IX Xref "abs absolute"
+.IX Item "abs VALUE"
+.PD 0
+.IP "abs" 8
+.IX Item "abs"
+.PD
+Returns the absolute value of its argument.
+If \s-1VALUE\s0 is omitted, uses \f(CW$_\fR.
+.IP "accept \s-1NEWSOCKET\s0,GENERICSOCKET" 8
+.IX Xref "accept"
+.IX Item "accept NEWSOCKET,GENERICSOCKET"
+Accepts an incoming socket connect, just as the \fIaccept\fR\|(2) system call
+does.  Returns the packed address if it succeeded, false otherwise.
+See the example in \*(L"Sockets: Client/Server Communication\*(R" in perlipc.
+.Sp
+On systems that support a close-on-exec flag on files, the flag will
+be set for the newly opened file descriptor, as determined by the
+value of $^F.  See \*(L"$^F\*(R" in perlvar.
+.IP "alarm \s-1SECONDS\s0" 8
+.IX Xref "alarm SIGALRM timer"
+.IX Item "alarm SECONDS"
+.PD 0
+.IP "alarm" 8
+.IX Item "alarm"
+.PD
+Arranges to have a \s-1SIGALRM\s0 delivered to this process after the
+specified number of wallclock seconds has elapsed.  If \s-1SECONDS\s0 is not
+specified, the value stored in \f(CW$_\fR is used. (On some machines,
+unfortunately, the elapsed time may be up to one second less or more
+than you specified because of how seconds are counted, and process
+scheduling may delay the delivery of the signal even further.)
+.Sp
+Only one timer may be counting at once.  Each call disables the
+previous timer, and an argument of \f(CW0\fR may be supplied to cancel the
+previous timer without starting a new one.  The returned value is the
+amount of time remaining on the previous timer.
+.Sp
+For delays of finer granularity than one second, you may use Perl's
+four-argument version of \fIselect()\fR leaving the first three arguments
+undefined, or you might be able to use the \f(CW\*(C`syscall\*(C'\fR interface to
+access \fIsetitimer\fR\|(2) if your system supports it.  The Time::HiRes
+module (from \s-1CPAN\s0, and starting from Perl 5.8 part of the standard
+distribution) may also prove useful.
+.Sp
+It is usually a mistake to intermix \f(CW\*(C`alarm\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`sleep\*(C'\fR calls.
+(\f(CW\*(C`sleep\*(C'\fR may be internally implemented in your system with \f(CW\*(C`alarm\*(C'\fR)
+.Sp
+If you want to use \f(CW\*(C`alarm\*(C'\fR to time out a system call you need to use an
+\&\f(CW\*(C`eval\*(C'\fR/\f(CW\*(C`die\*(C'\fR pair.  You can't rely on the alarm causing the system call to
+fail with \f(CW$!\fR set to \f(CW\*(C`EINTR\*(C'\fR because Perl sets up signal handlers to
+restart system calls on some systems.  Using \f(CW\*(C`eval\*(C'\fR/\f(CW\*(C`die\*(C'\fR always works,
+modulo the caveats given in \*(L"Signals\*(R" in perlipc.
+.Sp
+.Vb 13
+\&    eval {
+\&        local $SIG{ALRM} = sub { die "alarm\en" }; # NB: \en required
+\&        alarm $timeout;
+\&        $nread = sysread SOCKET, $buffer, $size;
+\&        alarm 0;
+\&    };
+\&    if ($@) {
+\&        die unless $@ eq "alarm\en";   # propagate unexpected errors
+\&        # timed out
+\&    }
+\&    else {
+\&        # didn't
+\&    }
+.Ve
+.Sp
+For more information see perlipc.
+.IP "atan2 Y,X" 8
+.IX Xref "atan2 arctangent tan tangent"
+.IX Item "atan2 Y,X"
+Returns the arctangent of Y/X in the range \-PI to \s-1PI\s0.
