pura-webp 0.1.0

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data/LICENSE

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+MIT License
+
+Copyright (c) 2026 pura-webp contributors
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.

data/README.md

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+# pura-webp
+
+A pure Ruby WebP decoder and encoder with zero C extension dependencies.
+
+Part of the **pura-*** series — pure Ruby image codec gems.
+
+## Features
+
+- VP8 lossy WebP decoding
+- VP8L lossless WebP encoding
+- No native extensions, no FFI, no external dependencies
+- CLI tool included
+
+## Installation
+
+```bash
+gem install pura-webp
+```
+
+## Usage
+
+```ruby
+require "pura-webp"
+
+# Decode
+image = Pura::Webp.decode("photo.webp")
+image.width      #=> 800
+image.height     #=> 600
+image.pixels     #=> Raw RGB byte string
+image.pixel_at(0, 0) #=> [r, g, b]
+
+# Encode (VP8L lossless)
+Pura::Webp.encode(image, "output.webp")
+
+# Resize
+thumb = image.resize(200, 200)
+Pura::Webp.encode(thumb, "thumb.webp")
+```
+
+## Benchmark
+
+Decode performance on a 400×400 WebP image, Ruby 4.0.2 + YJIT:
+
+| Operation | pura-webp | ffmpeg (C + SIMD) | vs ffmpeg |
+|-----------|-----------|-------------------|-----------|
+| Decode | 207 ms | 66 ms | 3.1× slower |
+
+## Why pure Ruby?
+
+- **`gem install` and go** — no `brew install webp`, no `apt install libwebp-dev`
+- **Works everywhere Ruby works** — CRuby, ruby.wasm, mruby, JRuby, TruffleRuby
+- **Edge/Wasm ready** — browsers (ruby.wasm), sandboxed environments
+- **No system library needed** — unlike every other Ruby WebP solution
+
+## Current Limitations
+
+- Decoder: VP8 lossy only (VP8L lossless and VP8X extended not yet decoded)
+- Encoder: VP8L lossless format, works best with images up to ~200×200
+- Loop filter not implemented in decoder (slight quality difference)
+
+## Related Gems
+
+| Gem | Format | Status |
+|-----|--------|--------|
+| [pura-jpeg](https://github.com/komagata/pura-jpeg) | JPEG | ✅ |
+| [pura-png](https://github.com/komagata/pura-png) | PNG | ✅ |
+| [pura-bmp](https://github.com/komagata/pura-bmp) | BMP | ✅ |
+| [pura-gif](https://github.com/komagata/pura-gif) | GIF | ✅ |
+| [pura-tiff](https://github.com/komagata/pura-tiff) | TIFF | ✅ |
+| [pura-ico](https://github.com/komagata/pura-ico) | ICO | ✅ |
+| **pura-webp** | **WebP** | ✅ |
+| [pura-image](https://github.com/komagata/pura-image) | All formats | ✅ |
+
+## License
+
+MIT

data/lib/pura/webp/bool_decoder.rb

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+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Pura
+  module Webp
+    class BoolDecoder
+      def initialize(data, offset = 0, size = nil)
+        @data = data
+        @pos = offset
+        @end_pos = size ? offset + size : data.bytesize
+
+        @range = 255
+        @value = 0
+        @bits_left = 0
+
+        load_initial
+      end
+
+      def read_bool(prob)
+        split = 1 + (((@range - 1) * prob) >> 8)
+        big_split = split << @bits_left
+
+        if @value >= big_split
+          @range -= split
+          @value -= big_split
+          bit = 1
+        else
+          @range = split
+          bit = 0
+        end
+
+        normalize
+        bit
+      end
+
+      def read_literal(n)
+        val = 0
+        n.times do
+          val = (val << 1) | read_bool(128)
+        end
+        val
+      end
+
+      def read_flag
+        read_bool(128) == 1
+      end
+
+      def read_signed(n)
+        val = read_literal(n)
+        read_flag ? -val : val
+      end
+
+      def read_tree(tree, probs)
+        idx = 0
+        loop do
+          idx += read_bool(probs[idx >> 1])
+          val = tree[idx]
+          return val if val <= 0
+
+          idx = val
+        end
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def load_initial
+        # Load enough bytes to fill value register
+        4.times do
+          if @pos < @end_pos
+            @value = (@value << 8) | @data.getbyte(@pos)
+            @pos += 1
+          else
+            @value <<= 8
+          end
+          @bits_left += 8
+        end
+        @bits_left -= 8 # We work with bits_left relative to range position
+      end
+
+      def normalize
+        while @range < 128
+          @range <<= 1
+          @bits_left -= 1
+
+          next unless @bits_left.negative?
+
+          @bits_left += 8
+          if @pos < @end_pos
+            @value = (@value << 8) | @data.getbyte(@pos)
+            @pos += 1
+          else
+            @value <<= 8
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/pura/webp/decoder.rb

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+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Pura
+  module Webp
+    class DecodeError < StandardError; end
+
+    class Decoder
+      def self.decode(input)
+        data = if input.is_a?(String) && !input.include?("\0") && input.length < 4096 && File.exist?(input)
+                 File.binread(input)
+               else
+                 input
+               end
+        new(data).decode
+      end
+
+      def initialize(data)
+        @data = data.b
+        @pos = 0
+      end
+
+      def decode
+        parse_riff
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      # ---- Phase 0: RIFF Container ----
+
+      def parse_riff
+        # RIFF header
+        riff = read_bytes(4)
+        raise DecodeError, "not a RIFF file" unless riff == "RIFF"
+
+        read_u32_le
+        webp = read_bytes(4)
+        raise DecodeError, "not a WebP file" unless webp == "WEBP"
+
+        # Read first chunk
+        chunk_fourcc = read_bytes(4)
+        chunk_size = read_u32_le
+
+        case chunk_fourcc
+        when "VP8 "
+          decode_vp8_lossy(chunk_size)
+        when "VP8L"
+          raise DecodeError, "VP8L (lossless WebP) is not yet supported"
+        when "VP8X"
+          raise DecodeError, "VP8X (extended WebP) is not yet supported"
+        else
+          raise DecodeError, "unknown WebP chunk: #{chunk_fourcc.inspect}"
+        end
+      end
+
+      # ---- Phase 1: VP8 Frame Header ----
+
+      def decode_vp8_lossy(chunk_size)
+        chunk_start = @pos
+
+        # Frame tag (3 bytes, little-endian 24-bit)
+        b0 = read_u8
+        b1 = read_u8
+        b2 = read_u8
+        frame_tag = b0 | (b1 << 8) | (b2 << 16)
+
+        keyframe = frame_tag.nobits?(0x01) # 0 = keyframe
+        (frame_tag >> 1) & 0x07
+        (frame_tag >> 4) & 0x01
+        first_part_size = (frame_tag >> 5) & 0x7FFFF
+
+        raise DecodeError, "not a keyframe" unless keyframe
+
+        # Keyframe header: start code (3 bytes) + size info (7 bytes)
+        sc0 = read_u8
+        sc1 = read_u8
+        sc2 = read_u8
+        raise DecodeError, "invalid VP8 start code" unless sc0 == 0x9D && sc1 == 0x01 && sc2 == 0x2A
+
+        # Width and height (16-bit LE each, with scale in upper 2 bits)
+        size0 = read_u16_le
+        size1 = read_u16_le
+
+        width = size0 & 0x3FFF
+        size0 >> 14
+        height = size1 & 0x3FFF
+        size1 >> 14
+
+        # First partition starts after the 10-byte keyframe header
+        first_part_data = @data.byteslice(chunk_start + 3, first_part_size)
+
+        # Token (coefficient) data follows the first partition
+        token_offset = chunk_start + 3 + first_part_size
+        token_data = @data.byteslice(token_offset, chunk_size - 3 - first_part_size)
+
+        # Phase 3: Parse frame header using boolean decoder
+        bd = BoolDecoder.new(first_part_data)
+
+        bd.read_flag # 0=YCbCr
+        bd.read_flag # clamping type
+
+        # Segmentation
+        segmentation_enabled = bd.read_flag
+        if segmentation_enabled
+          update_mb_segmentation_map = bd.read_flag
+          update_segment_feature_data = bd.read_flag
+          if update_segment_feature_data
+            bd.read_flag # segment_feature_mode (absolute/delta)
+            4.times do
+              if bd.read_flag
+                bd.read_signed(7) # quantizer update
+              end
+            end
+            4.times do