+.Sp
+For the tangent operation, you may use the \f(CW\*(C`Math::Trig::tan\*(C'\fR
+function, or use the familiar relation:
+.Sp
+.Vb 1
+\&    sub tan { sin($_[0]) / cos($_[0])  }
+.Ve
+.Sp
+Note that atan2(0, 0) is not well\-defined.
+.IP "bind \s-1SOCKET\s0,NAME" 8
+.IX Xref "bind"
+.IX Item "bind SOCKET,NAME"
+Binds a network address to a socket, just as the bind system call
+does.  Returns true if it succeeded, false otherwise.  \s-1NAME\s0 should be a
+packed address of the appropriate type for the socket.  See the examples in
+\&\*(L"Sockets: Client/Server Communication\*(R" in perlipc.
+.IP "binmode \s-1FILEHANDLE\s0, \s-1LAYER\s0" 8
+.IX Xref "binmode binary text DOS Windows"
+.IX Item "binmode FILEHANDLE, LAYER"
+.PD 0
+.IP "binmode \s-1FILEHANDLE\s0" 8
+.IX Item "binmode FILEHANDLE"
+.PD
+Arranges for \s-1FILEHANDLE\s0 to be read or written in \*(L"binary\*(R" or \*(L"text\*(R"
+mode on systems where the run-time libraries distinguish between
+binary and text files.  If \s-1FILEHANDLE\s0 is an expression, the value is
+taken as the name of the filehandle.  Returns true on success,
+otherwise it returns \f(CW\*(C`undef\*(C'\fR and sets \f(CW$!\fR (errno).
+.Sp
+On some systems (in general, \s-1DOS\s0 and Windows-based systems) \fIbinmode()\fR
+is necessary when you're not working with a text file.  For the sake
+of portability it is a good idea to always use it when appropriate,
+and to never use it when it isn't appropriate.  Also, people can
+set their I/O to be by default \s-1UTF\-8\s0 encoded Unicode, not bytes.
+.Sp
+In other words: regardless of platform, use \fIbinmode()\fR on binary data,
+like for example images.
+.Sp
+If \s-1LAYER\s0 is present it is a single string, but may contain multiple
+directives. The directives alter the behaviour of the file handle.
+When \s-1LAYER\s0 is present using binmode on text file makes sense.
+.Sp
+If \s-1LAYER\s0 is omitted or specified as \f(CW\*(C`:raw\*(C'\fR the filehandle is made
+suitable for passing binary data. This includes turning off possible \s-1CRLF\s0
+translation and marking it as bytes (as opposed to Unicode characters).
+Note that, despite what may be implied in \fI\*(L"Programming Perl\*(R"\fR (the
+Camel) or elsewhere, \f(CW\*(C`:raw\*(C'\fR is \fInot\fR the simply inverse of \f(CW\*(C`:crlf\*(C'\fR
+\&\*(-- other layers which would affect binary nature of the stream are
+\&\fIalso\fR disabled. See PerlIO, perlrun and the discussion about the
+\&\s-1PERLIO\s0 environment variable.
+.Sp
+The \f(CW\*(C`:bytes\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`:crlf\*(C'\fR, and \f(CW\*(C`:utf8\*(C'\fR, and any other directives of the
+form \f(CW\*(C`:...\*(C'\fR, are called I/O \fIlayers\fR.  The \f(CW\*(C`open\*(C'\fR pragma can be used to
+establish default I/O layers.  See open.
+.Sp
+\&\fIThe \s-1LAYER\s0 parameter of the \fIbinmode()\fI function is described as \*(L"\s-1DISCIPLINE\s0\*(R"
+in \*(L"Programming Perl, 3rd Edition\*(R".  However, since the publishing of this
+book, by many known as \*(L"Camel \s-1III\s0\*(R", the consensus of the naming of this
+functionality has moved from \*(L"discipline\*(R" to \*(L"layer\*(R".  All documentation
+of this version of Perl therefore refers to \*(L"layers\*(R" rather than to
+\&\*(L"disciplines\*(R".  Now back to the regularly scheduled documentation...\fR
+.Sp
+To mark \s-1FILEHANDLE\s0 as \s-1UTF\-8\s0, use \f(CW\*(C`:utf8\*(C'\fR.