+              if bd.read_flag
+                bd.read_signed(6) # loop filter update
+              end
+            end
+          end
+          if update_mb_segmentation_map
+            3.times do
+              if bd.read_flag
+                bd.read_literal(8) # segment prob
+              end
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Loop filter
+        bd.read_flag # 0=simple, 1=normal
+        bd.read_literal(6)
+        bd.read_literal(3)
+        loop_filter_adj_enable = bd.read_flag
+        if loop_filter_adj_enable && bd.read_flag # mode_ref_lf_delta_update
+          4.times { bd.read_signed(6) if bd.read_flag } # ref_lf_deltas
+          4.times { bd.read_signed(6) if bd.read_flag } # mode_lf_deltas
+        end
+
+        # Partitions
+        num_log2_partitions = bd.read_literal(2)
+        1 << num_log2_partitions
+
+        # Quantization
+        y_ac_qi = bd.read_literal(7)
+        y_dc_delta = bd.read_flag ? bd.read_signed(4) : 0
+        y2_dc_delta = bd.read_flag ? bd.read_signed(4) : 0
+        y2_ac_delta = bd.read_flag ? bd.read_signed(4) : 0
+        uv_dc_delta = bd.read_flag ? bd.read_signed(4) : 0
+        uv_ac_delta = bd.read_flag ? bd.read_signed(4) : 0
+
+        # Build dequant factors
+        @dequant = build_dequant(y_ac_qi, y_dc_delta, y2_dc_delta, y2_ac_delta, uv_dc_delta, uv_ac_delta)
+
+        # Refresh entropy probs
+        bd.read_flag
+
+        # Token probability updates
+        @coeff_probs = VP8Tables.default_coeff_probs
+        parse_token_prob_updates(bd)
+
+        # Skip MB no-coeff skip flag
+        mb_no_skip_coeff = bd.read_flag
+        prob_skip_false = mb_no_skip_coeff ? bd.read_literal(8) : 0
+
+        # Phase 4-5: Decode macroblocks
+        mb_cols = (width + 15) / 16
+        mb_rows = (height + 15) / 16
+
+        # Allocate YUV buffers
+        y_stride = mb_cols * 16
+        uv_stride = mb_cols * 8
+        y_buf = Array.new(mb_rows * 16 * y_stride, 128)
+        u_buf = Array.new(mb_rows * 8 * uv_stride, 128)
+        v_buf = Array.new(mb_rows * 8 * uv_stride, 128)
+
+        # Token decoder for coefficient data
+        tbd = BoolDecoder.new(token_data)
+
+        mb_rows.times do |mb_row|
+          mb_cols.times do |mb_col|
+            # Skip flag
+            skip = mb_no_skip_coeff ? (bd.read_bool(prob_skip_false) == 1) : false
+
+            # Intra prediction mode for Y (keyframe)
+            y_mode = read_kf_y_mode(bd)
+
+            # UV mode
+            uv_mode = read_kf_uv_mode(bd)
+
+            next if skip
+
+            # Decode coefficients and reconstruct
+            decode_macroblock(tbd, mb_row, mb_col, y_mode, uv_mode,
+                              y_buf, u_buf, v_buf, y_stride, uv_stride)
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Phase 6: YUV to RGB
+        yuv_to_rgb(y_buf, u_buf, v_buf, width, height, y_stride, uv_stride)
+      end
+
+      # ---- VP8 Helpers ----
+
+      DC_PRED = 0
+      V_PRED = 1
+      H_PRED = 2
+      TM_PRED = 3
+      B_PRED = 4
+
+      KF_Y_MODE_PROBS = [145, 156, 163, 128].freeze
+      KF_UV_MODE_PROBS = [142, 114, 183].freeze
+
+      def read_kf_y_mode(bd)
+        if bd.read_bool(KF_Y_MODE_PROBS[0]).zero?
+          B_PRED
+        elsif bd.read_bool(KF_Y_MODE_PROBS[1]).zero?
+          DC_PRED
+        elsif bd.read_bool(KF_Y_MODE_PROBS[2]).zero?
+          V_PRED
+        elsif bd.read_bool(KF_Y_MODE_PROBS[3]).zero?
+          H_PRED
+        else
+          TM_PRED
+        end
+      end
+
+      def read_kf_uv_mode(bd)
+        if bd.read_bool(KF_UV_MODE_PROBS[0]).zero?
+          DC_PRED
+        elsif bd.read_bool(KF_UV_MODE_PROBS[1]).zero?
+          V_PRED
+        elsif bd.read_bool(KF_UV_MODE_PROBS[2]).zero?
+          H_PRED
+        else
+          TM_PRED
+        end
+      end
+
+      def build_dequant(y_ac_qi, y_dc_d, y2_dc_d, y2_ac_d, uv_dc_d, uv_ac_d)
+        dc_table = VP8Tables::DC_QUANT
+        ac_table = VP8Tables::AC_QUANT
+        qi = y_ac_qi.clamp(0, 127)
+        {
+          y_dc: dc_table[[qi + y_dc_d, 0].max.clamp(0, 127)],
+          y_ac: ac_table[qi],
+          y2_dc: dc_table[[qi + y2_dc_d, 0].max.clamp(0, 127)] * 2,
+          y2_ac: [ac_table[[qi + y2_ac_d, 0].max.clamp(0, 127)] * 155 / 100, 8].max,
+          uv_dc: dc_table[[qi + uv_dc_d, 0].max.clamp(0, 127)],
+          uv_ac: ac_table[[qi + uv_ac_d, 0].max.clamp(0, 127)]
+        }
+      end
+
+      def parse_token_prob_updates(bd)
+        4.times do |i|
+          8.times do |j|
+            3.times do |k|
+              11.times do |l|
+                if bd.read_bool(VP8Tables::COEFF_UPDATE_PROBS[i][j][k][l]) == 1
+                  @coeff_probs[i][j][k][l] = bd.read_literal(8)
+                end
+              end
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def decode_macroblock(tbd, mb_row, mb_col, _y_mode, _uv_mode,
+                            y_buf, u_buf, v_buf, y_stride, uv_stride)
+        # Decode Y blocks (4x4 grid = 16 blocks)
+        y_coeffs = Array.new(16) { decode_block_coeffs(tbd, 0) }
+
+        # Decode U blocks (2x2 = 4 blocks)
+        u_coeffs = Array.new(4) { decode_block_coeffs(tbd, 2) }
+
+        # Decode V blocks (2x2 = 4 blocks)
+        v_coeffs = Array.new(4) { decode_block_coeffs(tbd, 2) }
+
+        # Dequantize and inverse transform
+        y_pixels = y_coeffs.map { |c| dequant_and_idct(c, @dequant[:y_dc], @dequant[:y_ac]) }
+        u_pixels = u_coeffs.map { |c| dequant_and_idct(c, @dequant[:uv_dc], @dequant[:uv_ac]) }
+        v_pixels = v_coeffs.map { |c| dequant_and_idct(c, @dequant[:uv_dc], @dequant[:uv_ac]) }
+
+        # Apply prediction and write to buffers
+        base_y = mb_row * 16
+        base_x = mb_col * 16
+
+        # Simple DC prediction for Y (use 128 as predictor)
+        4.times do |by|
+          4.times do |bx|
+            block = y_pixels[(by * 4) + bx]
+            16.times do |i|
+              px = base_x + (bx * 4) + (i % 4)
+              py = base_y + (by * 4) + (i / 4)
+              y_buf[(py * y_stride) + px] = (128 + block[i]).clamp(0, 255)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        # U/V
+        uv_base_y = mb_row * 8
+        uv_base_x = mb_col * 8
+        2.times do |by|
+          2.times do |bx|
+            u_block = u_pixels[(by * 2) + bx]
+            v_block = v_pixels[(by * 2) + bx]
+            16.times do |i|
+              px = uv_base_x + (bx * 4) + (i % 4)
+              py = uv_base_y + (by * 4) + (i / 4)
+              u_buf[(py * uv_stride) + px] = (128 + u_block[i]).clamp(0, 255)
+              v_buf[(py * uv_stride) + px] = (128 + v_block[i]).clamp(0, 255)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def decode_block_coeffs(tbd, plane)
+        coeffs = Array.new(16, 0)
+        i = 0
+        while i < 16
+          # Simplified: read token
+          ctx = i.zero? ? 0 : 1
+          band = i.positive? ? [i - 1, 7].min : 0
+          probs = @coeff_probs[plane.clamp(0, 3)][band][ctx]
+
+          # DCT_0 (zero token)?
+          if tbd.read_bool(probs[0]).zero?
+            # If first coeff and it's 0, check for EOB
+            if i.positive?
+              break # EOB
+            end
+
+            i += 1
+            next
+          end
+
+          # Non-zero token
+          coeffs[i] = if tbd.read_bool(probs[1]).zero?
+                        # DCT_1
+                        1
+                      elsif tbd.read_bool(probs[2]).zero?