+.Sp
+In general, \fIbinmode()\fR should be called after \fIopen()\fR but before any I/O
+is done on the filehandle.  Calling \fIbinmode()\fR will normally flush any
+pending buffered output data (and perhaps pending input data) on the
+handle.  An exception to this is the \f(CW\*(C`:encoding\*(C'\fR layer that
+changes the default character encoding of the handle, see open.
+The \f(CW\*(C`:encoding\*(C'\fR layer sometimes needs to be called in
+mid\-stream, and it doesn't flush the stream.  The \f(CW\*(C`:encoding\*(C'\fR
+also implicitly pushes on top of itself the \f(CW\*(C`:utf8\*(C'\fR layer because
+internally Perl will operate on \s-1UTF\-8\s0 encoded Unicode characters.
+.Sp
+The operating system, device drivers, C libraries, and Perl run-time
+system all work together to let the programmer treat a single
+character (\f(CW\*(C`\en\*(C'\fR) as the line terminator, irrespective of the external
+representation.  On many operating systems, the native text file
+representation matches the internal representation, but on some
+platforms the external representation of \f(CW\*(C`\en\*(C'\fR is made up of more than
+one character.
+.Sp
+Mac \s-1OS\s0, all variants of Unix, and Stream_LF files on \s-1VMS\s0 use a single
+character to end each line in the external representation of text (even
+though that single character is \s-1CARRIAGE\s0 \s-1RETURN\s0 on Mac \s-1OS\s0 and \s-1LINE\s0 \s-1FEED\s0
+on Unix and most \s-1VMS\s0 files). In other systems like \s-1OS/2\s0, \s-1DOS\s0 and the
+various flavors of MS-Windows your program sees a \f(CW\*(C`\en\*(C'\fR as a simple \f(CW\*(C`\ecJ\*(C'\fR,
+but what's stored in text files are the two characters \f(CW\*(C`\ecM\ecJ\*(C'\fR.  That
+means that, if you don't use \fIbinmode()\fR on these systems, \f(CW\*(C`\ecM\ecJ\*(C'\fR
+sequences on disk will be converted to \f(CW\*(C`\en\*(C'\fR on input, and any \f(CW\*(C`\en\*(C'\fR in
+your program will be converted back to \f(CW\*(C`\ecM\ecJ\*(C'\fR on output.  This is what
+you want for text files, but it can be disastrous for binary files.
+.Sp
+Another consequence of using \fIbinmode()\fR (on some systems) is that
+special end-of-file markers will be seen as part of the data stream.
+For systems from the Microsoft family this means that if your binary
+data contains \f(CW\*(C`\ecZ\*(C'\fR, the I/O subsystem will regard it as the end of
+the file, unless you use \fIbinmode()\fR.
+.Sp
+\&\fIbinmode()\fR is not only important for \fIreadline()\fR and \fIprint()\fR operations,
+but also when using \fIread()\fR, \fIseek()\fR, \fIsysread()\fR, \fIsyswrite()\fR and \fItell()\fR
+(see perlport for more details).  See the \f(CW$/\fR and \f(CW\*(C`$\e\*(C'\fR variables
+in perlvar for how to manually set your input and output
+line-termination sequences.
+.IP "bless \s-1REF\s0,CLASSNAME" 8
+.IX Xref "bless"
+.IX Item "bless REF,CLASSNAME"
+.PD 0
+.IP "bless \s-1REF\s0" 8
+.IX Item "bless REF"
+.PD
+This function tells the thingy referenced by \s-1REF\s0 that it is now an object
+in the \s-1CLASSNAME\s0 package.  If \s-1CLASSNAME\s0 is omitted, the current package
+is used.  Because a \f(CW\*(C`bless\*(C'\fR is often the last thing in a constructor,
+it returns the reference for convenience.  Always use the two-argument
+version if a derived class might inherit the function doing the blessing.
+See perltoot and perlobj for more about the blessing (and blessings)
+of objects.
+.Sp
+Consider always blessing objects in CLASSNAMEs that are mixed case.