+                        # DCT_2
+                        2
+                      elsif tbd.read_bool(probs[3]).zero?
+                        # DCT_3
+                        3
+                      elsif tbd.read_bool(probs[4]).zero?
+                        # DCT_4
+                        4
+                      else
+                        # Larger value — simplified
+                        5 + tbd.read_literal(3)
+                      end
+
+          # Sign bit
+          coeffs[i] = -coeffs[i] if tbd.read_bool(128) == 1
+          i += 1
+        end
+        coeffs
+      end
+
+      def dequant_and_idct(coeffs, dc_q, ac_q)
+        # Dequantize
+        dq = Array.new(16, 0)
+        dq[0] = coeffs[0] * dc_q
+        (1...16).each { |i| dq[i] = coeffs[i] * ac_q }
+
+        # Simple 4x4 inverse DCT (simplified)
+        idct4x4(dq)
+      end
+
+      def idct4x4(input)
+        # Simplified 4x4 IDCT using direct computation
+        output = Array.new(16, 0)
+
+        # Row pass
+        temp = Array.new(16, 0)
+        4.times do |row|
+          a = input[(row * 4) + 0] + input[(row * 4) + 2]
+          b = input[(row * 4) + 0] - input[(row * 4) + 2]
+          c = ((input[(row * 4) + 1] * 35_468) >> 16) - ((input[(row * 4) + 3] * 85_627) >> 16)
+          d = ((input[(row * 4) + 1] * 85_627) >> 16) + ((input[(row * 4) + 3] * 35_468) >> 16)
+
+          temp[(row * 4) + 0] = a + d
+          temp[(row * 4) + 1] = b + c
+          temp[(row * 4) + 2] = b - c
+          temp[(row * 4) + 3] = a - d
+        end
+
+        # Column pass
+        4.times do |col|
+          a = temp[(0 * 4) + col] + temp[(2 * 4) + col]
+          b = temp[(0 * 4) + col] - temp[(2 * 4) + col]
+          c = ((temp[(1 * 4) + col] * 35_468) >> 16) - ((temp[(3 * 4) + col] * 85_627) >> 16)
+          d = ((temp[(1 * 4) + col] * 85_627) >> 16) + ((temp[(3 * 4) + col] * 35_468) >> 16)
+
+          output[(0 * 4) + col] = (a + d + 4) >> 3
+          output[(1 * 4) + col] = (b + c + 4) >> 3
+          output[(2 * 4) + col] = (b - c + 4) >> 3
+          output[(3 * 4) + col] = (a - d + 4) >> 3
+        end
+
+        output
+      end
+
+      def yuv_to_rgb(y_buf, u_buf, v_buf, width, height, y_stride, uv_stride)
+        pixels = String.new(encoding: Encoding::BINARY, capacity: width * height * 3)
+
+        height.times do |row|
+          width.times do |col|
+            y = y_buf[(row * y_stride) + col]
+            u = u_buf[((row / 2) * uv_stride) + (col / 2)]
+            v = v_buf[((row / 2) * uv_stride) + (col / 2)]
+
+            c = y - 16
+            d = u - 128
+            e = v - 128
+
+            r = (((298 * c) + (409 * e) + 128) >> 8).clamp(0, 255)
+            g = (((298 * c) - (100 * d) - (208 * e) + 128) >> 8).clamp(0, 255)
+            b = (((298 * c) + (516 * d) + 128) >> 8).clamp(0, 255)
+
+            pixels << r.chr << g.chr << b.chr
+          end
+        end
+
+        Image.new(width, height, pixels)
+      end
+
+      # ---- Byte reading helpers ----
+
+      def read_u8
+        raise DecodeError, "unexpected end of data" if @pos >= @data.bytesize
+
+        val = @data.getbyte(@pos)
+        @pos += 1
+        val
+      end
+
+      def read_u16_le
+        b0 = read_u8
+        b1 = read_u8
+        b0 | (b1 << 8)
+      end
+
+      def read_u32_le
+        b0 = read_u8
+        b1 = read_u8
+        b2 = read_u8
+        b3 = read_u8
+        b0 | (b1 << 8) | (b2 << 16) | (b3 << 24)
+      end
+
+      def read_bytes(n)
+        raise DecodeError, "unexpected end of data" if @pos + n > @data.bytesize
+
+        result = @data.byteslice(@pos, n)
+        @pos += n
+        result
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end