+Namespaces with all lowercase names are considered reserved for
+Perl pragmata.  Builtin types have all uppercase names. To prevent
+confusion, you may wish to avoid such package names as well.  Make sure
+that \s-1CLASSNAME\s0 is a true value.
+.Sp
+See \*(L"Perl Modules\*(R" in perlmod.
+.IP "caller \s-1EXPR\s0" 8
+.IX Xref "caller call stack stack stack trace"
+.IX Item "caller EXPR"
+.PD 0
+.IP "caller" 8
+.IX Item "caller"
+.PD
+Returns the context of the current subroutine call.  In scalar context,
+returns the caller's package name if there is a caller, that is, if
+we're in a subroutine or \f(CW\*(C`eval\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`require\*(C'\fR, and the undefined value
+otherwise.  In list context, returns
+.Sp
+.Vb 1
+\&    ($package, $filename, $line) = caller;
+.Ve
+.Sp
+With \s-1EXPR\s0, it returns some extra information that the debugger uses to
+print a stack trace.  The value of \s-1EXPR\s0 indicates how many call frames
+to go back before the current one.
+.Sp
+.Vb 2
+\&    ($package, $filename, $line, $subroutine, $hasargs,
+\&    $wantarray, $evaltext, $is_require, $hints, $bitmask) = caller($i);
+.Ve
+.Sp
+Here \f(CW$subroutine\fR may be \f(CW\*(C`(eval)\*(C'\fR if the frame is not a subroutine
+call, but an \f(CW\*(C`eval\*(C'\fR.  In such a case additional elements \f(CW$evaltext\fR and
+\&\f(CW$is_require\fR are set: \f(CW$is_require\fR is true if the frame is created by a
+\&\f(CW\*(C`require\*(C'\fR or \f(CW\*(C`use\*(C'\fR statement, \f(CW$evaltext\fR contains the text of the
+\&\f(CW\*(C`eval EXPR\*(C'\fR statement.  In particular, for an \f(CW\*(C`eval BLOCK\*(C'\fR statement,
+\&\f(CW$filename\fR is \f(CW\*(C`(eval)\*(C'\fR, but \f(CW$evaltext\fR is undefined.  (Note also that
+each \f(CW\*(C`use\*(C'\fR statement creates a \f(CW\*(C`require\*(C'\fR frame inside an \f(CW\*(C`eval EXPR\*(C'\fR
+frame.)  \f(CW$subroutine\fR may also be \f(CW\*(C`(unknown)\*(C'\fR if this particular
+subroutine happens to have been deleted from the symbol table.
+\&\f(CW$hasargs\fR is true if a new instance of \f(CW@_\fR was set up for the frame.
+\&\f(CW$hints\fR and \f(CW$bitmask\fR contain pragmatic hints that the caller was
+compiled with.  The \f(CW$hints\fR and \f(CW$bitmask\fR values are subject to change
+between versions of Perl, and are not meant for external use.
+.Sp
+Furthermore, when called from within the \s-1DB\s0 package, caller returns more
+detailed information: it sets the list variable \f(CW@DB::args\fR to be the
+arguments with which the subroutine was invoked.
+.Sp
+Be aware that the optimizer might have optimized call frames away before
+\&\f(CW\*(C`caller\*(C'\fR had a chance to get the information.  That means that \f(CWcaller(N)\fR
+might not return information about the call frame you expect it do, for
+\&\f(CW\*(C`N > 1\*(C'\fR.  In particular, \f(CW@DB::args\fR might have information from the
+previous time \f(CW\*(C`caller\*(C'\fR was called.
+.IP "chdir \s-1EXPR\s0" 8
+.IX Xref "chdir cd"
+.IX Item "chdir EXPR"
+.PD 0
+.IP "chdir \s-1FILEHANDLE\s0" 8
+.IX Item "chdir FILEHANDLE"
+.IP "chdir \s-1DIRHANDLE\s0" 8
+.IX Item "chdir DIRHANDLE"
+.IP "chdir" 8
+.IX Item "chdir"
+.PD
+Changes the working directory to \s-1EXPR\s0, if possible. If \s-1EXPR\s0 is omitted,
+changes to the directory specified by \f(CW$ENV{HOME}\fR, if set; if not,
+changes to the directory specified by \f(CW$ENV{LOGDIR}\fR. (Under \s-1VMS\s0, the
+variable \f(CW$ENV{SYS$LOGIN}\fR is also checked, and used if it is set.) If
+neither is set, \f(CW\*(C`chdir\*(C'\fR does nothing. It returns true upon success,
+false otherwise. See the example under \f(CW\*(C`die\*(C'\fR.
+.Sp
+On systems that support fchdir, you might pass a file handle or
+directory handle as argument.  On systems that don't support fchdir,
+passing handles produces a fatal error at run time.
+.IP "chmod \s-1LIST\s0" 8
+.IX Xref "chmod permission mode"
+.IX Item "chmod LIST"
+Changes the permissions of a list of files.  The first element of the
+list must be the numerical mode, which should probably be an octal
+number, and which definitely should \fInot\fR be a string of octal digits:
+\&\f(CW0644\fR is okay, \f(CW'0644'\fR is not.  Returns the number of files
+successfully changed.  See also \*(L"oct\*(R", if all you have is a string.
+.Sp
+.Vb 6
+\&    $cnt = chmod 0755, 'foo', 'bar';
+\&    chmod 0755, @executables;
+\&    $mode = '0644'; chmod $mode, 'foo';      # !!! sets mode to
+\&                                             # --w----r-T
+\&    $mode = '0644'; chmod oct($mode), 'foo'; # this is better
+\&    $mode = 0644;   chmod $mode, 'foo';      # this is best
+.Ve
+.Sp
+On systems that support fchmod, you might pass file handles among the
+files.  On systems that don't support fchmod, passing file handles
+produces a fatal error at run time.
+.Sp
+.Vb 3
+\&    open(my $fh, "<", "foo");
+\&    my $perm = (stat $fh)[2] & 07777;
+\&    chmod($perm | 0600, $fh);
+.Ve
+.Sp
+You can also import the symbolic \f(CW\*(C`S_I*\*(C'\fR constants from the Fcntl
+module:
+.Sp
+.Vb 1
+\&    use Fcntl ':mode';
+.Ve
+.Sp
+.Vb 2
+\&    chmod S_IRWXU|S_IRGRP|S_IXGRP|S_IROTH|S_IXOTH, @executables;
+\&    # This is identical to the chmod 0755 of the above example.
+.Ve
+.IP "chomp \s-1VARIABLE\s0" 8
+.IX Xref "chomp INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR $ newline eol"
+.IX Item "chomp VARIABLE"
+.PD 0
+.IP "chomp( \s-1LIST\s0 )" 8
+.IX Item "chomp( LIST )"
+.IP "chomp" 8
+.IX Item "chomp"
+.PD
+This safer version of \*(L"chop\*(R" removes any trailing string
+that corresponds to the current value of \f(CW$/\fR (also known as
+\&\f(CW$INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR\fR in the \f(CW\*(C`English\*(C'\fR module).  It returns the total
+number of characters removed from all its arguments.  It's often used to
+remove the newline from the end of an input record when you're worried
+that the final record may be missing its newline.  When in paragraph
+mode (\f(CW\*(C`$/ = ""\*(C'\fR), it removes all trailing newlines from the string.
+When in slurp mode (\f(CW\*(C`$/ = undef\*(C'\fR) or fixed-length record mode (\f(CW$/\fR is
+a reference to an integer or the like, see perlvar) \fIchomp()\fR won't
+remove anything.
+If \s-1VARIABLE\s0 is omitted, it chomps \f(CW$_\fR.  Example:
+.Sp
+.Vb 5
+\&    while (<>) {
+\&        chomp;  # avoid \en on last field
+\&        @array = split(/:/);
+\&        # ...
+\&    }
+.Ve
+.Sp
+If \s-1VARIABLE\s0 is a hash, it chomps the hash's values, but not its keys.
+.Sp
+